Antennas and Feeder System

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ZTE University

CDMA-BSS Team

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Main Content

BTS Antenna System Structure BTS Antenna Specification and Meanings

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BTS Antenna System Structure

Antenna

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EMP

1/2 Clamp

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Grounding Cabinet

7/16 Din Connector 1/2 Jumper 7/8 Cable 7/8 Cable

Tower Top Amplifier

Machine house 1/2 Jumper

Grounding clip

Grounding bar

Main Content

BTS Antenna Specification and Meanings

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BTS Antenna System Structure

What is the Antenna?

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An antenna is just a passive conductor carrying RF current:

electromagnetic fields cause current in receiving antennas

Blah blah blah bl ah

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current flowing radiates electromagnetic fields

RF power causes current to flow in the antenna

Antenna Specifications and Meanings

Operation Frequency Band Antenna Gain Radiation Pattern Horizontal/Vertical Beamwidth

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Radiation Pattern Downtilt Front/Back Ratio Sidelobe Suppression and Null Filling Input Impedance VSWR Polarization Isolation

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Size Weight

Halfwave Dipole Antenna

Radome material Appearance and color Working temperature Storage temperature Windloading Connector types Package Size Lightning Protection

Electrical properties

Mechanical properties

Electrical Properties

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Antenna should be tested strictly in the lab before selling. We make the choice according to our requirement

Antenna Foundation:Halfwave Dipole

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Halfwave dipole is a classic antenna and it is very popular. It can be used

A halfwave dipole has two symmetrical arms, one arm is wave length of the radio frequency signal. Wavelength

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1/4 Wavelength 1/2 Wavelength 1/4 Wavelength Dipole

1900MHz 157mm 800MHz 375mm

1/2 Wavelength

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antenna matrix.

independently, or multiple dipoles can be combined together into an

Antenna Foundation:Halfwave Dipole

Zero current at each end each tiny imaginary lice of the antenna does its share of radiating

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TX

RX Maximum current at the middle Current induced in receiving antenna is vector sum of contribution of every tiny lice?of radiating antenna
Width of band denotes current magnitude

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Halfwave Dipole Radiation Pattern

1 dipole
(received power)1mW

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GAIN= 10log(4mW/1mW) = 6dBd

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Multiple dipole matrix

Received power4 mW

Antenna Working Frequency Range

Both transmitting and receiving antenna can only work in a specific frequency range.

Antenna frequency range is defined as the frequency bandwidth, in which the antenna gain drops less than 3 dB and the VSWR is 1.5 .

Generally, antenna performance for different frequencies within the band varies a little, but its acceptable.

CDMA(PCS)

CDMA(CELLULAR 800 MHz: 824 - 894MHz 1900 MHz: 1850 - 1990MHz

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Antenna Working Frequency Range

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Optimum 1/2 wavelength for dipole at 860MHz

at 824 MHz

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at 896 MHz Antenna Dipole

Working Frequency Range (BANDWIDTH ) 896 - 824 = 72MHz (Decided by antenna manufacturer, and laboratory tests)

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Antenna Gain

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What is antenna gain?

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Same amount of energy, focussed in a particular direction

On the condition of same input power and same position of space, the ratio between the power radiated from the practical antenna and from the ideal isotropic antenna is called the antenna gain.

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Attention: Antennas are passive devices; they do NOT amplify RF energy.

Gain Calculation: dBd and dBi

Ideal Isotropic antenna

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2.15dB

Halfwave dipole

eg:

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0dBd = 2.15dBi

Gain Calculation: dBd and dBi

Isotropic vs. Dipole
dipole

Directional Antenna Azimuth Pattern

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0dBi (ref) 0dBD (ref)

dB Gain ref Dipole (dBD)

dB Gain ref isotropic (dBi)

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Gqf=s1qf/s0

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unitdBi G qf== s1qf/ GA0 unit:dBd

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PLAN VIEW

isotropic

ERP and EIRP

Reference Antenna

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Directional Antenna
275w

Effective Radiated Power (ERP and EIRP) apparent power in a particular direction. It is equal to actual transmitter power times antenna gain in that direction.
Radiated power = Input power x

TX
100 W

antenna gain

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or in dB = dBm + dB(i or d) eg:50dBm

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B
TX 100 W

EIRP = 54.4 dBm (right picture)

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+ 4.4 dBi

ERP is expressed in comparison to a standard radiator ERP: compared with dipole antenna
EIRP: compared with isotropic antenna

EIRP B A (ref)

A B
100w

Antenna Gain Example

EiRP = +39 + 18 = +57 dBm

jumper -0.5dB

Base Station Transmitter (20 watts)

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-3dB jumper -0.5dB

Convert to dBm 10Log(20) + 30 = +43 dBm

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Heliax Cable

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Ant Input Power = + 39dBm

Antenna Gain = + 18 dBi

Antenna Radiation Pattern

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The first basic function of antenna is to radiate energy to outer space. The second basic function is to radiate most of energy to the desired direction. But in fact, the practical radiation is very complex, it is called: radiation pattern

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Beamwidth
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The radiation pattern has several lobes; the strongest is called the

and weaker as it spreads to the side. The angle between two position which is 3dB below the peak is called beamwidth or halfpower angle.
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radiation and the higher of the gain.

3dB Beamwidth Peak - 3dB

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60 (eg)

The narrower the beamwidth, the better of concentration of the

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From the peak of the main lobe, the radiation will become weaker

Peak - 3dB

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Peak

main lobe and the others are side lobes.

Horizontal 3dB Beamwidth

360

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Directional Antenna65/90/105/120

Omni

Horizontal 3dB Beamwidth

20,30 beamwidth antennas are mostly used in narrow areas such as a highway65 are usually used in city area90s are used more in suburbs and countryside.

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Typical 90 3dB beamwidth sketch map

Vertical 3dB Beamwidth

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48,33,15,8are some common values for the

If the vertical beamwidth is small, then we can control the coverage by adjusting the downtilt. Directional

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Omni

vertical 3dB beamwidth.

Antenna Downtilt

front goes down, and behind goes up. This is

popular for sectorization and special omni

Electrical Downtilt (fixed and adjustable)

Incremental phase shift is applied in the

feed network

inverted saucer

common technique when downtilting omni

cells

the pattern droops all around, like an

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applications

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Physically tilt the antenna. The pattern in

Mechanical Downtilt

Different Downtilt Effects

Non down tilt

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Electronic downtilt Mechanical downtilt

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Downtilt Adjustment

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In this formula, the main lobe of antenna will point to the edge of cell coverage. Actually, the antenna will often need downtilt adjustment during optimization to ensure the real coverage does not go too far or too near.

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= arctan (h/R)A/2 antenna downtilt hantenna height Rcell coverage radius A---antenna vertical 3dB beamwidth

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In general, the original downtilt can be calculated

Front to Back Ratio

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Front-to-back ratio

radiated outside the antennas main beam.

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Back Power (interference)

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Antenna front-to-back ratio measures how much energy is

Front Power

Back power

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Front power

Front/Back = 10 log(FP/BP)

typically 18 to 30dB, the larger the better

Up Sidelobe Restraint
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UP SIDELOBE (dB)

DOWN SIDELOBE
(dB)

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perform restraint on the up sidelobe.

Usually, the up sidelobe energy is not used. So we

Sidelobe Suppression and Null Filling

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Antenna Input Impedance

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When antenna and feeder cable are connected, the best condition (best

There are four parameters that can be used to measure antenna efficiency, these are;

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Cable

VSWR and Return Loss is commonly used.

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Reflectance, Traveling Wave Coefficient, VSWR, Return Loss

50 ohms

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antenna efficiency) would be if their impedance are completely matched.

Antenna 50 ohms

Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

Forward: 10W 50 ohms

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80 ohms 9.5 W

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Return Loss 10log(10/0.5) = 13dB VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)

Backward: 0.5W

VSWR Characteristics
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Impedance and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) / Return

Input impedance of the antenna must match the characteristic

impedance of the transmission line

Otherwise, a reflected wave is generated, directed back towards the

The ratio between the maximum and minimum voltage is defined as

the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR).

0dBi

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(400mW)

energy source.

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+40 dBm (10 watts)

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Loss

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EIRP = +39.8 dBm

Return Loss = 20 Log VSWR +1 = 14dB VSWR-1

Ant VSWR = 1.5:1

+26 dBm

Antenna Polarization

vector.

Vertical

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Horizontal

+ 45degree slant

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Polarization describes the orientation of the electric field

- 45degree slant

Dual Polarization Antenna

V/H (Vertical/Horizontal)

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Slant (+/- 45)

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Polarization Discrimination
Severe Multipath Environment

Power Transfer Between Antenna A and Antenna B

Free-Space Environment

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A B Co-Polarized

B A Cross-Polarized

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Polarization Discrimination

Maximum energy transfer between Tx and Rx antennas takes place when the antennas have the same polarization and spatial orientation.

Antenna Port Isolation

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In dual polarization antenna, complete port isolation is impossible.

interference in the other port.

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In this example the isolation is 30dB, the higher the better.

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1000mW ( 1W)

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10log(1000mW/1mW) = 30dB 1mW

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If one port receives an input energy, some of the energy will provide

Antenna Mechanical Properties

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Antenna Dimensions

LWH

The Width is related to the horizontal bandwidth The Height is related with the techniques adopted

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The Length is related to the vertical bandwidth and gain

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Antenna Weight

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Antenna weight affects transmission and deployment

Radome Material

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Radome material may be PVC or Fiberglass which are water-proof, weatherproof, and has anti-aging characteristics

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Appearance Color
Some antennas are made very pleasing to look at or made to blend with the environment

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Physical Parameters

Typical range-40C

Connector Type

7/16DINNSMA female

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Typically-40C

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Storage Temperature Range

+70C

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Operating Temperature Range

+70C

Mast
Mast diameter 45-90mm

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Lightening Protection

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Lightning arresters are directly connected to ground

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Main Feeder

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Jump Cable

Connectors
7/16DIN-F CONNECTOR

7/16DIN-M and N-M CONNECTOR

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Feeder Installation Annex

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Clamp Grounding Kit Wall Glands

Universal Ground Bar

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Trimming Tool or Hand Tool Kit

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