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A student carried out an experiment to investigate the combustion of candle in containers of different sizes as shown in Figure 3.1. Container X

Beginnin g Container Y

End

Beginnin g Container Z

End

Beginnin g (a) State the variables involved in this experiment.

End

Manipulated variable: Responding variable: Controlled variable:

(b) Based on Figure 3.1, record the time taken for the candle to burn in different containers. Container X Y Z Time taken for candle to burn (s)

(c) Based on the table in (b), draw a bar chart to show the time taken for the candle to burn in different containers.

Time taken for candle to burn (s)

40

30 2

20

(d) Based on the bar chart in (c), what can be said about the time taken for the candles to burn? 10 _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ (e) State one inference from the experiment. Container _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

(f) State the relationship between the size of the container and the time taken for the candle to burn. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ (g) which A student drilled some holes on a container as shown in Figure 3.2. In container will the candle burn the longest? Circle the correct answer. P Q R

A student carried out an experiment to study the relationship between resistance and current. The below figure shows the arrangement of apparatus for the experiment.

FIGURE 8.1

The procedure of the experiment are as follows: Step 1: The circuit is set up using a 1 resistor. Step 2: The switch is closed and the brightness of the bulb is observed. The ammeter reading is recorded. Step 3: Step 2 is repeated with a 2 , 5 and 10 resistor respectively. (a) State the variables in the experiment. Manipulated variable: Responding variable: Fixed variable: . . .

(b) Figure 8.2 shows the reading of the ammeter when different resistors are connected to the circuit.

5 FIGURE 8.2

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Complete Table 8.3 by recording the readings of the ammeter as shown in Figure 8.2. Resistor () Reading of ammeter (A) (c) State the relationship between resistance and the current flowing through the circuit. ____________________________________________________________________________ _______ _____________________________________________________________________________ ______ (d) Using Table 8.3, draw a line graph of current against resistance. 1. 0 0.9 0. 8 0. 7 0. 6 0.5 0. 4 0. 3 0. 2 0.1 0 1 2 5 10

Current (A)

6 7 5 Resistance ()

10

(e) What can be said about current and resistance? _____________________________________________________________________________ _______ (f) Based on the graph in (e), predict the ammeter reading when the resistance is 8 . _____________________________________________________________________________ ______ (g) State the relationship between resistance and the brightness of the bulb. _____________________________________________________________________________ ______ _____________________________________________________________________________ ______

4. A student carried out an experiment to study the effect of surface area on the evaporation of water. Three equally damp filter paper, P, Q and R are left to dry under the same condition as shown in Figure 4.1. P is left unfolded, Q is folded into halves and R is folded into quarters. The time taken for the filter paper to dry is shown in the table below P Q R

Filter Paper P

Time taken for filter paper to dry (s) 200

Q R a. State the variables in this experiment. Manipulated variable: Responding variable: Controlled variable: b.

320 450

.. .. ..

State the hypothesis for the experiment.

______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

c.

50 Using the table draw a bar chart to show the time taken for filter paper P, Q 0

and R to dry.

Time taken for filter paper to dry (s)

40 0

300 2

20 0

10 0

Filter paper (d) Based on the bar chart in (c), what can be said about the time taken for the filter papers to dry? __________________________________________________________________________________ ____ __________________________________________________________________________________ ___ (e) ______ ________________________________________________________________________________ ______ (f) State the relationship between the surface area of the filter paper and the time taken for the filter paper to dry. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ State one inference from the experiment. ________________________________________________________________________________

(g) 50 m of water is poured into each of the three different containers, X Y and Z as shown in Figure 4.3. The three containers are left under the sun.

Z Y X (h) (i) In which container will the water evaporate the fastest? _____________________________ ____________________________________________________________

(ii) Explain your answer in (g)(i). _________________________________________________________________________________ _______ _________________________________________________________________________________ _______ 5. A student carried out an experiment to study the effect of volume of liquid on the amount of heat as shown in the figure F G H Thermomet Thermomet Thermomet

The thermometer reading on the twentieth minutes in : Conical flask F

Conical flask G

(a) State the variables in the experiment. Manipulated variable Responding variable Controlled variable (b) State one inference from the experiment ..,

(b) Based on the figure record the reading of each thermometer on the 20th minutes in conical flask F and G in the table below ` Conical Time (min) flask Temperatu re (oC) F G H 0 98 98 98 10 88 82 78 60 20 30 68 56 40

(d) Based on the Table 8.2 plot a temperature versus time graph to show the effect of volume of liquid on the amount of heat of the liquid. for conical flask F and G.

100 9 8

Temperature (oC)

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Cornical flask

Time (min) (e) Based on the line graph chart in (c) , what can be said about the effect of volume of liquid on the amount of heat of the liquid. (f) Based on the graph predict the temperature of liquid in conical G on the 25th minutes. Conical flask G : ......................

(g) State the relationship between the of volume of liquid on the amount of heat of the liquid. .. ., . (h) Based on Table 8.2 and the graph in (c), what is considered as the operational definition for the amount of heat ? . . 6. The diagram below shows two cars with different colour are driven on hot day.

i) Based on your observation in the diagram, state the difference of hotness in car A and B. . ii) What inference can be made based on Car A and Car B . . ..

iii) State one hypothesis based on your observations in Diagram 8.1. .,.,., . . b) A student carried out an experiment to investigate the situation in Diagram 8.1.Diagram 8.2 shows an experiment to determine the colour of surface which affect the absorption of heat. After 15 minutes,the reading of thermometers are observed and recorded.

Diagram 8.2

Thermometer A (i)

Thermometer B

Record the thermometer readings in the table below Surface Black paint Aluminium paint Temperature oC

c) Based on the readings in the table draw a bar chart to show the reading of thermometer with the different colour of surface. temperature/oC suhu

Black surface d) State the variable involved in this experiment. Manipulated variable Responding variable Constant variable

Aluminium

Colour of

e)

Why is it advisable to wear a white colour clothes on a hot day?

f)

Based on Diagram 8.2, state the operational definition of absorption of heat. ..

1. (a) Manipulated variable: Containers of different sizes Volume of air in the container Combustion of candle Time taken for candle to extinguish Time taken for candle flame to go off. Length of time a candle burns Type and size of candle(s) Type of candle

Responding variable:

Fixed variable:

(b) Time taken for candle to burn (s) Container X Y Z (c) Time taken for candle to burn (s) 15.0 s 28.0s 40.0s

40

30 2

20

10

Container

(d) (e) (f) (g) P Q R As the size of the container increases, the time taken for the candle to burn also increases Bigger container contains more air that allows longer burning period Candle takes a longer time to extinguish in bigger container compares to smaller container. Candle extinguishes faster in smaller container in relation to bigger container. A candle will burn longer in a larger container because there is more oxygen. Candle can burn longer in container Z which contains more air. A candle burns longer in a larger container. Time taken for candle to burn depend on/affected by the size of the container.

2(a) Manipulated variable: Responding variable: Fixed variable: (b) Resistor () 1 2 5 10 The value of resistance The value of electric current Ammeter reading Number of dry cells/ type of resistor

Reading of ammeter (A)

0.9

0.7

0.5

0.3

(c) (d )

As the resistance increases, the current flowing through the circuit decreases. The higher the resistance, the lower the current flowing through the circuit. The lower the resistance, the higher the current flowing through the circuit.

1.0 0.9 x 0.8 Current (A) 0.7 x 0.6 0.5 (e) The amount of current depends on the value of resistance. x 0.4 0.3 0.2 The brightness of the bulb decreases when the resistance increases 0.1 0 (f) 0.38 A (g) As the resistance increases, the brightness of the bulb decreases The higher the resistance the dimmer the bulb. x

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4(a) Surface area of filter paper Size of filter paper Rate of evaporation Time taken for evaporation of filter paper to take place Rate of water evaporation The surrounding temperature The environmental condition/ temperature Air movement Humidity

Manipulated variable:

Responding variable:

Controlled variable: Time taken for filter paper to dry (s)

(b) The larger the surface area, the faster is the rate of evaporation of water. The smaller the surface area, the slower is the rate of evaporation of water. (c ) 50 0

40 0

300 2

20 0

10 0

Q Filter paper

(d) (f) (g) Filter paper R takes longer time to dry compares to P and Q. Filter paper P dries faster than filter papers Q and R. The filter paper with the largest surface area dries up the fastest. The rate of evaporation of water will increase if the exposed surface area of filter paper increases. The rate of water evaporation depends on the size of the surface area. As the surface area of the filter paper increases, the rate for the filter paper to dry also increases Filter paper with larger surface area takes shorter time to dry. Filter paper with smaller surface area takes longer time to dry. The larger the surface area of the filter paper, the faster is the time taken for the filter paper to dry. (i) Container Y / Y

(e)

(ii) Larger exposed surface area of water evaporates faster. Rate of evaporation increases when the surface area of water exposed increases. Because Y has the largest surface area.

Manipulated variable : Volume of water Responding : water temperature Controlled : size/type of conical flasks/type of thermometer / time taken o conduct the temperature Water temperature of the smaller/lesser volume decreasing faster / Volume of water causes the final temperature of water F : 78 C C (77 79) G : 70 C C (69 71) all point correct smooth straight line

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Conical flasks

Conical flasks

Conical flasks F (high volume of water ) contain more heat / higher temperature / conical flask H more faster water temperature decreasing o / on the other way round 63 0 C (62 0 C- 64 0 C) The greater the volume of liquid , the greater the amount of heat stored. The reading of temperature

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f g h

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i)Car painted black/B give a hotter feeling compare car painted white/A. ii)Colour of car influence the hotness inside the car. iii)Black surface absorbs heat better than white surface 75oC 55oC Scale correct Bar chart -correct Manipulated variable = colour of surface

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b c d

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Responding variable = Reading of thermometer Controlled variable = distance of heat source to each surface e f Besause white colour is a poor absorber of heat The increasing of temperature.

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