PROJECT:

PROPOSED ROAD OVER BRIDGE AT BURNPUR COMPLEX OF IISCO LTD.

CLIENT:

IISCO,BURNPUR,
WEST BENGAL

CONSTRUCTOR:

HINDUSTHAN STEELWORKS CONSTRUCTION LIMITED

KOLKATA

CONSULTANT:

N P DESIGNERS,
14, K.N. SEN ROAD,BLOCK-B,FLAT-2C, KOLKATA-700 042

TITLE:

DESIGN CALCULATION OF BRIDGE

1

Basic Design Parameter

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Span (center to center of Pier/Abutment) Finished Road level Top of Rail level Av, Ground level Height of Pier (below bed block) Loading Grade of Concrete Grade of steel Environmental Exposure Condition Type of Superstructure 18.0 M/21.0 M 139.066 M 130.9 M 130.0 M. 6.20 M IRC Class A two lane or Class 70 R Single lane whichever produces severe effect. M-35 for pile, pile cap& superstructure and M-30 for others. Fe 500 as per IS:1786 Moderate R.C.C. T-Beam with R.C.C. Deck Slab.

GENERAL 1. Type of Bridge R.C.C. Deck supported by R.C.C. Girder as superstructure and on R.C.C. substructure over R.C.C. Bored cast in situ pile foundation. 2. Loading Two lanes of IRC class A or single lane of class 70 R loading. 3. No. of span 4 spans one of 21.0 m and three of 18.0 m each C/C of Pier/Abutment. 4. Foundation system R.C.C. Bored cast in situ pile foundation of 1000 mm dia and with M.S. Liner up to soft rock level strata if required. 5. Superstructure system R.C.C. girder with R.C.C. Deck of Total depth 2166 mm/1866 mm including R.C.C. deck slab. 6. Substructure R.C.C. wall type pier/abutment . 7. Depth of foundation Top of Pile Cap at 0.5 m below existing ground level. STRUCTURAL DESIGN DATA 1. Clear carriage way 7500 mm 2. Footpath on each side 1475 mm on each side 3. Width of railing 275 mm on each side extreme end and 450 mm wide crash barrier in between carriageway and footpath. 4. Effective span 18.0m/21.0 m c/c of pier/abutment. 5. C/c of girder across traffic 2650 mm 6. Wearing Course 65 mm thick mastic asphalt. 7. Expansion joint As per MOST or Exjomet. 8. Drainage spout PVC pipe and MS frame with MOST details. 9. Total depth of deck slab and girder 2166 mm/1866 mm 10.Total width of bridge 12000 mm

Reference books and codes

The following books and standards have been considered for designing the bridge. 1. IRC Codes 2

DESIGN OF PIER

Design of Superstructure : The design and drawing of superstructure has been considered from the standard designs of MOST. Design of Pier: Design of Foundation under Pier Load Calculation over pier pile:Lev.139.066 M 75 thk Wearing course 2166 21.0 m Span 18.0 m Span 300 300 300 . 300 700 300 6100 G.L. 130.0 M 500 1500 900 1500 1000 300 40 Exp Gap 1866

Length of pier cap = 12 M Height of pier from pile cap level to formation level = 9.93 m Overall depth of pile cap = 1.5 m Compilation of loads and moments about top and bottom of pile cap Calculation of Loads (A) Dead Loads: (1) Dead Loads of Superstructure: Wt. from 21.0 m span C/c of pier from P2 to P3 = 21.0 m So, overall length = 21.0 0.040 = 20.96 m

(1) Dead Loads of Superstructure: (a) Wt. of crash barrier = {0.45 x 0.15 + (0.45 + 0.275) x 0.25 + (0.275 + 0.175) x 0.5} x 2.5 x 2 sides = 1.360 T/m (b) Wt. of P.C.C. under footpath = 1.25 x 0.4 x 2.4 x 2 sides = 2.400 T/m (c) Wt. of railing base = 0.55 x 0.45 x 2.5 x 2 sides = 1.238 T/m (d) Wt. of railing = 0.170 x 0.175 x 3 x 2.5 x 2 sides = 0.447 T/m (e) Wt of rail post = 0.275 x 0.25 x 1.1 x 2.5 x 2 sides/1.5(spacing) = 0.252 T/m Wt. of services neglected as we have considered full of P.C.C. inside the service duct to be on higher side) (f) Wt. of wearing course = 7.5m x 0.065 x 2.5 = 1.219 T/m (g) Wt. of deck slab = [12.0 x 0.2 + x 10.9 x 0.136 + 2 x x 1.3125 x 0.10] x 2.5 = 8.182 T/m (h) Wt of R.C.C. girder = 4 x [0.6 x 0.25 + 2 x x 0.15 x 0.15 + 1.58 x 0.325 + 2 x x 0.3 x 0.15] x2.5 x 1.14 = 8.334 T/m Total = 23.432 T/m say 23.5 T/m So, reaction on each side Pier = {(20.96 x 23.5)/ 2} T = 246.28 T say 250 T Wt. from 18.0 m span C/c of pier from P2 to P3 = 18.0 m So, overall length = 18.0 0.040 = 17.96 m (1) Dead Loads of Superstructure: (a) Wt. of crash barrier = {0.45 x 0.15 + (0.45 + 0.275) x 0.25 + (0.275 + 0.175) x 0.5} x 2.5 x 2 sides = 1.360 T/m (b) Wt. of P.C.C. under footpath = 1.25 x 0.4 x 2.4 x 2 sides = 2.400 T/m (c) Wt. of railing base = 0.55 x 0.45 x 2.5 x 2 sides = 1.238 T/m (d) Wt. of railing = 0.170 x 0.175 x 3 x 2.5 x 2 sides = 0.447 T/m (e) Wt of rail post = 0.275 x 0.25 x 1.1 x 2.5 x 2 sides/1.5(spacing) = 0.252 T/m Wt. of services neglected as we have considered full of P.C.C. inside the service duct to be on higher side) (f) Wt. of wearing course = 7.5m x 0.065 x 2.5 = 1.219 T/m (g) Wt. of deck slab = [12.0 x 0.2 + x 10.9 x 0.136 + 2 x x 1.3125 x 0.10] x 2.5 = 8.182 T/m (h) Wt of R.C.C. girder = 4 x [0.6 x 0.25 + 2 x x 0.15 x 0.15 + 1.28 x 0.325 + 2 x x 0.3 x 0.15] x2.5 x 1.14 = 7.222 T/m Total = 22.320 T/m say 22.5 T/m So, reaction on each side Pier = {(17.96 x 22.5)/ 2} T = 202.05 T say 205 T Wt. of superstructure on the pier = 250 + 205 = 455 T (2) D.L. of substructure: i) ii) iii) iv) v) Pedestals = 4 x (0.75 x 1.30 x 0.525 0.75 x 0.63 x 0.3) x 2.5 = 3.702 T say = 4.0 T Bed block = [1.60 x 0.70+ x (1.6 + 0.9) x 0.30] x 12.0 x 2.5 = 44.85 T say = 45.0 T Pier shaft = 0.90 x 1/2(5.2+9.0)x6.10 = 104.31 T say = 105.0 T 154.0 T Pile cap = 6.5 x 4.3 x 1.5 x 2.5 = 104.82 T say 105.0 T W.t of earth on pile cap = [6.5 x4.3 (0.90 x 6.2)] x 0.5 x 1.8 = 20.14 T say 21.0 T 280.0 T 5

(3) Moments Moment about C.L. of pier shaft, due to eccentricity of D.L. of superstructure, = (250 x 0.30 205 x 0.30) = 13.50 T-m say 14 T-m (B) Live Load :(1) Footpath Live load: a) From 21.0 m span: Intensity of footpath live load as per IRC 6, for substructure design P = 500 (40L 300)/ 9 = 500 (400 x 20.4 300)/ 9 = 442.67 kg/m2 say 450 kg/m2 i) For both side load case total load = 2 x 1.475 x 0.45 x 20.96 = 27.83 T say 28 T Reaction on pier =28/2 = 14.0 T ii) For one side load case total load = 1.475 x 0.45 x 20.96 = 13.913 T say 14 T Reaction on pier =14/2 = 7.0 T Moment across traffic = 7.0 x 4.9375=34.57 T-m. Say 35 T-m. b) From 18.0 m span: Intensity of footpath live load as per IRC 6, for substructure design, P = 500 (40 x L 300)/ 9 = 500 (40 x 17.4 300)/ 9 = 456 kg/m2 say 460 kg/m2 ii) For both side load case total load = 2 x 1.475 x 0.46 x 17.96 = 24.38 T say 25 T Reaction on pier =25/2 = 12.50 T ii) For one side load case total load = 1.475 x 0.46 x 17.96 = 12.19 T say 13 T Reaction on pier =13/2 = 6.50 T Moment across traffic = 6.50 x 4.9375=32.09 T.m. Say 32 T.m. Reaction on pier: i) i) For both side loaded case = 14 + 12.5 = 26.50 T say 28 T For both side loaded case = 7.0 + 6.5 = 13.5 T Say 14 T Moment across traffic = 35 + 32 = 67 T-m.

(2) Vehicular Live load: (i) Class 70 R wheeled: 8T 3960 13275 12 T 1520 12 T 17 T 2130 1370 17 T 17 T 30501370 17 T

300 A 300 20400 B 600

300 C 17400 D 300

Max. pier reaction will occur when the 2nd 17T load will be at end off span AB. 6

Support reaction at B, RB = (17/ 20.40) x (20.70 + 17.65 +16.28) + (12/ 20.40) (14.15 + 12.63) + 8 x (8.67/20.40) = 45.53+15.76 + 3.40 = 64.69 T RC = 17 x (16.33/17.40) = 15.96 T Total reaction at pier = 64.69+15.96 = 80.65 T say 81 T Longitudinal force in the spans = 0.2 x 100 = 20 T Force on the pier considering fixed type pot bearing = 10 T (ii) Class A 2 lane: 6.8 T 3000 6200 6.8 T 6.8 T 6.8 T 11.4 T 4300 11.4 T 3200 2.7 T 1100 2.7 T

3000

3000

1200

A 300 20400

B 300 300

C 17400 300

For getting maxm reaction one 11.4 T load is kept at end of long span. Max. reaction at B, for one lane loads, RB = (11.4/ 20.04) (20.70 + 19.50) + (6.8/ 20.4) (15.02 + 12.20 + 9.20 + 6.20) = 22.47 + 14.27 = 36.74 T RC = (2.7/17.44) x (14.75 + 13.4) = 4.33 T So, for one lane loading, max. reaction on pier = (36.74 + 4.33) = 41.07 T For two lane loading Reaction = 2 x 41.07 = 82.14T Say 83T Longitudinal force due to braking = 0.2 x 55.4 = 11.08 T Force on the pier considering elastomeric bearing = 11.08 /2 = 5.40T Final Live Load Effect on Piers As per code for this bridge there will be either i) One lane of IRC- class 70R load or ii) Two lanes of class A loading. Case -i - Class 70 R Reaction on pier = 81 T Longitudinal force = 10 T Case ii - 2 Lanes of class A Reaction on pier = 83 T Longitudinal force =5.40T From the above two load cases, it is clear that class 70R wheeled load is critical is critical. Moment at top of pile cap level = 10 x 7.70T-m = 77.0 T-m Moment at bottom of pile cap = 10 x 9.20 T-m = 92.0. T-m 7

Vertical reaction on pier = 81 T Moment due to eccentricity along traffic At top of pile cap level = (64.69 x 0.30 15.96 x 0.30) = 14.62 T-m say 15T-m Horizontal force at bearing level = 10 T Eccentricity of load (in across direction):Eccentricity of 70R live load = (7500/2) {1200 + (2790/2)} = 1155 mm Moment due to track eccentricity, perpendicular to traffic = 81 x 1.155 = 93.56 T- m say 94 T- m Summary of Live load: (Footpath Load and Vehicular Load) Vertical load on pier = 81 + 14 = 95T Moment along traffic, a) At top of Pile cap level = 15 T-m b) At bot. of Pile cap level = 15 T-m Moment across traffic = 67 + 94 = 161 T-m Longitudinal force: Horizontal Force = 10 T Moment due to longitudinal force, A. At top of pile cap level = 77 T-m B. At bot. of pile cap level = 92T-m

Shear Deformation of Bearing Shear deformation of each bearing (assumed) = 0.5 T Total Nos of bearings on one Pier Cap = 8 So, total force = 8 x 0.5 T = 4.0 T Moment at top of pile cap level = 4 x 7.70 T-m = 30.60 say 31 T-m Moment at bottom of pile cap =4 x 9.20 T-m = 36.80. T-m say 37 T-m

Check for Seismic forces Horizontal seismic coefficient (h) for zone III, = .I.0 = 1.0 x 1.5 x 0.04 = 0.06 Part of Structure Lever Arm up to top of Pile Cap(M) Moment at top of pile cap (T-m) Lever Arm up to bottom of pile cap(M) Moment at bottom of pile cap (T-m)

(A) Seismic Forces due to Dead loads:Horz. Force (i) D.L. of Super structure = 0.06 x 455 (ii) D.L. of Bed block = 45.0 x 0.06 (iii) D.L. of Pier shaft = 0.06 x 105 (iv) D.L. of Pile cap = 0.06 x 105 Total (B) Seismic Force due to Live loads:Horz. Force p = 0.06 x (1/2 x 95) = 2.85 T Total = 45.45T say 46 T Now let us consider two different cases of Seismic Force (1) Seismic force along traffic (No seismic effect on L.L.) At Top of Pile Cap Total Seismic force horizontal = 36.30 T say 37 T Total Seismic force vertical = x 37.0 = 18.50 T say 19 T Moment at top of Pile cap = 248.87T-m say 246 T-m At Bottom of Pile Cap Total Seismic force horizontal = 42.60 T say 43 T Total Seismic force vertical = x 42.60 = 21.30 T say 22 T Moment at bottom of Pile cap = 308.05 T-m say 309 T-m (2) Seismic force across traffic (Seismic force on 50% of L.L.) Total horizontal Seismic force = 46T Total vertical Seismic force = 46/2 = 23 T Moment at top of Pile cap = 270.82T-m say 271 T-m Moment at bottom of Pile cap = 334.27 T-m say 335 T-m Since the dimension of foundation is higher across the traffic direction, seismic along traffic will be governing. 7.70 21.95 Total = 270.82 9.2 26.22 Total = 334.27 = 27.30 T = 2.70 T = 6.30 T Total =36.30 T = 6.30 T = 42.60 T 7.70 7.2 3.05 210.21 19.44 19.22 Total= 248.87 9.2 8.7 4.55 0.75 251.16 23.49 28.67 4.73 Total=30\8.05

Summary of Loads and Moments (Non-seismic Case) Case IAll loads A) Longitudinal loads: Sl. Type of loads No. 1. 2. D.L. of super structure D.L. of substructure with wt. of Pile cap and earth on Pile cap (back fill) Live load of Superstructure Longitudinal force Shear Deformation of Bearing Total At bottom of Abutment Vertical Horizonta Moment load l load 455 T 14 T-m 154 T At bottom of Footing Vertical Horizontal Moment load load 455 T 14 T-m 280T -

3. 4. 5.

95 T -

10 T 4.0 T

15 T-m 77 T-m 31 T-m 137 T-m

95 T -

10 T 4.0 T

15 T- m 92 T-m 37 T-m 158 T-m

704 T

14.0 T

830 T

14.0 T

B) Transverse load: Due to eccentricity of L.L. moment at bottom of foundation = 161 T-m Summary of Loads and Moments (Seismic Case) Case IILoad Case I + Seismic force along Traffic A) Longitudinal loads: Sl. Type of loads At bottom of Abutment No. Vertical Horizonta Moment load l load 1. D.L. of super structure 455 T 14 T-m 2. D.L. of substructure with wt. of Pile cap and earth on Pile cap (back fill) Live load of Superstructure Longitudinal force Shear Deformation of Bearing Seismic forces Total 154 T -

At bottom of Footing Vertical Horizontal Moment load load 455 T 14 T-m 280 T -

3. 4. 5. 6.

95 T -

10 T 4.0 T

15 T-m 77 T-m 31 T-m 249 T-m 386 T-m

95 T -

10 T 4.0 T

15 T- m 92 T-m 37 T-m 309 T-m 467 T-m

19 T 723 T

37 T 51.0 T

22 T 852 T

43 T 57.0 T

B) Transverse load: Due to eccentricity of L.L. moment at bottom of foundation = 161 T-m 10

Load on Piles Let us use 4 nos. of 1000 mm dia Piles in two rows at 3.0 m on along traffic direction and 5.2 m on across direction spacing. 4300

2600 Traffic 2600 n=4 ZAL = 4 x 1.5 = 6.0 ZAC = 4 x 2.6 = 10.4

1500 1500 For Load Case-I (non-seismic) Max / Min. Vertical loads on outer line pile = (MAL/ZAL) (MAC/ZAC) = (830/4) (158/6) (161/10.4) = 207.50 26.33 15.48 249.31 T =< 165.69T Longitudinal horizontal force on each pile = 14/4= 3.5 T For Load Case-II (seismic) Max / Min. Vertical loads on outer line pile = (MAL/ZAL) (MAC/ZAC) = (852/4) (467/6) (161/10.40) = 213 77.84 15.48 306.32 T =< 119.68 T Longitudinal horizontal force on each pile = 57/4= 14.25 T Ref: Clause No. 706.1.2 of IRC:78-2000, Permissible increase in base pressure i.e. capacity of pile is 25 % Since our load in seismic case is only (306.32/249.31 = 1.228) 22.8 % higher hence seismic case load is not governing. Section Design of Pile: (Foe Load Bearing Capacity see page 34) Let us try with 1000 pile with M-35 grade concrete and Fe-500 grade steel. Ref.:- Appendix C of IS:2911 (Part I/Sec 2) T = 5(EI/K1) E for M-25 grade cement = 500025 = 29580.4 N/mm2 = 2,95,804kg/cm2 I = /64 (100)4 = 4908738.521 cm4 Since the top 15.0 m shaft of pile below pile cap goes into slag equivalent to medium sand Layers , K1 = 0.525 5 T = {(2,95,804 x 4908738.521)/0.525} = 307.86 cm say 308 cm L1 = 0 for fixed head pile. L1/T = 0 Lf/T = 2.15 Lf = 662.2 cm = 6.63 m 11

For Load Case-I (non-seismic) Moment at fixity level = 3.50 x {(0 + 6.63)/2} x 0.825 T-m = 9.58 T-m So, we will design the piles for 250 T axial load and 9.58 T-m moment. Area of cross section of pile A = (/4) x 1002 = 7853.98 cm2 Section Modulus of pile section Z = (/32) x 1003 = 98174.77 cm3 41.59 Kg/cm2 Stress in pile section = P/A M/Z = 250 x 103 /7853.98 9.58 x 105 /98174.77 = 31.83 9.76 = < 22.07 Kg/cm2 Total section remains in compression and nominal reinforcement will suffice. For Load Case-II (seismic) Moment at fixity level = 14.25 x {(0 + 6.63)/2} x 0.825 T-m = 38.98 T-m So, we will design the piles for 307 T axial load and 38.98 T-m moment. The design of pile section is carried out by a computer programme with input and output details as below. Input Data P,M 307 T 38.98 T-m R1,R2 50 cm 0 cm NO1,NO2 10 Nos 0 nos CC1,CC2 5 cm 0 cm BDIA1,BDIA2 2.0 cm 0 cm MODR 10 START,VAR,ERROR 1 0.1 0.5 Output Data
FINAL RESULTS ............. FOR BETA= 174.861400 DEGREES FOR DIST= 99.799050CM ............. AEFF= 8166.940000 EEFF= 7.332245E-03 IEFF= 5179447.000000 Distance found = 50.302910 Dist to be matched = 49.806380 COMP. STRESS DEVELOPED ....................... Direct stress = 37.835460kg/Cm^2 Bending stress= 37.602110kg/cm^2 TotalStress = 75.437580kg/cm^2 TENSILE STRESS DEVELOPED ........................... Total stress = 47.352370 kg/cm^2

Min Ast = (0.4/100) x (/4) x 1002 = 31.42 cm2 Provide 10-20 (31.42 cm2) vertical bars all through as minimum and 8 ties @ 200 c/c and 16 stiffener bars @ 1500 mm c/c. Deflection in pile Max deflection in pile head (non seismic case) = = Q (L1 + Lf)3/(12 EI) = 3.50 x 1000 x (0 + 663)3/(12 x 2,95,804 x 4908738.521) = 0.055 cm = 0.55 mm < 10 mm (permissible) Max deflection in pile head (seismic case) = = Q (L1 + Lf)3/(12 EI) = 14.25 x 1000 x (0 + 663)3/(12 x 2,95,804 x 1.333x 4908738.521) = 0.179 cm = 1.79 mm < 10 mm (permissible) 12

Design of Pile Cap Load on individual Piles 4300 1 Traffic 2

3 3000 n=4 ZAL = 4 x 1.5 = 6.0 ZAC = 4 x 2.6 = 10.40 Load on Pile marked (1) Load on Pile marked (2) Load on Pile marked (3) Load on pile marked (4)

= 207.50 26.33 + 15.48 = 196.65 T = 207.50 + 26.33 + 15.48 = 249.31 T = 207.50 26.33 15.48 = 165.69 T = 207.50 + 26.33 15.48 = 218.35 T

Total force on pile marked 2, & 4 = 249.31 + 218.35 = 467.66 T Wt. of pile cap = 6.5 x 1.5 x 2.5 T/m = 24. 37 T/m 1 2 1050 6500 3 section 650 1500 1500 650 1500 For shear 1500 4 Critical 900 1412.5

Moment at face of pier shaft, M = 467.66 x (1.50.45) 24.37 x 1.72/2 = 491.04-35.21 = 455.83 T-m say 456T-m Length of pile cap = 6500mm; Try with M-35 grade of concrete. d = {(486 x 105)/ (17 x 650)} cm = 64.24 cm [ Q value for M-35 Concrete = 1.70 MPa = 17 Kg/cm2] Provide 1500 mm depth, d = 1500 50 25 (25/ 2) = 1412.5 mm Ast = (456 x 105)/ (2400 x 0.89 x 141.25) mm2 = 151.14 cm2 13

Min main reinf. = (0.2/100) x 141.25 x 650 cm2 = 183.63 cm2 Min. distribution reinf = (0.12/100) x 141.25 x 100 = 16.95 cm2/m Provide 38-25 (186.53 cm2) along traffic at bottom as main reinforcement and 16 @ 115 c/c as distribution at bottom. Provide 16 @ 115 mm c/c both ways at top. Shear One way Shear Max. S.F. at a distance of d = 1412.5 mm away from face of pile shaft The central line of pile is 1050 mm away from face of abutment wall. so, shear is not governing So, no shear reinforcement necessary. Punching Shear or two way shear 650 d/2 = 706.25 500 650

Critical line of shear

Worst Punching shear will occur at corner pile to have least resisting periphery. Max pile load = 249.31 T. Available length of resistance = 650 + 650 + 2 x x (500 + 706.25)/4 = 1300 + 1894.77 = 3194.77 mm Effective Depth = 1412.5 mm Punching Shear Stress = 249.31 x 1000/(319.477 x 141.25) = 5.52 Kg/ cm2 Allowable stress of shear in punching = 0.16 x 35 MPa = 0.946 MPa = 9.46 Kg/ cm2 > 5.52 kg/ cm2 Design of Pier: (A) loads and Moments in non-seismic case: Total vertical load on Pier bottom section P = 704 T Total moment at Pier bottom along Traffic = 137 T-m Total moment across Traffic =161 T-m Let us use 6200 mm long 900 mm wide wall 6200 900 A = 620 x 90 = 55800 cm2 ZAL = 6200 x 902/6 = 8,37,000 cm3 2 ZAc = 90 x 620 /6 = 5,766,000 cm3. Stress in extreme fibre = P MAL MAC A ZAL ZAc = (732 x 103/ 55800) (137 x 105/837000) (161 x 105/5,766,000) = 12.62 16.37 2.80 = 31.79 Kg/cm2 < 14

= - 6.55 Kg/cm2 So, nominal reinforcement will suffice Ast = 0.3 x 55800/100 cm2 = 167.4 cm2 Provide 80 Nos 20 (251.20 cm2) of which 36 nos on each long side portion and 4 nos on each short side portion. Provide 8 ties and links (every alternate 3 rd bar) @ 200 mm c/c. N.B. : We have calculated the actual moment of inertia and vis--vis the stresses in concrete and steel in the following page. Actual stress analysis of Pier body 60 780 60 6200 X 225 60 9136 X 36-20 @174c/c(approx) 4-20 4-20 @150c/c(approx) 900 A comb = Ac + A(m-1) Ast = 620x 90 + (10-1) x 80 x 3.14 = 55800 + 2260.00 = 58060.80 cm2 Iyy = 620 x 903/12 + (10-1) x 3.14 [ 172 x 392 + 2 x 7.52 + 2 x 22.52 ] = 37665000 + 3126601 = 40791601 cm4 Ixx = 90 x 6203/12 + (10-1) x 3.147 [12 x 3042 + 4 x (286.62 + 269.22 + 251.82 + 234.42 + 2172 + 199.62 + 182.22 + 164.82 + 147.42 + 1302 + 112.62 + 95.22 + 77.82 + 60.42 + 432 + 25.62 + 822 )] = 1787460000 + 88003612 = 1875463612 cm4 Stress in extreme fibre of concrete in non seismic case, = 704 x 103/58060.80 137 x 105 x 45/40791601 161 x 105 x 310/1875463612 = 12.13 15.12 2.66 = < 29.91 kg/cm2 - 5.81 kg/cm2 5.81/x = 29.91/(90 x) or 90/x 1 = 5.148 or, x = 14.64 cm. So, fc = (14.64 6)/14.64 x 5.81 kg/cm2 = - 3.43 kg/cm2 So, stress is steel in tension zone, = m fc = 10 x 3.43 = 34.3 kg/cm2 15 2.945 x 19.777 60

(B) Loads and Moments in seismic case: Total vertical load on Pier bottom section P = 723 T Total moment at Pier bottom along Traffic = 386 T-m Total moment across Traffic =161 T-m Stress in extreme fibre of concrete in seismic case (considering 33.33% increase of permissible stress), = 723 x 103/(1.33 x 58060.8) 386 x 105 x 45/(1.33 x 40791601) 161 x 105 x 310/(1.33 x 1875463612) = 6.50 31.94 2.0 = < 43.28 kg/cm2 - 24.60 kg/cm2 24.60/x = 43.28/(90 x) or 90/x 1 = 1.76 or, x = 32.62 cm. So, fc = (32.62 6/32.62) x 24.60 kg/cm2 = - 20.08 kg/cm2 So, stress is steel in tension zone, = m fc = 10 x (-20.08) = - 200.8 kg/cm2 Check of Pier Section for one span dislodge condition To get worst effect let us consider one 18.0 m span is dislodged So, Moment along the traffic will be 250 x 0.3 = 75 T-m. In this case the traffic will not be in the span and hence moment due to the longitudinal force will be absent. Now the value of the moment due to longitudinal force is 78 T-m > 75.0 T-m and hence this case will not be governing. 60 15.53 x 28.53 90

DESIGN OF PIER CAP: (GRADE OF CONCRETE-M-25) The Pier cap is 150 x 11000 x 1200 thk. The bearing point is well within the pier shaft along and across traffic and hence no eccentricity is induced and nominal reinforcement is to be provided. Ast (shorter span) on two faces = (1/ 100) x 225 x 12000 mm2 = 27000 mm2 Provide 70-16 on top and bottom. (28140 mm2) Ast (longer span) on two faces = (1/ 100) x 225 x 1500 mm2 = 3375 mm2 Provide 10-16 at top and bottom (4020) and 3-12 closed bars.

16

DESIGN OF ABUTMENT

Design of Superstructure : The design and drawing of superstructure has been considered from the standard designs of MOST. Design of Abutment: Top of 500 1916 1050 17 Deck 139.066M 1866 250

296 9.366 m . 130.0 M 1150 2000 129.70 M top of pile cap Pile cap 2000 1150 300 1500 1000 280 720 6204 1000

DESIGN OF FOUNDATION UNDER ABUTMENT Length of abutment cap = 12 M x Length of Abutment = 10 M Height of pier from pile cap level to formation level = 9.93 m Overall depth of pile cap = 1.5 m; Angle of internal friction of back fill material = 40 Compilation of loads and moments about top and bottom of pile cap. Calculation of Loads (A) Dead Loads: (1) Dead Loads of Superstructure: Wt. from 18.0 m span C/c of pier Mkd P2 to inner face of dirt wall at Abutment A1 = 18.0 m So, overall length = 18.0 0.060 = 17.94 m (1) Dead Loads of Superstructure: (a) Wt. of crash barrier = {0.45 x 0.15 + (0.45 + 0.275) x 0.25 + (0.275 + 0.175) x 0.5} x 2.5 x 2 sides = 1.360 T/m (b) Wt. of P.C.C. under footpath = 1.25 x 0.4 x 2.4 x 2 sides = 2.400 T/m (c) Wt. of railing base = 0.55 x 0.45 x 2.5 x 2 sides = 1.238 T/m (d) Wt. of railing = 0.170 x 0.175 x 3 x 2.5 x 2 sides = 0.447 T/m (e) Wt of rail post = 0.275 x 0.25 x 1.1 x 2.5 x 2 sides/1.5(spacing) = 0.252 T/m Wt. of services neglected as we have considered full of P.C.C. inside the service duct to be on higher side) (f) Wt. of wearing course = 7.5m x 0.065 x 2.5 = 1.219 T/m (g) Wt. of deck slab = [12.0 x 0.2 + x 10.9 x 0.136 + 2 x x 1.3125 x 0.10] x 2.5 = 8.182 T/m (h) Wt of R.C.C. girder = 4 x [0.6 x 0.25 + 2 x x 0.15 x 0.15 + 1.28 x 0.325 + 2 x x 0.3 x 0.15] x2.5 x 1.14 = 7.222 T/m Total = 22.320 T/m say 22.5 T/m So, reaction on each side Support = {(17.94 x 22.5)/ 2} T = 201.83 T say 205 T (2) D.L. of substructure: 18

i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii)

Dirt wall = 1.916 x 0.4 x 12.0 x 2.5 Bed block = 1.0 x 1.0 x 12.0 x 2.5 Abutment shaft = (1.0 x 6.20 + x 1.0 x 6.20) x 10.0 x 2.5 = 155 + 77.50 Wt. of cantilever return wall a) Return wall over pile cap = 2 x 9.116 x 0.5 x 1.15 x 2.5

= 23.00 T = 30.00 T = 232.50 T 285.5 T say 286 T

= 26.21 T 311.71 T say 312 T Pile cap = 4.3 x 10.3 x 1.5 x 2.5 = 166.09 T say 167 T Wt. of earth over pile cap = 1.15 m x (10.3 0.50 x 2) x 9.116 x 1.8 = 175.50 T say 176 T (back side) Wt. of earth over footing (front side) = 0.3m x 10.0 x 1.15 x 1.8 T = 6.40 T say 7T Total = 659.70 T say 660T

(3) Moments Moment about C.L. of abutment shaft, due to eccentricity of various D.L. (except earth on back side as it is self supporting). = -205 x 0.28 23 x 0.8 30 x 0.8 30 x 0.5 155 x 0.5 + 77.5 x 0.334 = -57.40 18.40 15.0 77.50 + 25.89 = -142.41 T-m say -142 T-m Moment about C.L. of Pile cap = -142.41 26.21 x 1.575 175.50 x 1.575 + 6.4 x 1.575 = -142.41 41.28 276.42 + 10.08 = -450.03 T-m say 450 T-m (B) Live Load :(1) Footpath Live load: (B) Live Load :(1) Footpath Live load: Intensity of footpath live load as per IRC 6, for substructure design, P = 500 (40 x 17.38 300)/9 = 500 43.91 = 456.09 Kg/m2 say 460 Kg/m2 Reaction on abutment: ii) iii) For one side loaded case = 0.46 x 1.475 x 17.94 x 2 = 6.09 T say 6.5 T For both side loaded case = 2 x 6.5 = 13.0 T

Moment across traffic due to one side loaded case, = 6.09 x {(7.5/ 2) + 1.475/2+0.45 } = 30.07 T-m (2) Vehicular Live load: (i) Class 70 R wheeled: 8T 3960 4260 1.0 1.018 19 12T 12T 17T 17T 17T 17T

1520 2130 1370

3050 1370

280

17380

280

Max. support reaction at B, RB = (17/ 17.38) x (17.66 + 16.29 +13.24 + 11.87) + (12/ 17.38) (9.74 + 8.22) + {(8 x 4.26)/ 17.38} = 57.77 + 12.40 + 12.40 + 1.96 = 72.13 T say 73 T Longitudinal force in the span due to braking = 0.2 x 100 T = 20 T Force on the abutment = 10 T (ii) Class A 2 lane: 6.8 T 3000 17100 6.8 T 3000 6.8 T 6.8 T 11.4 T 1200 11.4 T 3000 4300

A 280 17380

B 280

For getting maxm reaction the small wheel loads of 2.7 T is kept beyond the span. Max. reaction at B, for one lane loads, RB = (11.4/ 17.38) (17.66 + 16.46) + (6.8/ 17.38) (12.16 + 9.16 + 6.16 + 3.16) = 22.38 + 11.99 = 34.37 T So, for 2 lane loading, max. reaction = 2 x 34.37 T = 68.74 T say 69 T Longitudinal force due to braking = 0.2 x (6.8 x 4 + 2 x 11.4) = 10 T Force on the abutment = 10/2 = 5.0 T From the above two load cases, it is clear that class 70R wheeled load is critical. Vertical reaction on abutment = 73 T Moment due to eccentricity along traffic At top of pile cap level = 73 x 0.28 = 20.44 T-m say 21 T-m At bottom of pile cap level = 21 T-m Horizontal force at bearing level = 10 T Moment at top of pile cap level = 10 x 7.5 T-m = 75 T-m Moment at bottom of pile cap level = 10 x 9.0 T-m = 90 T-m Eccentricity of load:Eccentricity of live load = (7500/2) {1200 + (2790/2)} = 1155 mm 20

 Moment due to track eccentricity, perpendicular to traffic = 73 x 1.155 = 84.32 T-m say 85 T-m Summary of Live load: (Footpath Load and Vehicular Load) Vehicular load on abutment = 73 + 7 = 80 T Moment along traffic, due to eccentricity of load, c) At top of Pile cap level = 21 T-m d) At bot. of Pile cap level = 21 T-m Moment along traffic, due to longitudinal force, a) At top of Pile cap level = 75 T-m b) At bot. of Pile cap level = 90 T-m Longitudinal Force = 10 T Moment across traffic = 85 + 30 = 115 T-m (C) Earth pressure :Let us assume = 408 Ka = {cos2 ( - )}/ cos2 cos ( + ) [1 + {sin ( + ) sin ( - 1)/ cos ( + ) cos ( - 1)}]2 = 2/3 = 26.668 >22.58 hence = 22.58 , i = 08 , = 08 2 2 Ka = cos (408 - 0)/[ cos 08 cos (0 + 22.5)] x [1 + sin (40 + 22.5) sin (40 0)/{ cos (0 + 22.5) cos (0 0)}]2 = 0.19922 say 0.20 Active E/P up to top of pile cap = (1/ 2) x Ka x x H2 x Lt = (1/2) x 0.20 x 1.8 x 9.1152 x 10.0 T = 149.55 T say 150 T Moment due to active E/P at top of pile cap = 149.55 x 0.42 x 9.115 = 572.53 T-m say 573 T-m Active earth pressure upto bottom of pile cap = (1/2) x 0.20 x 1.8 x 10.6152 x 10.0 T = 202.82 T say 203 T Moment due to active E/P at bottom of pile cap = 202.82 x 0.42 x 10.615 = 904.24 T-m say 905 T-m

D) Surcharge pressure a) Horizontal: Ka. . h = 0.30 x 1.8 x 1.2 = 0.648 T/m2 Ka..h = 0.2 x 1.8 x 1.2 =0.432 T/m2

9.115m

21

1.5m

Total force due to live load surcharge at top of pile cap level = 0.432 x 9.115 x 10.0 = 39.38 T say 40 T Moment at top of pile cap level = 39.38 x (9.115/2) = 179.48 T-m say 180 T-m Total force due to L.L. surcharge at bottom of pile cap level = 0.432 x 10.615 x 10.0 = 45.86 T say 46 T Moment at bottom of pile cap level = 45.86 x (10.615/ 2) = 243.40 T-m say 244 T-m b) (Vertical):For L.L. only: The L.L. Surcharge force will create an extra vertical load at the back of the abutment which will increase the vertical load but this load will produce relieving moment to the abutment pile group system. The width of loading will be 1.15 m length will be clear distance between the two return walls = 1.15 m Total load on the pile cap = 1.2 x 1.8 x 1.15 x 9.0 T = 22.36 T say 23 T Relieving moment about C.L. of pile cap = 22.36 x 1.575 = 35.22 T-m say 35 T-m Shear Deformation of Bearing:Force (for 4 nos of bearing) = 4 x 0.50 = 2.0 T Moment at top of pile cap = 2.0 x 7.50 = 15.0 T-m At bottom of pile cap = 2.0 x 9.0 = 18 T-m

Check for Seismic forces Horizontal seismic coefficient (h) for zone III, = .I.0 = 1.0 x 1.5 x 0.04 = 0.06 Part of Structure Lever Moment at Arm up to top top of pile of Pile Cap(m) cap (T-m) (A) Seismic Forces due to Dead loads:Horizontal. Force (i) D.L. of Super structure = 0.06 x 205 = 12.30 T (ii) D.L. of Dirt wall = 0.06 x23.00 = 1.38 T

Lever Arm up to bottom of pilecap(m) 9.0 9.662

Moment at bottom of pile cap (T-m) 110.70 13.34 22

7.50 8.162 m

92.25 11.27

(iii) D.L. of Bed block = 30x 0.06

= 1.08 T

6.704 3.102 2.068 4.558 4.558

12.07 28.85 19.24 163.68 7.20 48.00

8.204 4.602 3.568 6.058 6.058

14.77 21.40 16.60 9.58 63.80

(iv) D.L. of Abutment shaft = 0.06 x 155 = 9.30 T 0.06 x 77.50 = 4.65 T 29.43 T (v) D.L of Return wall over pile cap cap = 0.06 x 26.21 = 1.58 T (vi) D.L. of earth over pile cap (back) = 0.06 x 175.50= 10.53 T (vii) D.L.of earth over pile cap (front) = 0.06 x 6.40 = 0.39 T

0.15

0.06 218.94 say 219

1.65 0.75

0.65 7.52 258.36 say 259 21.60 279.96 say 280

(viii) D.L. of pile cap = 0.06 x 167 = 10.02 T Total = 51.95 T say 52 T (B) Seismic Force due to Live loads:Horz. Force p = 0.06 x (1/2 x 80) = 2.40 T 54.35 T say 55 T 7.5

18.0 236.94 say 237

9.0

Now let us consider two different cases of Seismic Force (1) Seismic force along traffic (No seismic effect on L.L.) At Top of Pile Cap Total Seismic force horizontal = 29.43 T say 30 T Total Seismic force vertical = x 30 = 15 T Moment at top of Pile cap = 163.68 T-m say 164 T-m At Bottom of Pile Cap Total Seismic force horizontal = 52 T Total Seismic force vertical = x 52 = 26 T Moment at bottom of Pile cap = 259 T-m (2) Seismic force across traffic (Seismic force on 50% of L.L.) Total horizontal Seismic force = 55 T Total vertical Seismic force = 55/2 = 27.5 T say 28 T Moment at bottom of Pile cap = 280 T-m Since the dimension of foundation is much higher across the traffic direction, seismic along traffic will be governing. Summary of Loads and Moments Case IAll loads A) Longitudinal loads: SL. NO. 1. 2. TYPE OF LOADS D.L. of super structure D.L. of substructure with wt. of Pile cap and AT BOTTOM OF ABUTMENT Vertical Horizonta Moment load l load 205 T -142 T-m 286 T AT BOTTOM OF FOOTING Vertical Horizontal Moment load load 205 T -450 T-m 660 T 23

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

earth on Pile cap (back fill) Live load of superstructure Longitudinal Force Earth pressure Horizontal surcharge a) D.L. b) L.L. Vertical surcharge a) D.L. b) L.L. Shear deformation of bearing Total

80 T 571 T 10 T 150 T 40 T 2.0 T 202 T

-21 T-m 75 T-m 573 T-m 180 T-m 15 T-m 680 T-m

80 T 23 T 10 T 203 T 46 T 2.0 T 968 T 261 T

-21 T-m 90 T-m 905 T-m 244 T-m -35 T-m 18 T-m 751 T-m

B) Transverse load: Due to eccentricity of L.L. moment at bottom of foundation = 115 T-m

Case IILoad Case I + Seismic force along Traffic A) Longitudinal loads: SL. NO . 1. 2. 3. TYPE OF LOADS D.L. of super structure AT BOTTOM OF ABUTMENT Vertical Horizonta Moment load l load 205 T -142 T-m -21 T-m AT BOTTOM OF FOOTING Vertical Horizontal Moment load load 205 T -450 T-m 660 T 80 T -21 T-m 24

D.L. of substructure with 286 T wt. of Pile cap and earth on Pile cap (back fill) Live load of superstructure 80 T

4. 5. 6.

Longitudinal Force Earth pressure

15 T 571 T

10 T 150 T 40 T 2.0 T 30 T 232 T

75 T-m 573 T-m 180 T-m 15 T-m 164 T-m 844 T-m

23 T

10 T 203 T 46 T 2.0 T

90 T-m 905 T-m 244 T-m -35 T-m 18 T-m 259 T-m 1010 T-m

Horizontal surcharge c) D.L. d) L.L. 7. Vertical surcharge c) D.L. d) L.L. 8. Shear deformation of bearing 9. Seismic forces Total B) Transverse load:

26 T 994 T

52 T 313 T

Due to eccentricity of L.L. moment at bottom of foundation = 115 T-m Load on Piles Let us use 8 nos. of 1000 mm dia Piles in two rows at 3.0 m spacing on along traffic direction and 5.65 m on across traffic directions.

3000 3000 3000 ZAC (outer) = 90/4.5 = 20.0 ZAC (inner) = 90/1.5 = 60 1500 1500 For Load Case-I (non-seismic case) Max / Min. Vertical loads on outer line pile = (MAL/ZAL) (MAC/ZAC) = (968/8) (751/12) (115/20) = 121.00 62.59 5.75 189.39 T =< 52.66 T Vertical loads (Max/Min) on Intermediate piles = P/n (MAL/ZAL) (MAC/ZAC) = (968/8) (751/12) (115/60) = 121.00 62.59 1.92 185.51 T =< 56.49 T 25 n = 8.0 ZAL = 8 x 1.5 = 12 IAC = 4 x (4.52+1.52) = 90

Longitudinal horizontal force on each pile = 261/8 = 32.63 T For Load Case-II (seismic case) Vertical loads (Max/Min) on Corner piles = P/n (MAL/ZAL) (MAC/ZAC) = (994/8) (1010/12) (115/20) = 124.25 84.17 5.75 214.17 T =< 34.33 T Vertical loads (Max/Min) on Intermediate piles = P/n (MAL/ZAL) (MAC/ZAC) = (994/8) (1010/12) (115/60) = 124.25 84.17 1.92 210.34 T =< 38.16 T Longitudinal horizontal force on each pile =313/8 = 39.13 T Ref: Clause No. 706.1.2 of IRC:78-2000, Permissible increase in base pressure i.e. capacity of pile is 25 % Since our load in seismic case is only (214.17/189.39 = 1.13) 13 % higher hence seismic case load is not governing.

Section Design of Pile: (Foe Load Bearing Capacity see page 34) Let us try with 1000 pile with M-35 grade concrete and Fe-500 grade steel. Ref.:- Appendix C of IS:2911 (Part I/Sec 2) T = 5(EI/K1) E for M-25 grade cement = 500025 = 29580.4 N/mm2 = 2,95,804kg/cm2 I = /64 (100)4 = 4908738.521 cm4 Since the top 15.0 m shaft of pile below pile cap goes into slag equivalent to medium sand Layers , K1 = 0.525 T = 5{(2,95,804 x 4908738.521)/0.525} = 307.86 cm say 308 cm L1 = 0 for fixed head pile. L1/T = 0 Lf/T = 2.15 Lf = 662.2 cm = 6.63 m For Load Case-I (non-seismic) Moment at fixity level = 32.63 x {(0 + 6.63)/2} x 0.825 T-m = 89.24 T-m So, we will design the piles for 190 T axial load and 89.24 T-m moment. The design of pile section is carried out by a computer programme with input and output details as below. Input Data P,M R1,R2 NO1,NO2 190 T 89.24 T-m 50 cm 0 cm 22 Nos 0 nos 26

CC1,CC2

5 cm 0 cm

BDIA1,BDIA2 3.2 cm 0 cm MODR 10

START,VAR,ERROR 1 0.1 0.5 Output Data FINAL RESULTS ............. FOR BETA= 80.212100 DEGREES FOR DIST= 41.499940CM ............. AEFF= 4778.060000 EEFF= 16.690250 IEFF= 2573655.000000 Distance found = 8.645795 Dist to be matched = 8.190189 COMP. STRESS DEVELOPED ....................... Direct stress = 23.440480kg/Cm^2 Bending stress= 90.309390kg/cm^2 TotalStress = 113.749900kg/cm^2 < 11.67 MPa =116.7 Kg/cm2 TENSILE STRESS DEVELOPED ........................... Total stress = -1394.762000 kg/cm^2 RUN TIME = 0 Min 0 Sec TRIALS = 406 For Load Case-II (seismic) Moment at fixity level = 39.13 x {(0 + 6.63)/2} x 0.825 T-m = 107.02 T-m So, we will design the piles for 215 T axial load and 107.02 T-m moment. The design of pile section is carried out by a computer programme with input and output details as below. Input Data P, M R1, R2 NO1, NO2 CC1, CC2 214 T 107.02 T-m 50 cm 0 cm 22 nos 0 nos 5 cm 0 cm 3.2 cm 0 cm

BDIA1, BDIA2 MODR 10

27

START, VAR, ERROR 1 0.1 0.5 Output Data FINAL RESULTS ............. FOR BETA= 81.025120 DEGREES FOR DIST= 42.199930CM ............. AEFF= 4847.122000 EEFF= 16.568570 IEFF= 2579046.000000 Distance found = 9.246328 Dist to be matched = 8.768496 COMP. STRESS DEVELOPED ....................... Direct stress = 30.946200kg/Cm^2 Bending stress= 111.890400kg/cm^2 Total Stress = 142.836600kg/cm^2 <1.333 x11.67 MPa =15.56 MPa = 155.6 Kg/cm2 TENSILE STRESS DEVELOPED ........................... Total stress = -1697.604000 kg/cm^2 RUN TIME = 0 Min 0 Sec TRIALS = 413 Min Ast @ 0.4 % = (0.4/100) x (/4) x 1002 = 31.415 cm2 Provide 22 32 (144.72 cm2) at top 11.0 m and 11 20 (34.54 cm2) at bottom and 8 ties @ 200 mm c/c and 16 stiffener bars @ 1500 mm c/c. Deflection in pile Max deflection in pile head (non seismic case) = = Q (L1 + Lf)3/(12 EI) = 32.63 x 1000 x (0 + 6633)/(12 x 2,95,804 x 4908738.521) = 0.546 cm = 5.46 mm < 10 mm (permissible) Max deflection in pile head (seismic case) = = Q (L1 + Lf)3/(12 EI) = 39.13 x 1000 x (0 + 663)3/(12 x 2,95,804 x 1.333 x 4908738.521) = 0.491 cm = 4.91 mm < 10 mm (permissible)

DESIGN OF PILE CAP

Load on individual Piles in non-seismic case 3000 1 2 Traffic 5 3000 6 3000 n=8 ZAL =10.0 ZAC (outer)= 12.0 28

ZAC (inner) = 60.0 3 4 Load on Pile marked (1) Load on Pile marked (2) Load on Pile marked (3) Load on pile marked (4) Load on pile marked (5) Load on pile marked (6) Load on pile marked (7) Load on pile marked (8) 7 3000 8 = 121.00 62.59 + 5.75 = 64.16 T = 121.00 62.59 + 1.92 = 60.33 T = 121.00 62.59 - 1.92 = 56.49 T = 121.00 62.59 - 5.75 = 52.66 T = 121.00 + 62.59 + 5.75 = 189.34 T = 121.00 + 62.59 + 1.92 = 185.51 T = 121.00 + 62.59 - 1.92 = 181.67 T = 121.00 + 62.59 - 5.75 = 177.84 T

Total force on pile marked 5, 6, 7 & 8 = 189.34 + 185.51 + 181.67 + 177.84 = 734.36 T Wt. of pile cap = 10.3 x 1.5 x 2.5 T/m = 38.63 T/m

1 2 3 4 650 2000

5 6 10300 7 8

1500 1500 650 PLAN OF PILE CAP

1412.5

500

2000

1150

29

Critical section For shear(outside) SECTION OF PILE CAP Moment at face of abutment shaft, M = 734.36 x (1.5 1.0) 38.63 x 1.152/2 = 67.18 25.55 = 341.63 T-m say 342 T-m Width of pile cap = 1030 cm d = 342 x 105/ (11.05 x 1030) = 54.82 cm Provide 1500 mm depth, d = 1500 50 25 (20/2) = 1415 mm Ast = (342 x 105)/ (2400 x 0.90 x 141.5) cm2 = 111.90 mm2 Min main reinf. = (0.2/100) x 141.5 x 1030 cm2 = 291.49 cm2 Min. distribution reinf = (0.12/100) x 141.5 x 100 = 16.98 mm2/m Provide 60-25 (294.60 cm2) along traffic bottom as main reinforcement and 16 @ 115c/c as distribution at bottom. Provide 16 @ 115 mm c/c both ways at top. Shear One way Shear Max. S.F. at a distance of d = 1412.5 mm away from face of abutment shaft whch is beyond the structure and hence one way shear is not critical. Punching Shear or two way shear d/2 = 706.25 500 650 650

Critical line of shear

Worst Punching shear will occur at corner pile to have least resisting periphery. Max pile load in non seismic case = 190 T. Available length of resistance = 650 + 650 + 2 x x (500 + 706.25)/4 = 1300 + 1894.77 = 3194.77 mm Effective Depth = 1412.5 mm Punching Shear Stress = 190 x 1000/(319.477 x 141.25) = 4.21 Kg/ cm2 Allowable stress of shear in punching = 0.16 x 35 MPa = 0.946 MPa = 9.46 Kg/ cm2 Design of Abutment (A) Vertical loads Total vertical load on abutment bottom section P = 571 T Total moment on abutment bottom section M = 680 T-m Let us assume a section of 10000 x 2000 mm and M-25 concrete Pu = 1.5 P = 857 T Mu = 1.5 M = 1020 T-m Pu / fck bd = 857 x 104/(25 x 10000 x 2000) = 0.0171 say 0.017 30

Mu/ fck bd2

= 1020 x 107/(25 x 10000 x 20002) = 0.010

Min Ast = (0.3/100) x 10000 x 2000 = 60,000 mm2. Provide 192 20 equally spaced vertical bars 90 + 90 = 180 nos on long side and 6 + 6 = 12 nos on short sides and 8 ties @ 200 c/c and links at every alternate third bar. DESIGN OF ABUTMENT CAP The abutment cap is 1000 x 10000 x 1000 thk. The bearing point is well within the abutment shaft and hence no eccentricity is induced and nominal reinforcement is to be provided. Ast (shorter span) on two faces = (1/ 100) x 225 x 10000 mm2 = 22500 mm2 Provide 56-16 on top and bottom. (22512 mm2) Ast (longer span) on two faces = (1/ 100) x 225 x 1000 mm2 = 2250 mm2 Provide 8-16 at top and bottom (3216 mm2) and 2-12 close bars. Design of Dirt wall Depth of dirt wall = 1916 mm. The dirt wall is subjected to active earth pressure and live load surcharges. (a) Earth pressure Ka = 0.20 Horizontal Force due to active earth pressure = x Ka. H2 = x 0.20 x 1.8 x (1.916)2 T-m/m = 0.66 T/m Moment at bottom of wall = 0.66 x (0.42 x 1.916) = 0.532 say 0.54 T-m/m (b) Live load surcharge

1916

0.432 T/m2 Total horizontal force due to LL surcharge = 0.432 x 1.916 T/m = 0.83 T/m Moment at bottom of dirt wall = 0.83 x (1.916/2) = 0.80 T-m/m Design Moment Total moment at base of wall, M = 0.54 + 0.80 = 1.34 T-m/m Self wt. of dirt wall P = 0.4 x 1.916 x 1.0 x 2.5 T/m = 1.92 T/m Pu = 1.5 P = 2.88 T Mu = 1.5 M = 2.01 T- m/n Pu/ fck bd = 2.88 x 104/(25 x1000 x 400) = 0.0029 2 Mu/ fck bd = 2.01 x 107/(25 x 1000 x 4002 ) = 0.005 31

So, min Reinforcement will suffice Ast = 0.3 x 400 x 1000 = 1200 mm2/m. Provide 12 @ 150 mm c/c both face vertical steel (1506 mm2) and 10 @ 200 mm c/c both face as horizontal steel

Load Bearing Capacity of Pile

[Ref: Clause- 9 of Appendix-5 of IRC:78-2000 and Appendix B, IS: 2911 (Part I/Sec 2)] Data : - Dia of pile 1000 mm. Cut-off Level of Pile 2.0 m from EGL Termination Level 20.5 m from EGL The pile is resting on solid rock layer and is socketed for a length of 0.5 m within rock the layer. From bottom of pile cap to next 15.0 m is slag and then there is a clay layer of 3.0 m thick after which rock layer is encountered. 32

Total ultimate capacity, Qu = Qub+Qus Existing/Finished G.L.

2.0 m I 15.0 m Slag 17.0 m

3.0 m 0.5 m

C= 4.5 T/m2 (Clay) =0.4 Rock Layer

II III

3.0m 0.50 m

Qub = Ultimate end bearing capacity, = Ksp x qc x df x Ab (for Rock layer) [ Ksp = An empirical Coefficient ranges from 0.1 to 0.4; qc = Average uniaxial compressive strength of rock = 500 to 1000 kg/cm2 (As per revised soil report done by CMERI); Let us take 500 kg/cm2 df = depth factor = 1 + 0.4 x (Length of socket / Dia of socket) = 1 + 0.4 x (0.5/1.0) = 1.20 Ab = Area of Cross Section = (/4) x 1002 =7853.98 cm2 ] = 0.15 x 500 x 1.2 x 7853.98 = 706858 Kg = 706.85 T Qus = Ultimate skin friction capacity, (for soil layer as per IS: 2911) = K.Pi tan. Asi (for cohesion less soil) + c As (for cohesive soil) Qus = Ultimate skin friction capacity, (for rock layer as per IRC: 78) = As x qs In our present case neglecting the skin resistance of slag layer, we take skin resistance of 3.0 m clay Layer and 0.5 m rock socket. For Cohesive (Clay) Layer layer-I , Qus = 0.4 x 4.5 x ( x 1.0 x 3.0) = 16.96 T 33 Let us take it as 0.15;

For Rock Socket Layer For layer II, Qus =( x 1.0 x 0.5) x 200 = 314.15 T [ qs = shear along socket = 50 kg/cm2 for Normal rock and 20 kg/cm2 for weather rock; Let us take qs = 20 kg/cm2 = 200 T/m2 ] So, Total Skin friction capacity, Qus = 16.96 + 314.15 = 331.11 T So, Ultimate capacity, Qu = 706.85 + 331.11 = 1037.96 T Allowing a factor of safety of 3.0 Max. Compression capacity Qsafe = 1037.96/3.0 T = 345.98 T say 345 T (However the safe load bearing capacity of pile is to be ascertained by vertical load test as per the soil report)

34