Nature and Faune Publication Vol. 26, Issue 1 - Forest Sector in The Green Economy in Africa

Front Cover Photos:
Top to bottom: protected forest in Nigeria, anonymous; forest tree nursery in Ethiopia,
anonymous; a river in Zambia, anonymous; the majestic African Greater Kudu in Zambia,
anonymous.
Back Cover Photo:
Top to bottom: A dam in Cameroon, anonymous; Giraffes in Tanzania, anonymous; fishing at
Tema harbour in Ghana, anonymous; market women selling fish in an African market,
anonymous.
Nature & Faune is a peer-reviewed open access international bilingual (English and French)
publication dedicated to the exchange of information and practical experience in the field of
wildlife and protected areas management and conservation of natural resources on the African
continent. Nature & Faune has been in wide circulation since 1985.
Nature & Faune is dependent upon your free and voluntary contribution in the form of articles and
announcements in the field of wildlife, forestry and nature conservation in the Region.
Editor: F. Bojang
Deputy Editor: A. Ndeso-Atanga
Advisers: A. Yapi, C. Nugent, F. Salinas, R. Czudek.

Nat ur e & Faune, Vol ume 26, Issue 1

FAO
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Office for
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Enhancing natural resources management for food security in Africa
Volume 26, Issue 1

The for est sector i n t he gr een economy i n Afr i ca

Euitoi Fouay Bojang
Beputy Euitoi Aua NuesoAtanga
FA0 Regional 0ffice foi Afiica

nat ur e-faune@fao.or g
ht tp:/ / www.fao.or g/ afr i ca/ publ i cat i ons/ nat ur e-and-faune-magazi ne/

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Accr a, Ghana
2011
Nature & Faune


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BOARD OF REVIEWERS

Chiistel PalmbeigLeiche
Foiest geneticist
Rome Italy

}ean Piospei Koyo
Renewable Natuial Resouices auvisei
Pointe Noiie Republic of Congo

El Bauji N Sene
Foiest Resouices Nanagement Biy Zone Foiestiy specialist
Bakai Senegal

Bouglas Williamson
Wilulife specialist
Englanu 0niteu Kinguom

Fieu Kafeeio
Natuial Resouices specialist
Rome Italy

}effiey Sayei
Ecologistexpeit in political anu economic context of natuial iesouices conseivation
Caiins N Queenslanu Austialia

August Temu
Agiofoiestiy auvisei anu leauei in management of paitneiships
Naiiobi Kenya

Sbastien Le Bel
Wilulife specialist anu scientist
Nontpelliei Fiance

Nafa Chipeta
Foou Secuiity auvisei
Limbe Nalawi

Kay NuiiLeiesche
Policy economistspecialist in agiicultuial anu natuial iesouice economics
Rooiels Cape South Afiica

Advi ser s: At se Yapi , Chr i stopher Nugent, Fer nando Sal i nas, Ren Czudek

The uesignations employeu anu the piesentation of mateiial in this infoimation piouuct uo not imply the
expiession of any opinion whatsoevei on the pait of the Foou anu Agiicultuie 0iganization of the 0niteu Nations
conceining the legal oi uevelopment status of any countiy teiiitoiy city oi aiea oi of its authoiities oi
conceining the uelimitation of its fiontieis oi bounuaiies
The views expiesseu in this publication aie those of the authois anu uo not necessaiily ieflect the views of the
Foou anu Agiicultuie 0iganization of the 0niteu Nations
All iights ieseiveu Repiouuction anu uissemination of mateiial in this infoimation piouuct foi euucational oi
othei noncommeicial puiposes aie authoiizeu without any piioi wiitten peimission fiom the copyiight holueis
pioviueu the souice is fully acknowleugeu Repiouuction of mateiial in this infoimation piouuct foi iesale oi
othei commeicial puiposes is piohibiteu without wiitten peimission of the copyiight holueis Applications foi
such peimission shoulu be auuiesseu to the Chief Electionic Publishing Policy anu Suppoit Bianch
Communication Bivision FA0 viale uelle Teime ui Caiacalla Rome Italy oi by email to
copyiightfaooig
FAO 2011


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Cont ent s

Message t o Reader s
Mar i a Hel ena Semedo

Edi t or i al
Moust apha Kamal Gueye

Announcement s

Speci al Feat ur e

The fisheiies of Lake victoiia past piesent anu futuie
Br i an Mar shal l and Ol i vi a Mkumbo

Opi ni on Pi ece

uieening the Afiican foiest economy can Afiicas lean eainings fiom
foiest piouucts expoits pay foi it
Maf a Chi pet a 14

The national foiest piogiammes a tool foi the gieen economy in Afiica
Fr anoi s Wencl i us

Ar t i cl es

The foiest sectoi in the context of gieen economy in Afiica
Rao Mat t a 24

Bioeneigy REBB anu the uieen Economy in Afiica
Moni ka Ber t zky, Val Kapos, Punj ani t Leagnavar and Mar t i na Ot t o

Afiicas foiests anu climate change what to uo
Maf a E. Chi pet a

Timbei legality uefinition Boes Consistency Nattei foi E0 FLEuT Paitnei Countiies
Ri char d Gyi mah 39

Sustainable Foiest Nanagement baseu on State Piactice in
Cential Afiica Countiies
Samuel Assembe-Mvondo, Ri char d Ebaa At yi , Gui l l aume Lescuyer and Andr ew War del l

Community foiestiy anu the challenge of aligning with Cameioons gieen economy
Ant oi ne Eyebe, Domi ni que Endamana, Jef f er y Sayer , Manuel Rui z Per ez,
Agni Boedhi har t ono, Wal t er s Gr et chen, Kennet h Angu Angu and Loui s Ngono


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Biveisity Bistiibution anu 0tilization of 0iban Tiees in Ibauan Southwest Nigeiia
I sr eal Bor oki ni 54

Impoitance of savanna wooulanus in iuial livelihoous anu wilulife conseivation
in southeastein Zimbabwe
Edson Gandi w a

0iban anu peiiuiban foiestiy in Kigali Rwanua
Euni ce Nj or oge and Muhayi mana Janvi er e

Libeiia foiest iefoim anu benefit shaiing
John Waugh

Ten yeais of managing Kenyan top bai hives in southwestein Nigeiia
Lat eef Ak i nw umi Fol or unso

A ieview of baiiieis to wealth cieation anu benefit shaiing fiom foiest baseu
gieen economy in Zambia
Vi ncent Nyi r enda, Wi l br oad Chansa and Vi ncent Zi ba

Beveloping iuial communities by piotecting tiopical foiests contiibution of
community baseu foiest management in Cioss Rivei State Nigeiia
Fol a Babal ol a and Abi Ene 82

Count r y Focus: Sout h Afr i ca
Ronal d Heat h

FAO Act i vi t i es

A iational appioach to managing watei wetlanus anu foiests towaius
a gieenei economy foi Afiica
Ruhi za Jean Bor ot o

Li nk

Theme and Deadl i ne for Next Issue

Gui del i nes for Aut hor s, Subscr i pt i on and Cor r espondence

Nat ur e & Faune, Vol . 26, Issue 1 1

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1

he Afiican Foiestiy anu Wilulife
Commission AFWC is ueuicating the
piesent euition of Nat ur e & Faune
publication to the Inteinational
Yeai of Foiests Foiests This is the
seconu consecutive euition of the
publication to be ueuicateu to Foiests
The fiist was the }une euition

With its special focus on The for est sect or
i n t he gr een economy i n Afr i ca this issue
shows many ways in which the foiestiy anu
natuial iesouice sectois can contiibute to
the neeus of the gieen economy in Afiica A
gieen economy is uefineu as one that iesults
in impioveu human wellbeing anu social
equity while significantly ieuucing
enviionmental iisks anu ecological
scaicities
The ulobal Citizens Centei leu by

Kevin Banahei uefines gieen economy as a
global aggiegate of inuiviuual communities
meeting the neeus of its citizens thiough the
iesponsible local piouuction anu exchange
of goous anu seivices

The piesent euition highlights the
significance of the foiestiy sectoi to the
oveiall economy anu its impoitance oveiall
in the iegions lanu use uemonstiating its
potential to make a uiffeience in impioving
oi woisening an economys gieen

1
Mar i a Hel ena Semedo, Assi st ant Di r ect or -
Gener al / Regi onal Repr esent at i ve f or Af r i ca,
Regi onal Of f i ce f or Af r i ca, Uni t ed Nat i ons Food
and Agr i cul t ur e Or gani zat i on, P. O. Box GP 1628
Accr a. Ghana. Tel : ( 233) 302 675000 ext . 2101/
( 233) 302 7010 930 ext . 2101; f ax: 233 302 668 427
2
UNEP, 2011, Tow ar ds a Gr een Economy:
Pat hw ays t o Sust ai nabl e Devel opment and
Pover t y Er adi cat i on - A Synt hesi s f or Pol i cy
Mak er s, w w w .unep.or g/ gr eeneconomy
cieuentials It is an impoitant message
about foiestiy anu gieenness

You will uiscovei how foiestiy helps
gieenness anu what challenges it faces in
uoing this with iegaiu to eneigy watei
caibon management biouiveisity
management anu conseivation The aiticles
envisage how foiestiy will continue to
uelivei its economic enviionmental anu
social functions in Afiica while inteiacting
with othei sectois in making the collectivity
of sectois to builu up a gieen oveiall
economy

Ni uueye in the euitoiial pioviues an
oveiview of what a gieen economy can uo
to ueciease poveity in Afiica anu why that is
impoitant The authoi goes on to make
some suggestions on winning the heaits
anu minus of the geneial public to suppoit
the gieening of foiest management anu its
influence on othei sectois of the economy

The special aiticle featuieu in this issue by
Ni Naishall anu Nis Nkumbo is on
fisheiies The stoiy of Lake victoiias
fisheiies is a fascinating one anu is a
cautionaiy tale of how not to caiiy out
initiatives that have uncontiollable
enviionmental impacts That some of the
pieuicteu uisasteis have not tuineu out
that way is a ielief

Bow uo we go about changing things to
achieve gieen economics in foiestiy This is
the question poseu by Ni Chipeta in an
0pinion Piece The piemise is that the
gieen economy neeus to pay foi itself This
neeus uifficult aujustments

Ni Wenclius in anothei 0pinion Piece
makes stiong points about national foiest
piogiammes anu what the foiest sectoi can
contiibute to the gieen economy Be aigues
that national foiest piogiammes can be
impoitant tools foi the gieening of the
foiestiy sectoi in Afiica

Authois contiibuteu aiticles that showcase
uiffeient appioaches anu actions in
integiating sustainability in economic
T


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sectois A team of eight scientists in a
collaboiative effoit piesents the
contiibution of community foiestiy in
Cameioon to the gieen economy anu
highlight the cuiient anu futuie challenges
in integiating community foiestiy into the
piocess of gieening the national economy

0n the othei hanu a team of foui
ieseaicheis analyse the goveinments of
countiies of Cential Afiica subiegion
iegaiuing theii Sustainable Foiest
Nanagement piactices

Ni Beath piesents his countiy South Afiica
unuei the iegulai featuie Countiy Focus
Be ieveals that uespite its low foiest covei
status South Afiica ianks as the thiiu most
biologically uiveise countiy in the woilu Ni
Beath goes fuithei to ueclaie that the foiest
sectoi of South Afiica has pieempteu the
uiive to a gieen economy thiough the
implementation of foiest ceitification anu is
theiefoie wellplaceu to suppoit a national
gieen economy stiategy anu ensuie best
possible use of foiest anu foiest piouucts

Accoiuing to Ni Boioto of FA0 the
oiganization is active in piomoting anu
aiuing effoits of countiies to tiansition to a
gieen economy Be pioposes a methouology
still unuei uevelopment foi the
sustainable exploitation of watei wetlanus
anu foiests in the context of a wateisheu
anu towaius a gieenei economy in Afiica If
auopteu it coulu assist in uoing things
bettei thiough piactical steps

I welcome you all to this euition of Natuie
Faune which maiks the enu of the
Inteinational Yeai of the Foiests

We tieasuie youi ongoing suppoit as we all
woik togethei to achieve the tiansition to a
gieen economy that is a majoi pathway to
piomoting sustainable cycles of piouuction
anu consumption while ensuiing the health
anu integiity of Afiicas ecosystems anu oui
continueu suivival anu wellbeing


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Edi t or i al

For est s i n a gr een economy t r ansi t i on
i n Afr i ca

1

atuial capital assets both ienewable
anu nonienewable aie estimateu to
account foi pei cent of sub
Sahaian Afiicas total wealth This incluues
subsoil assets pei cent cioplanu pei
cent timbei iesouices pei cent
pastuielanu pei cent nontimbei foiest
pei cent anu piotecteu aieas pei cent
A
numbei of stuuies have unueiscoieu the
laigei gains to be maue by expanuing
investments to enhance natuial capital
Nillennium Ecosystem Assessment
The Economics of Ecosystems anu
Biouiveisity uiven the natuial
iesouiceuepenuence of most Afiican
economies capitalizing on Afiicas natuial
capital will play a ciitical pait in the
continents tiansition to a gieen economy

A gieen economy can be uefineu as one that
iesults in impioveu human wellbeing anu
social equity while significantly ieuucing

1
Act i ng Head, Gr een Economy Advi sor y Ser vi ces
Uni t UNEP Economi cs and Tr ade Br anch
Di vi si on of Technol ogy, I ndust r y and Economi cs
Uni t ed Nat i ons Envi r onment Pr ogr amme
15, r ue de Mi l an F-75441 Par i s CEDEX 09 Fr ance
Tel ephone: +33 1 44 37 42 75,
Tel ef ax: +33 1 44 37 14 74
emai l : Moust aphaKamal .Gueye@unep.or g
Websi t e: ht t p:/ / www.unep.ch/ et b/
ht t p:/ / www.unep.or g/ gr eeneconomy/

2
Wor l d Bank. 2006. Wher e i s t he Weal t h of
Nat i ons? Measur i ng Capi t al f or t he 21st Cent ur y,
The Wor l d Bank : Washi ngt on, D.C.
enviionmental iisks anu ecological scaicities

In a gieen economy giowth in income anu
employment is uiiven by public anu piivate
investments that ieuuce caibon emissions
anu pollution enhance eneigy anu iesouice
efficiency anu pievent the loss of biouiveisity
anu ecosystem seivices These investments
neeu to be catalyzeu anu suppoiteu by
taigeteu public expenuituie policy iefoims
anu iegulation changes This uevelopment
path shoulu maintain enhance anu wheie
necessaiy iebuilu natuial capital as a ciitical
economic asset anu souice of public benefits
especially foi pooi people whose livelihoous
anu secuiity uepenu stiongly on natuie

For ests r epr esent cr i ti cal assets to
economi c act i vi t y and l i vel i hood i n Afr i ca
Af r i can f or est s account f or 23 per cent of t he
cont i nent s t ot al l and ar ea - cl ose t o 675
mi l l i on hect ar es - and r epr esent about 17 per
cent of gl obal f or est ar ea. For est s pr ovi de a
basi s f or l i vel i hoods t o peopl e, ser ve as car bon
si nk s and st abi l i ze gl obal cl i mat e, r egul at e
w at er cycl es and pr ovi de habi t at s f or
bi odi ver si t y w hi l e host i ng a w i de var i et y of
genet i c r esour ces. These var i ous ecosyst em
f unct i ons and ser vi ces mak e Af r i can f or est s a
vi t al asset t o soci et y and t o t he nat i onal ,
r egi onal and gl obal economy.

In Cential Afiica accounteu foi pei
cent of Afiicas total foiest aiea Southein
Afiica foi pei cent Noith Afiica foi
pei cent anu East anu West Afiica foi pei
cent iespectively The five countiies with the
laigest foiest aiea weie Bemociatic
Republic of the Congo Suuan Angola
Zambia anu Nozambique while countiies
iepoiting the highest peicentage of theii
lanu aiea coveieu by foiest weie Seychelles
peicent uabon peicent uuinea
Bissau pei cent Bemociatic Republic of the
Congo pei cent anu Zambia pei cent

3
UNEP ( 2011) : Tow ar d a Gr een Economy
Pover t y Er adi cat i on. Avai l abl e at :
ht t p:/ / w w w .unep.or g/ gr eeneconomy/

4
FAO. 2010. Gl obal f or est r esour ces assessment ,
2010 Mai n r epor t . FAO For est r y Paper 163.
Rome, I t al y.
N


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Foiestiy contiibutes pei cent of uBP in
Afiica on aveiage anu up to pei cent in
tiopical Afiican countiies In Eastein anu
Southein Afiica the aveiage annual foiest
income is about pei cent of householu
income
They pioviue significant timbei

anu nontimbei foiest piouucts thus
suppoiting both local communities anu
national economies Fuel woou supplies
iepiesent a significant piopoition of
householu eneigy neeus foi cooking anu
heating foi the vast majoiity of Afiican
paiticulaily in iuial aiea Afiica accounteu
foi pei cent of global fuelwoou iemovals
in

Foi Afiica foiest iesouices aie impoitant
expoit commouities with timbei piouucts
alone accounting foi pei cent of expoit
eainings foi uabon anu about pei cent
foi the Cential Afiican Republic
making it
essential foi these countiies to ensuie a
sustainable management of the iesouice
Fuitheimoie foiests aie impoitant
pioviueis of ecosystem seivices such as
climate iegulation caibon sequestiation
wateisheu piotection anu habitat foi
species that pioviue bush meat foi
communities anu touiism oppoitunities In
cential Afiica iuial communities obtain a
ciitical poition of the piotein anu fat fiom
foiests in paiticulai fiom bushmeat
While
employment uata is ielatively unceitain uue

5
Vedel d, P., Angel sen, A. Sj aast ad, E., and
Kobugabe Ber g, G. ( 2004) . Count i ng on t he
envi r onment f or est i ncomes and t he r ur al poor .
Envi r onment al Economi cs Ser i es, Paper No. 98,
Wor l d Bank Envi r onment Depar t ment , Wor l d
Bank, Washi ngt on, D.C.

6
FAO. 2010. Op Ci t .
7
Gumbo, D. 2010. Regi onal r evi ew of SFM and
pol i cy appr oaches t o pr omot e i t Sub-Sahar an
Af r i ca. Backgr ound Paper f or t he For est s chapt er ,
Gr een Economy Repor t .
8
Nasi , R., Br ow n, D., Wi l ki e, D., Bennet t , E., Tut i n,
C., van Tol , G., and Chr i st opher sen, T. ( 2008) .
Conser vat i on and use of w i l dl i f e-based r esour ces:
t he bushmeat cr i si s. Secr et ar i at of t he Convent i on
on Bi ol ogi cal Di ver si t y, Mont r eal , and Cent er f or
I nt er nat i onal For est r y Resear ch ( CI FOR) , Bogor ,
I ndonesi a.

to limiteu accounts of nonfoimal
employment in some people
weie iepoiteuly involveu in the piimaiy
piouuction of goous in foiests in Afiica

Wellmanageu foiests anu piopei use of
theii vital suppoiting functions can
theiefoie yielu ieal economic benefits foi
Afiica anu have knockon effects on poveity

Yet uespite these huge ecological
economical social anu health benefits
foiests aie still being uestioyeu at an
alaiming iate million hectaies annually
often foi limiteu piivate anu shoitteim
gains because of oveihaivesting anu
piessuies fiom othei lanu uses incluuing
ciop faiming anu livestock husbanuiies
0vei the past uecaue foiest covei stabilizeu
in Noith anu Cential Ameiica anu expanueu
in Euiope Foiest covei expanueu in Asia
mainly uue to laigescale affoiestation in
China which offset continueu uefoiestation
in Southeast Asia Afiica anu South Ameiica
expeiienceu the laigest net loss of foiests
uuiing this peiiou
0vei the last two

uecaues agiicultuial expansion anu timbei
extiaction weie the main pioximate causes
of tiopical uefoiestation

Afr i can for ests can and shoul d be an
i mpor tant dr i ver towar ds a gr een
economy
For est s can be a cr i t i cal dr i ver i n a t r ansi t i on
t o a gr een economy w hen t he myr i ad of
economi c, soci al and envi r onment al benef i t s
t hey can del i ver ar e r eal i zed. Whi l e st i l l at a
sl ow pace, t her e i s gr ow i ng r ecogni t i on
among pol i cy mak er s and l ocal communi t i es
of t he need t o mai nt ai n, sust ai nabl y use and
i nvest i n f or est s i n or der t o pr event t he l oss of
f or est -based bi odi ver si t y and ecosyst em
goods and ser vi ces t hat suppor t t he l i vel i hood
of popul at i ons and t o enhance t hei r pot ent i al
t o r educe car bon emi ssi ons .

9
FAO. 2010. Op. Ci t .

10
UNEP. 2011. For est s i n a Gr een Economy: A
Synt hesi s. Avai l abl e at : ht t p:/ / w w w .unep.


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The vital impoitance of foiests to society
anu new economic values that aie emeiging
in the context of the fight against climate
change anu the loss of biouiveisity offeis
Afiica new oppoitunities to tiansfoim the
management anu use of its foiest iesouices
to auvance its uevelopment agenua In
Afiica contiibuteu pei cent of the global
total of caibon in foiest biomass with
Cential Afiica containing the laigest amount
of caibon in foiest biomass Bowevei
oveiall with the exception of Noith Afiica
all Afiican subiegions expeiienceu a uecline
in caibon stocks in foiest biomass between
anu because of the loss of foiest
aiea

Beyonu uiiect benefits Afiican foiests
suppoit a giowing ecotouiism inuustiy
0veiall touiism which ielies piimaiily on
the continents natuial anu cultuial wealth
uiiectly anu inuiiectly contiibutes an
estimateu pei cent to uBP anu
pei cent to employment in Afiica
In
the uieat Lakes aiea about 0S million is
geneiateu annually fiom touiism baseu on
goiilla viewing anu othei activities

Touay investments in foiests iemain low
anu foiest ielateu activities aie
pieuominantly extiactive It has been
estimateu that an appioximate 0S
billion is investeu annually in the foiest
sectoi
0f this appioximately pei cent

is spent on foiest management anu the iest
is investeu in foiest piouuct piocessing anu
tiaue The 0NEP uieen Economy Repoit
suggests that an auuitional investment of
pei cent of global uBP each yeai
equivalent to 0S billion in constant
uollais pei yeai coulu iaise value

11
FAO 2010. Op. Ci t .
12
Wor l d Tr avel and Tour i sm Counci l . 2009. Tr avel
and Tour i sm Economi c I mpact , sub-Sahar an
Af r i ca.
13
14
Tomasel l i , I . 2006. Br i ef st udy on f undi ng and
f i nance f or f or est r y and f or est -based sect or , Uni t ed
Nat i ons For um on For est s.
auueu in the foiest inuustiy by 0S
billion in This is pei cent moie
than value auueu unuei the business as
usual BA0 scenaiio which mouels giowth
unuei assumptions that miiioi the cuiient
economic policy climate 0nuei the gieen
economy scenaiio auuitional investment is
unueitaken in iefoiestation anu foiest
conseivation 0nuei this scenaiio
concomitant incieases in sustainable
piouuctivity enhancing impiovements in
agiicultuie anu caiefully taigeteu tiee
planting ensuie that pooi faimeis aie not
uisplaceu anu theie aie incieaseu income
eaining oppoitunities in iuial aieas

uoveinments aie incieasingly iecognizing
the impoitance of sustaining anu possibly
enhancing the natuial anu cultuial assets
fiom which new income employment anu
giowth oppoitunities aie aiising
Tianslating such iecognition into action
iequiies new investments in piotecteu
aieas iefoiestation effoits anu
iehabilitation of valuable ecosystems In
Kenya foi example iesouice valuation
effoits that inuicateu a value to the economy
of the Nau foiest complex incluuing
touiism hyuiopowei agiicultuie anu the
tea inuustiy of possibly as much as
0S billion a yeai tiiggeieu a multi
million shilling iestoiation initiative to
ieveise the tienu of uecaues of
uefoiestation

New pol i ci es and i ni ti ati ves ar e needed to
sust ai n and enhance t he cont r i but i on of
for est s i n Afr i ca
To enhance t he cont r i but i on of f or est s t o
soci et y and economi es of Af r i ca gover nment s,
t he i nt er nat i onal communi t y and ot her act or s
need t o scal e up i ni t i at i ves and r ef or m
pol i ci es i n or der t o cr eat e i ncent i ves t o
mai nt ai n and i nvest i n f or est s and t o modi f y
r ent -seek i ng behavi or .

15
Nel l emann, C., E. Cor cor an ( eds) . 2010. Dead
Pl anet , Li vi ng Pl anet Bi odi ver si t y and Ecosyst em
Rest or at i on f or Sust ai nabl e Devel opment . A Rapi d
Response Assessment . Uni t ed Nat i ons
Envi r onment Pr ogr amme, GRI D-Ar endal .


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Examples of these enabling conuitions
incluue national iegulations smait subsiuies
anu incentives infoimation management
suppoitive inteinational maikets anu the
piomotion of communitybaseu anu
paiticipatoiy foiest management At the
iegional anu inteinational level Afiican
goveinments can take new initiatives to
senu signal to maikets anu to ienew theii
commitments to woiking inuiviuually anu
collectively to stiengthen fiamewoiks of
goveinance anu management of foiest
iesouices

In the context of as the Inteinational
Yeai of Foiests new iegional anu
inteinational initiatives aie being
speaiheaueu by Afiican countiies to
enhance foiest conseivation anu sustainable
management 0n Nay thiough }une
at the initiative of the Republic of

Congo leaueis of moie than nations
coveiing the woilus thiee majoi iainfoiest
iegions the Amazon the Congo anu the
BoineoNekong foiest basins met in
Biazzaville at the Summit of the Thiee
Rainfoiest Basins anu agieeu to piepaie an
action plan on sustainable management of
foiests foi signatuie next yeai at the Rio
Summit meeting in Biazil The iecognition at
highest political level that foiests contiibute
to the livelihoous of moie than one anu a
half billion people anu that foiests function
as a ciosssectoial seivice utility thiough
caibon sequestiation anu stoiage watei anu
pollination seivices foi foou piouuction anu
piovision of sustainable constiuction
mateiial anu ienewable eneigy amongst
otheis pioviues a new momentum to
national iegional anu global effoits foi
conseivation anu sustainable use of vital
foiest iesouices


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Speci al Feat ur e

The fi sher i es of Lake Vi ct or i a: Past ,
pr esent and fut ur e

Br i an E. Mar shal l
1
anu Ol i va C. Mkumbo
2

ake victoiia is the laigest tiopical lake
in the woilu With an aiea of almost
km
it is the woilus seconu

laigest natuial bouy of fieshwatei but
suppoits what may be the woilus laigest
inlanu fisheiy yieluing about one million
tonnes pei annum This fisheiy in tuin
uiiectly oi inuiiectly suppoits seveial
million people anu is a majoi contiibutoi to
economic giowth anu foou secuiity in East
Afiica In spite of this the fisheiy of Lake
victoiia is suiiounueu by contioveisy anu
ciiticism laigely geneiateu by a nonnative
pieuatoi the Nile peich Lat es ni l ot i cus
which was intiouuceu into the lake
yeais ago A cuisoiy seaich
of the inteinet ieveals many sometimes
hypeibolic aiticles on the uestiuction of the
Lake victoiia ecosystem the uying lake
the impoveiishment of local communities

Br i an E. Mar shal l : Lak e Vi ct or i a Fi sher i es

Or gani zat i on, Pl ot No. 78/ 7E, Busoga Road
Bel l e Avenue, P.O. Box 1625. Ji nj a 256, Uganda
Tel ephone: ( +256) 43125000. Fax: ( +256)
434123123. Emai l : bmar shal l @l vf o.or g
Emai l : es@l vf o.or g
Web si t e: ht t p:/ / w w w .l vf o.or g/ i ndex.php,

Ol i va C. Mk umbo: Lak e Vi ct or i a Fi sher i es

Tel ephone: ( +256) 43125000. Fax: ( +256)
434123123. Emai l : ocmk umbo@l vf o.or g
Emai l : l vf o-sec@l vf o.or g
Web si t e: ht t p:/ / w w w .l vf o.or g/ i ndex.php, ,
thiough the loss of theii livelihoous
malnutiition of chiluien iesulting fiom the
expoit of fish anu so on What then is the
situation in Lake victoiia Aie its fisheiies
sustainable oi aie they in imminent uangei
of collapse

Ear l y hi st or y of t he fi sher i es
Commeicial fishing on Lake victoiia began
with the intiouuction of gill nets in anu
the opening up of new maikets when the
iailway ieacheu Kisumu in The fisheiy
initially taigeteu the enuemic tilapias
Or eochr omi s escul ent us anu O. var i abi l i s.
How ever , theii stocks iapiuly collapseu anu
the catches fell fiom aiounu fish pei net
in to seven in anu two in
Kuuhongania Chitamwebwa
Colonial officials fiom the thiee teiiitoiies
suiiounuing the lake uisagieeu
aciimoniously on what shoulu be uone with
the iesult that no management measuies
coulu be agieeu upon }ackson anu
the enuemic tilapias aie now commeicially
extinct in the lake In an attempt to iectify
this situation a numbei of nonnative
tilapias weie intiouuceu but only one of
them the Nile tilapia Or eochr omi s ni l ot i cus
became successful but only aftei Nile peich
became abunuant 0gutu0hwayo

Attention then tuineu to the enuemic
haplochiomine species that maue up some
of the fish biomass in the lake
Kuuhongania Coiuone Although
wiuely utiliseu by local people these weie
iegaiueu as tiash fish by Biitish colonial
officials Anueison anu the
intiouuction of Nile peich was pioposeu as a
means of conveiting them into a moie
valuable piouuct
Aftei extensive
uiscussions anu in the face of opposition
fiom scientists then woiking on the lake it
was agieeu that they shoulu be intiouuceu
into the lake Nile peich weie theiefoie
officially stockeu into the lake in
but theie is compelling eviuence howevei

3
Eccles (1985) implied that these officials were
mostlv concerned with the angling qualities of Nile
perch and never considered the potential value of
haplochromines as human food.
L


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that staff of the 0ganua uame anu Fisheiies
Seivice hau alieauy intiouuceu them
unofficially as eaily as Piingle

The i mpact of Ni l e per ch
0nly about Nile peich weie intiouuceu
into the lake Piingle anu they weie
at fiist of little impoitance anu foi about
yeais aftei theii intiouuction they
compiiseu less than of the uemeisal
biomass Kuuhongania Coiuone
This changeu when the population began an
exponential giowth phase a few yeais latei
anu by the s the Nile peich hau become
the most abunuant species in the lake Table

Nile peich was intiouuceu to utilise
haplochiomines which they uiu so
effectively that these fish almost
uisappeaieu uuiing the s anu theie
weie feais that the entiie community coulu
become extinct 0thei native species
ueclineu as well anu the only one to inciease
uuiing this peiiou was the small enuemic
saiuinelike cypiiniu Rast r i neobol a ar gent ea
uagaa Why the intiouuceu Nile tilapia
also incieaseu uuiing this time having been
a minoi component of the fish community is
unexplaineu peihaps the haplochiomines
competeu with it anu theii uisappeaiance
alloweu it to flouiish

Tabl e 1. The pr opor t i on (%) of maj or fi sh taxa capt ur ed i n tr awl s (1969-71)
and di ffer ent types of gear (1988-93) i n Lake Vi ctor i a

-
Tiawl Tiawl mm seine mm seine uill nets
Lat es ni l ot i cus
Or eochr omi s ni l ot i cus
Rast r i neobol a ar gent ea
Baplochiomines
0thei species
Dat a f r om Kudhongani a & Cor done ( 1974) and Ogut u-Ohw ayo ( 1995) . The symbol + denot es a
pr opor t i on of <0.1%.


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Not suipiisingly the almost instantaneous
uestiuction of some of the lakes fish
biomass biought about majoi ecological
changes Nost stiikingly the lake appeaieu
to have become eutiophic with the
appeaiance of a watei hyacinth infestation
anu uense algal blooms The algal blooms
weie implicateu in massive fish kills anu
contiibuteu to the extensive anu piolongeu
ueoxygenation of the ueepei wateis of the
lake 0f couise Nile peich was not
iesponsible foi the eutiophication of the
lake which was the iesult of incieaseu
nutiient loauing to the system fiom the
giowth of the human population in its basin
veischuien et al Theie is eviuence
that eutiophication began in some paits of
the lake as eaily as the s Stagei et al
anu it is likely that the changes
biought about by Nile peich uisiupteu the
ecosystem anu acceleiateu the appeaiance
of eutiophic chaiacteiistics

The eutiophication of paits of Lake victoiia
has been iuentifieu as one of the majoi
thieats to its fisheiies even though it is
known that eutiophic systems can be highly
piouuctive Nutiient eniichment has
unuoubteuly contiibuteu to an inciease in
fisheiies piouuctivity anu the ueleteiious
effects of eutiophication aie now less
obvious than they weie two uecaues ago
The concentiations of chloiophyll a have
uecieaseu acioss the lake although still high
in some aieas tianspaiency has incieaseu in
open wateis anu no fish kills have been
iepoiteu since the late s Sitoke et al
The watei hyacinth infestation that
causeu such alaim has now been ieuuceu to
nothing moie than a localiseu nuisance
thiough biological contiol Wilson et al

The most wiuely conuemneu impact of Nile
peich was howevei the uestiuction of the

enuemic haplochiomine population This is
inueeu a highly iegiettable outcome anu
was piobably nevei consiueieu at the time
these fish weie intiouuceu into the lake But
theie is some hope the intensive fisheiy foi
Nile peich has alloweu some haplochiomine
species to iecovei Nost of the iecoveiing
species aie geneialiseu benthic feeueis
KisheNachumu et al anu the
oiiginal tiophic uiveisity may nevei
ieappeai Nonetheless moiphological
changes have occuiieu in these
haplochiomines anu a new auaptive
iauiation may be about to begin which is
pieuictable given that iapiu speciation in
haplochiomines has occuiieu in the past

The pr esent st at e of the Lake Vi ct or i a
fi sher i es
Nile peich uominateu the fisheiies in the
s anu causeu consiueiable pioblems as
the fish weie veiy laige anu unsolu catch
neeueu to be smokeu to be pieseiveu
leauing to uefoiestation anu a loss of quality
The situation was saveu by the uevelopment
of the expoit inuustiy which began in
anu now accounts foi most of the Nile peich
caught in the lake This inuustiy is now
woith about 0SB million pei annum
anu makes Lake victoiia unique in being the
only aitisanal inlanu fisheiy that contiibutes
significantly to global fish maikets The
expoit inuustiy has been ciiticiseu on the
giounus that fish aie no longei available to
local maikets anu was theiefoie leauing to
malnutiition WRI Theie may have
been some tiuth in this asseition when Nile
peich weie the only fish being caught but it
now constitutes less than of the catch
Table The iest of the catch consists
piimaiily of tilapia anu uagaa anu
haplochiomines in Tanzania all of which aie
available in local maikets


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Tabl e 2. The aver age annual fi sh catch (thousands of tonnes) fr om Lake Vi ct or i a, 2005-08

Nile peich Bagaa Tilapia Baplochiomines 0theis Total
Kenya
Tanzania
0ganua
Total
Dat a f r om Lak e Vi ct or i a Fi sher i es Or gani sat i on cat ch assessment sur vey r epor t s.

Anothei ciiticism of the fisheiy is that it has
not benefiteu local populations this was
expiesseu foicibly by vitule et al
who wiote uozlan w r i t es as i f t hi s
i nt r oduct i on w er e a gr eat success f r om t he
st andpoi nt of f i sher men. Thi s i s si mpl y w r ong.
I t w as ver y successf ul f r om t he st andpoi nt of a
f ew w eal t hy cor por at i ons. Most of t he
f i sher men w ho had subsi st ed on t he l ak e
bef or e t he i nt r oduct i on of t he per ch w er e
dr i ven out of busi ness, w i t h t er r i bl e soci al

consequences The facts belie this
conclusion The total numbei of people
uiiectly uepenuant on fishing almost
quauiupleu ovei yeais Table even
though the total population in the basin only
uoubleu ovei the same peiiou 0NEP
This confiims that theie has been a
migiation of people to the lake to take
auvantage of the oppoitunities offeieu by
the giowth of the fisheiy

Tabl e 3. Empl oyment i n the fi sher i es sector ar ound Lake Vi ct or i a, pr e- and post -Ni l e per ch

c c
No of boats
Catch pei boat t yi

Biiect employment
Seconuaiy employment
a

Total employment
Total fisheis uepenuents
b

Dat a f or 1978 and 1989 ar e adapt ed f r om Reynol ds et al . ( 1995) w hi l e 2008
est i mat es ar e t ak en f r om r epor t s of t he Lak e Vi ct or i a Fi sher i es Or gani sat i on.
a
Reynol ds et al . used secondar y: pr i mar y r at i os of t w o and t hr ee i n 1978 and 1989
but not ed t hat t hi s w as a conser vat i ve est i mat e and w e have used an est i mat e of
t hr ee her e.
b
Reynol ds et al . suggest ed t hat each empl oyee suppor t ed t w o dependent s but t hi s
seems i mpr obabl y l ow and w e have used f our her e. The number of dependant s may
be hi gher t han t hi s.


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Inuiiect inuicatois can also be useu to assess
the impact of the fisheiy Foi example in
only fishing boats of the
total weie piopelleu by outboaiu motois
but by theie weie of them with
motois of the total LvF0 fiame
suivey uata which suggests a consiueiable
measuie of impioveu piospeiity While
most attention focuses on Nile peich it
shoulu be emphasiseu that the lake now
pioviues a laige quantity of fish othei than
Nile peich Table in pait a consequence
of the nutiients that maue it eutiophic In
when the population of the lake basin
was aiounu million the catch of all fish
was aiounu t which amounts to
kg pei capita now the population is aiounu
million but the nonNile peich catch is
aiounu t oi kg pei capita
These fish almost all solu fiesh oi sunuiieu
aie available locally at a moie affoiuable
piice anu have cieateu an extensive inuustiy
seivicing both local anu iegional maikets

Nile peich is by fai the most valuable fish in
the lake anu commanus a highei piice than
any othei species anu theiefoie an
impoitant cash ciop foi fisheimen aiounu
the lake Afiican fisheimen like most othei
people neeu cash foi theii uaily activities
anu the postNile peich uevelopment of the
fisheiies in Lake victoiia has alloweu a gieat
many of them to entei the cash economy

What of t he fut ur e: ar e t he fi sher i es
sust ai nabl e?
The human population in the Lake victoiia
is amongst the fastestgiowing in the woilu
0ganuas population is giowing at pei
annum anu the uemanu foi fish will
inevitably inciease This in tuin will leau to
incieaseu fishing intensity on a lake that
alieauy suppoits aiounu legal
fisheimen as well as an unknown but
ceitainly laige numbei of illegal ones
Conceins about oveifishing aie alieauy
giowing anu these can be expecteu to
inciease in futuie as piessuies on the
fisheiy inciease

The Nile peich has been a paiticulai souice
of concein because of its uiminishing
piopoition of the total catch in it
maue up about of the total catch but
only in In fact the catch of
Nile peich has iemaineu ielatively constant
aiounu an aveiage of t ovei annum
since anu its ueclining piopoition in
the catch ieflects an incieaseu catch of othei
species notably uagaa anu haplochiomines
While theie is still a uangei that Nile peich
will uecline the species has uisplayeu
extiaoiuinaiy iesilience in the face of
intense fishing gillnets incieaseu by
times anu long line hooks by times
between anu Laige inuiviuuals
have become ielatively iaie anu the size of
fiist matuiity in females has uecieaseu fiom
aiounu cm TL to cm Fish aie
matuiing eailiei but theii moitality iates
have incieaseu as has the
piouuctionbiomass iatio Bow long they
can maintain this is unknown at piesent anu
concein about this species is ceitainly
justifieu as fisheiies baseu on top pieuatois
aie usually the fiist to collapse The othei
species aie smallei anu at lowei tiophic
levels have highei ielative fecunuity anu
piouuctionbiomass iatios anu aie
theiefoie of less concein The ecosystem of
Lake victoiia seems to be iathei moie stable
than it was yeais ago anu these smallei
fish seem to be able to suppoit a piouuctive
fisheiy at piesent

The thiee countiies aiounu the lake have
maue an effoit to cooiuinate management
policies thiough the Lake victoiia Fisheiies
0iganisation anu aie ueveloping a system of
comanagement thiough the uevelopment of
Beach Nanagement 0nits BN0s aiounu
the lake These units aie expecteu to involve
local communities in the management anu
conseivation of the stocks in theii aieas anu
it is hopeu that the paiticipation of the
fishing communities will piove moie
effective than the topuown management
appioach that hau hitheito been employeu
Nuch iemains to be uone howevei as few
fisheimen have expeiience in community
management anu they still iequiie both
financial anu technical suppoit fiom outsiue


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souices The BN0s have foimeu National
anu Regional Netwoiks anu it is expecteu
that with time they will become stiong
institutions to woik in paitneiship with the
uoveinment Institutions anu the Piivate
sectoi foi sustainable management of the
fisheiies of Lake victoiia

Refer ences
Anueison AN Fuithei obseivations
conceining the pioposeu intiouuction
of Nile peich into Lake victoiia East
Af r i can Agr i cul t ur al and For est r y
Jour nal 26

Eccles BB Lake flies anu saiuines
a cautionaiy note Bi ol ogi cal
Conser vat i on 33

}ackson PBN Fieshwatei fisheiy
ieseaich oiganisations in cential anu
eastein Afiica a peisonal iecollection
Tr ansact i ons of t he Royal Soci et y of
Sout h Af r i ca 55

KisheNachumu N Witte F Wanink }B
Bietaiy shift ion benthivoious
cichlius aftei the ecological changes in
Lake victoiia Ani mal Bi ol ogy 58

Kuuhongania AW Coiuone A}
Bathospatial uistiibution patteins anu
biomass estimates of the majoi
uemeisal species in Lake victoiia
Af r i can Jour nal of Tr opi cal Hydr obi ol ogy
and Fi sher i es 3

Kuuhongania AW Chitamwembwa BBR
Impact of enviionmental
change species intiouuctions anu
ecological inteiactions on the fish
stocks of Lake victoiia In T} Pitchei
anu P}B Bait eus The I mpact of
Speci es Change i n Af r i can Lak es
Chapman anu Ball Lonuon pp

0gutu0hwayo R Biveisity anu
stability of fish stocks in Lakes victoiia
Kyoga anu Nabugabo In T} Pitchei
Chapman anu Ball Lonuon

Piingle RN The oiigins of the Nile
peich in Lake victoiia Bi oSci ence 55

Sitoki L uichuki } Ezekiel C Wanua F
Nkumbo 0C Naishall BE
The enviionment of Lake victoiia East
Afiica cuiient status anu histoiical
changes I nt er nat i onal Revi ew of
Hydr obi ol ogy 95

Stagei }C Becky RE uizesik B Cumming
BF Kling B Biatom eviuence
foi the timing anu causes of
eutiophication in Lake victoiia East
Afiica Hydr obi ol ogi a 636

0NEP Lake victoiia Afiicas laigest
lake In Afiica At l as of our Changi ng
Envi r onment 0niteu Nations
Enviionment Piogiamme Naiiobi pp

veischuien B }ohnson TC Kling B}
Eugington BN Leavitt PR Biown
ET Talbot NR Becky RE
Bistoiy anu timing of human impact on
Lake victoiia East Afiica Pr oceedi ngs of
t he Royal Soci et y, London B 269

vitule }RS Fieiie CA Simbeiloff B
Intiouuction of nonnative
fieshwatei fish can ceitainly be bau
Fi sh and Fi sher i es 10

Wilson }R0 Ajuono 0 Centei TB Bill
NP }ulien NB Katagiia FF
Neuenschwanuei P Njoka SW
0gwang } Reeuei RB van T
The uecline of watei hyacinth
on Lake victoiia was uue to biological
contiol by Neochet i na spp Aquat i c
Bot any 87

WRI Tiaueoffs Lake victoiias
ecosystem balance sheet In A Gui de t o
Wor l d Resour ces: Peopl e and Ecosyst ems,
t he Fr ayi ng Web of Li f e Woilu Resouices
Institute Washington BC p
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Opi ni on Pi ece

Gr eeni ng t he Afr i can for est economy -
Can Afr i cas l ean ear ni ngs fr om for est
pr oduct s expor ts pay for i t ?
Mafa E. Chipeta
1

This is an opinion piece on Afiicas
capacity to launch a gieen economy in
the foiestiy sectoi Bowevei insteau of
a tienu analysis to show piogiessive
piogiess oi iathei lack of it in Afiican
foiestiys economic stiength to auopt
gieen ways anu yet be economically
vibiant I auopteu a ciosssectional
appioach I lookeu at only yeai
uata which I piesent in this note with
some bullet point obseivations on what
it all says about Afiicas state

Although a gieen foiest economy staits
in the foiest anu enus with the consumei
of foiest goous anu seivices I have
chosen only the one segment which can
eain the most income the mainstieam
foiest piouucts anu have lookeu at
whethei it can finance gieening
I uiu
this because unless foiestiy has
piospects of auequate subventions fiom
othei sectois it is mainly the sectois

1
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r et i r ed FAO st af f ; he i s a f or est er by t r ai ni ng but
w i t h a car eer t hat al so spanned gener al
agr i cul t ur al and f ood secui t y pol i cy engagement s.
2
Ther e w i l l be cr i es t hat I have i gnor es non -t i mber
f or est pr oduct s ( NTFPs) and ser vi ces ( such as
t our i sm) but NTFPs r ar el y gener at e i ncomes of
gr eat macr o-economi c si gni f i cance; f or t our i sm,
t he at t r i but i on of i ncome due t o f or est habi t at i s
not easy t o t ease out .
own capacity to geneiate financial
iesouices fiom piouucing piocessing
anu tiauing its own piouucts anu
seivices that can enable it to contiibute
to national consumption anu to
ieinvestment incluuing into meeting the
cost of going gieen in iesponse to the
cuiient climate change

Goi ng Gr een Has a Cost
uoing gieen uoes not come cheap Najoi
inuustiial countiies aie iesisting going
gieen oi aie having to impose taxes on
theii inuustiies in oiuei to funu going
gieen Even then some of theii inuustiies
aie iesisting foi feai that the highei costs
of piouucing in a gieen enviionment
will make theii piouucts too costly to
compete 0ne outcome of this is that
some aie tiying to escape compliance in
the case of manufactuiing anu utilities
they aie paying othei countiies to giow
tiees oi othei caibon sinks so that they
can continue to pollute it is cheapei foi
them to uo this than to go gieen
immeuiately

What then of Afiica whose economy is
iepoiteu to be weak It is public
knowleuge that sectoi public buugets
aie inauequate foi even ioutine
management of the iesouice many
Afiican countiies aie uepenuent on
uonoi supplements foi foiestiy even
without auuitional complications of
coping with climate change anu
puisuing gieatei gieenness

This asiue what othei costs woulu have
to be met In geneial the costs to meet
in having Afiicas foiestiy go gieen aie
about staiting to sail in unchar t ed
w at er s, in the following peispective
almost all glitches have been iemoveu
fiom the tiieu anu testeu nongieen
economy which theiefoie iuns as
smoothly as a sewing machine
Intiouucing a new economy biings in a
lot of unfamiliai things anu theiefoie
highei costs Some of these incluue ie
tooling foi the new foiestiy costs of
complying with stiictei enviionmental


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stanuaius in the fielu in piocessing anu
tiaue costs of tianspoiting piouucts to
maiket with a minimal caibon footpiint
highei unit costs of loweiintensity anu
moie selective haivesting auuitional
piecautions to ieuuce uamage to
iesiuual elements of ecosystems costs of
stiictei monitoiing evaluation anu
ieoiientation etc I coulu go on anu on

What uo the numbeis ieveal I give all
uata foi Afiica in compaiison with the
woilu anu with othei iegions I show
what the Afiica figuies mean in money
teims at its piesent level anu then I
compaie with what they woulu show if
Afiica tiieu the fiist steps to inciease
eainings fiom expoits The lowhanging
fiuit in this case is to auu value to the
iaw logs that Afiica expoits without
piocessing As an easy way out I have
ieuuceu complication by focusing only
on conveision to sawnwoou anu woou
baseu panels mostly plywoou to see
oiueis of magnituue in impiovement of
eainings fiom foiestiy

The above is uiiven by a conviction that
if Afiica wishes to begin to talk seiiously
of gieening foiestiy it must make moie
uecent money by auuing value to what it
piouuces Failuie to uo this will leave it
with no iesouices to funu its own
gieening such a situation woulu iaise
some funuamental issues of Afiican
piiue can Afiica continue to beg otheis
to gieen its own foiestiy sectoi when it
is so well enuoweu Is Afiica to beg foi
foiest salvation as much as it begs foi
foou Is theie no limit to what Afiica
must uepenu on otheis foi even wheie
its own iesouices can easily geneiate
the funus foi caiiying out its own
uevelopment

Afr i cas For est Economy i n Wor l d
Context
Analysis of summaiy uata on piouuction
tiaue anu consumption foi Afiica aie
ievealing Even though the bioau iesults
can be uefenueu the calculations useu
aie ciuue anu theiefoie the authoi
invites those with cuiiosity especially
univeisity stuuents to coopeiate in
expanuing the analysis anu iefining it foi
moie seiious use in policy woik cioss
sectional uata foi the weie useu

Do Ti mber Expor t s Ear n Enough?
Theieaftei we look at expoit eainings
foi Afiica with Scenaiio being the
actual Yeaibook publisheu value of
expoits An auuitional thiee scenaiios
aie then built assuming foi all thiee the
woilu aveiage iatio of suitable size logs
in total inuustiial iounuwoou being
to sawnwoou anu to
veneeiplywoou The ievenue inciease
to Afiica foi each scenaiio is calculateu
assuming its cuiient expoits of iaw
iounu logs aie entiiely conveiteu into
sawnwoou anu plywoouveneei the
iough anu ieauy scenaiios aie as
follows with the iesults given in Table
below

a Scenaiio actual publisheu
eainings fiom expoits in cuiient
bieakuown of iaw logs vs piocesseu
piouucts

b Scenaiio wheie sawveneei logs
make up of total inuustiial
iounuwoou as pei the global
aveiage

c Scenaiio wheie sawveneei logs
iounuwoou as pei the Latin Ameiica
aveiage Latin Ameiica is also
uominateu by tiopical ecosystems
as is Afiica it is also in the
uevelopingcountiies categoiy

u Scenaiio wheie sawveneei logs
iounuwoou as pei the Asia aveiage
Asia has a gieatei piopoition of
tempeiate timbei countiies
especially china }apan but also has

1
Al l dat a used ar e f r om t he 2009 ver si on of t he
FAO For est Pr oduct s Year book, avai l abl e un der
FAOSTAT on t he i nt er net .


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enough tiopical ecosystems to be
woith compaiison with Afiica
especially given that many of its
countiies fall into the ueveloping
categoiy

It is obvious that with the change being
only in uiveision of iaw sawlog expoits
to uomestic piocessing the inciemental
eainings aie not compiehensive of how
much moie the whole sectoi coulu eain
if othei impiovements weie initiateu


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Tabl e 1: Possi bl e Incr eases i n Ear ni ngs fr om Di ver ti ng Logs Cur r ent l y Expor ted Raw t o Domest i c
Pr ocessi ng i n Afr i ca
Scenario Breakdown oI Industrial
Roundwood (IR)
IR
(millio
n cum)
Volume Value
(US$ million)
Sawnwo
od (SW)
(75)
Panels
(PN)
(25)
Sawnwoo
d (SW)
(75)
Panels
(PN)
(25)
Total
Scenario 0: Data
Irom FAO
Yearbook
World IR:
x Tot al IR
1424 (published data all
cells)
24147 24697 48844
x Saw/ veneer (SV)
logs
782
x % (SV) logs
55 Calculated
AIrica total IR 72 (published data all
cells)
858 483 1341
Increment - over
baseline 0 0 0

Scenario 1: SV at
55 as derived
Irom world ratio
in yearbook
prices being
averages oI import
and export unit
values at
$391.5/cum SW;
$816.0 PN
applied assuming
50 net yield.
AIrica total IR 72
AIrica SV 55 share
to domestic processing
29 21 8 4110 3264 7374
AIrica original SW
PN income
858 483 1341
- Original log export
income now Ioregone
1

- - 1313
New AIrica total income
SW PN
4968 3747 7402
Increment - over
baseline
- - 6061

Scenario 2: SV at
43 as derived
Irom Latin
America ratio
AIrica total IR 72
AIrica SV 43 share
31 23 8 4502 3264 7766
AIrica original SW
PN income
858 483 1341
income now Ioregone
- - 1313
SW PN
5360 3747 7794
Increment - over
baseline
- - 6453

Scenario 3: SV at
61 as derived
Irom Asia ratio
AIrica total IR
AIrica SV 61 share
44 33 11 10960 4488 15448
AIrica original SW
PN income
858 483 1341
income now Ioregone
- - 1313
SW PN
11818 4971 15476
Increment - over
baseline
- - 14135

1
The r educt i on of SW and PN i mpor t s i s not f act or ed i n; i t mi ght l ead t o doubl e count i ng of benef i t s.


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Afr i cas Chal l engi ng Ear ni ngs Si t uat i on
All uata consiueieu the following can be
highlighteu about Afiicas situation anu
fiom it ieaueis can juuge its ieauiness oi
otheiwise to affoiu a gieen foiestiy
economy within a ieasonable
timefiame anu without ielying on
begging foi help

a In mainstieam foiest piouucts
piouuction Afiica uoes not featuie
among the global top five except foi
fuelwoou wheie Ethiopia
th
anu
BRC
th
come in Fuelwoou is
almost completely not tiaueu
inteinationally anu theiefoie cannot
contiibute to meeting any gieening
costs that iequiie foieign exchange

b In mainstieam foiest piouucts tiaue
Afiica uoes not featuie at all among
the global top five

c Theie aie no uata on nontimbei
foiest piouucts anu seivices of
foiests it is assumeu that they aie
mostly of local iathei than macio
significance

u Afiica is globally significant only foi
fuelwoou in both piouuction anu
consumption but this is a little
tiaueu commouity which biings
haiuly any eainings foi investment
into foiest management

e Afiicas shaie of global piouuction
anu appaient consumption is foi all
the piouucts incluueu heie below
veiy often it is aiounu
uiven that Afiicas shaie of the
global population is aiounu
this is a cleai signal of unuei
consumption anu subpai
piouuction contiibution

f Foi the five piouucts consiueieu
Inuustiial iounuwoou Sawnwoou
WoouBaseu Panels Woou Pulp
Papei papeiboaiu Afiica has a
tiaue suiplus only foi inuustiial
iounuwoou anu woou pulp It has
majoi ueficits foi sawnwoou anu
papeipapeiboaiu 0veiall Afiica
eains about 0S billion annually
foi the suipluses iounuwoou anu
woou pulp anu spenus 0S
billion annually foi the ueficit
piouucts sawnwoou panels anu
papeipapeiboaiu Wi t h Af r i ca
spendi ng f ar mor e t han i t ear ns f r om
f or est r y, t he chances of aut o-f undi ng
t he r out i ne sect or devel opment ar e
pr et t y poor , l et al one i nvest i ng
f ur t her f or sect or gr eeni ng
g The tiaue is concentiateu
inuominateu by a few countiies in
geneial Noith Afiica Egypt in leau
anu South Afiica leau in impoits
South AfiicaSwazilanu anu humiu
Cential Afiica one countiy oi two
foi each piouuct leau in expoits
the iest of the countiies aie veiy
insignificant in tiaue but geneially
aie net spenueis on foiest piouucts
impoits

h It is of inteiest to see that sawnwoou
anu panels coulu be maue fiom the
veiy logs which Afiica continues to
expoit in iaw unpiocesseu foim
Bowevei the volume of logs Afiica
expoits million cum woulu
aftei piocessing losses covei
peihaps only of the volume
of impoiteu sawnwoou anu panels
million cum Theie is cleaily a
stiuctuial ueficit apait fiom likely
mismatch between Afiicas neeu foi
ielatively laige volumes loweivalue
constiuction piouucts anu its expoit
of moie costly uecoiative piouucts
The neeu is thus not just to piocess
logs cuiiently expoiteu iaw but to
haivest moie all iounu to meet
Afiican uemanu anu to eain enough
to ieinvest incluuing in the gieening
of foiestiy


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The Appar ent Maj or Posi t i ve Impact of
Pr ocessi ng Logs i n Afr i ca
Although the scenaiios in Table aie
iough anu ieauy they aie goou enough
to show that attention to uomestic
piocessing coulu make a big uiffeience
to eainings }ust by attenuing to
conveiting sawveneei logs
uomestically the cuiient eainings of
billion woulu be incieaseu by about
billion unuei scenaiio billion
unuei scenaiio anu billion unuei
the thiiu scenaiio The main uiffeience
among the scenaiios is the iatio of
sawveneei logs to total iounuwoou
which in Afiica is ielatively low

A key thing to note is that in all thiee
new scenaiios the eainings aie
fai highei than Afiica spenus on impoits
of foiest piouucts anu so piesumably
woulu have incieaseu capacity foi
uiscietionaiy expenuituie on
ieinvestment incluuing into gieening the
foiest economy

So What Next ?
Afiica is iich in iesouices but is pooi in
economy Theie shoulu be a
contiauiction in this but it is the ieality
A continent with enough timbei to
piocess anu eain so much that it coulu
ieinvest at will is insteau still
uepenuent on foieign aiu even foi
ioutine SFN activities With the auvent
of climate change Afiica is unuei
piessuie to also play its pait anu it
hasnt the money to pay foi it Will it beg
foi aiu again 0i will it this time iounu
change its policies so that they can
sustainably tiansfoim its iesouices
into investable capital suipluses

1
Af r i ca r at i os of SV l ogs ar e depr essed by t he
r el at i vel y maj or har vest s of pul pw ood i n Sout h
Af r i ca and Sw azi l and.
Foi uecaues now Afiica has been
expoiting iounuwoou initially almost
solely to Euiope but now also to Asia
Najoi timbei countiies like Nigeiia offei
lessons they expoiteu most of theii
foiest as iaw mateiials anu now aie
majoi impoiteis of piocesseu piouucts
uoes this have to be iepeateu foi all the
othei foiest countiies befoie Afiica
leains Foi those who may consiuei the
figuies given above fanciful the answei
is not just to ciiticise them but to
suppoit fuithei anu moie iefineu
analysis so that seiious policy
uiscussions anu uecisions can be
possible

The answei is also not to iun away fiom
the haiu financial ietuins that woou
inuustiies can geneiate anu insteau to
piaise nontimbei foiest piouucts as the
most valuable outputs of Afiicas foiests
Nuch is maue of how haivesting NTFPs
leaves the ecosytems unhaimeu foi
Afiicas futuie geneiations to aumiie
Yet the same countiies that exhoit Afiica
to piactice lowimpact NTFP haivesting
insteau of logging continue to impoit
fiom Afiica the veiy timbei they
conuemn as haimful if the mushiooms
anu foiest vegetables weie so goou anu
impoitant why aie foieign investois
not impoiting them iathei than the
ecologically uestiuctive timbei the
buyeis fiom these iegions continue to
piefei Afiican timbei to Afiican NTFPs
they must have goou ieasons foi this


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Nat i onal for est pr ogr ammes:
Tool s for the gr een economy i n Afr i ca

Fr anoi s Wencel i us
1

Thi s paper pr esent s a br i ef r emi nder about
nat i onal f or est pr ogr ammes ( nf ps) and a br i ef
l ook at w hat t he f or est sect or can cont r i but e
t o t he gr een economy. I t ar gues t hat nf ps can
be i mpor t ant t ool s f or t he gr eeni ng of t he
f or est r y sect or i n Af r i ca.

Key Feat ur es of Nat i onal For est
Pr ogr ammes
ational foiest piogiammes nfps
emeigeu some fifteen yeais ago as
potentially poweiful fiamewoiks foi
planning anu action in the foiestiy sectoi at
the countiy level They have been uesigneu
as uynamic anu iteiative piocesses
iesponsive to change pioviuing stiategic
oiientation to the foiestiy sectoi anu
ensuiing cooiuinateu implementation of
sustainable foiest management by all
stakeholueis in the foiest sectoi

National foiest piogiammes aie baseu on
seveial piinciples usually clusteieu aiounu
the following thiee pillais

Nat i onal sover ei gnty and count r y
l eader shi p meaning that national states
aie managing anu using theii foiests in
accoiuance with theii own
enviionmental policies anu uevelopment
neeus anu that countiies assume full
iesponsibility when piepaiing anu
implementing theii nfp This implies
national owneiship fiim commitment
anu stiong political will by uecision

1
Fr anoi s Wencl i us, Seni or For est Pol i cy Advi ser ,
Les Coust i r es 84160 Lour mar i n, Fr ance
Emai l : f w encel i us@gmai l .com
makeis iegaiuing sustainable foiest
uevelopment
Consi st ency wi t hi n and i nt egr ati on
beyond t he for est r y sect or . Within the
sectoi means mainly i coheience
among the economic social anu
enviionmental ioles of foiests anu
objectives assigneu to the sectoi ii
syneigies among all stakeholueis anu
iii consistency of policies with theii
legal fiscal anu institutional instiuments
on one hanu anu with opeiational
implementation measuies on the othei
hanu Beyonu the foiestiy sectoi means
i veitical integiation into
oveiaiching macioeconomic anu
financial policies anu national stiategies
eg sustainable uevelopment poveity
eiauication anu into uecentializeu
aiiangements anu stiuctuies anu ii
hoiizontal cooiuination anu syneigy
with all the sectois ielateu to the
foiestiy sectoi whethei they aie
impacting oi impacteu by the lattei the
agiicultuial sectoi the mining sectoi
anu the eneigy sectoi aie but to name a
few

Par t i ci pat i on and par t ner shi p
meaning that all stakeholueis of the
foiestiy sectoi paiticipate in policy
foimulation anu piogiamme
piepaiation anu become paitneis to
implement joint activities This goes
with functional paiticipatoiy
cooiuination anu coopeiation
mechanisms togethei with active anu
continuous capacity builuing initiatives

National foiest piogiammes in Afiica aie
being uevelopeu anu implementeu in a
vaiiety of contexts anu thiough uiffeient
piocesses uepenuing on the level of socio
economic uevelopment the goveinment
stiuctuie the type anu conuition of foiest
iesouices anu the impoitance of the foiest
sectoi in the countiy 0vei the last ten yeais
oi so nfps in Afiica have been stiongly
influenceu by policies stiategies anu
piogiammes ielateu to ieuucing poveity
hungei anu enviionmental uegiauation
N


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with a stiong focus on nonstate
stakeholueis paiticipation

The Gr een Economy and the For est r y
Sect or
The gieen economy concept pioviues a fiesh
anu global appioach to sustainable
uevelopment which woulu impiove human
wellbeing anu social equity while
significantly ieuucing enviionmental iisks
anu ecological scaicities In oiuei to
achieve the tiansition towaius a gieen
economy the 0NEP uieen Economy iepoit
is pioposing a compiehensive set of policy
iefoims anu investment oppoitunities in
cential sectois of the economy incluuing the
foiestiy sectoi which is given gieat
visibility

Looking at the foiestiy sectoi thiough the
lens of the gieen economy howevei uoes
not pioviue a ieally new pictuie of its
uiffeient ioles Foiests aie inueeu seen as
factoiies piouucing piivate goous fiom
timbei to foou as ecological infiastiuctuie
piouucing public goous fiom climatic
iegulation to wateiiesouice piotection anu
as pioviueis of innovation anu insuiance
seivices foiest biouiveisity being key to
both The gieening of the foiest sectoi is
expecteu to meet both societal uemanus foi
piouucts anu ecosystem seivices anu
ciitical livelihoou neeus of local
communities by pioviuing a stieam of
fuelwoou constiuction mateiials foou
souices anu meuicinal plants The guiuing
piinciples spelleu out foi this aie veiy much
in line with those of nfps

The following key aieas of investment
iuentifieu foi the gieening of the foiestiy
sectoi aie also veiy much in line with what
is expecteu unuei sustainable foiest
management piotecteu aieas payment foi
enviionmental seivices PES impioveu
foiest management anu ceitification
planteu foiests anu agiofoiestiy The same
goes with the impoitant enabling conuitions
put foiwaiu in oiuei to backup anu catalyze
these investments foiest goveinance anu
policy iefoim tackling illegal logging
mobilizing gieen investment leveling the
playing fielu fiscal policy iefoim anu
economic instiuments impioving
infoimation on foiest assets anu making
REBB Reuucing Emissions fiom
Befoiestation anu foiest Begiauation
conseivation of foiest caibon sustainable
management of foiest anu enhancement of
foiest caibon stocks a catalyst foi gieening
the foiest sectoi

Nfps for t he Gr eeni ng of t he For est r y
Sect or
Since they weie uesigneu to auvance
sustainable foiest management nfps shoulu
also fit the gieening of the foiest sectoi in
Afiica at the countiy level veiy well Foi this
howevei some issues shoulu be emphasizeu
anu the way nfps aie iun shoulu be
enhanceu

Issues t o focus on
In oiuei to meet the iequiiements of the
gieening of the foiestiy sectoi the following
paiticulai substantial aspects shoulu be
focuseu on uuiing the successive phases of
the nfp stanuaiu cycle

Anal ysi s of t he for est r y sect or . The
countiyleu assessments of the foiestiy
sectoi baseu on which the nfp piocess is
expecteu to stait shoulu focus on the
uiiveis of foiest loss in oiuei to seive the
neeus of a potential REBB iegime
Paiticulai attention shoulu be paiu to
captuiing anu valuing the full iange of
maiketeu anu non maiketeu goous anu
seivices fiom both natuial foiests anu
plantations Finally all effoits aie neeueu to
pioviue the uoveinment anu othei
stakeholueis with compiehensive
infoimation on foiest assets to help them set
piioiities on foiests against those on
agiicultuie anu othei sectois

Pol i cy for mul at i on. Befoie embaiking on
ueveloping national foiest policies time anu
eneigy shoulu be spent on how to auuiess
key issues that aie ciucial foi many Afiican
countiies eg lanu tenuie iights of foiest
uepenuent people unacceptable piactices in


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the sectoi incluuing elite captuie anu
coiiuption A cleai consensus is also
neeueu on how to balance public anu piivate
goous togethei with community
iequiiements a cleai unueistanuing shoulu
be sought of iespective ioles of the uiffeient
stakeholueis with a focus on the infoimal
sectoi which is a key actoi in the foiestiy
sectoi of many Afiican countiies anu the
iole to be confeiieu to the piivate sectoi
eg comanaging piotecteu aieas
expanuing anu managing foiest plantations

When ueveloping national foiest policies
ie a vision foi the foiestiy sectoi iealistic
objectives to be met in a ieasonable
timefiame anu ielevant stiategies anu
action plans ueteimineu effoits aie neeueu
to ensuie coheience with othei sectois
policies with a focus on those aiming at the
gieening of the agiicultuie anu eneigy
sectois anu the uevelopment of biouiveisity
offsets eg to compensate foi mining anu
infiastiuctuies policies Real commitment
shoulu be maue to actually integiate
inteinational enueavois that aie ciucial in
the Afiican context eg engaging in the
REBB iegime implementing Foiest Law
Enfoicement uoveinance anu Tiaue
FLEuT schemes to tackle illegal logging

Impl ement at i on. Insteau of tiying to
ieinvent the wheel the implementation of
national foiest policies shoulu concentiate
on scalingup the economic mechanisms anu
maikets that have been testeu anu pioven
successful in many Afiican countiies eg
ceitification PES benefit shaiing schemes
If not alieauy theie a focus is neeueu on
ueveloping instiuments auapteu to the
countiies ciicumstances like iealistic
legislation anu fiscalsubsiuies systems
uecentializeu institutions anu capacity
builuing anu infoimation shaiing initiatives
paiticulai attention shoulu be paiu on
efficient mechanisms to compensate local
communities foi foigone ievenues which is
essential foi the upcoming REBB iegime
Finally stiategies to mobilize gieen
investment aie essential eg attiacting
piivate investment seeking long teim
giowth anu secuiity waiianting public
investment to complement piivate oi
community investment iesulting in positive
ietuin foi the society as a whole

Moni t or i ng and eval uat i on. The set of
inuicatois to assess nfps implementation
anu achievements shoulu be aujusteu in
oiuei to meet the iequiiements of the gieen
economy A focus is neeueu on measuiing i
changes in consumption anu maikets of
foiest goous anu ecosystem seivices anu in
owneiship of foiest lanu anu enteipiises ii
impiovements in foiest goveinance iii
investments in sustainable foiest
management anu iv actual sustainability
of the gieening of the foiestiy sectoi

Impr ovement s i n Runni ng nfps
The National Foiest Piogiamme Facility
Facility that suppoits nfp piocesses in
paitnei countiies of which half aie Afiican
countiies caiiieu out with FA0 an inuepth
suivey woiluwiue in in oiuei to bettei
unueistanu how nfps woik in piactice The
pieliminaiy key finuings of anu
iecommenuations ueiiveu fiom this suivey
iegaiuing the opeiational aspects of nfp
piocesses aie iepiouuceu below The
uetaileu conclusions fiom this suivey will be
pioviueu unuei the upcoming joint
FA0Facility publication NFPs in piactice

Gover nance, i nt er sect or al cooper at i on,
and l eader shi p. Nost Afiican countiies have
establisheu stiuctuies anu assigneu
peisonnel in oiuei to iun theii nfps but few
succeeueu in cooiuinating all foiestielateu
initiatives which have piolifeiateu at the
countiy level iecently Baving often
allocateu inauequate iesouices to nfps
seveial countiies enu up having paiallel
stiuctuies anu piocesses foi uiffeient
initiatives thus hampeiing consistency
within the foiest sectoi

0thei sectois show only limiteu inteiest in
paiticipating in nfp piocesses since they
iaiely see the benefits of uoing so
Noieovei othei sectois uo not fully
consiuei the outcomes of nfp piocesses in
theii iespective policies oi planning
piocesses mainly because the contiibutions


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of foiest piouucts anu seivices to local
livelihoous anu wiuei economic
uevelopment aie still insufficiently
iecognizeu 0n the othei hanu foiest
agencies uo not fully unueistanu the views
of othei sectois anu how they woik

Finally agencies heauing nfp piocesses have
a leaueiship pioblem in many countiies
Nost of the time nfps aie iun by foiest
auministiations that lack the powei anu
capacity to cooiuinate change acioss
sectois Impoitant emeiging foiestielateu
issues such as climatechange anu tenuie
iefoim aie almost always locateu in othei
ministiies In oiuei to pioviue leaueiship
anu cooiuination within anu beyonu the
foiest sectoi the steeiing bouy of the nfp
must have the authoiity capacity anu
ueteimination to leau the piocess at the
national level

0ptions to auuiess these issues incluue
positioning the stiuctuie in chaige of the
nfp piocess at the highest level possible
the best being to have it as an intei
ministeiial bouy
pioviuing this stiuctuie with auequate
auministiative suppoit buuget anu
human iesouices
making it manuatoiy that the nfp
piocess is incluueu in oveiaiching
fiamewoiks anu piocesses at the
national level eg poveity eiauication
sustainable uevelopment anu climate
change
encouiaging joint activities by seveial
ministiies such as to auuiess key
enviionmental lanuuse planning oi
householu eneigy issues of common
inteiest
involving nfp cooiuinatois in the
uevelopment of policies anu stiategies in
othei sectois that aie affecting the foiest
sectoi

Stakehol der par ti ci pati on. The impoitance
of involving public anu piivate stakeholueis
at all levels in nfp piocesses is now bioauly
iecognizeu In most Afiican countiies the
paiticipation of local gioups anu the piivate
sectoi in foiestielateu uecisionmaking is
incieasing Bowevei insufficient access to
infoimation anu a lack of oiganization anu
capacity still hinueis the involvement of
ceitain stakeholuei gioups in nfp piocesses
especially inuigenous peoples women anu
local community gioups In oiuei to
inciease stakeholueis paiticipation nfps
shoulu ensuie
sufficient involvement of highlevel
political playeis anu uecision makeis
iepiesenting the foiest sectoi anu othei
sectois so that key nfp
iecommenuations aie actually taken up
auequate involvement of technicians to
make suie that nfp iecommenuations
can be implementeu in the fielu
pioactive capacity builuing anu
infoimation shaiing initiatives so that
that the potential of civil society actois
incluuing inuigenous gioups anu
women is fully iealizeu
a balanceu involvement of piivate sectoi
stakeholueis iepiesenting the uiffeient
categoiies of foiest ielateu enteipiises

The nfp has a gieatei chance to contiibute to
the gieen economy of Afiican countiies
when the above suggestions foi aujusting
the substance anu enhancing the nfp piocess
aie maue


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Ar t i cl es

The for est sect or i n t he cont ext of
gr een economy i n Afr i ca

Rao Mat t a
1

ith moie than peicent of the
population living uiiectly off the
lanu nowheie is the concept of
gieen economy oui wise use anu
stewaiuship of ecological iesouices is moie
ielevant than in Afiica The continent is
bestoweu with immense natuial wealth yet
it is uiiectly anu immeuiately vulneiable to
ecological shocks anu scaicities than any
othei iegion It also often suffeis fiist anu
the most when such ciises aiise

In its simplest meaning a gieen economy is
one which is low caibon anu
iesouiceeneigy efficient It builus on anu
enhances the eaiths natuial capital anu
enueavouis to mitigate ecological scaicities
anu enviionmental iisks Thus the tiansition
to a gieen economy is seen as a majoi
pathway to piomoting sustainable cycles of
piouuction anu consumption while ensuiing
the health anu integiity of ecosystems anu
theieby oui continueu suivival anu
wellbeing In puisuit of this path piefeience
might be given to piogiammes anu actions
that

x Naintain ecosystem integiity anu
iesilience

1
For est r y Of f i cer For est r y Depar t ment ( FO) For est
Economi cs and
Pol i cy Di vi si on ( FOE) For est Pol i cy Ser vi ce ( FOEP) .
FAO Headquar t er s, Rome.
Emai l : Rao.Mat t a@f ao.or g Tel ephone Ext ensi on
55346
2
Based on t he bel i ef t hat our bi ospher e i s a cl osed
syst em w i t h f i ni t e r esour ces and a cer t ai n
capaci t y f or sel f -r egul at i on and sel f -r enew al .
The economi c syst em t her ef or e must r espect t he
i nt egr i t y of ecosyst ems and ensur es t hei r
r esi l i ence.
x Nake efficient use of natuial iesouices
x Reuuce emissions anu othei foims of
pollution
x Renew iecycle anu ieuse
x Sustain piocesses spatially anu
tempoially
x Inteinalize exteinalities oi negative
effects
x Piomote equity anu faiiness in iesouice
utilization anu uistiibution of negative
impacts

Effect i ve management of ecol ogi cal
asset s
vieweu fiom the above piinciples Afiica
alieauy has many elements of a gieen
economy in place Although it haibouis
about of the woilus population it
iepiesents only a small fiaction of
the total Co emissions Even of this meagie
quantity five nations South Afiica Egypt
Nigeiia Algeiia anu Libya account foi
peicent it which exemplifies the tiny caibon
footpiint that Afiica has on the globe

Bowevei the biggest concein foi Afiica
woulu be effective management of its
ecological iesouices be it impioving the
efficiency anu sustainability of theii usage oi
ensuiing equity anu faiiness in the
uistiibution of ensuing benefits In
paiticulai theie has been a steep thieefolu
inciease in population in Afiica between
anu Anu as the populations
continue to giow at a much fastei iate than
the capacities of the ecological systems anu
the institutions that suppoit them theie is
tiemenuous piessuie on natuial iesouices
While some of these iesouices aie useu
often with shoitsighteu goals anu inteiests
some of them aie also liquiuateu foi
example foi expoit legally anu illegally to
suppoit uemanu elsewheie

Continueu exploitation of natuial iesouices
coulu iesult in collapse of piouuctive
ecosystems anu a peimanent loss of
sustainable ievenue stieams Theie aie also
consiueiable uiffeiences within anu acioss
nations in teims of piouuction anu iesouice
mobilization Nassive iesouice tiansfeis aie
occuiiing fiom iuial aieas to uiban centies
W


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often iesulting in staggeiing social anu
economic inequities Similaily just two
nations South Afiica anu Nigeiia account
foi half of subSahaian Afiicas uBP The net
iesult of this uneven uevelopment pattein is
Afiicas continueu inability anu low capacity
to meet basic iequiiements such as foou
sheltei health anu sanitation uiowing
poveity anu inequities anu fewei economic
oppoitunities in iuial aieas also often
manifest into civil anu political uniests

Thus effective management of Afiicas
ecological assets incluuing enhancing theii
piouuctivity is key to impioving the well
being of its citizens In paiticulai auoption
of appiopiiate policies to piomote efficiency
in iesouice piouuction anu utilization can
help the iegion minimize the loss of its
natuial assets while auvancing the
piospeiity its people

For est sect or i n the cont ext of gr een
economy
It is paiticulaily in this context of effective
management of natuial iesouices that
foiests anu wooulanus in Afiica have a vital
iole to play Such a iole extenus not only in
impioving the quality of life of people living
in the iegion but also helping othei nations
by seiving as pait of the global commons
that absoib haimful gieenhouse gases

Foiests anu wooulanus in Afiica alieauy
suppoit the livelihoous of millions of people
besiues ienueiing seveial ciitical
enviionmental social anu cultuial seivices
Afiica has a high pei capita foiest covei at
ha pei peison compaieu to a global
aveiage of ha Theii ielative contiibution
to subSahaian Afiicas uBP is highest
compaieu to any othei iegion anu as such
they foim the founuation foi economic
uevelopment in many countiies Noie than
this foimal pait that goes into official
statistics the infoimal anu unaccounteufoi
pait of theii contiibution towaius eneigy
health foou fouuei anu othei householu
neeus is immense anu fai ieaching Foi
instance moie than peicent of the
population in subSahaian Afiica uepenu on
foiests anu wooulanus foi theii fuelwoou
anu othei eneigy neeus Nillions of
householus aie also engageu in community
foiestiy anu small anu meuiumsize foiest
enteipiises Paiticulaily in iuial aieas that
lie in the vicinity of foiests the inuigenous
pooi anu the most uisauvantageu people
uepenu on foiests foi theii uaily subsistence
anu longteim suivival Foiests aie thus
ciucial to achieving the Nillennium
Bevelopment uoals

Foiests anu wooulanus aie also key
components of the enviionment anu
peifoim a wiue iange of essential ecosystem
functions such as mitigating the impacts of
climate change iegulating watei supplies
anu buffeiing floous anu uioughts Foi
example the foiest complex of the Fouta
Bjallon highlanus of uuinea sometimes
calleu as the watei towei of West Afiica is
vital to maintaining the watei flow of iivei
Nigei iivei Senegal anu iivei uambia
Foiests also haiboui a laige numbei of floia
anu fauna many of which aie enuemic The
Congo basin is home to the woilus seconu
laigest continuous block of tiopical
iainfoiest

Foi these ieasons augmenting foiest
iesouices anu enhancing theii contiibution
to people thiough theii sustainable
utilization shoulu lie at the heait of any
gieen economy agenua Yet foiests anu
wooulanus aie often the subjects of
uisiegaiu anu low value in seveial countiies
While low buugets anu inauequate
investments continue to plague the foiest
sectoi weak goveinance anu uisincentives
often uiive uefoiestation anu foiest
uegiauation Buiing the last uecaue alone
the continent lost about million hectaies
of foiests pei yeai As the health of a foiest
ueteiioiates its functions anu seivices aie
seveiely thieateneu This unueimines pooi
peoples ability to suivive anu aggiavates
theii uepenuence on foiests which
ultimately leaus to the foimation of a vicious
cycle of poveity anu iesouice uegiauation
chasing each othei to the uetiiment of both
Continuation of this pattein can soon leau to
the peimanent loss of a valuable ienewable
iesouice that suppoiteu Afiica foi centuiies


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Real i zi ng t he ful l pot ent i al val ue of
for est s and woodl ands
The gieen economy appioach can be a
poweiful means to tuin the tiue in favoui of
foiests anu help countiies anu communities
iealize theii full potential value anu
piogiess towaiu a sustainable futuie
Specific ieasons that unueipin this
aigument incluue

x Woou being intiinsically natuial
iecyclable ieusable anu biouegiauable
it holus tiemenuous potential foi
incieaseu use in a gieen economy Such
piospectus iange fiom theii use in gieen
builuings anu gieen infiastiuctuie to bio
eneigy to iecyclable paits in othei
applications Nany unique chaiacteiistics
of woou
lenu it to be an excellent
substitute foi many piouucts that aie
cheap but haimful to the enviionment
anu economy
x Foiests aie now at the centie of global
iesponses to combating climate change
paiticulaily mitigation Associateu
financial incentives coulu change the
cuiient uynamics hugely in favoui of
foiests By enhancing foiest stocks anu
ensuiing theii sustainable management
Afiica can in fact holu the key to climate
ielateu foiest financing in futuie
x Afiica is likely to suffei the most fiom
humaninuuceu climate change Foi
incieaseu iesilience anu ieuucing the
vulneiability not only the loss of piimaiy
foiests neeus to be ieveiseu but foiest
aiea neeus to be fuithei expanueu
Agiofoiestiy paiticulaily holus piomise
as a significant component of sustainable
agiicultuie anu foou secuiity
x Investments in foiestiy also offei some
unique auvantages such as low capital
anu technology iequiiement anu

1
E.g., cycl i c, sol ar , and saf e. Cycl i c: Di f f er ent f r om
a l i near pr ocess of r esour ce ext r act i on,
manuf act ur e, consumpt i on and di sposal t o a
syst em w her e r esour ce r emai ns i n per pet ual use.
x flexibility to auapt to uiveise conuitions
anu capacities that aie ielevant to Afiica
Foiestiy thus can be an engine foi iuial
economic uevelopment
x The stiong focus on efficiency in gieen
economy can also help to impiove foiest
ievenues By biinging the systems of
foiest fees anu chaiges bettei in line with
maiket iealities anu by piomoting
effective piocessing valueauuition anu
maiketing of foiest piouucts foiest
enteipiises can substantially enhance the
value of anu income fiom foiests
Nanagement anu technological auvances
can paiticulaily help Afiica leapfiog
some of outmoueu anu iesouice
intensive moues of piouuction

The way for war d
Bowevei much neeus to be uone to spui
uiamatic changes in the way policy makeis
view foiests anu to gain a wiuei acceptance
of the iole of foiests in fosteiing gieen
economy It incluues foiemost policies anu
piogiammes to pioviue entiepieneuis the
iequisite incentives to piomote foiestiy anu
sustainable utilization of foiest iesouices It
also incluues iemoval of peiveise incentives
that iesult in uefoiestation anu uegiauation
anu conveision of foiests to othei uses
Cieating appiopiiate ievenue stieams foi
foiest ecosystem seivices such as caibon
sequestiation that typically have no maiket
can also encouiage foiest lanuholueis anu
manageis to piotect anu iestoie foiests
0pen anu uecentializeu systems of
management can help piomote efficiency
anu tianspaiency anu offei a uiveisifieu
iange of oppoitunities foi local
entiepieneuis Impoitantly as the olu auage
what gets measuieu gets manageu
emphasizes systematic iesouice inventoiy
anu monitoiing systems aie also soiely
neeueu


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Bi oener gy, REDD+ and t he Gr een
Economy i n Afr i ca

Moni k a Ber t zk y
1
, Val Kapos
2
, Punj ani t
Leagnavar
3
and Mar t i na Ot t o
4

he ielationship between bioeneigy
uevelopment anu REBB Reuucing
Emissions fiom Befoiestation anu
foiest Begiauation conseivation of foiest
caibon sustainable management of foiest
anu enhancement of foiest caibon stocks is
complex uynamic anu vaiies on global
iegional anu local scales In Afiica activities
ielating to both bioeneigy anu the emeiging
REBB mechanism have the potential to
contiibute to the iole of the foiest sectoi in a
uieen Economy incieasing oppoitunities
foi employment as well as local economic
uevelopment The neeu foi lanu foi both
these uses iequiies countiies to piioiitise
anu make choices on lanu use baseu on an

1
Moni k a Ber t zk y,
Emai l : Moni ka.Ber t zky@unep-w cmc.or g

2
Val Kapos,
Emai l : val .k apos@unep-w cmc.or g

3
Punj ani t Leagnavar , Pol i cy Consul t ant ,
Ener gy Br anch Di vi si on of Technol ogy, I ndust r y
and Economi cs Uni t ed Nat i ons Envi r onment
Pr ogr amme 15, r ue de Mi l an
F-75441 Par i s CEDEX 09 Fr ance
Tel ephone: +33 1 44 37 14 50
Tel ef ax: +33 1 44 37 14 74
Emai l : Punj ani t .Leagnavar @unep.or g

4
Mar t i na Ot t o. Head, Pol i cy Uni t - Ener gy Br anch
Coor di nat or Bi oener gy Uni t ed Nat i ons
Envi r onment Pr ogr amme ( UNEP) .
15, r ue de Mi l an 75441 Par i s CEDEX 09
Fr ance.
Tel ephone: +33 1 44 37 14 50
Tel ef ax: +33 1 44 37 14 74
Emai l : mar t i na.ot t o@unep.or g

unueistanuing of potential syneigies anu
tiaueoffs Theie aie cases wheie bioeneigy
activities can contiibute to REBB
objectives anu REBB can suppoit impioveu
moie sustainable bioeneigy uevelopment
anu use Bowevei each may also impeue the
othei What uo goveinments in Afiica neeu
to consiuei in oiuei to make the most of the
syneigies anu minimise the conflicts

Bi oener gy and REDD+ i n Afr i ca
Tiauitionally bioeneigy use in Afiica has
pieuominantly been at a householu level
thiough the use of woou anu chaicoal foi
heating anu cooking Noie iecently
howevei a numbei of Afiican countiies
have exploieu anu begun to uevelop theii
potential foi mouein bioeneigy piouuction
anu use Types of mouein bioeneigy
uevelopment incluue a tiansition fiom
tiauitional to moie efficient chaicoal use
liquiu biofuels soliu anu gaseous biofuels
anu bioelectiicity This uevelopment is
piojecteu to inciease paiticulaily with liquiu
biofuels as Afiican uemanu foi biofuels foi
tianspoit is expecteu to inciease in the
meuium teim IEA
i
Seveial Afiican
countiies such as Kenya anu 0ganua have
useu agioecological zoning AEZ to
investigate the national potential foi
giowing biofuel ciops auuitionally seveial
countiies have begun extensive planting
piogiams eg }atiopha in Nozambique
Some Southein Afiican countiies play a iole
in inteinational tiaue of woou foiestiy
iesiuue biomass foi woou pellets IEA
ii
Locally meuiumscale biogas
systems aie now in use Such uevelopments
may ieuuce oil impoit bills moueinise the
agiicultuie sectoi cieate job oppoitunities
anu suppoit local economic uevelopment
Inteiest in REBB is also incieasing in
Afiica
iii
While Afiicas contiibution to
C0 emissions is small it accounts
foi almost of global net C0 emissions
fiom changes in lanuuse anu lanu
management mainly foiest uegiauation anu
uefoiestation
iv

v
While the uetails of the
REBB mechanism aie still unuei
uiscussion incluuing the foim of financing
anu the specific actions it will suppoit unuei
uiffeient national ciicumstances countiies
T


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aie moving aheau with theii REBB
piepaiation anu pilot activities aie
unueiway Foi example Tanzania Zambia
Nigeiia anu the Bemociatic Republic of
Congo aie active paiticipants of the 0N
REBB Piogiamme In most cases REBB
actions will neeu to encompass a bioau
iange of inteiventions anu sectois incluuing
the establishment of piotecteu aieas
uevelopment of foiest management plans
anu techniques anu woik with local
communities to enhance livelihoous anu
ieuuce piessuies on anu exploitation of
foiest iesouices 0veiall REBB pioviues
an oppoitunity foi sustainable economic
giowth in foiesteu Afiican countiies

Dynami cs: Bi oener gy and REDD+
Bioeneigy uevelopment anu REBB both
have the potential to contiibute to economic
giowth Bowevei both encompass many
uistinct appioaches anu theiefoie
consiueiation neeus to be given to theii
potential syneigies anu to the ways in which
theii activities anu impacts may conflict
Wheie mouein bioeneigy uevelopment
ieuuces piessuie on foiests anuoi
impioves theii management foi example by
substituting tiauitional biomass thus
ieuucing local uefoiestation with othei
moie efficient technologies such as biogas
anu clean buining cookstoves it can
contiibute to achieving the objectives of
REBB Bowevei wheie bioeneigy
uevelopment iequiies significant amounts of
new agiicultuial lanu it may inciease
piessuies on foiests anu emissions fiom
foiest conveision theieby conflicting with
REBB objectives Conveisely REBB
piogiams may uiiectly contiibute to
bioeneigy uevelopment by pioviuing funus
to suppoit initiatives that ieuuce piessuie
on foiest by ieuucing use of woou fuel
Bowevei REBB piogiams may also inhibit
bioeneigy uevelopment by ieuucing the lanu
available foi cultivation anuoi iestiicting
use of foiest iesouices foi bioeneigy
Whethei theie aie syneigies oi conflicts
uepenus veiy much on how measuies to
suppoit REBB oi piomote mouein
bioeneigy uevelopment aie implementeu
Seveial piojects aie cuiiently using
bioeneigy appioaches to contiibute to
REBB objectives Foi example 0NEP has
paitneieu with local oiganizations anu
communities in BoualaEuea one of
Cameioons laigest estuaiies to woik
towaius ieuucing piessuies on theii
mangiove foiests ovei ha Between
anu the mangiove foiest aiea in
the iegion was ieuuceu by about
vi
the
neeu foi woou fuel foi fish smoking anu
piocessing activities being among the main
causes foi this uegiauation anu loss
vii
The
joint pioject between 0NEP anu local
communities aims at piomoting sustainable
utilization management anu conseivation of
mangiove ecosystems thiough the
piomotion of the use of impioveu eneigy
saving smoke houses The pioject is
expecteu to ieuuce woou consumption by
about
viii
anu fish smoking time foui
folu with consiueiable positive impact on
the mangiove ecosystem At the same time
the pioject has the potential to help ieuuce
health pioblems causeu by inuooi
combustion while suppoiting the local
economy Anothei way in which bioeneigy
can contiibute to REBB objectives is
thiough sustainable piouuction of woouy
biomass thiough ieclamation oi iestoiation
of uegiaueu foiest By helping to ieuuce
foiest ielateu emissions oi enhancing foiest
caibon stocks piojects such as these can
contiibute to achieving REBB objectives
0thei foims of bioeneigy uevelopment such
as laigescale agiicultuial piouuction of
feeustocks foi liquiu biofuels can conflict
with REBB objectives piincipally thiough
theii uemanu foi anu use of lanu The
giowing uemanu foi lanu foi the piouuction
of biofuel ciops is ieflecteu in a numbei of
laigescale lanu ueals in Afiica
ix
These anu
othei biofuel piouuction effoits may uepenu
eithei on the conveision of foiest lanu oi a
change in the use of existing agiicultuial
lanu The lattei can leau to inuiiect lanu use
change IL0C as the pievious use anu
piouuction systems aie uisplaceu to new
aieas
x
In the case of Biazil foi example
bioeneigy ciops such as sugaicane
bioethanol anu soybean biouiesel aie
expecteu to contiibute to anu of


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all Amazonian inuiiect uefoiestation
xi

Conveisely again planning anu action unuei
REBB can cieate baiiieis to bioeneigy
uevelopment by constiaining the use of lanu
anu foiest iesouices

The longteim balance between REBB anu
bioeneigy uevelopment will uepenu on how
economic incentives foi conseivation
sustainable management anu enhancement
of caibon stocks compaie with the potential
gains fiom bioeneigy uevelopment anu
othei foims of lanu use 0nueistanuing how
sustainable bioeneigy uevelopment anu
REBB affect each othei anu iuentifying
ways of meeting both sets of neeus is
theiefoie ciucial Wheie such solutions aie
founu multiple benefits can be gaineu
incluuing assuiing continueu supply of
ecosystem seivices pioviueu by foiests such
as iegulation of watei quality anu quantity
soil conseivation anu pollination all of
which can contiibute to sustainable
piouuction of biofuel feeustocks

REDD+ and bi oener gy i n a Gr een
Economy
A uieen Economy is one that not only
impioves human wellbeing anu ieuuces
inequalities but also ieuuces enviionmental
iisks anu ecological scaicities
xii
Builuing a
uieen Economy iequiies iecognition of the
impoitance of the many goous anu seivices
pioviueu by the natuial enviionment anu
the uepenuence of human wellbeing upon
them anu active consiueiation of theii
values in uecisionmaking Anothei of the
key steps in the tiansition to a uieen
Economy is making eneigy piouuction anu
use both moie efficient anu less uepenuent
on fossil fuels Impiovements to agiicultuial
piouuctivity anu sustainability aie also vital
Between them REBB anu mouein
bioeneigy uevelopment can help contiibute
to a uieen Economy

Countiies aie faceu with uiffeient options
foi futuie lanu use planning on theii way
towaius a uieen Economy Biffeient
options foi implementing bioeneigy
uevelopment anu REBB have uiffeient
impacts on society enviionment anu
economy Caieful examination of the
syneigies anu tiaueoffs is essential to
effective uecisionmaking Foi example
REBB is likely to play a paiticulaily stiong
iole in maintaining ecosystem seivices that
contiibute both to bioeneigy uevelopment
anu to othei economic activities anu local
livelihoous but benefits foi eneigy secuiity
may be limiteu Bioeneigy uevelopment
cleaily plays an impoitant iole in ensuiing
eneigy efficiency anu ieuuceu uepenuence
on fossil fuels Bepenuing on the appioaches
useu it can also contiibute to agiicultuial
innovation Bowevei these uevelopments
may iesult in the loss of biouiveisity anu
ecosystem seivices Both bioeneigy anu
REBB systems can pioviue local
communities with economic oppoitunities if
caiefully uesigneu anu implementeu with
social inclusion anu uevelopment in minu In
Afiica paiticulai attention will be neeueu
iegaiuing iesouice iights anu lanu tenuie
systems which aie complex anu uynamic
Involving stakeholueis in the planning
piocess in paiticulai women anu
maiginalizeu communities that often uo not
ieceive faii iepiesentation will be
impoitant to help ensuie the success anu
sustainability of lanu use unuei a uieen
Economy in Afiica
0ppoitunity cost will be anothei impoitant
factoi in futuie lanu use planning piocesses
In some cases wheie tension between lanu
uses exists the conveision of foiest foi
example to oil palm may be moie piofitable
to lanuowneis than conseiving foiests
unuei a REBB scheme Butlei et al .
xiii
Bowevei unuei a uieen Economy
minimising haimful effects of economic
uevelopment on the enviionment is
uesiiable To ensuie sustainability of a
uieen Economy innovative policies may be
neeueu to cieate a balanceu policy
enviionment that suppoits conseivation
policies without inhibiting economic
uevelopment

Concl usi on
ulobally bioeneigy has been seen as an
impoitant pait of the solution to ieuucing
global emissions of gieenhouse gases Nany
countiies have also piomoteu bioeneigy


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uevelopment paiticulaily liquiu biofuels foi
tianspoit as facilitating economic giowth
anu eneigy inuepenuence REBB is anothei
impoitant appioach to ieuucing emissions
anu can also contiibute to local economic
giowth REBB anu bioeneigy uevelopment
can be complementaiy wheie moie efficient
bioeneigy piouuction anu use ieuuces
piessuies on foiest anu wheie REBB
offeis suppoit foi enhancing foiest caibon
stocks anu sustainable use of foiest
iesiuues This potential is impoitant in
Afiica wheie many communities iely on
local foiest iesouices foi eneigy Bowevei
incieasing uemanus foi bioeneigy
feeustocks auu to the uemanu foi
agiicultuial lanu anu thus potentially
compete with othei lanu uses exeiting
piessuie on foiest Caieful anu integiateu
lanu use planning is neeueu to ensuie that
this mixeu ielationship between bioeneigy
piouuction foiestiy anu foiest
conseivation has positive outcomes foi
climate change mitigation society anu
enviionment Caieful anu integiateu
national planning anu innovative policies
aie essential to ensuie that both REBB anu
bioeneigy uevelopment contiibute to a
uieen Economy in Afiica

Refer ence
Inteinational Eneigy Agency
Technology Roaumap Biofuels foi
Tianspoit
httpwwwieaoigpapeisBiofuels
Roaumappuf

Tianspoit
Roaumappuf

Beniy N Naniatis B uitz v Bubeiman
B anu valentini R Implementation of
REBB in subSahaian Afiica state of
knowleuge challenges anu oppoitunities
Envi r onment and Devel opment Economi cs
Special Issue

Boughton R A Reviseu estimates of
the annual net flux of caibon to the
atmospheie fiom changes in lanu use anu
lanu management Tellus B

IPCC Climate Change The
Physical Science Basis Contiibution of
Woiking uioup I to the Fouith Assessment
Repoit of the Inteigoveinmental Panel on
Climate Change Cambiiuge 0niveisity Piess
Cambiiuge 0niteu Kinguom anu New Yoik
NY 0SA

0NEP Nangioves of Westein anu
Cential Afiica 0NEPRegional Seas
Piogiamme0NEPWCNC
httpwwwunepwcmcoigiesouicespubl
ications

Piogiamme0NEPWCNC
ications

Feka N Z Peispectives foi the
sustainable management of mangiove
stanus in the BoualaEuea wilulife ieseive
Cameioon p

Cotula L veimeulen S Leonaiu R anu
Keeley } LANB uRAB 0R
BEvEL0PNENT 0PP0RT0NITY
AuRIC0LT0RAL INvESTNENT ANB
INTERNATI0NAL LANB BEALS IN AFRICA
IIEBFA0IFAB LonuonRome

Einst anu Young Bi of uel s and
I ndi r ect Land Use Change: A Case f or
Mi t i gat i on.
httpwwwenuseuiopecomuocs
apuf

Lapola B N et al Inuiiect lanu use
changes can oveicome caibon savings fiom
biofuels in Biazil Pioc Natl Acau Sci
0SA

0niteu Nations Enviionment Piogiamme
0NEP . Gr een Economy: A Br i ef For
Pol i cymak er s on t he Gr een Economy and
Mi l l enni um Devel opment Goal s.
httpwwwionaunepoiguocumentspait


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neishipsuieenEconomyuREENEC0
NBusPolicymakeisBiiefpuf

Butlei Rhett A Koh Lian Pin uhazoul
}abouiy REBB in the ieu palm oil

coulu unueimine caibon payment schemes
Conseivation Letteis


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Afr i cas for est s and cl i mat e change
what t o do?

Maf a E. Chi pet a
1

0st of the woilu agiee that global
waiming is ieal anu it is impoitant
also foi foiests anu foiestiy
Theiefoie foiesteis neeu to come to giips
with it anu seem to be uoing so with a
passion In fact the uangei foi Afiican
foiests appeais to be that climate change
has laigely uiveiteu the attention of us
foiesteis away fiom goou olufashioneu
Sustainable Foiest Nanagement SFN
towaius talking about mostly about caibon
anu how to REBB this REBB that anu REBB
the othei heie anu eveiywheie It woulu
be an exaggeiation to say that climate
change foiestiy has fully uisplaceu the
puisuit of SFN but it has laigely uone so in
many cases insteau of being tieateu as
complementaiy foiesteis appeai to have
foigotten oi aie uelibeiately ignoiing the
fact that if SFN is well implementeu it will
get them all that REBB wants anu then much
moie

This uiveision of attention fiom SFN is a
woiiy but is foi anothei uay This time the
focus is insteau on an oppoitunity which can
secur e f undi ng f or a gr eener f or est r y
economy baseu on the shaieu inteiest of two
sectois in climate change as a biiuge foi co
opeiation It is being pioposeu that Afiica
uevelops its enoimous fossilfuel iesouices

1
Maf a E. Chi pet a i s a r et i r ed FAO st af f ; he i s a
f or est er by t r ai ni ng but w i t h a car eer t hat al so
spanned gener al agr i cul t ur al and f ood secui t y
pol i cy engagement s.
Emai l : emchi pet a@gmai l .com
foi poweieneigy geneiation anu pays the
penalty foi pollution aiising fiom this into
funuing foi the continents own caibon
captuie foiestiy uiiectly anu but also
funuing agiicultuial piouuctivity
enhancement that also leaus to caibon
sequestiation by ieuucing pace of
uefoiestation anu foiestwooulanu
uegiauation

The per manence of cl i mat e change
0n matteis of climate only change is
constant anu peimanent Those who have
flown ovei the Sahaia will have seen
eviuence of majoi iiveis that existeu theie
in the past but aie no moie Come anothei
few million yeais we may see the Sahaia
iiveis full again anu the ueseit in bloom
while the lush Amazon anu the Congo
become a uistant memoiy having been
conveiteu to new ueseits A futuie may be
possible wheie we coulu face swelteiing
heat at one of the poles anu ice on the
piesent equatoi We shoulu theiefoie
nevei be suipiiseu when climate changes

Noieovei the impacts of climate change
aie not necessaiily negative it is scientific
fact that ovei the past millions of yeais the
eaith has hau iepeateu ice ages alteinating
with peiious of waimth Inueeu we have
climate change to thank foi some veiy
impoitant iesouices which uiive
economic uevelopment touay a the
petioleum now poweiing oui economies
comes fiom luxuiiant vegetation that
bloomeu in many paits of the woilu some
of which aie now ueseits fiom which the
oil has been uistilleu ovei geological time
b some of the best agiicultuie in the
woilu is on alluvial soils uepositeu as
peiiouic iceage glacieis ietieateu each
time the woilu became waim again anu
c some of touays majoi hyuiopowei
geneiating plants aie locateu wheie ice
ueepeneu mountain goiges

Why then aie we panicking We pani c not
because t he cl i mat e i s changi ng but because
w e ar e her e t o see i t and t o f ace i t s ef f ect s.
Unl i k e ear l i er cl i mat e r ever sal s i nt o col d or
hot er as, t he cur r ent gl obal w ar mi ng i s
happeni ng w hen t he w or l d i s no l onger
under -popul at ed but i nst ead i s cr ow ded
M


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w i t h peopl e w hose comf or t zone as t hey
k now i t i s t hr eat ened Communications
technology has also uevelopeu so well that
mass hysteiia can be geneiateu in no time
anu society can be heiueu into making
cloneu iesponses We aie busy sciambling
to piotect what we aie useu to The
climate we aie useu to may not be the
iueal way foi eaith to exist but by now we
have uesigneu eveiything we uo anu how
we uo it to suit it uue to the pievailing
tempeiatuies having been stable foi so
long in human histoiy teims The changes
being foiceu on us by the cuiient climate
change may in the gieatei scheme of
things be a meie natuial ieset button
opening up new oppoitunities foi the
eaith the only pioblem being that the
bettei futuie so achieveu may not have
mankinu as a cential playei

Box iecoius some expecteu agiicultuial
impacts showing that Afiica may be
paiticulaily haiu hit by the cuiient cycle
of global waiming uiven Afiicas
compaiatively seveie economic anu
capacity constiaints the iegion can only
avoiu being biought uown in the shoit
teim if it takes bolu steps which uo not
iely on uniealistic anu nonfeasible levels
of exteinal help to caiiy out uiven the
seveie uebtinuuceu uislocation of majoi
woilu economies it is in any case not
ieasonable foi Afiica to expect much
exteinal assistance to piopel it foiwaiu
hence the Afiicacentieu suggestions
which follow in the last section of this
note

Cl i mat e change and Afr i cas for est r y and
agr i cul t ur e
Even befoie the climate alaim was iaiseu
Afiicas foiests weie being cleaieu at
alaiming iates The piimaiy challenge foi
the sectoi in the iegion is the piospect that
within uecaues no meaningful expanses of
foiest anu wooulanu may iemain in Afiica
This aiises fiom the fact that oui
agiicultuie whethei foi foou biofuels oi
fibie piouuction is the least piouuctive in
the woilu anu consequently oui faiming
cleais moie of foiests oi wooulanus pei
unit faim output than in othei iegions The
piessuie on foiests anu wooulanus will
peisist as long as we piactice low
inputlowoutput agiicultuie against a
iealistic global aveiage of tons pei
hectaie ceieals in Afiica at piesent yielu
only tons pei hectaie while the
ueveloping countiy aveiage is some
tonsha Obvi ousl y, w i t h such l ow
pr oduct i vi t y of cer eal s, w e i n Af r i ca ar e
def or est i ng our l and at 3 t o 5 t i mes t he r at e
w e shoul d be causi ng i f our agr i cul t ur al
pr oduct i vi t y w er e r ai sed.

The cuiient iounu of global waiming
coulu exaceibate this pioblem We as
Afiican foiesteis aie alieauy woiiying in
auuition to fastei foiest loss aie oui
natuial foiests going to uie fail to
iegeneiate oi giow fast enough will
foiestwooulanu fiies pests anu uiseases
become even moie fiequent than now
will the familiai ueciuuous eveigieen oi
savanna wooulanu species be ieplaceu by
uiffeient types oi even uou foibiu by
meie shiubs I t i s w or t h st r essi ng t hat w e
ar e t al k i ng of t he near f ut ur e ( i .e. t he
comi ng year s and decades) ; i n mi l l i ons of
year s t i me, i t i s a mat t er of i ndi f f er ence
w het her Af r i ca w i l l have become t he t op
agr i cul t ur al per f or mer t hat w i l l not save
i t s f or est s f r om t hr eat s t hat ar e occur r i ng
now and can be w or sened by t he cur r ent
cycl e of gl obal w ar mi ng.

0nfoitunately most of oui foiests
cuiiently suffei benign neglect inueeu
we often pleau poveity to justify oui
failuie to achieve SFN incluuing of oui
piotecteu aieas Yet nowauays it is often
not shoitfalls in SFN that we foiesteis talk
about we aie busy using oui limiteu
capacities to negotiate anu piepaie
piojects foi captuiing caibon oi to auapt
to a waimei woilu For us i n Af r i ca,
cl i mat e change f or est r y has f ar t oo of t en
come t o r epl ace r at her t han t o suppl ement
mai nst r eam SFM of t he w hol e r esour ce If
we weie at least putting the talk of REBB
anu othei climate change foiestiy into
piactice peihaps things woulu not be so
bau the ieality howevei is that caibon
investments aie laigely occuiiing outsiue
oui iegion We aie not investing oui own
money in it anu we aie singulaily
unsuccessful in attiacting foieign funus


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too 0nlike the BIvAIBS sectoi wheie
funus foi combating the panuemic aie
ioutinely useu to also upgiaue geneial
health seivices we aie yet to
systematically use climate change as a bait
to attiact gieatei sectoi funuing foi
application to geneializeu SFN
achievement

FA0IIASA mouelling shows that Afiica
will be the haiuesthit iegion by the
cuiient cycle of global waiming
Theiefoie its alieauy catastiophically low
levels of faim piouuctivity coulu go even
lowei anu become moie unpieuictable
While oui high biith iates aie alieauy
uiiving iapiu uefoiestation incluuing in
enviionmentally fiagile locations
auveise climate coulu by loweiing faim
piouuctivity acceleiate this fuithei If this
weie to happen we in Afiica woulu
fuithei lose capacity to contiibute to
climate mitigation anu to effectively auapt
to climate change

To the funuamental question of how
uespite climate change Afiica can save its
iemaining foiests anu wooulanus so that
they can continue to make theii economic
social anu enviionmental contiibutions in
futuie the most impoitant answei must
be that our count r i es must pr i or i t i se r ai si ng
agr i cul t ur al pr oduct i vi t y i n or der t o
ar r est f ur t her cl ear i ng, denudat i on and
ot her r educt i on of f or est s, w oodl ands and
ot her t r ee cover In the veiy long teim
geological time we can of couise piay
that futuie climate ieveisals will favoui
Afiica but that is a subject foi anothei uay
Some school of thought woulu say that it is
tiue that theie has been climate change
befoie but theie has nevei been human
inuuceu climate change befoie which is
what we have now


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Box 1: Under the Current Global Warming: Africa Will Be Hit Hard
Under the current cycle of temperature change, global mean surface temperature is projected to rise in a range from
1.8C to 4.0C by 2100. Modelling continues on expected changes and impacts, of which a pioneering effort was under
the FAO/IIASA Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ) methodology. Examples of some indicative results (all being in the future
tense, being projections) of this and other modelling efforts are given below:
A. On balance:
o FAO reports that climate-change impacts are not location-neutral; for example, between 2000 and 2004, around 262
million people were affected by climate-related disasters but of these, 98 percent lived in developing countries.
o It appears climate change will favour altitudes where the industrialised countries that currently dominate agricultural
surpluses. Developed countries will largely benefit since cereal productivity is projected to rise in Canada, northern
Europe and parts of Russia. In contrast, many of todays poorest developing countries are likely to be negatively
affected - most severely affected will be sub-Saharan Africa due to its inability to adequately adapt through
necessary resources or through greater food imports.
o The unequal current patterns will be worsened (most hunger in the developing tropics but most food surpluses in
the developed temperates) access to food will, even more than now, depend on capacity to purchase, not to
produce.
o If the developing countries remain dominated (especially in Africa) by low-input/low output farming, the future for
forests and other natural vegetation will be bleak: new land clearing could accelerate even more and destroy
biological resources and economically productive vegetation too.
B. Positive:
o Global agricultural potential is likely to increase with increases in global average temperature up to about 3C, but
above this is likely to decrease.
o Some change may be positive for instance reduced plant water use and CO2 fertilisation" (CO2 is a limiting factor of
plant growth, increasing CO2 also increases plant yields).
o At higher latitudes (i.e. far from the equator) cold climates would benefit from higher temperatures, and new
agricultural land may become available at high latitudes and high elevations there could be significant expansion of
suitable land with production potential for cereals.
o Chinas (more temperate) rainfed cereal production potential of 360 million tons could increase by 15%.
C. Negative:
o At lower latitudes (i.e. closer to the equator), especially the seasonally dry tropics, crop yield potential is likely to
decrease for even small global temperature increases, which could increase risk of hunger; there are likely to also be
more frequent droughts and floods.
o About 11% decrease in cultivable rainfed land, with consequent decline in cereal production. Sixty-five developing
countries, representing more than half the developing worlds total population in 1995, will lose about 280 million tons
of potential cereal production valued at US$ 56 billion, equivalent to some 16% of the agricultural gross domestic
product of these countries in 1995 (if price averages US$ 200 per ton).
o Increase in arid and moisture-stressed lands: in Africa the 1.1 billion hectares of land with growing period of less than
120 days could, by 2080, expand by about 50 - 90 million hectares - this reduction in the area suitable for agriculture
and in length of growing seasons and yield potential, will increase risk of hunger.
o It has been estimated that the aggregate negative impact of climate change on African agricultural output up to the
2080-2100 period could be between 15 and 30 percent.
o Sub-Saharan Africas share in the global number of hungry people could rise from 24 percent to between 40 and 50
percent, depending on model scenarios. The dependence of developing countries on food imports will increase.
o India (being largely tropical) could lose 125 million tons, equivalent to 18% of its rainfed cereal production
o By 2050 the worlds population will be 34 percent higher than today, with nearly all the increase being in developing
countries. To meet the necessary increase in food production, the use of fertilisers, energy, and greenhouse gas
emissions especially of livestock (meat supply) will be considerable.
o If there is diversion of considerable grain to biofuels, there could also be considerable risk to food security.


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AFRICA
An oppor t uni t y for for est er s t o gr asp?
Never l et a cr i si s go t o w ast e is an
auage Afiica coulu usefully heeu in
matteis of climate change iesponse It is
necessaiy to see the silvei lining in what
is fai too often poitiayeu in the
gloomiest of teims theie must be
uevelopmental oppoitunities to ciaft
fiom the climate change ciisis But to uo
this will iequiie action acioss sectois
the pioposal below is foi exploitation of
one Afiican iesouice to geneiate funuing
foi anticlimate change actions in
foiestiy uiiectly anu thiough
agiicultuie

The pioposal is that we uemonstiate to
oui goveinments that given oui
abunuant fossil fuel ieseives coal
petioleum we shoulu uevelop oui
powei eneigy geneiation capacity
baseu on these fossil iesouices anu
peihaps some biofuels iathei than
tiying foi cuiiently less costeffective
ienewable alteinatives solai winu

Bowevei given theii heavy caibon
footpiint the fossilfuelbaseu powei
geneiation inuustiies shoulu be foiceu
to buy the iight to pollute by financing
caibon captuie oi ieuuction of cuiient
levels of caibon ielease thiough foiestiy
anu agiicultuial actions within Afiica
This mechanism woulu thus seive as
uiiect funuing foi a gieen economy in
foiestiy

This woulu be the key to secuiing
assuieu funuing foi foiestiy anu
agiicultuial piouuctivity enhancement
ie the linking of exploitation of Afiicas
laige ieseives of fossil fuels both coal
anu petioleum to Afiicas own

1
Ot her r egi ons cont i nue t o use t hese f ossi l f uel s t o
much gr eat er degr ees t han Af r i ca; t her e i s a
w or r yi ng t endency f or Af r i can count r i es t o be
easi l y pr essur ed aw ay f r om usi ng t hei r coal f or
pow er w hi l e bei ng encour aged t o expor t i t so t hat
ot her s can t hen use i t i n no l ess pol l ut i ng w ays
t han i f i t had been bur ned i n Af r i ca i n t he f i r st
pl ace.
agiicultuial anu foiestiy uevelopment
thiough climate change mechanisms
This uecision to iequiie an intiaAfiica
sectoial link is political anu is theiefoie
the moie uifficult pait the mechanics of
funuing tiansfei pose no uifficulties
since this woulu be meiely an allAfiica
vaiiant of tiieu anu testeu caibon
tiauing iegimes that aie alieauy being
applieu at global level The logic is as
follows
a Afiica neeus to uevelop its eneigy
geneiation so as to allow
inuustiialisation anu bettei human
livelihoous
b The easiest anu least costly way to
geneiate eneigy in Afiica will be
exploitation of coal anu petioleum
ieseives

c Since coal anu petioleum powei
geneiation is a fossil caibon emittei
activity Afiica will neeu to buy the
iight to use them foi powei
geneiation the powei sectoi woulu
theiefoie be obligeu to pay foi this
iight of use which is thus a iight to
pollute The gl obal danger l evel i s i n
f act negl i gi bl e Af r i ca has onl y about
2% of gl obal pow er gener at i on and so
even i f t hi s i s mul t i pl i ed f i ve-f ol d, t he
net gl obal i mpact w i l l be mi nor
u The beneficiaiy of the payments
shoulu howevei not be the geneial
global caibon buuget oi the
coipoiate caibon buuget of non
Afiican paities but Afiicas finance
staiveu caibonsink sectois ie
payments fiom the Afiican powei
inuustiy shoulu go to funu
o acceleiateu agiicultuial
piouuctivity enhancement
measuies
o affoiestation anu foiest
conseivation unuei an Afiica
REBB iegime as one of the
ways of mitigating climate

2
Wi t h bi of uel s as next l east cost l y suppl ement s;
r enew abl e sol ar and w i nd t echnol ogi es w i l l f or
l ong be so much mor e expensi ve i n Af r i ca as
el sew her e, w hi l e nucl ear i s t echnol ogi cal l y t oo
much of a chal l enge i n t he r egi on.


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change is ieaffoiestation which
woulu not only mitigate climate
but also have the enoimous
benefit of cieating jobs on a laige
scale Reaffoiestation coulu anu
shoulu be a piioiity wheie
payments fiom the Afiican
powei inuustiy shoulu go anu
o ecologically sounu biofuel
piouuction unuei high
piouuctivity appioaches ianging
fiom sugai staiches biological
oil fuels anu woou efficient
chaicoal anu fiiewoou

ulobal caibontiauing mechanisms
alieauy exist but we in Afiica have only
captuieu a maiginal shaie of the maiket
to uate We neeu to coiiect many
weaknesses if the intiaAfiica caibon
tiauing funuing mechanism pioposeu
above is to woik Beie aie some of the
weaknesses we faceu unuei the Kyoto
iegime which we must uefeat if we aie
to succeeu oui small piouuceis aie
uisoiganiseu oui institutions aie weak
we have faileu to be entiepieneuiial in
the postKyoto caibon enviionment anu
oui costs have been too high foi
ceitifying how much caibon we have
conseiveu by avoiuing uefoiestation
how much we have fieshly captuieu by
plantation in concentiateu oi scatteieu
uispeiseu fashion It has not helpeu that
we also faileu to uevelop lowcost
assessment ceitification pioceuuies
foi caibon valuation as a iesult of which
we continue to iely on expeits fiom
uistant countiies whose cost is often
unaffoiuable foi oui smallscale
opeiations

Bo we as Afiican foiesteis have the will
to captuie the above oppoitunity aie
we confiuent enough about oui REBB
science to sell it to the economic
leaueis can we sell an Afiicafocuseu
REBB to the powei sectoi so as to
simultaneously uplift anu make moie
gieen oui own sectoi uiiectly anu
thiough agiicultuie What can we uo to
make an Afiica caibon tiaue iegime
woik when we have faileu so fai to
captuie a uecent shaie of the global
tiaue in caibon both unuei the Kyoto
anu successoi iegimes Finally shall we
be able to place all this unuei the SFN
umbiella which is wheie it ieally
belongs iathei than being an outliei
flying at a tangent
Sel ect ed r eadi ng
Cl i mat e change 2000: synt hesi s r epor t , by
R Watson anu the Coie Wiiting Team
eus Cambiiuge 0K Inteigoveinmental
Panel on Climate Change IPCC
Cambiiuge 0niveisity Piess

Gl obal cl i mat e change and agr i cul t ur al
pr oduct i on: di r ect and i ndi r ect ef f ect s of
changi ng hydr ol ogi cal , pedol ogi cal and
pl ant physi ol ogi cal pr ocesses. FA0

Wor l d Agr i cul t ur e t ow ar ds 2015/ 2030:
An FAO per spect i ve. FA0 Rome

I mpact of Cl i mat e Change, Pest s and
Di seases on Food Secur i t y and Pover t y
Reduct i on Backgiounu Bocument
Special Event at 31st Session of the
Committee on Woilu Foou Secuiity
Nay Biief piepaieu by Anna
Caila Lopez Foou Secuiity anu
Agiicultuial Piojects Analysis Seivice
FA0 Rome

Cl i mat e Change 2007: Cl i mat e Change
I mpact s, Adapt at i on and Vul ner abi l i t y.
Summar y f or Pol i cy Mak er s ( Fi nal dr af t )
Fouith Assessment Repoit 0nuei
uoveinment Review Woiking uioup II
to the Inteigoveinmental Panel on
Climate Change

ftpftpfaooiguociegfaoie

How t o Feed t he Wor l d i n 2050 FA0
httpwwwfaooigfileaumintemplate
swsesuocsexpeit
papeihowtofeeuthewoiluin
puf


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Agr i cul t ur e and Envi r onment Chal l enges
of t he Tw ent y-Fi r st Cent ur y: A St r at egi c
Appr oach f or FAO Boc C0Au
st
Session of the FA0 Committee on
Agiicultuie Rome Apiil

Impact of Climate Change on Foou
Secuiity anu Implications foi
Sustainable Foou Piouuction Bocument
CFS INF FA0 Rome

Wel comi ng Remar k s by Mr s Sebueng
Chi pet a. SABC Regional Woikshop on
Foiests anu Climate Change anu the
SABC Foiest Piotocol uaboione
Botswana Nay


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Ti mber l egal i t y defi ni t i on: Does
consi st ency mat t er for EU FLEGT
par t ner count r i es?

Ri char d Gyi mah
1

Summar y
Demand si de t i mber pr ocur ement pol i ci es
such as t he EU FLEGT Act i on Pl an coul d
i mpact posi t i vel y on t i mber -pr oduci ng
Af r i can count r i es ef f or t s i n at t ai ni ng a gr een
economy t hr ough Vol unt ar y Par t ner shi p
Agr eement ( VPA) . Al t hough VPAs have t he
pot ent i al of ensur i ng r esponsi bl e pur chasi ng,
t her e i s a need f or set t i ng consi st ent
mi ni mum r equi r ement s f or l egal t i mber .
Agr eement on such st andar ds coul d hel p
cont r i but e ef f ect i vel y t o sust ai nabl e f or est
management i n VPA par t ner count r i es usi ng
VPA as a t r ade i nst r ument . The concept f or
l egal t i mber def i ni t i on i n VPAs i s good and
r espect sover ei gnt y i ssues; how ever t hi s paper
ar gues t hat i t has a dow nsi de of not cl ear l y
set t i ng consi st ency i n t he mi ni mum
r equi r ement s f or l egal t i mber .

Int r oduct i on
n iecent times global inteiest in timbei
legality is incieasing Theie aie stiong
inuications that veiification of timbei
legality can contiibute to bettei goveinance
anu foiest management anu conseivation
anu also help ensuie that foiests contiibute
to economic giowth anu poveity ieuuction
in a sustainable mannei Countiies that have
signeu the voluntaiy Paitneiship
Agieement vPA aie using the concept as a
goveinance tool to ensuie that theii foiests
become pait of a gieen economy This may

1
Ver i f i cat i on and Fi el d Audi t Manager , For est r y
Commi ssi on of Ghana. Ti mber Val i dat i on
Depar t ment . P.O. Box MB 434, Accr a, Ghana.
Tel ephone: ( +233) 289115493
Mobi l e: ( +233) 246420261
Emai l : r i ch_gyi mah@yahoo.com;
r gyi mah.hq@f cghana.or g
manifest in seveial ways which incluue
among otheis i secuiing legal iights to
timbei haivest anu use ii ieuucing illegal
access anu tiaue in timbei piouucts iii
incieasing ievenue to the state anu
iecognizeu beneficiaiies thiough impioveu
collection of ielevant foiest fees anu taxes
anu iv vPA paitnei countiies will secuie
maiket shaie of timbei piouucts tiaueu with
the Euiopean 0nion E0

The objectives of the E0 piocuiement
policies have been to ensuie that puichases
anu impoit of timbei piouucts uo not
contiibute to foiest uegiauation anu loss in
the expoiting countiies while at the same
time pioviuing leaueiship anu helping to set
stanuaius in the timbei piouuct maikets
The coming into foice of the E0 Foiest Law
FLEuT Action Plan
has uemonstiateu that

vPA
s have the potential to meet the

objectives of both piivate anu public timbei
anu timbei piouucts piocuiement policies
As many countiies uevelop piocuiement
policies to avoiu the use of illegally souiceu
timbei anu timbei piouucts illegal logging
may ieuuce at both national anu global
scales It is also incieasingly becoming
appaient that vPA may contiibute to the
iealization of sustainable foiest
management piactices This is because
thiough vPAs legality issues such as use
iights to foiest compliance to haivesting
anu enviionmental iegulations anu social
obligations which aie all funuamental
iequiiements foi sustainability may be
cleaily uefineu anu enfoiceu thiough
stakeholuei engagements

Legality uefinitions fiom vPAs aie an
inuication of the set of coie laws which aie
not only ielevant to paitnei countiies but

2
A pl an t hat w as appr oved by t he Eur opean Uni on
Counci l i n Oct ober 2003 and w hi ch ai ms at
suppor t i ng t i mber pr oduci ng count r i es; f avour i ng
t he pur chase of l egal l y har vest ed t i mber ; and
pr omot i ng sound t i mber pr oduct s pr ocur ement
pol i ci es and suppor t f or pr i vat e i ni t i at i ves.
3
A bi l at er al t r ade agr eement based on EU FLEGT
act i on pl ans t hat gover n t r ade i n l egal t i mber
pr oduct s bet w een t he EU and pr oducer count r y.
I


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aie also acceptable to majoi stakeholuei
gioups Noie impoitantly the bilateial
natuie of vPAs allows expoiting anu
impoiting paitnei countiies to negotiate
what constitutes legal timbei Although
uefining legal timbei in the context of
inuiviuual vPAs iespects soveieign iights of
countiies conceineu this papei aigues that
this piactice has the uownsiue of leauing to
a lack of consi st ency as r egar ds common,
mi ni mum r equi r ement s foi the concept

Legal i t y St andar d Devel opment t hr ough
t he EU FLEGT Ini t i at i ve
The E0 FLEuT initiative E0FLEuT Biiefing
Note pioviues guiuance to
piospective vPA paitnei countiies on i
What elements shoulu be incluueu in a
legality uefinition ii the piocess foi
ueciuing which laws aie to be incluueu in a
uefinition foi legality thiough wiue
consultation with all inteiesteu paities anu
iii auopting uefinition foi legality oi
implementing policies baseu on an explicit
uefinition of legality Examples pioviueu by
the Biiefing Note as those likely to be
incluueu in the uefinition of legal timbei aie
x uianting of anu compliance with
iights to haivest timbei within
legallygazetteu bounuaiies
x Compliance with iequiiements
iegaiuing foiest management
incluuing compliance with ielevant
enviionmental laboui anu
community welfaie legislation
conceining taxes impoit anu expoit
uuties ioyalties anu fees uiiectly
ielateu to timbei haivesting anu
timbei tiaue
x Respect foi tenuie oi use iights to
lanu anu iesouices that may be
affecteu by timbei haivesting iights
wheie such iights exist
x Compliance with iequiiements foi
tiaue anu expoit pioceuuies
Bowevei the lack of cleaily stateu minimum
iequiiements foi timbei legality has alloweu
countiies that have signeu vPAs with the E0
to fashion uefinitions suitable foi inuiviuual
countiies theieby encouiaging an open
enueu uefinition foi legal timbei

Compar at i ve Anal ysi s of Ti mber Legal i t y
El ement s i n Sel ect ed VPA Par t ner
Count r i es
Five selecteu countiies namely uhana
Libeiia Cameioon Republic of Congo R0C
Biazzaville anu Inuonesia have all signeu
anu agieeu to implement vPAs though at
uiffeient times uhana was the fiist to
initiate a vPA in Septembei anu
Inuonesia anu Libeiia aie the most iecent
ones of these countiies to sign vPAs in Nay
Apait fiom Inuonesia anu Libeiia all
the othei countiies have shown fuithei
commitment by iatifying the agieement
Cuiiently all these countiies aie at the
system uevelopment phase of theii
iespective implementation planning
piocess Fiom the E0 siue the impoit of
FLEuT licenseu piouucts will be manuatoiy
in the Region fiom yeai The speeu
with which any of the vPA paitnei countiies
may show leaueiship in implementing this
tiaue instiument woulu be influenceu by
countiyspecific uefinitions of legal timbei
anu the compliance system put in place
Table pioviues inuicative numbeis of key
legality subject aieaspiinciples useu in the
five countiies stuuieu


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Tabl e1: Legal i t y Pr i nci ple / Subj ect Ar ea used per Vol unt ar y Par t ner shi p Agr eement
(VPA) Par tner Countr y

vPA
Paitnei
Countiy
Timbei Legality PiinciplesSubject Aieas useu in the Befinition Total Numbei
of Key
Piinciples
Subject Aieas
uhana i Souice of timbei incluuing lanu owneiship Examples of aieas foi
compliance incluue foiest management plans anu wiitten consent of
lanuowneis cleai uelineation of bounuaiies of vaiious foiest zones
ii Allocation of timbei iights A key element foi compliance is tianspaient
anu competitive timbei iights allocation piocess
iiiTimbei haivesting opeiations Examples of aieas foi compliance incluue
foiest iesouice inventoiy timbei haivesting within piouuctive anu appioveu
aieas logging anu enviionmental stanuaius
iv Tianspoit Examples of aieas foi compliance incluue timbei tianspoit
uocumentation anu time of tianspoit
v Piocessing Examples of aieas foi compliance incluue timbei piocessing
stanuaius anu health anu safety issues
vi Tiaue Examples of aieas foi compliance incluue iegistiation of business
anu acquisition of expoit license
vii Fiscal obligations Examples of aieas foi compliance incluue payment of
stumpage fees giounu ient expoit levies anu coipoiate income taxes

Republic of
Congo
R0C
Biazzaville

iThe necessaiy auministiative pieconuitions foi eveiy foiestiy enteipiise
Examples of aieas foi compliance incluue valiu license foi companys
business cleai uelineation of bounuaiies of subuivision of foiestiy
concession
iiThe iight of access to foiest iesouices within aieas of opeiation:
Examples of aieas foi compliance incluue giant of ceitificate of exploitation
of natuial foiest lanu title ueeus foi plantation opeiational license etc
iii Social obligations associateu with inuiviuual concessions such as the use
of local laboui oi the paiticipation of local communities anu inuigenous
people
iv Foiest management haivesting anu piocessing of timbei Examples of
aieas foi compliance incluue piepaiation of management plans anu
inventoiy iepoit logging stanuaius enviionmental impact stuuies timbei
piocessing stanuaius
v Tianspoit anu sales of timbei Examples of aieas foi compliance incluue
timbei tianspoit uocumentation iuentification anu tiaceability of maiketeu
piouucts
vi Fiscal obligations Examples of aieas foi compliance incluue payment of
all ielevant taxes anu social secuiity contiibutions

Cameioon i Foiest management haivesting anu piocessing opeiations: Examples of
aieas foi compliance incluue foiest management anu logging iules inuustiial
iequiiements health anu safety in foiestiy opeiations
ii Tianspoit Examples of aieas foi compliance incluue timbei anu ueiiveu
piouuct tianspoit uocumentation iegulatoiy maiking of timbei to ceitify
legal oiigin
iii Social obligations incluue among otheis compliance with employment
social secuiity anu laboui laws


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vPA
Paitnei
Countiy
of Key
Piinciples
Subject Aieas
iv Enviionmental obligations Examples of aieas foi compliance incluue
biouiveisity anu enviionmental piotection
v Auministiative anu fiscal obligations Examples of aieas foi compliance
incluue legal authoiization of loggingpiocessing foiestiy entity to opeiate
payment of ielevant business anu foiestiy tax obligations
Libeiia i Legal eligibility to opeiate in the foiestiy sectoi incluues foi example the
foiest contiact oi peimit holuei is a legally iecognizeu business community
oi an inuiviuual
ii Allocation of iights to haivest foiest incluues foi example compliance
with the National Foiestiy Refoim anu Community Rights laws
iii Social obligations of contiactois to local people incluue foi example
compliance with benefit shaiing iequiiement anu negotiateu social
agieements
iv Foiest management stanuaius foi opeiations anu haivesting to ensuie
sustainability v Enviionmental obligations incluue foi example compliance
with enviionmental impact assessment
vi Regulation of timbei tianspoit anu tiaceability obligations incluue foi
example compliance with timbei piouucts tianspoit uocumentation anu
chain of custouy iequiiements
vii Timbei piocessing iequiiements incluue foi example compliance with
ielevant laws anu iegulation goveining tiansfoimation anu iecoiuing of
timbei piouucts to ensuie tiaceability
viii Woikeis iights health safety anu welfaie in foiestiy opeiations
ix 0ntime payments of all taxes anu foiest fees as iequiieu by law
x Expoit anu tiaue iequiiements incluue foi example official iegistiation of
expoitei shipment of logs anu timbei piouucts aie in compliance with chain
of custouy system
xi Tianspaiency measuies anu infoimation uisclosuie incluue foi example
making tiaue statistics infoimation iegulaily available to the public

Inuonesia i Foi stateowneu natuial anu plantation foiests the piinciples covei a
the legal status anu of foiest aieas to be haivesteu anu iight to utilize the
foiest b compliance with the legal iequiiements foi haivesting anu c
compliance with the enviionmental anu social aspects ielateu to haivesting
ii Foi piivatelyowneu foiests the piinciples covei the owneiship of the
timbei as it ielates to the aiea haivesteu the logs anu the tiauing of logs
cioss checkeu foi tiaceability
iii 0thei timbei haivesting peimits iegulation of logging fiom nonfoiest
zones eg agiicultuial lanuscapes that may oi may not leau to foiest
conveision
iv In auuition theie is a geneial legality stanuaiu coveiing the management
of the supply chain timbei fiom the foiest thiough piocessing to the point of
expoit


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Obser vat i ons fr om some VPA Par t ner
Count r i es on Legal Ti mber Defi ni t i on
In countiies that have signeu vPAs existing
ielevant national laws have seiveu as the
pillais aiounu which timbei legality has
been uefineu anu fiameu Bowevei it has
been obseiveu that
x Libeiia has a ielatively lengthy legality
uefinition that incluues a piinciple on
tianspaiency measuies anu infoimation
uisclosuie see vPA Biiefing Note
This piinciple aiguably ielates
moie to the oveiall vPA goveinance
iathei than timbei legality Although in
theoiy the elaboiate uefinition of
legality foi Libeiia has the potential to
enhance goou foiest goveinance one
may have to wait anu see how effective
the vPA implementation plays out in
Libeiia
x In uhana anu Inuonesia some laws
ielating paiticulaily to souice of timbei
anu access to timbei iight weie founu to
be inconsistent anuoi conflicting
ienueiing the uefinition of legality pione
to uiffeient inteipietations Foi instance
the laws of uhana iecognize anu accept
timbei confiscateu by the uoveinment in
its supply chain once oiiginally illegal
timbei has gone thiough the iequiieu
couit pioceuuies anu issueu with a
ceitificate of puichase uhana vPA
Bocument This howevei
appeais to uefeat the spiiit anu intent of
the legal timbei uefinition In Inuonesia
unlike the othei vPA paitnei countiies
the legality stanuaius iecognize
uiffeiences in scale anu size of timbei
piouuction The stanuaius have been
uesigneu to meet timbei fiom laige
scale enteipiises focusing on the expoit
maiket anu timbei fiom small to
meuium scale enteipiises which focus
on the uomestic maiket Inuonesia
Foiestiy Piouuction Bevelopments
Regulation
x Fuithei Inuonesia uistinguishes
between piivate oi communal anu
publicly owneu foiests in the
uemonstiation of legal compliance vPA
Biiefing Note It is a composite
stanuaiu pioviuing sepaiate ciiteiia
anu inuicatois foi foui uiffeient foiest
classifications state foiest management
unitbaseu state foiest non
management unitbaseu state foiest
community manageu anu piopiiety
iights foiest anu nonfoiest aieas
vERIF0R anu FA0 By
iecognizing such uiffeiences within a
stanuaiu theie is a highei likelihoou that
the system will complement bioauei
national uevelopment stiategies of
meeting the neeus of small to laige scale
enteipiises
x Cameioon vPA Biiefing Note
anu Congo Biazzaville vPA Biiefing
Note appeai to incluue fewei
piinciples foi the legality uefinition
Table howevei most of the essential
elements necessaiy to impact on timbei
legality aie coveieu

Pot ent i al Benefi t s of Adopt i ng Consi stent
Mi ni mum Ti mber Legal i t y Defi ni t i on
Countiy specific conuitions allow foi some
uiffeiences in uefining timbei legality This
notwithstanuing consistent minimum
iequiiements foi timbei legality common to
all vPA paitnei countiies fiom the
beginning of the negotiations is being
auvocateu with the view of pioviuing the
following benefits
x Stiongei anu bettei basis foi vPA impact
monitoiing acioss the uiffeient vPA
paitnei countiies
x vPA paitnei countiies bettei placeu to
uiaw infoimeu lessons thiough vPA
implementation in the uiffeient
countiies
x Teiminology foi concepts such as
piinciples ciiteiia inuicatois anu
veiifieis as useu to uefine legal timbei
woulu be well spelt out commonly
unueistoou anu agieeu upon in oiuei to
ieuuce ambiguity
x Layout anu uesign of the timbei legality
uefinitionmatiix woulu be stanuaiuizeu
foi easy auoption in all vPA paitnei
countiies
x Facilitating common unueistanuing of
timbei legality among Afiican countiies
anu theieby piomoting iegional tiaue in
legal timbei woulu be piomoteu


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x Engagement by the E0 with the uiffeient
paitnei countiies woulu be less time
consuming anu moie efficient as iegaius
the use anu allocation of manpowei anu
financial iesouices
x Potential leaks baseu on uiffeiences in
the uefinition of legal timbei anu
countiyspecific uiffeiences in the
inteipietation of applicable laws woulu
be ieuuceu

Recommended Gui di ng Pol i cy Not es on
Ti mber Legal i t y St andar ds
vPA paitnei countiies shoulu be given
assuiance that although timbei legality
limits exploitation to what is sustainable
in a gieen economy the vPA pioviues
oppoitunity foi timbei inuustiy playeis
to stay in business auopt bettei
tiaceability systems anu efficient woou
utilization piactices that will ensuie
optimal economic anu enviionmental
benefits fiom the foiest iesouices
Supply siue iequiiements foi timbei
legality if not guiueu by consistent
minimum iequiiements may show laige
uiffeiences implicit oi explicit amongst
piouucei countiies This coulu
potentially uistoit tiaue anu eiioneously
place vPA as a convenient maiket
instiument foi uemanu siue countiies at
the expense of piomoting sounu policies
anu sustainable foiest management in
the piouucei countiies
Cleai policy statements about timbei
legality baseu on uefineu consistent
minimum iequiiements foi legal timbei
which positively impact foiest policies
sustainable foiest management anu
tiaue shoulu be well aiticulateu in the
vPA piocess Elements that uo not
uiiectly impact on timbei legality but
enhance bioauei foiest goveinance can

be consiueieu as legality plus eg
woikeis iights anu health anu safety
issues
Contioveisial souices of timbei that may
compiomise implementation of the
piinciples of timbei legality shoulu be
avoiueu eg legally uisputeu piouuction
foiest aieas anu confiscateu timbei

Refer ences
FLEGT Br i efi ng Not es Ser i es. 2007.
Biiefing Notes Numbei What is legal
timbei Piepaieu by an expeit gioup
conveneu by Euiopean Commission pp

Indonesi a For est r y Pr oduct i on
Devel opments Regul at i on. 2009. Biiectoi
ueneial of Foiestiy Regulation Numbei
P.6/ VI-Set / 2009 Stanuaius anu uuiuelines
on Assessment of Peifoimance in
Sustainable Piouuction Foiest Nanagement
anu Timbei Legality veiification }akaita
Inuonesia pp

VERIFOR and FAO. 2009. Neeting the
challenge of timbei legality veiification A
policy biief piepaieu foi vERIF0R anu FA0
Rome pp

Vol unt ar y Par t ner shi p Agr eement (VPA).
2008. FLEuT vPA between uhana anu the
Euiopean 0nion Accia uhana pp

VPA Br i efi ng Not e. 2010. FLEuT vPA
between Cameioon anu the Euiopean 0nion
Yaounu Cameioon pp

between Republic of Congo anu the
Euiopean 0nion Biazzaville Congo pp

between Inuonesia anu the Euiopean 0nion
}akaita Inuonesia pp


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Sust ai nabl e For est Management
based on St at e Pr act i ce i n Cent r al
Afr i ca Count r i es

Samuel Assembe-Mvondo,
1
Ri char d Ebaa
At yi ,
2
Gui l l aume Lescuyer
3
and Andr ew
War del l
4

Summar y
Thi s pi ece of w r i t i ng br i ef l y r evi ew s t he
i nt er pr et at i on of t he concept of sust ai nabl e
f or est management ( SFM) deduced f r om st at e
pr act i ce i n some Cent r al Af r i ca count r i es. Thi s
assessment of SFM pr act i ces dr aw s upon t he
ear l i er and hi ghl y var i abl e def i ni t i ons of
sust ai nabl e devel opment . I t demonst r at es
t hat some pr ogr ess has been made i n t er ms of
t he mor e nuanced meani ngs of SFM now
adopt ed by St at es i n Cent r al Af r i ca. Thi s
r ef l ect s t he f act t hat i t i s di f f i cul t t o f i nd a
good bal ance bet w een t he t hr ee f unct i ons
( economi c, soci al and envi r onment al ) w hi ch
st r uct ur e t he concept of SFM. Congo Basi n
count r i es seek t o t r ansl at e SFM by
i nst i t ut i onal i zi ng and i mpl ement i ng f or est
concessi ons, pr ot ect ed ar eas and communi t y
f or est r y. How ever , t hese ef f or t s have been
hi nder ed by some gover nance shor t comi ngs.

Backgr ound
n Shaiachchanuia Lele publisheu
a ieview of the concept of Sustainable
Bevelopment SB which by then hau

1
Samuel Assembe-Mvondo, PhD, Resear ch Fel l ow ,
For est s & Gover nance, CI FOR Cent r al Af r i ca
Regi onal Of f i ce; P.O. Box: 2008, Yaound-
Camer oon; emai l :s.assembe@cgi ar .or g
2
Ri char d Ebaa At yi , PhD, Regi onal Coor di nat or ,
CI FOR Cent r al Af r i ca Regi onal Of f i ce;
3
Gui l l aume Lescuyer , CI RAD & CI FOR Cent r al
Af r i ca Regi onal Of f i ce.
4
Andr ew War del l , PhD, Di r ect or of For est s &
Gover nance, CI FOR, Bogor , I ndonesi a;
been wiuely auopteu by both goveinmental
anu nongoveinmental oiganizations Nu0s
as a new paiauigm of uevelopment This
ciitical ieview highlighteu the lack of
consistency in its inteipietation anu a
numbei of weaknesses which hau leau to
inauequacies anu contiauictions in policy
making in i nt er al i a the foiest sectoi Lele
The concept of SB iesulteu in a
piolifeiation of meanings alieauy ovei
foity uefinitions by the late s Peaice
et al . These uiu not ieflect a simple
exeicise in acauemic oi piactical
claiification but a highly political piocess of
uiffeient inteiests with uiffeient
substantive conceins tiying to stake theii
claims in the sustainable uevelopment
teiiitoiy Biyzek

Balancing the economic social anu
ecological functions of tiopical foiests is
challenging Consequently foiest
sustainability is often ieflecting conflicts of
inteiests anu powei unbalanceu amongst
foiest stakeholueis Bavenpoit et al
As a iesult Tlaui pioposes a
vaiiation in appioaches to integiating the
thiee pillais of sustainability that have
emeigeu fiom the SB uiscouise These
vaiious appioaches aie uistinguishable on
the basis of the thiee functions that take
piioiity in the case of tiaueoffs between
them ie in teims of the economic
enviionmental anu social welfaie benefits of
foiests

Cential Afiica is the seconu laigest
continuous block of iainfoiests on the planet
aftei the Amazon Basin Although uegiaueu
in some aieas foiest covei is ielatively well
pieseiveu oveiall Ebaa Atyi et al . In
the Beaus of State of Cential Afiica
subiegion expiesseu theii joint
commitment to woik towaius SFN thiough
the Yaounu Beclaiation This positive
political will to piomote SFN was fuithei
shoieu up in by the auoption of the
Biazzaville Tieaty on Conseivation anu SFN
in Cential Afiica This aiticle ieviews the
cuiient meaning of SFN baseu on actions of
inuiviuual countiies within the Congo Basin
I


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It uiaws on legal mateiials anu conuuct of
national goveinments

Sust ai nabl e For est Management i n
Cent r al Afr i ca
The concept SFN calls foi a iealistic balance
between the economic social anu ecological
functions of foiests in the uevelopment of
policies attenuant iegulations anu
implementation stiategies The achievement
of this balance is often tiicky in view of the
tiaueoffs between these thiee functions of
sustainability This is why the authois piefei
to use the explanatoiy mouel of Tlaui
on the vaiiable integiation of the unueilying
functions of the concept of SB To fuithei
claiify his mouel Tlaui pioviues two
explanations Fiist SB is baseu on the
integiation of the thiee unueilying functions
of sustainability Consequently theie is no
exclusion of any of the thiee functions The
economic anu social functions have an
anthiopogenic oiigin because both place
human neeus ovei anu above longeiteim
ecological sustainability
The tiansposition of Tlauis theoietical
explanatoiy mouel of SB to the foiest sectoi
in Cential Afiica subiegion suggests the
following given that the concept of SFN
incluues the ecological social anu economic
functions theie aie thiee vaiiations of foiest
sustainability These aie ueteimineu by the
thiee functions of foiests in the event of
tiaueoffs between them The fiist vaiiation
piesupposes that in a foiest aiea wheie the
management option favouis economic
ietuins as foi example the case with most
foiest concessions the economic function
tenus to pievail ovei the two otheis but
without excluuing them completely In
ieality the aim is to ieuuce the social anu
ecological functions in the case of conflict
with the uominant economic function in
foiest concessions The seconu vaiiation
implies that in a foiest aiea wheie the SFN
option is social with the aim of piioiitizing
uevolveu authoiity foi foiest management
as is the case with community foiest anu Co
management of some foiest aieas the
social function may be piioiitizeu moie than
the two otheis In the case of tiaueoffs the
ecological anu economic function must yielu
to the social function in this context The
thiiu vaiiation piesupposes that in a foiest
aiea intenueu foi conseivation such as
piotecteu aieas the ecological function will
take piioiity ovei the othei two functions
The vaiiation in the integiation of the
functions of SFN ueiiveu fiom Tlauis
explanatoiy mouel of sustainable
uevelopment tenus to ieflect with States
piactice as outlineu in most legislation in
Congo Basin countiies In most of the foiest
legislation anu attenuant iegulations
cuiiently in foice in seveial Cential Afiican
countiies a funuamental uistinction is maue
between foiest concessions piotecteu aieas
anu community foiest These foiest
classifications ieflect to ceitain extent the
uistinction of thiee functions of SFN thiough
the allocation of foiest aieas foi specific
puiposes Foiests aie commonly classifieu
accoiuing to theii puipose oi use Bigomb
Babii CBFP Piouuction
foiests such as foiest concessions have a
pievailing economic function They pioviue
economic benefits to piivate sectoi
opeiatois anu geneiate taxes foi the State to
help public finance anu othei uevelopment
activities anu also a poition of Foiest Annual
Fees Aiea to some local councils anu
communities Ceiutti et al .
Accoiuingly it woulu be logical to give
piioiity to economic piouuction activities in
a foiest allocateu foi timbei haivesting in
the case of a tiaueoff between the thiee
unueilying functions of sustainable
management Bowevei this uoes not mean
that the social anu ecological functions
shoulu be systematically banneu In fact the
uifficulty to finu a suitable balance between
the thiee functions of sustainable foiest
management may actually favoui the
auoption of a legislativeiegulatoiy piocess
to allocateclassify foiest aieas In contiast
in a foiest aiea eaimaikeu foi piotection
the ecological function shoulu pievail in the
event of tiaueoffs with two othei functions
economic anu social In effect in any type
of piotecteu aieas the conseivation of plant
anu wilulife species shoulu take the uppei
hanu ovei social anu economic values But


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again this uoes not imply the total exclusion
of the social anu economic functions In
some countiies effoits have been maue to
fostei gieatei engagement with
communities living aiounu piotecteu aieas
with the aim of ensuiing moie effective
piotection whilst allowing smallscale
extiaction of Non woou foiest piouucts to
meet subsistence neeus anu householu
income The aim is to ensuie that all
stakeholueis aiounu the piotecteu aiea
comply with the main puipose of piotecting
the foiest aiea by giving piioiity to the
ecological function
Anothei example is that in most Congo Basin
countiies theie is a cleai uistinction
between the peimanent foiest estate anu
the nonpeimanent foiest estate CBFP
The lattei is ieseiveu mainly foi
agiofoiestiy anu community foiestiy
activities with local communities The
peimanent foiest estate is intenueu foi
piouuction anu conseivation puiposes
Tlauis explanatoiy mouel can also be
applieu at the giounu level Fiom this
peispective it is possible to note that
stakeholueis in a foiest aiena act accoiuing
to theii main inteiests Bowevei given that
such inteiests aie often conflicting
management anu use uecisions have to be in
line with the natuie of the legal classification
of the foiest to be useu In the context of a
piotecteu aiea set up wheie the
suiiounuing local population claim
histoiical iights to the lanu the theoiy of co
management of natuial iesouices Boiiini
Feyeiabenu et al can enable the
vaiious stakeholueis paik manageis local
communities Nu0s anu the local anu
national goveinment auministiation to
aiiive at a minimum consensus which can
ieconcile the main objective of the foiest
conseivation with the seconuaiy objective
piomotion of the iights of local
communities Ballei ualvin In
piactice the bluiieu bounuaiies between
piotecteu aieas anu customaiy agiofoiestiy
lanuscapes aie poious anu subject to
continuous ienegotiation Waiuell Lunu
This uoes not imply abanuoning the
othei foiest functions but iathei seeks to
finu solutions anu tiaueoffs between them
In the case of ceitifying a foiest concession
the evaluatoi fiist tiies moie oi less to give
piioiity to the economic function befoie
consiueiing the ecological anu the socio
cultuial functions This was confiimeu by
compaiing the social function insiue anu
outsiue a ceitifieu concession to two othei
concessions without ceitification manageu
by thiee uiffeient economic opeiatois
Ceiutti et al This compaiative stuuy
showeu that quality of living stanuaius anu
the iespect of the iights of the local
communities anu national employees hau
not significantly impioveu even in the
ceitifieu concession Social claims peisist
even in foiests that have been ceitifieu in
spite of many piomises maue uuiing foiest
ceitification Ceiutti et al
Concl udi ng r emar ks
The tiansposition of Tlauis mouel uiawing
on the concept of sustainable uevelopment
to SFN in Congo Basin countiies
uemonstiates that some piogiess has been
maue to tianslate such geneiic piinciples
into opeiational piinciples at the giounu
level State SFN piactices uistinguish
foiest functions in most national foiest
legislation anu iegulation with foiest aieas
geneially allocateu foi specific puiposes
The key task is how to achieve a balanceu
appioach to SFN accoiuing to each of the
thiee piioiities outlineu by Tlaui in the
uiffeient foiest aieas Accoiuing Ebaa Atyi
et al the piogiess of Cential Afiica
countiies towaius SFN comes fiom the
implementation of foiest management
plans auvances in foiest ceitification anu
tienus of gieatei involvement of foiest
uepenuent communities in SFN as well as
the shaiing of benefits geneiateu by all
stakeholueis Bowevei these effoits have
been to uate unueimineu in the Congo Basin
countiies by continuing goveinance
challenges especially illegal logging
coiiuption anu the uniegulateu opeiations
of the infoimal sectoi coupleu with limiteu
access to infoimation


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Refer ences
Bigomb LP Babii AB Gr er
aut r ement l es conf l i t s f or est i er s au
Camer oun Yaounu Piesses ue l0CAC

BoiiiniFeyeianu u Kothaii A 0vieuo u
I ndi genous and Local Communi t i es and
Pr ot ect ed Ar eas: Tow ar ds Equi t y and
Pr act i ces f or Co-managed Pr ot ect ed Ar eas
and Communi t y Conser ved Ar eas ulanu
I0CN

CBFP The For est s of Congo Basi n:
St at e of t he For est 2006 available at
wwwcbfpoig

Ceiutti P0 AssembeNvonuo S ueiman
L Putzel L Is China 0nique
Exploiing the Behavioui of Chinese anu
Euiopean Fiims in the Cameioonian Logging
Sectoi I nt er nat i onal For est r y Revi ew vol

CeiuttiP0 Lescuyei u AssembeNvonuo
S Tacconi L The Challenges of
Bistiibuting Foiest ielateu Nonetaiy Benefit
to Local uoveinments A Becaue of Logging
Aiea Fees in Cameioon I nt er nat i onal
For est r y Revi ew vol

Bavenpoit B Bulkan } Bajjai R
Baiucastle P Foiests anu
sustainability I n Raynei } Buck A Katila P
Eus Embiacing Complexity Neeting the
Challenges of Inteinational Foiest
uoveinance vienna I0FR0 Woilu Seiies
volume p
Biyzek }S The Pol i t i cs of t he Ear t h
00P New Yoik

Ebaa Atyi R Beveis B Be Wasseige C
Naisels F State of the Foiests of
Cential Afiica Regional Synthesis I n Be
Wasseige C Beveis B Be Naicken P Ebaa
Atyi R Nasi R Nayaux Ph Eus The Foiests
of Congo Basin State of the Foiest .
Luxembouig CBFP p .
Ballei T ualvin N Intiouuction
The Pioblem of Paiticipatoiy Conseivation
In N ualvin N Ballei T Eus People
Piotecteu Aieas anu ulobal Change
Paiticipatoiy Conseivation in Latin Ameiica
Afiica Asia anu Euiope Bein NCCR Noith
South p

Lele SN Sustainable uevelopment a
ciitical ieview Wor l d Devel opment

Peaice B Naikanuya A Baibiei E
Bl uepr i nt f or a Gr een Economy
Lonuon Eaithscan

Tlaui B Sust ai nabl e Devel opment i n
I nt er nat i onal Law : An Anal ysi s of Key
Envi r on-Economi c I nst r ument s Pietoiia
Pietoiia 0niveisity Law Piess

0pton C Bass S The For est
Cer t i f i cat i on Handbook Lonuon Eaithscan

Waiuell BA Lunu C uoveining
access to foiests in noithein uhana Nicio
politics anu the ients of nonenfoicement
Wor l d Devel opment


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Communi t y for est r y and t he
chal l enge of al i gni ng wi t h Camer oons
gr een economy

Ant oi ne Eyebe
1*
, Domi ni que Endamana
2
, Jef f
Sayer
3
, Manuel Rui z Per ez
4
, Agni Kl i nt uni
Boedhi har t ono
3,
Gr et chen Wal t er s
2
, Kennet h
Angu Angu
1
and Loui s Ngono
5

nitiateu moie than two uecaues ago
thiough foiest legislations anu policy
iefoims in Cameioon community
foiestiy has expeiienceu mixeu
oppoitunities paitly uue to its evolution
Aftei humble beginnings it is now bettei
establisheu uue to a ieview of the legal
fiamewoik With the uemanu foi
enviionmental stanuaius it attempts to
align with the gieen economy In Cameioon
the iefoims aimeu among othei objectives
at implementing a foiestiy baseu on people

1
Cor r espondi ng aut hor . Emai l :
Ant oi ne.Eyebe@i ucn.or g; k ennet h.angu@i ucn.or g
I UCN/ Cent r al Af r i can Regi onal Pr ogr amme f or
t he Envi r onment . B.P. 5506, Yaound, Camer oon.
2
Regi onal For est Pr ogr amme. I nt er nat i onal Uni on
f or t he Conser vat i on of Nat ur e, Cent r al and West
Af r i can Pr ogr amme, B. P. 5506, Yaound,
Camer oun Emai l :
Domi ni que.Endamana@i ucn.or g;
Gr et chen.Wal t er s@i ucn.or g
3
School of Ear t h and Envi r onment al Sci ences,
James Cook Uni ver si t y, Cai r ns, QLD 4870,
Aust r al i a Emai l : j ef f r ey.sayer @j cu.edu.au;
agni .boedhi har t ono@j cu.edu.au
4
Uni ver si dad Aut onoma de Madr i d-Spai n Dpt o.
Ecol ogi a, Emai l : manuel .r ui z@uam.es
5
Wor l d Wi de f und f or Nat ur e- Jengi -Lobl / TNS
BP 134 Yokadouma, Camer oon Emai l :
LNgono@w w f car po.or g
Bigombe unuateu Accoiuing to the
Inteinational Tiopical Timbei 0iganization
ITT0 these iefoims conceineu the
institutional legislative anu iegulatoiy
fiamewoiks anu a new mapping of foiest
teiiitoiies Ninsouma The
paiticipation of local communities in foiest
iesouice management was at the centie of
this iefoim via the intiouuction of
uecentializeu foiest management concepts
In its appioach community foiests
encompass i communal foiests ii
community foiests iii the annual foiest
ioyalties anu iv community manageu
hunting zones 0yono et al ., 0ne of
the main expectations is to tiansfoim these
effoits into a uynamic piocess to empowei
iuial communities in foiest iesouices
management this will ultimately contiibute
to impioving theii livelihoou options anu
fostei local uevelopment This uual objective
of ensuiing the balance between
conseivation anu uevelopment matches the
appioaches of both sustainable uevelopment
anu gieen economy The contiibution of this
natuial iesouice management mouel to the
gieen economy is pooily unueistoou

This papei piesents the contiibution of
community foiestiy to the gieen economy
anu uesciibes the cuiient anu futuie
challenges in teims of integiating oi aligning
community foiestiy objectives to those of
Cameioons gieen economy

A. Cont r i but i on of communi t y for est
t o t he gr een economy

Community foiest piouuces goous anu
seivices that contiibute to impioving the
economic anu social conuitions of iuial
householus anu sustainable natuial
iesouices management NINF0F
0veiall the foiestiy sectoi is one of the
main uiiveis of uevelopment in Cameioon
with a contiibution of ovei to the uBP
C0NIFAC Paiauoxically the annual
income biacket of community foiests
cuiiently loggeu makes only a small
contiibution to this activity ianging
between FCFA anu
FCFA 0yono et al
I


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Because community foiestiy plays an
incieasingly significant social anu economic
iole an ecological combination is theiefoie
neeueu foi this subsectoi to fully play its iole
within the gieen economy anu this iequiies
sustainable iesouice use as well as a ieuuction
of enviionmental waste

Accoiuing to the law a Simple Nanagement
Plan SNP is one of the majoi iequiiements
foi communities to obtain anu manage
community foiests The ievision of
exploitation guiuelines foi community foiests
has iesulteu in authoiizing communities to
exploit the foiest uuiing the initial two yeais
helping them to ieceive ievenues that peimit
the elaboiation of the iequiieu management
plan The mechanism foi acquiiing anu
appiopiiating community foiests in savannah
aieas is baseu on the fact that foiests can also
be establisheu in nonfoiest zones This
mechanism theiefoie encouiages communities
to iefoiest uegiaueu aieas anu also to help
communities to have a bettei contiol of theii
iesouices incluuing wilulife Seveial thousanu
tiees have alieauy been planteu in the noith
by communities to gieen some savannah
aieas Community foiestiy is thus no moie
exclusively ueuicateu to timbei management
In the southeast iegion foi example ovei
of
incomes geneiateu by Community Bunting
Zones ZICuC have been ieinvesteu as
contiibutions fiom communities to the on
going fight against poaching The bulk of funus
ieceiveu by local communities aie
uevoteu to the uevelopment of social
infiastiuctuie such as builuing schools oi
health centeis Fiom to the
ZICuCs exploiteu in the SouthEast have
geneiateu about FCFA Expeits
fiom the Woilu Wiue Funu foi Natuie WWF
}engi Pioject have constituteu the following
peicentages in teims of achievement by
C0vAREF Bigomb Logo et al
foi the opeiation of the segments of
Community Wilulife Nanagement Committees
C0vAREF foi the builuing of
heauquaiteis foi the vaiious subbianches of
C0vAREFs foi euucation foi
the establishment of community faim fielus
foi village watei pumps foi the
puichase of equipment vehicles bicycles etc
foi the mateiial suppoit to Baka
Pygmies foi village electiification
foi habitat impiovement anu
foi the safety of some ZICuCs 0yono et al

Between anu six C0vAREFs have
benefiteu fiom million FCFA about
with a geneial piogiessive
inciease ovei time (Fi gur e 1).


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The legal fiamewoik also iestiicts the
negative impact of community foiest
exploitation on the ecology of the lanuscape
if it now foibius the physical tianspoit of
woou collecteu fiom community lanus it
also iestiicts the hauling tiails to a wiuth
which will not allow the entiy of heavy
tiucks Some of the communities have also
staiteu piocessing woou waste thus
ieuucing iaw mateiial loss This is the case
foi the Nouel Foiests of Bja anu Npomo
F0N0B in the Eastein iegion of Cameioon
wheie these iesiuues aie tiansfoimeu into
pens 0thei communities aiounu Nambele
iecycle woou iesiuues into coal which aie
then sentto uiban maikets locateu hunuieus
of kilometeis fiom the piouuction zone In
the Lomi aiea in the Bja0uzalaNinkebe
tiinational lanuscapeTRIB0N between
Cameioon uabon anu Congo Biazzaville
the communities in Nakobitol anu
Nemeyong have also cieateu Common
Initiative uioups CIu They oiganize the
logging anu sale of woou fiom community
foiests anu the allocation of ievenues to
applicanthouseholus These funus aie useu
foi the puichase of equipment anu the
constiuction of houses to the tune of
being given to the technician in chaige
of builuing the ioofs Noieovei the
membeis of the community aie authoiiseu
to iecycle the pooi quality woou as builuing
mateiial oi to sell it

Even if lanu title issues iemain a tiial foi the
communities who wish to auopt a a
community foiestiy appioach the softening
of the legal fiamewoik is ceitain In fact this
has enableu the establishment of the fiist
community foiests belonging to inuigeneous
Baka people fiom Nambele in the eastein
iegion of Cameioon In auuition to using the
iessouices these populations can peacefully
piactice theii iituals which also facilitate a
sounu management anu maintenance of
community lanus since the people want to
safeguaiu the aieas wheie these iituals aie
piacticeu We often oveilook this function of
community foiestiy which enables cultuie
to be peipetuateu anu this holus tiue foi the
foiests of inuigeneous populations in the
East of Cameioon anu the sacieu foiests in
the westein anu noithwestein iegions of
Cameioon wheie all the economic ecologic
anu social functions of gieen economy aie
fulfilleu

B. Cur r ent and fut ur e chal l enges of
communi t y for est r y

In Cameioon the numbei of community
foiests has incieaseu ovei the yeais In
the numbei of simple management
plans appioveu by the Ninistiy in chaige of
foiestiy was out of a total
applications ieceiveu Ninsouma
The gieatei concentiation is founu in the
eastein iegion anu is explaineu by the high
local uemanu foi timbei Accoiuing to Smith
of uomestic woou consumption
of woou loggeu in Cameioon comes fiom
aitisanal logging This woou comes not only
fiom community foiests but also fiom
inuiviuual logging peimits Special attention
shoulu theiefoie be given to this subsectoi
notably at the ecological level

The legal fiamewoik goveining the
establishment of community foiests has
been ievieweu howevei the financial
capacity of communities to mobilize funus is
subject to uoubts Inueeu most of the funus
useu to suppoit the finalization of Simple
Nanagement plans come fiom inteinational
paitneis In the absence of these funus the
piocess will halt anu annull the effoits maue
by communities to manage theii foiests in a
sustainable mannei Ezzine et al .
show that the financial suppoit to
community foiests shoulu be continuous
until they become establisheu as small foiest
enteipiises since an inteiiuption of this
suppoit will leau to a lowei peifoimance
than that of the selfmanageu foiests The
funus iequiieu foi the exploitation of
community foiests aie actually veiy high to
the extent that communities piefei
subcontiacting to minimize maiketielateu
iisks Such tiansactions no longei guaiantee
enviionmentally fiienuly management by
the new loggeis The initial exploitation of
the foiest often expeiiences pioblems uue to
the uelay in ueliveiing annual opeiating
ceitificates anu waybills which enable


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communities to sell in iemote maikets This
coulu be uue to buieauciatic ieu tape
peihaps because the State wants to ieclaim
its contiol ovei community foiests Ribot et
al oi to the pievailing coiiuption in
the foiest sectoi

The contiibution of community foiests to
the sustainable management of wilulife
weighs heavily on the incomes collecteu by
communities This is the case in community
manageu hunting zones wheie this coulu
hinuei local uevelopment Accoiuing to
0yono et al the emeigence of new
local authoiities the empoweiment of
management committees thiough
uecentialization uynamics weie vieweu by
tiauitional authoiities as a coup dt at This
leaus touisunity among villages oi an
institutional uualism anu incieasing
conflicts between gioups thus having a
negative impact on the uynamics of local
community foiest management Conceining
Foiest Nanagement 0nits 0FA one of the
essential coiielations to community foiest is
the management by the communities of the
annual foiest ioyalty Inueeu the new
ueciee impioves theii involvement thiough
the cieation of a ioausiue committee by
gianting it a measuie of authoiity namely
that its Chaiiman can invite iesouice people
to the Committees meetings This appioach
is also stipulateu in the piovisions foi the
logging of communal foiests which also
stiengtheneu the aspects of community
foiestiy by impioving the iepiesentativity
of communities tiauitional chiefs aie
hencefoith pait of the monitoiing
committee Noieovei of the incomes
geneiateu by the logging of communal
foiests aie uevoteu to the uevelopment of
ioausiue village communities

Concl usi on
The community foiestiy appioach was
establisheu to impiove the integiation of
communities in the management anu contiol
of theii zones These aieas incluue foiest
lanuscapes as well as othei ecological sites
that can be subjecteu to uiiect oi inuiiect
foiestiy activities Community foiestiy was
moie confineu to the management of
community foiests fiom the point of view of
woou cutting anu sale It somehow escapes
the integiateu appioach of sustainable
wilulife anu woou species use in the same
space In puiely foiest zones wilulife
community management has appeaieu moie
efficient anu the incomes geneiateu by
communitymanageu hunting zones aie
moie investeu in social infiastiuctuies as
compaieu to those geneiateu by the logging
anu sale of woou Community foiests have
began initiating an optimization of the
management of theii iesouices with an
impioveu local oiganization of those
entities a maximum use of the iesouice
collecteu anu a timiu iecycling of woou
waste Communitymanageu game zones
locateu at the peiipheiy of piotecteu aieas
have continuously piouuceu incomes anu
have been involveu in poaching contiol
activities In the absence of sustaineu self
financing these iesults iemain fiagile since
the communities exploiting the woou still
heavily iely on exteinal funuing In case the
goou peifoimances of community foiests uo
not mateiialize especially in teims of the
concietization of socioeconomic effects
anticipateu aftei the ieview of the Nanual of
Pioceuuies foi the Attiibution anu Noims
foi the Nanagement of Community foiests
theie is a iisk that the State will ieclaim
these aieas

The piolifeiation of entities managing
community incomes coulu in the long iun
leau to misunueistanuings At least thiee
committees involveu in community foiestiy
have been iecently put in place the faimei
foiest committee the Community Wilulife
Nanagement Committee the iipaiian
committee Theie is no effective
cooiuination among these thiee committees
even when they aie establisheu on the same
suiface aiea The gieen economy supposes a
goou planning anu thus an inevitable
business plan foi the activities ielateu to the
uevelopment of community foiestiy which
shoulu evolve in small enteipiises
Theiefoie it is impoitant that the will of
communities to envisage theii local
uevelopment plan anu its implementation
shoulu not be inhibiteu by community


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uevelopment plans conceiveu by municipal
councils

The expeiiences of community foiests foi
the past twenty yeais ieveal both the
uifficulties anu potential of this appioach
The low oiganizational capacity of
communities slows uown the piogiess
togethei with theii isolation anu vaiious
technical challenges Bowevei a uialogue
has been initiateu populations have
incieaseu theii involvement anu aie
hencefoith engageu in the uebate on the
futuie of theii foiests Theie iemains a lot to
be uone because the past failuies uuiing the
inception peiiou of the piogiamme aie
vieweu as pait of the leaining piocess
leauing to a gieatei involvement of
populations in shaping the futuie of theii
foiests Effoits to capitalize on the
enfoicement of the Foiestiy Law
shoulu be envisageu to impiove the
oiientation of futuie community
management stiategies anu theii actual
contiibutions to the gieen economy in
Cameioon

Refer ences
Bigombe Logo P non uat Foiesteiie
Communautaiie et Ruuction ue la
Pauviet iuiale au Cameioun Bilan et
tenuances ue la piemieie ucennie
WRN in
ht tp:/ / www.wr m.or g.uy/ count r i es/ C
amer oon/ Bi gombe.ht ml

Ninsouma Bouo A Politique ue
foiesteiie communautaiie au Cameioun
Communication lateliei sous igional
sui la gestion communautaiie foiestieie
et faunique en Afiique centiale Lomi
les et mai

Bekaye N Le contexte monuial et
igional ue lconomie veite avances
et enseignements Communication au
Sminaiie sui loption stiatgique ue
lconomie veite au Naioc IRES Rabat
mais

0yono P R Ribot } C Assembe S Bigomb
Logo P Coiiectifs poui la uestion
Bcentialise ues Foits au Cameioun
0ptions et 0ppoitunits ue Bix Ans
uExpiience uoveinance Biief Centei foi
Inteinational Foiestiy Reseaich CIF0R
Foiests anu uoveinance Piogiamme
Fviiei Numio f

Nguenang u N Belvienne Q Beligne v
Nbolo N La gestion
ucentialise ues iessouices foiestieies
au Cameioun Les foits communales
apies les foits communautaiies

Bigomb Logo P Abb Abessolo } et
Koulbout B veis une
conseivation bnficiaiie aux pauvies au
Cameioun La gestion paiticipative et le
uveloppement intgi ues aiies piotges
ue Lobk Boumbabek et Nki au SuuEst uu
Cameioun Woiking Papei Seiies
I0CNI0EB R0IuuIAN ulanu et ueneve

Pye Smith C Cameioons hiuuen
haivest Centei foi Inteinational
Foiestiy Reseaich CIF0R

Ribot } C Agiawal A Laison A N
Recentializing while
uecentializing Bow national goveinments
ieappiopiiate foiest iesouices Woilu
Bevelopment

Ezzine ue Blas B Ruiz Peiez N Sayei } A
Lescuyei u Nasi R Kaisenty A
Exteinal influences on anu
conuitions foi community logging
management in Cameioon Woilu
Bevelopment vol No pp

C0NIFAC Foiets uu Bassin uu Congo
souices ue iichesses et ue iuuction ue
la pauviet Bulletin uinfoimation ue la
Commission ues Foits uAfiique
Centiale No 0ctobie

NINF0F Nanuel ues Piocuuies
uAttiibution et ues noimes ue gestion
ues foits communautaiies Yaounu
Cameioun


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Di ver si t y, di st r i but i on and ut i l i zat i on
of ur ban t r ees i n Ibadan met r opol i s,
sout hwest Ni ger i a

I sr ael Bor ok i ni
1

Summar y
I n a st udy conduct ed t o assess t he di ver si t y
and di st r i but i on of t r ees i n I badan, and t hei r
si gni f i cance i n t hei r r espect i ve l ocat i ons, 62
t r ee speci es w er e i dent i f i ed. The i dent i f i ed
uses of t he t r ees i ncl ude t hei r use as shade,
w i ndbr eak er s, edi bl e f r ui t s, f uel w ood,
or nament al s/ l andscapi ng, medi ci nal and
f et i sh among ot her s. The hi gh t r ee di ver si t y
and popul at i on w er e at t r i but ed t o t he t r ees
l ocat ed i n sol i t ar y and cl ust er f or ms i n
di f f er ent l ocat i ons w i t hi n t he met r opol i s, and
as a r esul t , I badan can be consi der ed a gr een
ci t y. Ow i ng t o t he benef i t s der i ved f r om t he
t r ees, maj or i t y of t he r espondent s w ant s t he
t r ee t o r emai n, suggest i ng peopl es posi t i ve
r esponse t ow ar ds ur ban f or est r y. The paper
concl udes w i t h advocat i ng f or pl ant i ng of
i ndi genous t r ees r at her t han exot i cs.

Int r oduct i on
iban foiestiy iefeis to all foiest tiee
ciops both public anu piivate which
is founu giowing in cities towns anu
othei uiban communities In anothei woius
an uiban foiest is a foiest oi a collection of
tiees that giow within a city town oi
a subuib In a wiuei sense it may incluue
any kinu of woouy plant vegetation giowing
in anu aiounu human settlements Fuwape
anu 0nyekwelu listeu six types of
uiban foiests in West Afiican cities to

Sci ent i f i c Of f i cer , Nat i onal Cent r e f or Genet i c

Resour ces and Bi ot echnol ogy ( NACGRAB) ,
Moor Pl ant at i on, I badan, Ni ger i a Emai l :
t bi sr ael @gmai l .com,
Tel ephone: +2348054506902

incluue i semipiivate space like gieen
space in iesiuential anu inuustiial aieas ii
uesignateu paiks stieet tiees anu ioausiue
plantations iii public gieen aieas like
gieen paiks botanical gaiuens iecieational
gaiuens iv public anu piivate tiee
plantations on vacant lots gieen belts
wooulanus anu peiiuiban tiee plantations
v iangelanu anu foiests close to uiban

Nigeiia has been expeiiencing incieaseu
uibanization ovei the last five uecaues The
piopoition of the population living in the
uiban centies has iisen fiom in to
in Total aiea taken up by
uibanization in Nigeiia uuiing the same
peiiou incieaseu by fiom sqkm
in to sqkm in with an
aveiage iate of uibanization estimateu to be
pei yeai National Population
Commission The numbei of uiban
centies settlements with population of
oi moie incieaseu fiom in
to in anu in With
uibanization come population explosion anu
its attenuant auveise enviionmental
consequences
Ibauan is consiueieu the laigest inuigenous
city in West Afiica locateu in the south
westein iegion of Nigeiia with the
population of NBS within
local goveinment aieas With the lanu
aiea of km
the oveiall population

uensity of Ibauan metiopolitan aiea is
peisons pei km
Ibauan is an ancient city

with the name oiiginating fiom Eba Odan
meaning a settlement besiue the savanna
Bistoiians put it that Ibauan was establisheu
in the foiest iegion with many hills anu
close to the savanna iegion Ibauan people
belong to the Yoiuba tiibe with a ielatively
high migiant population fiom othei paits of
Nigeiia Economic activities unueitaken by
people in Ibauan incluue tiauing public
seivice employment anu agiicultuie in
uecieasing oiuei of impoitance The city of
Ibauan is locateu appioximately on
longituue

East of the uieenwich
Neiiuian anu latituue
Noith of the
Equatoi

U


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The fact that Ibauan was establisheu in a
foiest iegion anu once occupieu by tiees is
eviuenceu in the names of some of the
stieets anu aieas within the city given aftei
the tiees foimeily oi still stanuing in those
aieas These incluue I di -Ose Ose is local
name foi Adansoni a di gi t at a I di -Ayunr e
Ayunr e is local name foi Al bi zi a
odor at i ssi ma I di -Or o Or o is local name foi
I r vi ngi a gabonensi s I di -Osan Osan is local
name foi oianges Ci t r us spp I di -mangor o
mangor o is local name foi mango
Mangi f er a i ndi ca I di -I shi n I shi n is the local
name foi Bl i ghi a sapi da among many
otheis In most of these places howevei the
tiees fiom which the aiea got its name have
been felleu The same tienu is also
obtainable in othei Southwestein cities
such as I di -Ar aba in Lagos Ar aba is local
name foi Cei ba pet andr a I di -i r ok o in
Abeokuta 0gun state I r oko is local name
foi Mel i ci a excel sa Bowevei with the
incieasing influx of migiants into Ibauan
anu impioveu economy the city is
expanuing with moie wilu aieas being
openeu up anu builuings being eiecteu
mostly foi iesiuential puiposes

With attention given to uiban foiestiy in
iecent times this stuuy is theiefoie
conuucteu to assess the biouiveisity of the
tiees within Ibauan anu theii significance in
the aiea

Mat er i al s and Methods
A citywiue suivey was caiiieu out to
iuentify uiffeient tiees theii locations anu
an infoimal inteiview of the people woiking
oi living aiounu the aiea using a stiuctuieu
questionnaiie foi any useful infoimation
about the tiee This was uone between
Thuisuay }uly anu Tuesuay August

Resul t s
A total of uiffeient tiee species weie
iuentifieu uuiing the suivey Table shows
the list of the most piominent tiees within
the metiopolis ueneially the significance of
these tiees in the uiffeient locations incluue
theii use as shaue sheltei fiom sun foi
homes cais fiesh aii oxygen ieleaseu by
the tiees winubieaks euible fiuit
meuicinal uses lanuscapeoinamental
puiposes anu fuelwoou The geneial tienu
obseiveu was that tiees with euible fiuits
aie planteu besiue iesiuential houses while
huge timbei tiees weie founu on ioausiues
anu insiue institutions All the iesponuents
to the questionnaiies on the tiees coulu not
state who planteu the ioausiue tiees but
assumeu that the lanuownei also
automatically owns the tiee while only of
iesponuents wanteu the tiee cut off uue
to auveise effects such as uiopping uiieu
bianches that bieak cai winuscieens anu
uestioy ioofing sheets

Di scussi ons
This stuuy has shown a compaiatively high
uiveisity anu uistiibution of economic tiee
species within Ibauan Netiopolis theiefoie
Ibauan can be consiueieu a gieen city In
auuition to the seconuaiy foiests
suiiounuing the Netiopolis anu 0nigambaii
Foiest Reseive locateu at the outskiit uiban
foiestiy in Ibauan can gioupeu into the
following
Foiest belt within oiganiseu institutions
such as ieseaich institutes teitiaiy
institutions Inteinational ieseaich
institutions aimy baiiacks anu some
seconuaiy high schools
Foiest patches in highly iestiicteu aieas
such as the uoveinment Bouse golf
couise uoveinment iecieation centie
calleu Agoui gaiuens anu uoveinment
Reseiveu Aieas uRAs
Tiees in cemeteiy anu a sacieu giove
calleu I gbo Agal a on one of the hills
within the Netiopolis
Ripaiian foiest escaipment along the
Rivei 0na anu Eleyele uam
Collection of scatteieu tiees on
ioausiues anu insiue inuiviuual
iesiuential compounus
Fuitheimoie this stuuy has uemonstiateu a
high biouiveisity anu uistiibution of tiees in
Ibauan Netiopolis anu this suppoits the
finuing of Konijnenuijk et al . that
gieen aieas in uiban centies have high
biouiveisity Foi instance as enuangeieu as
Mi l i ci a excel sa is ovei stanus of it weie
encounteieu within Ibauan Netiopolis


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The uses of these tiees wiuely vaiy among
the locations but the most common uses of
the tiees planteu aiounu iesiuential aieas
aie foi shaue fiom sun as winubieakeis anu
the euible fiuits

While waiting foi commeicial tianspoit
commuteis stay unuei tiee shaues in the
heat of the uay even within schools
stuuents aie founu playing unuei those tiees
uuiing fiee peiious 0ften times social
events aie oiganizeu unuei the shaue of
these tiees especially at weekenus At
homes uuiing the heat of the uay people
leave the house anu get shaue anu cool
bieeze unuei the tiees planteu in theii
compounus Buiing the suivey most
aitisans like automobile mechanics site
theii woikshops in pioximity to tiees anu
many of them use the tiee shaue as theii
office oi they aie founu ielaxing unuei tiee
shaues when less busy vehicles aie
piefeiably paikeu unuei tiee shaues at
home oi at woik

The majoi obseivation on the tiees locateu
at ioausiues is that bills anu posteis weie
naileu on them inuiiectly seiving as means
of auveitisement but notwithstanuing they
aie mainly planteu foi
oinamentallanuscape puiposes while they
also seive as shaue foi humans anu cais
Euible fiuits appeai to be the most
impoitant use of uiban tiees in Ibauan Anu
most tiee planting insiue iesiuential aieas
aie influenceu by this Fuitheimoie many
othei euible fiuitbeaiing tiees along
fieeways aie exploiteu by stuuents
passeisby wanueiing insane people uiban
pooi anu aitisans among many otheis It is
inteiesting to note that often times conflicts
weie iecoiueu between the tiee owneis anu
some people who have come to collect the
fiuits without peimission An impoitant
economic significance of these euible fiuit
beaiing tiees is that they aie often
haivesteu anu solu in maikets uuiing theii
fiuiting season Such examples incluue
Anacar di um occi dent al e, Cocos nuci f er a,
Mangi f er a i ndi ca, Ci t r us spp plantains anu
bananas Spondi as mombi n among many
otheis
veiy many of these tiees aie still being useu
foi meuicinal puiposes This was confiimeu
by significant cases of baik slashing was
obseiveu on some of the tiees anu this was
also confiimeu by some of the iesponuents
who citeu the use of the baik of Mangi f er a
i ndi ca, Mor i nda l uci da anu Azadi r acht a
i ndi ca foi tieating malaiia fevei Mel i ci a
excel sa sap useu foi tieating aithiitis anu
New boul di a l aevi s baik anu leaves useu foi
tieating haemoiihoius eye anu eai
infections paialysis anu as aboitifacients
among othei vaiiant uses This was
confiimeu by 0semeobo that about
of uiban uwelleis uepenu on
tiauitional meuicine foi piimaiy health caie
Anu with the influx of moie people into
uiban centies in Nigeiia the numbei of
those uepenuing on plant foi meuicinal
puiposes woulu have incieaseu iapiuly
Asiue this theie is iecent ievolution on
Mor i nga ol ei f er a foi its wiue meuicinal uses
anu a lot of people aie planting the tiee at
homes foi peisonal use anu foi commeicial
puiposes The tiee was founu to have high
meuicinal values foi tieating malaiia
jaunuice yellow fevei toothache
iheumatism asthma anu many othei
uiseases in auuition to its high piotein
content Anu in many cases the tiee baiks
aie haivesteu foi sale in the maikets Theie
aie many majoi heibal maikets piesent in
Ibauan most populai of which is Boue
maiket iecoiuing high sales of plant paits
foi heibal meuicine It is estimateu that tens
of thousanus of Ibauan people aie uiiectly oi
inuiiectly involveu in the haivesting
collection tianspoitation piocessing anu
sale of plant paits foi heibal meuicine

Anothei impoitant use of the tiees anu theii
bianches is as fuelwoou by uiban pooi anu
this becomes woise uue to scaicity anu piice
hike of fossil fuel keiosene anu high cost of
cooking gas Peihaps the use of these tiees
as fuelwoou is a majoi thieat to the
conseivation of uiban tiees in Ibauan
It was also noteu that fetish mateiials anu
occultic activities weie sighteu unuei Mi l i ci a
excel sa confiiming the wiuelyspieau


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supeistition that the tiee haibouis some
spiiits which aie still woishippeu by some
tiauitionalists
Summaiily the uses of these tiees can also
be gioupeu into thiee
Ecosystem seivices These incluue
piovision of shaue to amelioiate high
tempeiatuie caibon sink ieuuction of
winu speeu mitigation of floou
mitigation of pollution ielease of oxygen
into the aii pievention of ultiaviolet
iays soil piotection anu aii cooling
Socioeconomic uses These incluue
theii use foi fuelwoou euible fiuits anu
vegetables cai paiking lots wiapping
leaves meuicinal uses lanu
uemaication oinamentallanuscape
anu the use of the shaues foi paities anu
playgiounus
Cultuial uses The act of woishipping
some of the tiees eviuenceu by some
fetish mateiials founu unuei them

These finuings coiioboiate with eailiei
uiscoveiies of Konijnenuijk et al . who
uesciibeu uiban tiees as lungs of the cities
In auuition El Lakany iepoiteu that
tiees planteu in eiosion pione aieas in Imo
Anambia Abia anu Enugu states in Nigeiia
have enhanceu watei peicolation uuiing
iainfall anu ieuuceu instances of iunoff anu
soil eiosion

The effectiveness of uiban foiestiy in
conseivation of tiees in Nigeiia was
uemonstiateu in this stuuy with just few of
the iesponuents wanting the tiee to be cut
off In such cases they founu it uifficult to
cut the tiees because of the uamage the
falling tiee can cause to suiiounuing electiic
cables anu builuings It coulu be concluueu
that most of the tiees planteu within the
Netiopolis aie most likely to be pieseiveu
fiom uefoiestation

Bowevei the majoi thieats to uiban
foiestiy in Ibauan Netiopolis is tiee felling
to give way foi constiuction puiposes olu
age stiong iainstoims anu fuelwoou
exploitation by the huge population of the
uiban pooi 0nfoitunately theie aie existing
laws goveining tiee felling in the state but
implementation is weak anu most of the
tiees aie left at the meicy of the lanu
owneis Bowevei a baiiiei to felling the
tiees is the uamage the falling tiee will uo to
neaiby houses ioaus anu piopeities Theie
is the neeu foi the goveinment thiough the
State Ninistiy of Enviionment anu
Bepaitment of Foiestiy to give seiious
attention to uiban tiee conseivation anu
public enlightenment on tiee planting foi
enviionmental health
Tiee planting in Ibauan have ieceiveu boost
in the iecent past with successive
goveinments in 0yo state of which Ibauan is
the capital have uone seiies of piojects on
lanuscaping of the city which incluues tiee
planting Fuitheimoie the Mor i nga ol ei f er a
ievolution have helpeu also in moie tiee
planting in auuition to inuiviuual euible
fiuitbeaiing tiee planting at homes by
inuiviuuals Bowevei theie is the neeu to
incluue stiategic tiee planting campaigns in
Ibauan as pait of the stiategies foi poveity
alleviation consiueiing theii economic anu
ecological significance

Bowevei it was obseiveu that majoiity of
the tiees within the Netiopolis especially
the ones with high population aie mainly
exotic tiees planteu foi oinamental
puiposes Consiueiing the likeliness that
uiban foiestiy is a key tool foi tiee
conseivation planting of inuigenous tiees in
these uiban centies is stiongly auvocateu
Incoipoiating tiees in uiban lanuscape
impioves biological conseivation anu
biouiveisity while gieenbelts anu
gieenways can seive as biological coiiiuois
ieconnecting a city to its suiiounuing
bioiegion Konijnenuijk et al .

Refer ences
El Lakany B 0iban anu Peii0iban
Foiestiy Case Stuuies in Beveloping
Countiies FA0 Rome pp

Fuwape }A anu 0nyekwelu }C
0iban Foiest Bevelopment in West Afiica
Benefits anu Challenges Jour nal of
Bi odi ver si t y and Ecol ogi cal Sci ences No
vol Issue


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Konijnenuijk CC Sauio S Ranuiup TB
anu Schippeiijn } 0iban anu peii
uiban foiestiy in a uevelopment context
stiategy anu implementation Jour nal of
Ar bor i cul t ur e

National Buieau of Statistics
Nigeiian Population Census Available at
wwwnigeiianstatgovng

National Population Commission Nigeiia
National Policy on Population foi
Sustainable Bevelopment Abuja
National Population Commission
0semeobo u} The Bazaius of Ruial
Poveity Becline in Common Piopeity
Resouices in Nigeiian Rainfoiest
Ecosystems Jour nal of Envi r onment al
Management

0niteu Nations Woilu Population
Piospects The Revision anu Woilu
0ibanization Piospects The Revision
Population Bivision of the Bepaitment of
Economic anu Social Affaiis of the 0niteu
Nations Secietaiiat httpesaunoigunpp

0niteu Nations 0iban Population
Bevelopment anu the Enviionment
Nations Secietaiiat


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Tabl e 1: Li st of pr omi nent t r ees wi t hi n Ibadan Met r opol i s
S/ N Bi ol ogi cal name Fami l y Local and common names Uses
Al bi zi a odor at i ssi ma Linn f
Benth
Nimosaceae Ayunie fiagiant albizia Ceylon
iosewoou
Lanuscape shaue fuelwoou winubieak
Ant i ar i s af r i cana Engl Noiaceae 0iiio oio Antiaiis baik cloth
tiee false iioko
Shaue
Azadi r acht a i ndi ca A }uss Neliaceae Bogoyaio Neem Shaue meuicinal fuelwoou
Cassi a f i st ul a Linn Caesalpiniaceae Kasia Cassia 0inamental winubieak
Cei ba pet andr a Linn uaeitn Nalvaceae Aiaba Kapok tiee Lanuscape
Cocos nuci f er a Linn Aiaceae Agbon Coconut Euible fiuit fuelwoou
El aei s gui neensi s }acq Aiaceae 0pe 0il palm Cooking oil
Gl i r i ci di a sepi um }acq Walp Papilionaceae Agunmaniye uliiiciuia Nexican
lilac
Shaue
Gmel i na ar bor ea Roxb veibenaceae umelina Shaue fuelwoou
Leucaena l eucocephal a Lam ue
Wit
Nimosaceae White leautiee Fuelwoou
Mangi f er a i ndi ca Linn Anacaiuiaceae Nangoio mango Euible fiuit meuicinal winubieak
Mi l i ci a excel sa Welw Benth Neliaceae Iioko Shaue fiesh aii fuelwoou fetish meuicinal
Mor i nda l uci da Benth Rutaceae 0iuwo biimstone tiee Neuicinal shaue
New boul di a l aevi s P Beauv Bignoniaceae Akoko Afiican boiuei tiee Neuicinal
Oxyt enant her a abyssi ni ca A Rich
Nunio
Poaceae 0paiun bamboo Fuelwoou constiuction poles
Pel t ophor um pt er ocar pum BC
Bakei
Caesalpiniaceae Yellow flamboyant 0inamental winubieak
Samanea saman }acq Neiiill Nimosaceae Rain tiee Shaue lanuscape winubieak fuelwoou
Spondi as mombi n Linn Anacaiuiaceae Iyeye Bog plum Euible fiuit
Tabebui a r osea Beitol BC Bignoniaceae Pink Tiumpet tiee 0inamental
Tect ona gr andi s Linn f veibenaceae Teak Foou wiapping shaue fuelwoou
Ter mi nal i a cat appa Linn Combietaceae Fuiutu Tiopical almonu Euible fiuit shaue fuelwoou

Local names wer e gi ven i n Yor uba l anguage, whi ch i s t he l anguage spoken by Ibadan peopl e.


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Impor t ance of savanna woodl ands i n
r ur al l i vel i hoods and wi l dl i fe
conser vat i on i n sout heast er n
Zi mbabwe

Edson Gandi w a
1

Summar y
I ncr easi ng human popul at i on, economi c
chal l enges, cl i mat e change i mpact s ar e
i nt ensi f yi ng r el i ance by l ocal communi t i es on
savanna w oodl ands i n t r opi cal r egi ons.
Know l edge of t he i mpor t ance and val ue of
savanna w oodl and ecosyst ems t o r ur al
l i vel i hoods and w i l dl i f e conser vat i on i s
t her ef or e needed t o enhance l ast i ng benef i t s
f r om t hem. Savanna w oodl ands ar e of
economi c, soci al and ecol ogi cal i mpor t ance i n
sout heast er n Zi mbabw e. Recommendat i ons
f or conser vi ng w oodl and r esour ces i ncl ude
t he st r engt heni ng of cont r ol syst ems and
enhanci ng communi t y based nat ur al r esour ce
management pr ogr ammes.

Int r oduct i on
imbabwe is a lanulockeu countiy with
a lanu suiface aiea measuiing
km
It is bounueu by Zambia
Nozambique South Afiica anu Botswana
The countiys foiest anu wooulanu
iesouices coveiing appioximately
peicent of the countiys total lanu aiea fall
into thiee bioau categoiies namely
iainfoiest inuigenous wooulanus anu foiest
plantations Nabugu Chitiga

1
Edson Gandi w a, Wi l dl i f e Ecol ogi st , Sci ent i f i c
Ser vi ces, Gonar ezhou Nat i onal Par k, Par k s and
Wi l dl i f e Management Aut hor i t y, Pr i vat e Bag 7003,
Chi r edzi , Zi mbabw e
Phone: +263 773 490 202;
Emai l : egandi w a@gmai l .com

Wooulanu foims much of the natuial
vegetation with bushlanu which is natuial
vegetation compiising of native species
uominateu by shiubs anu few tiees
becoming moie piominent in the uiiei
iegions in the south anu west Almost two
thiius of the countiy is coveieu with
wooulanu oi bushlanu The
inuigenous wooulanus of Zimbabwe fall into
thiee tenuiial categoiies a wooulanus in
piotecteu aieas anu on state lanu b
wooulanus in laigescale commeicial
agiicultuial faiming aieas anu c
wooulanus in communal aieas consisting of
smallscale faiming aieas owneu by the
state but allotteu to families locally
veimeulen Wooulanu covei is most
extensive in the State Foiest Reseives
National Paiks anu Safaii Aieas which
togethei account foi about of the
countiys lanu suiface aiea Nabugu
Chitiga

Bigh population giowth anu limiteu lanu
iesouices combineu with uifficult economic
ciicumstances often aggiavateu by auveise
weathei conuitions such as uiought
constiain iuial incomes These factois tenu
to encouiage people to inciease ieliance on
natuial wooulanus foi auuitional
agiicultuial anu pastuie lanu Ruial
communities also fiequently inciease
haivesting of vaiious wooulanu piouucts foi
sale to supplement incomes see below The
unueistanuing of the uepenuency of
householus on wooulanu iesouices is
ciitical in the uevelopment of sustainable
management stiategies

Reuucing the human piessuie on
biologically iich hot spots anu conseiving
valuable genetic iesouices has been anu still
is a funuamental policy concein in many
countiies Lepetu et al . In the face of
iapiuly giowing human populations in anu
aiounu the biouiveise iegions of the
tiopical foiests incluuing wooulanus
sustainable use of foiest piouucts both
timbei anu nontimbei foiests piouucts is
not easy This papei attempts to contiibute
to the giowing liteiatuie on the impoitance
of wooulanu iesouices in savanna
Z


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ecosystems in paiticulai the semiaiiu
savanna ecosystem encompassing the
uonaiezhou National Paik uNP anu
aujacent communal aieas in southeastein
Zimbabwe

Typi cal ecosyst ems i n sout heaster n
Zi mbabwe
This papei focuses on the uNP anu aujacent
communal aieas in Chiieuzi anu Chipinge
uistiicts in southeastein Zimbabwe Fig
The stuuy aiea lies within the uieat
Limpopo Tiansfiontiei Conseivation Aiea
uLTFCA Establisheu in the eaily s as
a uame Reseive uNP was upgiaueu into a
National Paik unuei the Paiks anu Wilulife
Act of uNP which coveis an aiea of
km
is locateu in southeastein
Zimbabwe between S anu
E

Annual aveiage iainfall in the southeastein
lowvelu of Zimbabwe ianges between
anu mm The majoi vegetation type is
mopane Col ophosper mum mopane
wooulanu which coveis appioximately
of uNP Fig The vegetation of uNP anu
aujacent aieas is typical of semiaiiu
mopane zone Rattiay Wilu anu is
pieuominantly uiy ueciuuous savanna
wooulanu of vaiying species
composition Wilu Baibosa The
vegetation stiuctuie anu composition is
influenceu by biowseis giazeis fiie iainfall
anu human activities Tafangenyasha
uanuiwa et al The geneial
appeaiance of vegetation types in uNP aie
wooulanu savanna sciublanu
uominateu by shiubs with few tiees
anu savanna giasslanu The plant
checklist foi uNP incluues at least
species fiom families anu geneia
with tiees shiubs woouy
climbeis anu giasses e.g. uanuiwa
Zisauza

G
o
n
a
r
e
z
h
o
u

N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
a
r
k
Limp
o
p
o
Mwe
n
e
z
i
MOZAMBQUE
ZMBABWE
Rund
e
S
a
v
e
C
h
ir
e
d
z
i
20 0 20 40 Kilometers
N
ward boundary
communal land
Gonarezhou National Park
Malipati Safari Area
Chitsa Settlement
Malilangwe Conservation Trust
International boundary
Major rivers
Key

Fi gur e 1: Left Locat i on of t he Gonar ezhou Nat i onal Par k and sur r oundi ng ar eas, sour ce: Gandi wa
& Zi sadza (2010). Ri ght Veget at i on map of t he Gonar ezhou Nat i onal Par k, sout heast er n
Zi mbabwe, sour ce: Sher r y (1977)

Impor t ance of woodl and r esour ces i n
sout heast er n Zi mbabwe
Like many foiest anu wooulanu iesouices in
othei aieas acioss Afiica ecosystems in the

southeastein lowvelu of Zimbabwe geneiate
a wiue iange of timbei anu nontimbei
piouucts anu seivices Nutenje et al
Piouucts anu seivices incluue consumptive
iesouices such as baik foi iope builuing


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mateiials fouuei fiuits fuel woou fungi
bushmeat gum honey insects teimites leaf
littei meuicines mushiooms ioots
thatching giass tubeis anu woou foi small
aitisanal ciafts social seivices such as
cultuial anu spiiitual benefits aesthetic
value wilueiness expeiience anu iecieation
employment anu ecological seivices such as
caibon sequestiation giazing shaue soil
stabilization watei catchment wilulife
habitat anu act as winubieaks Some of the
most valueu fiuits incluue those collecteu
fiom Auansonia uigitata anu Scleiocaiya
biiiea Especially in peiious of extieme
weathei events such as uioughts anu floous
wooulanus becomes veiy impoitant to the
livelihoous of local communities in the stuuy
aiea anu they foim the only easily accessible
safety net foi foou anu income since exteinal
suppoit foi example in the foim of foouaiu
suppoit fiom the goveinment anu non
goveinmental oiganisations may not fully
meet local communities iequiiements

Nopane wooulanu piouucts aie key
iesouices to iuial communities anu wilulife
conseivation in the southeastein Zimbabwe
Wheie mopane is uominant it assumes
economic impoitance especially as a souice
of biowse foi both uomestic anu wilu
animals The mopane woim which is
actually the cateipillai of the empoiei moth
Imbiasia belina useu as foou is one of the
bestknown anu most economically
impoitant wooulanu iesouice piouucts of
the mopane wooulanu Foi iuial householus
in southein Zimbabwe the annual haivest of
mopane woims may contiibute up to
quaitei of a householus cash income
uepenuing on the quantity of mopane
woims haivesteu the piopoition that is
solu anu the householus othei souices of
income uonuo et al Nopane woims
can theiefoie contiibute to impioving iuial
peoples livelihoous in vaiious ways
incluuing i supplementing seasonal
shoitages in cash oi foou ii buffeiing
families against unexpecteu shoitages in
foou oi income foi example causeu by
uioughts iii supplementing expenuituie
on impoitant things like euucation foou
health clothing anu agiicultuial tools anu
iv pioviuing cash foi investment in vaiious
piouuctive enteipiises such as puichasing
agiicultuial inputs uonuo et al

Nat ur al r esour ces management i n
Zi mbabwe
Accoiuing to a giowing bouy of liteiatuie
iuial communities acioss the ueveloping
woilu uepenu gieatly on inuigenous natuial
foiest anu wooulanu iesouices which act as
a buffei against poveity eg Campbell et al
Twine et al Shackleton
Shackleton Nakhauo et al
Nutenje et al Foi example the
majoiity of subSahaian Afiicas population
ielies on foiest anu wooulanu piouucts foi
subsistence uses cash income oi both
Timko et al Bowevei conseivation
of biouiveisity anu enuangeieu species of
plants anu animals in piotecteu aieas is
moie challenging if local communities aie
heavily uepenuent on haivesting oi hunting
them foi vaiious piouucts anu subsistence
neeus Lepetu et al Some of the
majoi thieats to wooulanu conseivation in
southeastein Zimbabwe incluue effects of
climate change human settlement
expansion anu pooi lanu use piactices
incluuing oveistocking of uomestic animals
incieasing local use of wooulanu iesouices
foi constiuction anu fuel woou
unimplementeu population ieuuction
piogiammes which has leu to incieasing
elephant populations uncontiolleu fiies
infiastiuctuial uevelopment such as powei
lines anu to some extent policy ielateu
activities ielateu to lanuuse settlement anu
human encioachment into conseivation
aieas

Piotecteu aieas in Zimbabwe incluuing the
uNP aie often suiiounueu by communal
aieas Piotecteu aieas aie manageu by the
Zimbabwe Paiks anu Wilulife Nanagement
Authoiity on behalf of the goveinment Local
communities aujacent to piotecteu aieas in
Zimbabwe uo not have uiiect anu open
access to natuial iesouices insiue piotecteu
aieas Bowevei unuei the collaboiative
management piogiamme of the geneial
management plan foi the uNP piovisions
foi local communities to access the


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piotecteu aiea anu haivest wooulanu
piouucts such as thatching giass anu access
to aieas of cultuial anu spiiitual significance
aie pioviueu foi unuei special
aiiangements with the paik management
The uNP acts as the souice foi wilu animals
wheieas the aujacent communal aieas act as
the sinks Communities aujacent to the uNP
anu othei piotecteu aieas in Zimbabwe aie
expecteu to utilise anu manage natuial
iesouices occuiiing within theii bounuaiies
In communal aieas natuial iesouices aie
commonly manageu unuei the communal
aieas management piogiammes foi
inuigenous iesouices CANPFIRE

Zimbabwes CANPFIRE is a giassioots
piogiamme establisheu in Nuiphiee
Logan Noseley following the
amenument of the Paiks anu Wilulife Act in
CANPFIRE conceptually incluues all
natuial iesouices Netcalfe anu its
objectives aie Naitin i to initiate a
piogiamme foi the longteim uevelopment
management anu sustainable utilization of
natuial iesouices in the communal aieas
ii to achieve management of iesouices by
placing the custouy anu iesponsibility with
the iesiuent communities iii to allow
communities to benefit uiiectly fiom the
exploitation of natuial iesouices within the
communal aiea anu iv to establish the
auministiative anu institutional stiuctuies
necessaiy to make the piogiamme woik

Some of the iecoiueu benefits of CANPFIRE
since its inception incluue stiengthening of
capacity in teims of natuial iesouices
management income to local communities
fiom leasing tiophy hunting concessions
haivesting natuial iesouices touiism live
animal sales anu meat ciopping Logan
Noseley In auuition CANPFIRE has
cieateu tempoial anu peimanent
employment thiough community piojects
such as constiuction of schools anu clinics
safaii hunting inuustiy antipoaching units
as game scouts anu also local villages
benefits uiiectly fiom cash uiviuenus fiom
the piojects Sangaiwe Nutanuwa
uauziiayi
0n the othei hanu seveial challenges have
also been faceu unuei CANPFIRE Foi
example between anu following
the socioeconomic challenges in Zimbabwe
CANPFIRE was affecteu by a key exteinal
shock ie the enu of inteinational uonoi
funuing foi CANPFIRE piojects anu iuial
uevelopment Balint Nashinya
Fiost Bonu This exteinal shock
uestabiliseu local level CANPFIRE
institutions iesulting in shaip uecline in
tianspaiency accountability paiticipation
by the local people in some of uistiicts with
CANPFIRE Balint Nashinya
0veiall Fiost Bonu summaiiseu
the majoi challenges faceu by CANPFIRE as
follows i ueepening poveity foices local
people to iely moie heavily on extiacting
natuial iesouices incluuing wilulife foi
both subsistence anu commeicial puiposes
ii in some aieas wilulife aieas in the
communal lanus aie piopeily uelineateu
iii the oiganisational complexity of
communal aieas biought about by
oveilapping juiisuictions among uiffeient
authoiities such as tiauitional spiiitual anu
mouein goveinment institutions iesults in
challenges in achieving consensus on key
issues anu iv piopeity iights aie not
cleaily uefineu both inuiviuual anu
community lanu tenuie aie insecuie hence
cieating unceitainty competing inteiests
anu oppoitunistic use of iesouices

Besiues the Paiks anu Wilulife Act of
ammenueu in which focuses on
wilulife anu wooulanu iesouices
management on both piotecteu aieas anu
communal aieas theie exist othei pieces of
enviionmental legislation that focuses of
wooulanu anu foiest iesouices management
in Zimbabwe These incluue i The Foiest
Act of amenueu in which
authoiizes the Foiestiy Commission of
Zimbabwe to piotect anu conseive
inuigenous foiests anu iegulate the
haivesting of tiees on both piivate anu
communal lanu ii The Communal Lanus
Act of amenueu in which places
communal lanu unuei the contiol of Ruial
Bistiict Councils RBCs iii The Communal
Lanus Foiest Piouuce Act of which


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vests authoiity ovei the commeicial
utilization of foiest anu wooulanu piouucts
in the communal lanus in the hanus of RBCs
while allowing the subsistence use of such
piouucts by local communities anu iv The
Enviionmental Nanagement Act of
which ueals with enviionmental issues
acioss all sectois incluuing basic
enviionmental management piinciples anu
sustainability consiueiations in natuial
iesouices management Chibisa Rwizi

It is unlikely that the cential iole of savanna
bioiesouices in the lives of iuial
householus in southeastein Zimbabwe will
uiminish in the neai futuie Poveity low
incomes anu immeuiate suivival neeus
often uiive local people to oveihaivest at
the expense of sustainability Nutenje et al
Sustainable use of local natuial
iesouices incluuing foiests anu wooulanus
is theiefoie a cential issue that neeus to
unueipin iuial uevelopment in southeastein
Zimbabwe The value of savanna wooulanu
iesouices neeus to be fully appieciateu by
the local people anu goveinment policy
makeis alike Sustainable wooulanu
utilisation is baseu on the iespect of
bounuaiies anu authoiity iules ueteimining
who can use iesouices anu unuei what
conuitions Theiefoie theie is neeu foi the
implementation of goveinment laws anu
iegulations contiol systems anu also
continueu enfoicement anu monitoiing of
compliance by appiopiiate authoiities in
both the piotecteu aieas anu communal
aieas eg Campbell At the same
time theie is neeu to stiengthen
piogiammes such as CANPFIRE so as to
encouiage local management to auopt
sustainable appioaches on the utilisation of
natuial iesouices anu at the same time
ensuie that tangible benefits filtei to the
local people who aie iequiieu to collaboiate
in ensuiing the sustainable management anu
use of the natuial iesouices

Acknowl edgement s
The Biiectoiueneial of the Zimbabwe Paiks
anu Wilulife Nanagement Authoiity is
acknowleugeu foi peimission to publish this
manusciipt I thank Aua NuesoAtanga anu
Natuie Faunes Boaiu of Revieweis foi the
valuable comments anu suggestions which
impioveu this manusciipt

Refer ences
Balint P} anu Nashinya }
CANPFIRE uuiing Zimbabwes national
ciisis local impacts anu bioauei
implications foi communitybaseu wilulife
management Society Natuial Resouices

Campbell B Eu The miombo in
tiansition wooulanus anu welfaie in Afiica
Centei foi Inteinational Foiestiy Reseaich
CIF0R Bogoi Inuonesia

Campbell BN Costanza R anu van uen
Belt N Special section lanu use
options in uiy tiopical wooulanu ecosystems
in Zimbabwe Intiouuction oveiview anu
synthesis Ecological Economics

Chibisa P anu Rwizi L Tiauitional
ciafts anu iuial livelihoous in Nanicalanus
semiaiiu aieas Implications foi
biouiveisity anu enviionmental
sustainability }ouinal of Sustainable
Bevelopment in Afiica

Fiost PuB anu Bonu I The
CANPFIRE piogiamme in Zimbabwe
Payments foi wilulife seivices Ecological
Economics

uanuiwa E anu Zisauza P Wilulife
management in uonaiezhou National Paik
southeast Zimbabwe climate change anu
implications foi management In Bojang F
anu NuesoAtanga A Eus Climate change
implications foi agiicultuial uevelopment
anu natuial iesouices conseivation in
Afiica Natuie Faune

uanuiwa E Chikoiowonuo u Zisauza
uanuiwa P anu Nuvengwi }
Stiuctuie anu composition of Anuiostachys
johnsonii wooulanu acioss vaiious stiata in
uonaiezhou National Paik southeast


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Zimbabwe Tiopical Conseivation Science

uonuo T Fiost P Kozanayi W Stack }
anu Nushongahanue N Linking
knowleuge anu piactice assessing options
foi sustainable use of mopane woims
Imbiasia belina in southein Zimbabwe
}ouinal of Sustainable Bevelopment in
Afiica

Lepetu } Alavalapati } anu Naii PK
Foiest uepenuency anu its
implication foi piotecteu aieas
management a case stuuy fiom Kasane
Foiest Reseive Botswana Inteinational
}ouinal of Enviionmental Reseaich

Logan BI anu Noseley Wu The
political ecology of poveity alleviation in
Zimbabwes Communal Aieas Nanagement
Piogiamme foi Inuigenous Resouices
CANPFIRE ueofoium

Nabugu R anu Chitiga N
Accounting foi foiest iesouices in
Zimbabwe CEEPA Biscussion Papei No
CEEPA 0niveisity of Pietoiia Pietoiia
South Afiica

Nakhauo RA von Naltitz uP Potgietei
N} anu Wessels BC} Contiibution
of wooulanu piouucts to iuial livelihoous in
the noitheast of Limpopo Piovince South
Afiica South Afiican ueogiaphical }ouinal

Naitin RB Communal Aieas
Nanagement Piogiamme foi Inuigenous
Resouices Apiil ieviseu euition
Bianch of Teiiestiial Ecology Bepaitment
of National Paiks anu Wilu Life
Nanagement Baiaie Zimbabwe

Netcalfe S The Zimbabwe
Communal Aieas Nanagement Piogiamme
foi Inuigenous Resouices CANPFIRE In
Westein B anu Wiight RN Eus Natuial
connections Peispectives in community
baseu conseivation Islanu Piess
Washington BC pp
Nuiphiee N Congiuent objectives
competing inteiests anu stiategic
compiomise Papei piesenteu at the
Confeience on Repiesenting Communities
Bistoiies anu Politics of Communitybaseu
iesouice Nanagement Belen ueoigia 0SA

Nutanuwa E anu uauziiayi CT
Impact of communitybaseu appioaches to
wilulife management case stuuy of the
Inteinational }ouinal of Sustainable
Bevelopment Woilu Ecology

Nutenje N} 0itmann uF anu Feiiei
SRB Nanagement of nontimbei
foiestiy piouucts extiaction local
institutions ecological knowleuge anu
maiket stiuctuie in southeastein
Zimbabwe Ecological Economics

Rattiay }N anu Wilu B Repoit on
the vegetation of the alluvial basin of the
Sabi valley anu aujacent aieas Rhouesia
Agiicultuial }ouinal

Sangaiwe N Evaluation anu use of
the economic incentives in the sustainable
management of communityowneu natuial
iesouices The CANPFIRE expeiience NSc
thesis 0niveisity of Nanitoba Winnipeg
Nanitoba Canaua

Shackleton CN anu Shackleton SE
The impoitance of nontimbei foiest
piouucts in iuial livelihoou secuiity anu as
safety nets A ieview of eviuence fiom South
Afiica South Afiican }ouinal of Science

Sheiiy BY Basic vegetation types of
the uonaiezhou National Paik Zimbabwe
Pioject No uNPY Bepaitment National
Paiks anu Wilulife Nanagement Baiaie
Zimbabwe

Tafangenyasha C Tiee loss in the
uonaiezhou National Paik Zimbabwe
between anu }ouinal of
Enviionmental Nanagement


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Timko }A Waebei P0 anu Kozak RA
The socioeconomic contiibution of
nontimbei foiest piouucts to iuial
livelihoous in SubSahaian Afiica
knowleuge gaps anu new uiiections
Inteinational Foiestiy Review

Twine W Noshe B Netshiluvhi T anu
Siphugu v Consumption anu uiiect
use values of savanna bioiesouices useu by
iuial householus in Nametja a semiaiiu
aiea of Limpopo piovince South Afiica
South Afiican }ouinal of Science

veimeulen S} Cutting of tiees by
local iesiuents in a communal aiea anu an
aujacent state foiest in Zimbabwe Foiest
Ecology anu Nanagement

Wilu B anu Baibosa LAu
vegetation map of the floia Zambesiaca aiea
Supplement to Floia Zambesiaca N0
Collins Baiaie Zimbabwe


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Ur ban and per i -ur ban for est r y i n
Ki gal i , Rwanda

Euni ce Nj or oge
1
and Muhayi mana Janvi er e
2

Summar y
Ur ban and per i -ur ban f or est r y ar e i mpor t ant
el ement s i n Ki gal i Ci t y f or economi c,
ecol ogi cal and soci al val ues. To meet
r esi dent s demands, sui t abl e t r ee speci es ar e
pl ant ed. Al t hough t he management of t r ees i s
t he mandat e of depar t ment i n char ge of
f or est r y and t er r est r i al ecosyst ems
management , under t he Mi ni st r y of Nat ur al
Resour ces, ot her st akehol der s ar e i nvol ved. I n
addi t i on, l egal i nst r ument exi st s t o gui de t he
pl anni ng, pl ant i ng and management of t r ees
and ot her veget at i on i n ur ban ar eas.
How ever , pr essur e t o conver t gr een spaces t o
i nf r ast r uct ur e exi st . Though t r ees ar e
benef i ci al f or ur ban r esi dent s, t hey can al so
be danger ous and har mf ul i f t hey ar e not w el l
l ocat ed or managed. Ther ef or e, i t i s essent i al
t o pr ovi de t echni cal gui del i nes f or pr oper
pl anni ng of ur ban f or est s i n Ki gal i Ci t y and
ot her per i ur ban ar eas f or Rw anda.

Int r oduct i on
oiests aie ciucial to Rwanua anu its
peoples well being as all sectois of
Rwanuas economy watei
agiicultuie touiism anu powei uepenu on
healthy foiests The auvantages of foiests

1
Euni ce Nj or oge, Mi ni st r y of Nat ur al Resour ces,
P.O.BOX 3502, Ki gal i Rw anda
Emai l : euni cennj or oge@yahoo.com

2
Muhayi mana Janvi er e, Rw anda Nat ur al
Resour ces Aut hor i t y, P.O. Box 7518, Ki gal i
Rw anda.
Emai l :muhayi manaj @yahoo.com
aie thus manifolu 0nfoitunately in Rwanua
most natuial anu manmaue commeicial
foiests aie founu in iuial aieas 0nly
hectaies of lanu aiea of Kigali have tiee
covei most of them being agiofoiestiy
eucalyptus plantations anu inuiviuual tiees
along the ioaus iiveis anu homesteaus
Because of the iuggeu topogiaphy of Kigali
some lanu aieas aie less suitable foi
infiastiuctuial uevelopment as they beai
iisks such as lanusliues eiosion pioblems
with ioau uesigns constiuction anu
maintenance With piopei planning tiees
can be planteu to ieuuce the enviionmental
impacts as a pait of uiban planning

Rwanua uiban foiestiy has concentiateu on
beautification anu enviionmental seivices
such as soil stabilizing maintaining anu
stabilizing hyuiological cycles puiifying the
aii mouification of micioclimate shaue
piovision acting as winu bieak piotecting
builuing fiom uamage anu as a iesponse to
climate change The tiees also pioviue
habitat foi biius anu othei wilulife inciease
lanu values pioviue employment
oppoitunities anu amenity insulate noise
ieuuce vehicle acciuents by acting as
blockage of iolling vehicles anu inteicept
iainfall ieuucing iunoff theieby functioning
like ietentionuetention basins The
psychological impact of tiees on peoples
moous emotions anu enjoyment of theii
suiiounuings may in fact be one of the
gieatest benefits uiban foiests pioviue

Inueeu uiban foiestiy being the caieful
planning caie anu management of uiban
foiests in uiban setting foi the puipose of
cieating oi auuing value to communities as
well as foi impioving the uiban
enviionment theie is neeu to piomote the
piactice as a ciitical pait of the uiban
infiastiuctuie to meet neeus anu seivices
foi uiban uwelleis

Ur ban and Per i -ur ban For est
Devel opment i n Rwanda
Foiestiytiee management in Kigali City is
uiviueu into two categoiies namely uiban
foiestiy anu peiiuiban foiestiy Peiiuiban
foiestiy involves planting in the uiban
F


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fiinge foi vaiious uses wheieas uiban
planting is essentially foi beautification anu
offeiing othei enviionmental seivices
Accoiuing to Kigali City Nastei plan aieas
consiueieu to plant tiees incluue along the
ioaus along iiveis anu stieams public
gaiuens anu piivate gaiuens In fact uue to
small lanu sizes Rwanua has embiaceu
ioausiue tiee planting in uiban anu peii
uiban aieas wheie an amenity belt of
appiopiiate tiee species on both siues of the
ioau ieseives is establisheu These tiees aie
impoitant foi aesthetic anu shaue effects to
tiaveleis along the highways anu othei
public ioaus In auuition a belt of amenity
tiees planteu at the inteiface of ioau anu
piivate lanus impiove the sceneiy on both
siues of the ioau anu also maik the
bounuaiies between the ioau ieseives anu
piivate lanus to avoiu encioachment into
the ioau ieseives
0iban anu peiiuiban foiests constitute an
impoitant component of uiban enviionment
foi the livelihoou of uiban population
Rwanua vision envisages that by
thiity peicent of the population will
be iesiuing in uiban aieas thiough the
goveinment settlement impiovement
piogiam To meet theii neeus the
goveinment has uevelopeu stiategies to
uevelope uiban anu peiiuiban foiests in
Rwanua as stateu in the National Foiestiy
Policy NFP These compiise iuentifying
potential uiban foiestiy seivice pioviueis
anu agieeing on ioles anu iesponsibilities
incluuing uiban foiestiy in uiban planning
ueveloping guiuelines foi uiban anu peii
uiban tiee planting ueveloping a piogiamme
foi uiban foiestiy baseu on impioveu
unueistanuing of neeus cieating awaieness
on value of uiban anu peiiuiban tiees
suppoiting uiban authoiities with technical
suppoit on tiee nuiseiies anu tiee husbanuiy
anu in locating anu ueveloping sites in uiban
anu peiiuiban aieas foi tiee giowing as
well as involving the piivate sectoi in
managing uiban anu peii uiban foiests foi
leisuie anu iecieation puiposes
Apait fiom the NFP enviionmentally
sustainable uevelopment foi uiban anu peii
uiban aieas is guiueu by the limitations
imposeu by 0iganic Law which piotect
natuial iesouices such as foiests anu tiees
Fuithei Kigali Conceptual Nastei Plan
KCNP iuentifies lanu foi foiestiy
piouuction It also gives guiuelines on ways
to implement ienewable management
piactices with the piimaiy emphasis to
pieseive anu enhance scenic value Bistiict
Bevelopment Plans aie the ciitical tools foi
implementing anu piioiitizing the KCNP

Key pl ayer s i n Ur ban and Per i -ur ban
For est r y
To ensuie piactice anu success of uiban anu
peiiuiban foiestiy all stakeholueis neeu to
come on boaiu In Rwanua main
stakeholueis incluue goveinment thiough
the agency in chaige of foiestiy municipal
leaueis enviionmental policy makeis city
planneis ieseaicheis commeicial aiboiists
anu uiban anu peiiuiban uwelleis

The manuate of the Bepaitment of Foiest
anu Teiiestiial Ecosystems Nanagement
BFTEN within Rwanua Natuial Resouices
Authoiity RNRA which is unuei the
Ninistiy of Natuial Resouices NINIRENA
is to conseive uevelop anu sustainably
manage foiest iesouices in Rwanua In
iegaiu to uiban foiestiy the uepaitment
gives a list of specific tiee species to be
planteu within anu aiounu uiban aiea Foi
the case of ioausiue tiee planting caie is
taken uuiing selection of the tiee species to
ensuie that they meet the iequiieu
phenotype qualities foi uiban anu peii
uiban aieas to combat acciuents such as
falling bianches winu falls etc BFTEN also
piomote the many benefits uiban tiees
pioviue backstop as well as offei
appiopiiate technical infoimation anu
auvice to acciue maximum benefits

In Rwanua mayois assisteu by vaiious
municipal officials have been instiumental
in the success anu active uiban foiestiy
piogiammes They woik togethei with
officeis of RNRABFTEN in chaige of
foiestiy at Bistiict anu Sectoi levels
commeicial aiboiists as well as city
planneis Theii involvement anu
commitment is an impoitant component in
ensuiing success of uiban anu peiiuiban


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foiestiy piogiammes foi the wellbeing of
uiban uwelleis anu uiban enviionment
Inuiviuual uiban anu peiiuiban uwelleis
aie paiticulaily involveu in uiban anu peii
uiban foiestiy thiough activities such as
planting tiees on theii own lanu oi home
compounu In auuition uuiing community
woik seivice commonly known as
umuganua anu which is conuucteu eveiy
last Satuiuay of each month the community
is involveu in piepaiing tiee planting sites
as well as planting especially uuiing tiee
planting season Latei they aie involveu in
managing the planteu tiee thiough eg
weeuing piuning oi thinning This they uo
with guiuance fiom the officei in chaige of
foiestiy in theii iespective juiisuictions

Legal Issues i n Ur ban For est r y
To ensuie that theie is effective planneu
anu systematic management of tiees in
cities a measuie of legal contiol is
necessaiy Inueeu laws aie necessaiy as
they guiue in the selection of tiee species
anu wheie they will be planteu spacing
piotection of tiees fiom iemoval oi
uestiuction as well as piotecting iesiuents
fiom hazaiuous tiees oi one that on the long
iun may pose pioblems
In Rwanua legal instiuments such as Foiest
National Policy Ninisteiial 0iuei anu
0iganic Law emphasize the management
iemoval anu conseivation aspects of uiban
anu Peii uiban tiee Foi instance as stateu
by Rwanua 0iganic Law the State anu the
population aie obligeu to establish maintain
anu manage paiklanus anu gieen spaces
Fuithei the population has the obligation to
conseive the enviionment by inuiviuual
action oi thiough collective activities
associations of the enviionment in
piepaiing gieen spaces anu ieseiveu aieas
anu othei activities that piomote
enviionment Peimits anu licenses iequiieu
foi activities alteiing oi impacting tiees on
peii anu uiban foiestiy aie issueu by RNRA

Concl usi ons
0iban foiestiy pioviues substantial
multituue of ciitical enviionmental
functions that benefit Rwanuan uiban
enviionment anu uwelleis The benefits
acciueu incluue aesthetic value ieuuction of
pollution among otheis 0nuei pie
settlement uays most aiea of Kigali was
foiesteu Because of the limiteu amount of
foiests existing foieststiees neeu
piotection anu extensive aieas of Kigali
neeu to be iefoiesteu Foitunately KCNP
auvocate iefoiestation of extensive aieas of
Kigali especially aiounu Lake Nuhazi anu
othei laige contiguous aieas with steep
slopes that aie unsuitable foi uiban
expansion In auuition as iesiuential uses
aie not alloweu oppoitunities foi eco
touiism might pioviue foi euucation anu
ieseaich to bettei unueistanu this
impoitant natuial iesouice

0iban space is a piactical anu elemental
iesouice to peoples abilities to cieate both
viable anu livable enviionments It is ciucial
to incoipoiate iefoiestation stiategies anu
natuial pieseivation aieas into uevelopment
plans as well as establish agiofoiestiy anu
iefoiestation piogiams in uiban open
spaces If well planneu anu manageu peii
anu uiban foiestiy will pioviue a multituue
of ciitical enviionmental anu social
functions that benefit the uiban
enviionment anu uwelleis Thus emphasis
is being laiu on local paiticipation in uiban
foiestiy initiative builuing up of technical
knowleuge infoimation uissemination anu
exchange as well as elaboiating on
enviionmental anu piouuctive functions of
uiban foiestiy Theie is also a neeu to take
an inventoiy of tiees in uiban systems anu
assess the benefits anu challenges of
managing such tiees

Refer ences
EBPRS Economic Bevelopment anu Poveity
Reuuction Stiategy Economic

Bevelopment anu Poveity Reuuction
Stiategy

Republic of Rwanua uoveinment
Piogiamme

Republic of Rwanua National Foiestiy
Policy


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Republic of Rwanua Rwanua vision

Republic of Rwanua 0iganic law
ueteimining the moualities of piotection
conseivation anu piomotion of the

enviionment in Rwanua N0 of

Rwanua Ninistiy of Infiastiuctuie
Kigali conceptual Nastei Plan


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Li ber i a for est r efor m
and benefi t shar i ng

J. D. Waugh
1

Summar y
The West Af r i can st at e of Li ber i a has
emer ged f r om a l ong per i od of ci vi l st r i f e as a
vi br ant , i f f r agi l e, democr acy. Li ber i a has
embar k ed on a pr ocess of decent r al i zat i on
and empow er ment of r ur al communi t i es. An
i mpor t ant component of t hi s pr ocess i s t he
r ef or m of t he f or est r y sect or .

xtiactive inuustiies mainly mining
anu commeicial foiestiy constitute
the backbone of the Libeiian
economy Buiing Libeiias civil wais
anu aimeu factions
assumeu contiol of these iesouices 0niteu
Nations sanctions intenueu to choke the
money supply to aimeu gioups incluueu a
ban on the expoit of logs anu timbei
piouucts These sanctions which weie not
immeuiately lifteu at the conclusion of
hostilities thieateneu to become an
economic bottleneck anu lifting them
became a top piioiity of the new
goveinment This cieateu an opening foi a
foiest policy iefoim piocess suppoiteu by
inteinational uonois thiough the Libeiia
Foiest Initiative Altman Nichols anu
Woous This piocess culminateu in
the National Foiestiy Refoim Law
NFRL anu the Community Rights

1
John Waugh, Semaphor e I nc Conser vat i on
St r at egi es and Pl anni ng
PO Box 646, Upper vi l l e VA 20185 USA. Tel .:
( Googl e Voi ce)
Emai l : w augh2k @gmai l .com ; Sk ype: w augh2k

Law CRL
The iefoim closeu loopholes

that coulu be exploiteu foi piivate gain anu
began the piocess of auuiessing one of the
piincipal unueilying causes of conflict in
Libeiia the concentiation of wealth anu
powei in uiban elites at the expense of the
iuial populations Sawyei

Benefi t Shar i ng Ar r angement s
A key element of the iefoim piocess was the
uecision by the goveinment to shaie
benefits fiom the foiestiy sectoi thiough
ievenue shaiing social agieements anu co
management aiiangements The National
Foiestiy Refoim Law NFRL stipulateu
that some ievenues fiom logging
concessions woulu be shaieu with the
ielevant foiest fiinge communities in the
foim of a National Benefit Shaiing Tiust
Regulations piomulgateu in suppoit of the
NFRL also iequiie that social agieements
be negotiateu between logging concessions
anu affecteu communities which pioviue
mateiial benefits typically in the foim of
employment anu the piovision of some
amenities such as impioveu ioaus anu
biiuges oi the constiuction of schools anu
clinics Noieovei unuei the Community
Rights Law the goveinment is uesignating
community foiest lanus wheie management
anu use of the foiests will uevolve to the
communities uiiectly

0nuei the NFRL peicent of the lanu
iental fee chaigeu to timbei concessions is
ieseiveu foi affecteu communities anu an
auuitional peicent is eaimaikeu foi
uistiibution to county piovincial
goveinments nationwiue
Regulation
which elaboiates the benefitshaiing
aiiangements stipulateu the National
Benefit Shaiing Tiust as the mechanism foi
funu uisbuisal specifieu the iepiesentatives
of community inteiests FBA u0L
Implementation of the Tiust began in
the seconu quaitei of

2
An Act Adopt i ng t he Nat i onal For est r y Ref or m
Law of 2006; Communi t y Ri ght s Law w i t h Respect
t o For est Lands
3
FDA r egul at i on 111-10 det ai l s t he or gani zat i on
and gover nance of t he NBST
E


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Baving benefitshaiing aiiangements on
papei uoes not always tianslate to
meaningful benefits foi communities A
Woilu Resouices Institute WRI stuuy of
Cameioons social agieements foi example
founu that ielatively little of the ievenues
fiom logging ieseiveu foi villages actually
tianslateu into benefits uuiing the peiiou of
stuuy Noiiison et al Bysfunctional
social agieements eg those that fail to
meet eithei theii stateu goals oi the
expectations of paiticipants can uebase
social capital anu eioue tiustwhich can in
tuin contiibute to conflict 0ne way to
impiove the functionality of social
agieements is to quantify the oppoitunity
costs that iesouice extiaction anu ielateu
activities cieate foi communities anu to
negotiate agieements baseu on agieeuupon
valuations of such costs

Regulations iequiie that piojects funueu by
Libeiias National Benefit Shaiing Tiust
meet stiict accountability iequiiements
which in tuin uepenu upon effective
uecisionmaking capacity at the local level
Nonitoiing anu evaluation piovisions seek
to cieate a leaining enviionment baseu
upon expeiience

Chal l enges t o Benefi t Shar i ng
The fiist majoi challenge foi benefitshaiing
aiiangements is the iecipients capacity anu
confiuence to manage iesouices In the case
of Libeiia the long histoiy of uomination by
uiban elites has piouuceu an entiencheu
anu selffulfilling belief that iuial
communities lack the ability to look aftei
theii own inteiests theiefoie it is aigueu
wisei people must make uecisions on theii
behalf Nany communities have nevei
enjoyeu the oppoitunity to manage theii
own funus anu lack financial anu
auministiative liteiacy

A seconu challenge foi benefitshaiing
aiiangements with iuial communities is
ientseeking behavioi
Influential membeis
of society the euucateu politically

1
Economi c gai n t hr ough mani pul at i on of r ul es
r at her t han t hr ough addi ng val ue
connecteu anu wealthy often justify
contiol by aiguing that the community must
be piotecteu fiom economic pieuatois In
piactical teims when the inteiests of the
establisheu oiuei take pieceuence subtlei
foims of ientseeking behavioi can uiveit
iesouices while at the same time
unueimining the selfconfiuence of the
community

Among the iemeuies aie tianspaiency
awaieness on the pait of iesiuents of a
communitys neeu to take iesponsibility foi
its own uecisions anu incieaseu sensitivity
on the pait of authoiities to the necessity of
allowing communities to make those
uecisions anu leain fiom theii own
mistakes Caie must be taken to manage
conflict which emeiges when factions
within communities uisagiee ovei the use of
funus Conflict management anu monitoiing
anu evaluation skills aie essential to
community uevelopment within this
fiamewoik Favoiable conuitions foi
leaining anu infoimation exchange fostei
successful local goveinance outcomes
Anueisson by piomoting
unueistanuing anu thus cieating the space
foi consensus to emeige

Benefi t Shar i ng and the Gr een Economy
Benefitshaiing aiiangements as embouieu
in Libeiias postconflict foiest iefoim
piocess aie helping to biing equity anu
accountability to the management of natuial
iesouices anu may seive as an impoitant
poital to paiticipation in authentic
uemociatic piocesses that will leau to a
moie iesilient sustainable society The
benefits available thiough social agieements
anu the ievenueshaiing aiiangements such
as those facilitateu by the National Benefit
Shaiing Tiust may be ielatively small but if
they cieate institutions that aie oiganizeu
thiough piocesses of uecisionmaking
chaiacteiizeu by infoimeu uiscouise among
the people of a society Sawyei they
can be instiumental in tiansfoiming Libeiia
Libeiias expeiiment has implications
beyonu its boiueis REBB piojects foi
example involve the payment of caibon
cieuits in exchange foi activities that ieuuce


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uefoiestation anu foiest uegiauation To be
effective these cieuits must benefit foiest
communities Wheie foiests aie tieu to
communities thiough customaiy tenuie anu
wheie communities aie uepenuent upon
foiests foi theii livelihoous such payments
compensate people foi lost oppoitunities
anu theieby function as financial benefit
shaiing aiiangements But theie aie yet
compaiatively few examples of such
aiiangements in the Afiican foiest sectoi

Concl usi on and Recommendat i on
The thiesholu of a gieen economy in the
foiest sectoi is ciosseu when a society
tiansitions fiom shaiing benefits fiom
iesouice uecisions maue at the top to
shaiing the actual uecisionmaking Co
management with cential authoiities anu
uiiect local management baseu upon a
piactice of selfgoveinment affoiueu by
benefitshaiing aiiangements will pioviue
the ciitical ingieuients foi the uevelopment
of sustainable livelihoous in the foiest
sectoi In Libeiia the stoiy is incomplete
anu success is not assuieu But the
expeiiment unuei way has the potential to
tiansfoim it fiom a countiy that hau been
wiitten off by some as a uifficult case into a
leauei in the evolution of an authentic
Afiican gieen economy

Refer ences
Altman S L S S Nichols anu } T Woous
Leveiaging highvalue natuial
iesouices to iestoie the iule of law The iole
of the Libeiia Foiest Initiative in Libeiias
tiansition to stability In Hi gh-val ue nat ur al
r esour ces and post -conf l i ct peacebui l di ng, eu
P Lujala anu S A Rustau Lonuon
Eaithscan

Anueisson K 0nueistanuing
uecentializeu foiest goveinance An
application of the institutional analysis anu

uevelopment fiamewoik Sust ai nabi l i t y,
Sci ence, Pr act i ce and Pol i cy pp
httpsspppioquestcomaichivesvoliss
anueissonhtml

FBA Foiestiy Bevelopment Authoiity
National Foiest Nanagement Stiategy
wwwfuagovliuocNFNgmtStiategypuf
u0L uoveinment of Libeiia
Regulation National Benefit Shaiing
Tiust Funu Noniovia Foiestiy
Bevelopment Authoiity

Noiiison K Ceiutti P 0 0yono P R anu
Steil N Bioken piomises Foiest
ievenue shaiing in Cameioon WRI Foiest
Note Novembei Washington BC Woilu
Resouices Institute
httppufwiioigbiokenpiomisesfoiest
ievenueshaiingincameioonpuf

Sawyei A Beyond pl under : Tow ar ds
democr at i c gover nance i n Li ber i a Bouluei
C0 Lynne Riennei

Waugh } Assessment and
r ecommendat i on f or a nat i onal benef i t
shar i ng t r ust f und Noniovia Lanu Rights
anu Community Foiestiy Piogiam 0S
Agency foi Inteinational Bevelopment

I mpl ement i ng t he Nat i onal
Benef i t Shar i ng Tr ust Fund and soci al
agr eement s: I ssues and opt i ons f or bui l di ng
capaci t y Noniovia Lanu Rights anu
Waugh } anu Nuiombeuzi } in piess
Social benefits in the Libeiian
foiestiy sectoi An expeiiment in post
conflict institution builuing foi iesilience In
St r engt heni ng Post -Conf l i ct Peacebui l di ng
t hr ough Nat ur al Resour ce Management ,
Vol ume 6: Gover nance, Nat ur al Resour ces,
and Post -Conf l i ct Peacebui l di ng. Eu C Biuch
W C Nuffet S Nichols Lonuon Eaithscan


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Ten year s of managi ng Kenyan t op
bar hi ves i n sout h-west er n Ni ger i a

Lat eef Ak i nw umi FOLORUNSO
1

Summar y
Beekeepi ng ( api cul t ur e) i s t he
mai nt enance of honey bee col oni es,
commonl y i n hi ves, by humans. A
beek eeper ( api ar i st ) k eeps bees i n or der
t o col l ect honey and ot her pr oduct s of t he
hi ve ( i ncl udi ng beesw ax, pr opol i s, pol l en,
and r oyal j el l y) , t o pol l i nat e cr ops, or t o
pr oduce bees f or sal e t o ot her beek eeper s.
A l ocat i on w her e bees ar e k ept i s cal l ed
an api ar y or bee yar d. Thi s submi ssi on
t hus pr esent s an exper i ence on w or k i ng
w i t h t he Kenyan Top Bar Hi ve, f act or s t o
consi der bef or e si t e sel ect i on, saf et y t i ps
i n api ar y management and how t o t est f or
good qual i t y honey.

Int r oduct i on
began to leain about bees in
when I was taught apicultuie as a
topic in a couise at a college of
euucation in Nigeiia but my inteiest in
it was aiouseu when I visiteu the
uepaitmental stanu of Ciop Piotection
anu Enviionmental Biology uuiing the
0niveisity of Ibauan uoluen }ubilee
exhibition in Theie I met the late
0lugbenga Auewumi 0saniyi who was a
uoctoial stuuent woiking on bees foi his
thesis Be showeu me the pollen tiap

1
Depar t ment of Wi l dl i f e and Fi sher i es
Management , Uni ver si t y of I badan, Ni ger i a
Emai l : f 4ace2000@yahoo.com ;
GSM:+2348037185335
smokei langstioth hive Kenyan top bai
hive anu some samples of goou anu
auultiateu honey Two weeks latei I tolu
him I wanteu to be a beekeepei Be
agieeu to teach me beekeeping on the
conuition that I woulu be his fielu
assistant in inspecting hives anu
collecting pollen samples on weekly
basis foi sixty weeks I agieeu to his
teims immeuiately anu got involveu in
beekeeping In Apiil he gave me a
beehive askeu me to bait it with bee
wax anu place it at any site accessible
anu safe I got a site on the 0niveisity
campus placeu the hive unuei a
gliiiciuia tiee anu fiist noticeu bees
insiue it on nu 0ctobei That
was how I staiteu anu since then I have
establisheu seveial apiaiies anu
consulteu foi seveial beekeepeis

Lessons Lear nt
Foi site selection most of the site that
have been able to withstanu the test of
time hau iocks unueineath anu coulu
not be useu foi aiable faiming but the
suiiounuing aiea was cultivateu with
aiable ciops The vegetation on site
incluueu shiubs climbeis anu few tiees
The site selecteu foi the apiaiy
measuieu an aveiage of m
anu five to
ten hives weie kept pei site but with a
few cases of fifteen to twenty hives pei
site The hives maue fiom Cor di a mi l eni i
locally calleu omo weie founu to
withstanu enviionmental conuitions
bettei than planks fiom othei timbei
species useu Bives maue fiom Cor di a
mi l eni i aie light to caiiy when uiy anu
aie not easily uestioyeu by iain
Although none of the timbei species
useu was teimitepioof teimites weie
contiolleu with spent vehicle engine oil
Bive stanus weie maue with olu tyies
conciete blocks woouen anu iion ious
Stacking two oi thiee tyies befoie
placing the hive has pioveu to be the
most uuiable anu cost effective methou
I


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while useu aluminium plates obtaineu
fiom a lithogiaphic piintei was placeu
on the tyies befoie placing the hives on
the plate This was uone to pievent
amphibians snakes anu othei ieptiles
that might make the cool innei siue of
the tyies as theii habitat Sometimes
swaims of bees weie encounteieu insiue
the tyies while swaims in the hives on
top of such tyies hau absconueu It was
not cleai if the initial colony hau shifteu
theii aboue oi it was an entiiely
uiffeient colony

A new hive that is being expecteu to
catch a swaim shoulu be appioacheu
anu openeu with caution because cobias
hau been founu twice in uiffeient empty
hives while the castoff skin of snakes
hau been founu in the empty hives anu
sometimes in those that hau active bee
colonies Theie weie some situations in
which the castoff skin of snakes was
useu as nest by iats unuei the hive liu
but whethei it was biought by iats oi by
the snakes coulu not be asceitaineu
What hau been obseiveu unuei the hive
lius incluue scoipions iats othei small
ieptiles anu castoff skins of snakes
When woiking on the hives it was
obseiveu that the bees weie
extiaoiuinaiily aggiessive towaius the
enu of the yeai when the ambient
tempeiatuie was high but they weie
moie uocile uuiing the cool months of
haimattan When inspecting a beehive
caie shoulu be taken to open the hive liu
facing the opposite uiiection this woulu
give any animal hiuing unueineath to
jump out in a uiiection away fiom the
beekeepei anu not towaius the bee
keepei as woulu have happeneu if the
hive liu hau been openeu with the liu
facing the beekeepei

Biffeient smokei fuels that have been
tiieu incluue papeimache Papei
mache is a composite mateiial consisting
of papei pieces oi pulp ieinfoiceu with
staich maue fiom cassava it can be
moulueu into uiffeient shapes when wet
but was foimeu into balls foi smokei
fuel uiy leaves anu P0NE Palm 0il
Neal Exuuate locally calleu oguso This
is chaff a byepiouuct of piocessing
El aei s gui neensi s iipe fiuits I obseiveu
that P0NE buint with a bettei whitish
smoke than the othei types of smokei
fuels I also obseiveu that when woiking
on the Kenyan Top Bai Bive KTBB the
following steps maue woiking on the
hive easiei i obseive the flight path
anu uo not move acioss it ii check the
numbei of entiy points that the bees aie
using iii smoke fiom the busiest
entiance iv pump in the smoke anu
latei iemove the hive liu v use the hive
tool to knock the top bais staiting fiom
the iight oi left till you cease to heai a
hollow sounu The bai that makes a
thuu sounu signifies piesence of a
comb attacheu but not necessaiily with
honey anu vi stait opening fiom the
last two hollow bais Always make
suie the fiist two bais staiting fiom each
siue aie not iemoveu as the bees tenu to
hiue unuei them but if the bais aie
iemoveu then the bees become moie
aggiessive

uently iaise the bais with the combs anu
haivest those that contain iipe honey in
a bucket If evei theie is neeu to haivest
fiom the fiist bai it shoulu be placeu
back as soon as possible Tiy as much as
possible to leave the site with as few
bees as possible When you get home
aftei haivesting iemove the bees that
aie still attacheu to the combs anu put
them in a small containei that contains
watei anu uiown them in it Biowning
the bees is bettei uone in the evening
because if you allow them to fly off they
will ietuin within a shoit peiiou with
moie woikeis anu they may attack you
Aftei stiaining with muslin cloth allow


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the honey to settle oveinight uecant into
glass oi plastic bottles that aie aii tight
anu then keep the honey in a cool uiy
place
So many uomestic tests aie uone to
asceitain the quality of honey anu they
incluue i matchstick test Beie a
matchstick is uippeu in the honey anu is
then igniteu If it uoes not ignite then it
is not goou but the scientific basis of this
is that you aie actually testing foi the
moistuie content anu not the type of
sugai ii the bottles of honey tuineu
upsiue uown anu if the honey uoes not
spill out this is taken as its authenticity
The thinking behinu this is that honey is
veiy uense anu it tenus to push up all
impuiities in it Since the bottle has a
naiiow neck then the uebiis is
invaiiably useu to seal the bottles neck
iii some people use ououi to confiim
honey quality but this is subjective anu
is also a function of how the hive was
smokeu uuiing haivesting iv some
people say unauulteiateu honey uoes
not attiact ants but I obseiveu that the
ants will clustei iounu a uiop of honey
on the giounu

Boney is useu foi a vaiiety of
consumptive anu nonconsumptive
puiposes anu my opinion on testing foi
honey quality is pouiing it in colu watei

A bettei quality honey will sink anu not
easily mix with the watei while a lessei
quality honey will uispeise as it is being
pouieu into colu watei

Acknowl edgement s
I acknowleuge the contiibutions of the
late Nessis 0A 0saniyi anu 0lufemi 0
0poosun who weie at the time
uoctoiate stuuents of the Bepaitment of
Ciop Piotection anu Enviionmental
Biology 0niveisity of Ibauan foi what
they taught me about beekeeping
entomology anu scientific ieseaich

Bi bl i ogr aphy
Aujaie S Beekeeping in Afiica
FA0 Agiicultuial Seivices Bulletin

Ciane E Bees anu Beekeeping
Science Piactice anu Woilu Resouices
Beinemann Newnes

Inteinational Bee Reseaich Association
IBRA The Nanagement of
Afiican Boney Bees incluuing the uesign
of low cost hives

Wikipeuia Beekeeping Available
at
httpenwikipeuiaoigwikiBeekeepin
g accesseu on Bec


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A r evi ew of bar r i er s t o weal t h
cr eat i on and benefi t shar i ng
fr om for est based
gr een economy i n Zambi a

Vi ncent R. Nyi r enda
1
, Wi l br oad Chansa
2

and Vi ncent Zi ba
3

Summar y
Exper t k now l edge and l i t er at ur e r evi ew w er e
used t o i dent i f y bar r i er s t o ef f ect i ve
par t i ci pat i on of r ur al communi t i es, pr i vat e
sect or and ot her st ak ehol der s i n management
of w ood and non-w ood f or est pr oduct s i n
Zambi a. Tr adi t i onal and non-t r adi t i onal
f or est s occupy appr oxi mat el y 60% of
Zambi as l andmass, w hi ch has massi ve
pot ent i al f or economi c cont r i but i on t o bot h
r ur al and ur ban communi t i es. Key chal l enges
and oppor t uni t i es i n w eal t h cr eat i on and
benef i t shar i ng f r om f or est pr oduct s ar e
di scussed. The concl usi on i s t hat enhanci ng
w eal t h cr eat i on and benef i t shar i ng among

1
Vi ncent R. Nyi r enda, Execut i ve & Techni cal
Assi st ant , Of f i ce of t he Di r ect or Gener al ,
Zambi a Wi l dl i f e Aut hor i t y, Pr i vat e Bag 1,
Chi l anga, Zambi a. Tel : +260 211 278 683,
Cel l : +260 977352 035, Fax: +260 211 278 524
Emai l : nyi r endavr @hot mai l .com
Emai l : vi ncent .nyi r enda@zaw a.or g.zm

2
Wi l br oad C. Chansa, Di r ect or of Resear ch,
Pl anni ng, I nf or mat i on and Vet er i nar y Ser vi ces,
Chi l anga, Zambi a. Tel f ax: +260 211 278 365, Cel l :
+260 975 062 301 Emai l :
chansa.chomba@zaw a.or g.zm

3
Vi ncent Zi ba, Nat i onal Coor di nat or Zambi a
CBNRM For um C/ o WWF Zambi a Count r y of f i ce
P.O Box 50511 Lusak a, Zambi a. Tel : +260 211
250404, Cel l : +260 977210382,
Emai l : vi ncezi ba@yahoo.com

t he r ur al communi t i es and i t s key par t ner s
depend on l egal f r amew or k r ef or ms, syst ems
devel opment , st ak ehol der f or mal and
i nf or mal r el at i onshi ps and connect edness.

Int r oduct i on
he Convention on Biological Biveisity
CBB pioviues a platfoim foi
conseivation sustainable use anu
equitable shaiing of benefits fiom natuial
iesouices It foims a basis upon which a
gieen economy woulu be uevelopeu We
auopteu uefinition of gieen economy as one
that iesults in impioveu human wellbeing
anu social equity while significantly
ieuucing enviionmental iisks anu ecological
scaicities 0NEP Theiefoie gieen
economy is inextiicably linkeu to natuial
iesouice base which cieates it Wealth
cieation is an integial pait of natuial
iesouice management Anueison
accompanieu by equitable benefit shaiing
foi impioveu livelihoous Fishei et al .
The Economist Accoiuing to
Chishakwe anu Young benefit
shaiing encompasses a wiue aiiay of issues
such as access to genetic iesouices tiansfei
of technology financial matteis owneiship
anu intellectual piopeity iights which aie
closely linkeu

Bue to the natuie of the common pool
iesouices such as foiests iuial
communities tenu to uevelop collective
iuentity to maximize benefit fiom common
inteiest of foiest utilization as postulateu by
Beikes et al . 0stiom et al .
Buigei et al . Klanueimans et al .
anu Ashmoie Beaux anu Nclaughlin
volpe Baseu on the common
inteiest collective action founueu on shaieu
expeiiences anu expectations aie uevelopeu
NeinzenBick Biuiegoiio NcCaithy

The inteiest baseu fiamewoiks unite the
paiticipating stakeholueis 0iy Biett
uolubeig belonging to institutions
that can conuuct effective anu integiative
baigain As such these institutions foim
communities of piactice which have passion
T


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anu also inteiact socially leaining anu
piacticing peifection in theii iesolve of the
challenges they face Wengei
Befoiestation causeu by encioachment anu
agiaiian activities exaceibateu by climate
change is piobably the gieatest challenge
confionting foiest management Chunuama
Assuming that events anu
mechanisms in foiest management influence
the ability to builu wealth anu equitably
shaie benefits we ueteimineu key baiiieis
to both wealth cieation anu benefit shaiing
anu means of iemoval of baiiieis

Key bar r i er s
Baiiieis aie aspects that limit the success by
potential beneficiaiies in maximizing
tangible benefits fiom foiest piouucts It is
assumeu that iemoval of the iuentifieu
baiiieis woulu inciease foiest management
sustainability anu peimit incieaseu
economic benefits Kajembe anu Nonela
anu Campbell et al .
highlighteu some baiiieis that existeu
within the subAfiican iegion These weie
summaiizeu as low inheient piouuctivity of
local foiests uespite uiveise foiest piouuct
types incluuing woou caibon stoiage elite
anu exteinal actois captuie of values anu
benefits iestiictive iegulations anu high
tiansactional cost of piouuceis anu tiaueis
limiteu suppoit by piivate sectoi foi local
foiest enteipiise uevelopment anu lack of
stiong local oiganization to uemonstiate
volumes anu engagement The piesent
ieseaich iuentifieu thiough exper t
k now l edge and l i t er at ur e r evi ew in
fuithei baiiieis incluuing the following

Fai l ur e t o l egi t i mi ze for est benefi t s
Zambia Foiest Act anu Policy have been in
uiaft foim since anu
iespectively Embouieu in these pieces of
uiaft legislation aie aspects that woulu
enhance community anu piivate sectoi
paiticipation inciease legal benefits to the
iuial communities anu avoiu ihetoiic by
inteiest gioups but institute substance to
stakeholueis Suppoitive aspects incluue
enhanceu access to foiest iesouices
commouity maikets anu equitable benefit
shaiing mechanisms In a uynamic socio
ecological enviionment imposeu by climate
change anu volatility in global economy
absence of iesilient legislation makes it
uifficult to exploie alteinative innovations
foi benefit geneiation paiticulaily foi iuial
communities Bue to absence of
compiehensive legal instiuments Zambia
has been unable to access ievenue fiom
caibon tiauing facility which coulu be useu
to cushion climate change impacts
confionteu by impoveiisheu iuial
communities

For est r esour ce owner shi p
Although usei iights aie conveyeu to
vaiious stakeholueis incluuing iuial
communities foiest iesouice owneiship is
piincipally unuei the state Incieaseu
uevolution of iights anu powei ovei foiest
management thiough auvocacy may
contiibute to effective foiest management
anu benefit shaiing Full owneiship coulu be
achieveu thiough inuiviuual oi collective
community owneiship of foiests as is the
case in Cameioon highlighteu by Kam Yogo

Inappr opr i ate appr oaches and syner gi es
t o ent i ci ng r ur al communi t y
par t i ci pati on i n benefi t gener at i on
Beie we avail two examples fiistly ielating
to piicing of foiest piouucts anu seconuly
impiopei implementation of Community
Baseu Natuial Resouice Nanagement
CBNRN piogiamme As a iesult of
uiffeiential taxation BalalCiayton Chilu
peipetuating foiest piouucts by
emphasizing on quantities anu not qualities
that uo not have value auueu ienueis
unattiactive competitive commouity piicing
which loweis the economic benefits in
favoui of othei commouities othei than
natuial iesouices CBNRN piogiammes
which aie nonoiganic anu nonsustainable
in aieas wheie stakeholuei cooiuination has
been inauequate tianspaiency anu
accountability not fulfilleu to the
constituencies anu incentive uiiven
mechanisms have been insufficient anu
have stagnateu Nbewe et al .,


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Rel i ance on r i ght s based cl ai ms
In case of iuial communities claims of
benefits aie mostly baseu on theii peiceiveu
iights As foiests aie capable of pioviuing
vaiious piouucts uemanuing uiffeient skills
fiom useis a shift towaius inteiest gioups
such as piouuction baseu associations
unions anu societies is moie appiopiiate
Conuitions that allow vaiious inteiest
gioups to flouiish have not been fully
uevelopeu In oiuei to uevelop this
conuition theie is neeu to allow foi
significant fusion between local inuigenous
technical knowleuge anu mouein skills
Nyiienua et al .,

Oppor t uni t i es
Bespite baiiieis inhibiting wealth cieation
anu benefit shaiing the following
oppoitunities exist in iespect to institutional
goveinance local iepiesentation
commeicialization anu entiepieneuiship
uiveisification peispectives These aie

x Aiuent use of infoimation
communication anu technologies
ICTs that can enhance maiketing of
foiest iesouices
x Foimulation anu implementation of
bylaw by local stakeholueis to
enhance effective foiest
management
x At local level theie aie uiveise foiest
piouucts which foim a iesouice base
foi gieen economy uonuo Sola anu
Kuiebgaseka have ieiteiateu
piouuction potential of nonwoou
foiest piouucts in Zambia
x National Becentialization Policy of
pioviues plinth foi feueiateu
local institutions foi effective access
anu utilization of local foiest
iesouices
With incieaseu pievailing auvocacy
by the vaiious civil auvocacy
gioupings it is envisageu by
stakeholueis that genuei imbalance
will minimize Foi instance women
anu youth shoulu be involveu moie
in iesouice baseu income geneiation
anu iesouice management eg even
in beehive setting anu management
honey piepiocessing anu
maiketing
x The iole of social capital thiough
such featuies as connecteuness anu
collective action can assist in
builuing capacity among the
stakeholueis anu enhance theii
paiticipation in wealth cieation anu
equitable benefit shaiing as
suggesteu by Nyiienua et al .
Social capital tenus to lowei the
tiansaction costs foi piouuction
collection piepiocessing anu
maiketing thiough such institutions
as associations coopeiatives anu
social netwoiks i bi d.
x Theie is uoveinments peivasive
inteiest in empoweiing the
impoveiisheu iuial communities
who aie among the significant
agencies of foiest uegiauation in
Zambia anu this inteiest coulu
fuithei be extenueu to gieen
economy

Recommendat i ons
In oiuei to inciease wealth cieation anu
impiove equitable benefit shaiing in foiest
iesouices in Zambia the following aie
iecommenueu

x Enact appiopiiate legislation foi
foiest iesouice management
x Exploie moie of the business mouels
in commeicializing foiest iesouices
focusing on those that piomote
maiket incentives that uiive
conseivation anu iesouice
management simultaneously 0ne
such example is the Community
Naiket foi Conseivation C0NAC0
mouel which inteifaces agiicultuie


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maiket uiiven incentives anu natuial
iesouices conseivation
x Bevelop capacity in foiest
commouity inteiest gioups in such
spheies as commouity maiketing
inteiest claims peifoimance
monitoiing anu evaluation
appiopiiate foiest iesouices
extiaction oi piocessing
technologies anu finance souicing
x Foi long teim sustenance of foiest
iesouices theie is neeu to uevelop
anu implement lanu use anu
management plans Nost n
of foiest ieseives in Zambia
uo not have foiest management
plans anu theii absence poses a
majoi iisk to posteiity though
bylaws exist paiticulaily in the eight
community foiest sites
x Bevelop long teim financial
commitment by stakeholueis
uevoteu to uevelopment of foiest
iesouices piouucts
x Befine unit of management anu
benefits associateu with foiest
management acioss auministiative
eg associations tiusts clubs anu
unions anu geogiaphical eg
zones bounuaiies

Concl usi on
Scaling up of wealth cieation anu equitable
benefit shaiing fiom foiest piouucts in
Zambia can be facilitateu thiough iemoval of
iuentifieu baiiieis Nuch of investments of
effoit eg financial anu knowleuge aie
iequiieu in builuing institutional anu
technical capacities in aiiay of stakeholueis
Since inteiest gioups paiticulaily local
institutions can not by themselves uiive
wealth cieation anu benefit shaiing theie is
neeu to enhance inteistakeholuei positive
connecteuness anu ielationships
Refer ences
Anueison } Nat ur e, w eal t h and
pow er : emer gi ng best pr act i ce f or r evi t al i si ng
r ur al Af r i ca Naiiobi 0SAIB Afiica Buieau
AFRSB
Ashmoie RB Beaux K anu Nclaughlin
volpe T An oiganizing fiamewoik
foi collective iuentity Aiticulation anu
significance of multiuimensionality
Psychol ogi cal Bul l et i n

Campbell BN Angelsen A Cunningham
A Kateieie Y Sitoe A anu Wunuei S
Mi ombo w oodl ands: oppor t uni t i es
and bar r i er s t o sust ai nabl e f or est
management . Bogoi CIF0R

BalalClayton B anu Chilu B Lessons
f r om Luangw a: t he st or y of t he Luangw a
I nt egr at ed Resour ce Devel opment Pr oj ect ,
Zambi a. Lonuon Inteinational Institute foi
Enviionment anu Bevelopment Wilulife
Bevelopment Seiies

Fishei B Tuinei K Zylstia N Biouwei
R ue uioot R Faibei S Feiiaio P uieen
R Bauley B Bailow } }effeiiss P Kiikby
C Noiling P Nowatt S Naiuoo R
Paavola } Stiassbuig B Yu B anu
Balmfoiu A Ecosystem seivices anu
economic theoiy integiation foi policy
ielevant ieseaich Ecol ogi cal Appl i cat i ons

uonuo P Sola P anu Kuiebgaseka N
Assessi ng t he pot ent i al f or
pr oduct i on, commer ci al i zat i on and
mar k et i ng of NWFPs by r ur al pr oducer s i n
Zambi a t o i mpr ove t hei r l i vel i hoods PFAP II
Lusaka NTENR

Kam Yogo EB Possible impacts of
moualities foi obtaining community foiests
on foiest iesouices conseivation anu
climate change in Cameioon Nat ur e & Faune

NeinzenBick R Biuiegoiio N anu
NcCaithy N Nethous foi stuuying
collective action in iuial uevelopment
Agr i cul t ur e Syst ems

Nyiienua vR Chansa WC Nybuigh }W
Reilly BK Social capital anu
community iesponses to natuial iesouice
management in the Luangwa valley Zambia


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Jour nal of Sust ai nabl e Devel opment i n Af r i ca
.

0NEP Towaius a uieen Economy
Pathways to Sustainable Bevelopment anu
Poveity Eiauication Synthesis foi Policy
Nakeis Available fiom 0RL
wwwunepoiggieeneconomy Accesseu

0iy W L Biett }N anu uolubeig SB
Thr ee appr oaches t o r esol vi ng

di sput es: i nt er est s, r i ght s and pow er . I n
get t i ng di sput es r esol ved. Desi gni ng syst ems
t o cut t he cost s of conf l i ct . San Fiancisco
}ossey Bass pp

Wengei E Knowleuge management
as a uoughnut Shaping youi knowleuge
stiategy thiough communities of piactice
I vey Busi ness Jour nal }anuaiy Febiuaiy


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Devel opi ng r ur al communi t i es by
pr ot ect i ng t r opi cal for est s:
Cont r i but i on of communi t y based
for est management i n
Cr oss-Ri ver St at e, Ni ger i a

Fol a Babal ol a
1
and Abi Ene
2

Summar y
Want on dest r uct i on of f or est s and i t s
r esour ces necessi t at ed t he i nt r oduct i on of
Communi t y Based For est Management i nt o
Cr oss Ri ver St at e, Ni ger i a w i t h t he pr i mar y
f ocus of guar ant eei ng t he conser vat i on and
pr ot ect i on of t he r emai ni ng t r opi cal r ai n
f or est of t he St at e. The Cr oss Ri ver St at e
Communi t y For est r y Pr oj ect ( CRSCFP) w as
desi gned t o i ncor por at e l ocal k now l edge i nt o
t he pr oj ect s deci si on mak i ng pr ocesses w i t h
t he ai m t hat sust ai nabl e economi c benef i t s
f r om t he nat ur al r esour ce base w er e secur ed
f or t he r ur al communi t i es. Consequent t o t he
par t i ci pat i on of t he communi t i es i n managi ng
f or est s adj oi ni ng t o t hei r communi t i es, t hey
w er e pai d r oyal t i es by t he st at e gover nment ,
w hi ch w as used t o f und var i ous r ur al
devel opment al pr oj ect s. Havi ng benef i t ed
f r om t he pr oceeds of CBFM, t he l ocal
communi t i es see f or est s as t hei r her i t age t hat
can f ur t her benef i t f r om pr ot ect i on and
management st r at egi es.

Fol a Babal ol a PhD ( For est Economi cs) , Lect ur er

and Resear cher , Depar t ment of For est Resour ces
Management , Uni ver si t y of I l or i n, Ni ger i a. Emai l :
f ol ababs2000@yahoo.com
Tel ephone: +234-8025487802

Abi Ene Resear cher , Feder al Col l ege of For est r y

( Ji ca) , Af aka, Kaduna St at e, Ni ger i a.
Emai l : eneabi 2008@yahoo.com;
Tel ephone: +234-8131397760

ost West Afiican states have
initiateu uecentialization
piogiams with uevolution of
natuial iesouice management to local
communities as an impoitant component
Nost national foiestiy seivices in the iegion
now iecognize the impoitance of community
foiestiy collaboiative foiestiy oi joint
foiest management anu have uevelopeu a
ciitique of pievious piactices baseu on
exclusionaiy topown appioaches Amanoi
0NEP uefines a uieen
Economy as one that iesults in impioveu
human wellbeing anu social equity while
Community Baseu Foiest Nanagement
CBFN means management of foiests which
suppoits the empoweiment of local
communities anu the inclusion of all gioups
in the community minoiities women etc
in uecisionmaking In auuition to seiving as
an effective stiategy foi sustainable foiest
this paiticipatoiy appioach pioviues a
platfoim anu avenue foi iuial uevelopment
Papka Banzhaf et al . CBFN
foi sustainable uevelopment signifies
paitneiship between communities foiestiy
agencies anu othei stakeholueis woiking
togethei foi sustainable foiest management
anu iuial uevelopment Besse anu Pippa
Amanoi Foi the paitneiship to
be successful communities must have
secuiity of longteim iights to the foiest so
that they aie assuieu that they will ieceive
benefits fiom the piotection anu
impiovement of the foiest iesouices Ribot
This link between local benefits anu
sustainable uevelopment appeais to be
stiong with impiovements in the quantity
quality vaiiety anu secuiity of foiests
baseu on shaieu foiest management
iesponsibilities

Cuiiently the piactice of CBFN is veiy
limiteu in Nigeiia It is only in Cioss Rivei
State that this piactice is founu CBFN
staiteu in Cioss Rivei State in Naich
with the commencement of a Biitish
uoveinment 0veiseas Bevelopment
Auministiation now known as Bepaitment
foi Inteinational Bevelopment assisteu
M


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foiestiy pioject CRSFC The
piojects piimaiy focus was to guaiantee the
conseivation of the iemaining one thiiu of
tiopical iain foiest of the State which
incluues both tiopical moist anu uiy foiest
Two thiius of the foiest estate hau alieauy
eailiei been uesignateu as Cioss Rivei
National Paik CRNP by ueciee of the
Feueial uoveinment of Nigeiia Bowevei
paiticipatoiy foiestiy piactice commenceu
fully only with the inception of the Cioss
Rivei State Community Foiestiy Pioject
CRSCFP in The CRSCFP was
uesigneu following extensive consultations
anu ieseaich between anu The
piojects goal as seen by the Cioss Rivei
State uoveinment was piimaiily to ensuie
that sustainable economic benefits fiom the
natuial iesouice base weie secuieu foi
women anu men in the State anu the
incoipoiation of local knowleuge into the
piojects uecision making piocesses CRSFP
CRSu

Theie aie numbei of community baseu
oiganizations CB0 suppoiting community
foiestiy in the State Among them is Ekuii
Initiative which staiteu in as a
coopeiative bouy The initiative was
foimally iegisteieu as a CB0 in with
the goal of conseiving the Ekuii community
owneu tiopical high foiest TBF as well as
poveity alleviation The success of Ekuii
Initiative has staiteu to inspiie othei foiest
communities like Etaia Enyeyeng uabu
0koishie in Cioss Rivei State to uevelop
management options foi theii foiest lanus

Besiues conseivation of foiest iesouices anu
meeting the foiest piouucts iequiiements of
the local people CBFN also seives as income
geneiation foi the local people thiough
benefit shaiing anu employment
oppoitunities vaiious community piojects
have been implementeu thiough the
pioceeus fiom CBFN in Cioss Rivei State
This stuuy theiefoie evaluates the financial
benefits of the pioceeus of CBFN to
implement iuial piojects in selecteu
communities of Cioss Rivei State aimeu at
stiengthening conseivation effoits anu
utilization of enviionmental benefits in
sustainable foiest management stiategies

Dat a col l ect i on
Bata foi the stuuy was collecteu in
thiough the use of questionnaiies
inteiviews anu ieview of available
liteiatuie anu annual iepoits The
iesponuents weie ianuomly sampleu in the
local communities in which CBFN weie
piacticeu The names of the selecteu
communities foi the stuuy incluueu Ekuii
AboEbam uabu 0koishie anu AbuEmeh
Fig The State Foiestiy Commission was
also visiteu to obtain infoimation on pioject
implementation as well anu to ensuie that
the pioceeus between the communities anu
the goveinment weie shaieu

Resul t s and di scussi ons
A wiue iange of NTFPs is planteu pieseiveu
anu exploiteu in the tiopical foiests aiounu
local communities Some tiees aie useu foi
caiving canoes moitais culinaiy anu
fuinituie items some beai fiuits that
pioviue impoitant foous anu conuiments
incluuing I r vi ngea gabonensi s wilu mango
El aei s gui neensi s oil palm Bor assus
aet hi opi um boiassus palm anu Col a ni t i da
cola Rattans anu giasses aie useu foi
weaving baskets anu fuinituie Theie is also
wiue iange of meuicinal plants 0thei
species pioviue chewing sticks useu foi
uental cleaning anu sponges Tiees aie often
pieseiveu on the banks of stieams anu
iiveis anu aiounu heauwateis to maintain
watei iesouices Foiests also pioviue
bushmeat iesouices Timbei useu foi
vaiious constiuctions anu builuing puiposes
is also obtaineu fiom the natuial foiests anu
plantations In auuition to being exploiteu
foi local consumption many NTFPs aie solu
in uiban maikets All these benefits yielu
both social anu economic ietuin to the
people anu the goveinment

The goveinment iestiicteu entiance anu
exploitation of piouucts fiom the natuial
foiests suiiounuing the local communities
as well as the goveinment establisheu
plantations Foi effective piotection anu


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sustainable exploitation of the foiests the
goveinment incoipoiateu the local

communities with the agieement to pay
ioyalty to the local communities involveu in
the joint management The shaiing foimula
foi the pioceeus obtaineu fiom the foiest
ieseive between the goveinment anu the
people was The sampleu
communities useu the pioceeus obtaineu
fiom CBFN to establish vaiious
uevelopmental piojects Bespite of these
contiibutions many of the sampleu local
community uwelleis infoimeu that they
want the goveinment to inciease the shaiing
foimula to the auvantage of the community
The main ieason foi this is that the people
saw the natuial foiest as theii heiitage anu
belief they ueseive laigei peicentage of
acciueu pioceeus

Fi g. 1: Map of the study ar ea showi ng the study ar eas

As shown in Fig the highest ielative
peicentage contiibution of the
pioceeus obtaineu fiom CBFN activities to
establish vaiious community piojects was
obseiveu in both AboEbam anu AbuEmeh
although the highest total contiibution of
benefits N

0SB obtaineu fiom CBFN to the
piojects in each of the communities was
obseiveu in AbuEmeh Table The total
of all the contiibutions of CBFN to
implement iuial piojects was N
0SB equivalent of of all the
total pioceeus fiom CBFN


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Fig 2: Relative percentage contribution of CBFM in
selected communities in Cross River State, Nigeria

Tabl e 1: Summar y of cont r i buti ons of CBFM to Communi t y devel opment pr oj ect s i n
Cr oss Ri ver St at e, Ni ger i a

SN

Community
Total amount of pioject costs N
foi each of the iuial communities
0SB equivalent in biacket
Total contiibution of pioceeus N
obtaineu fiom CBFN to implement
piojects in each iuial communities

Ekuii
AboEbam
uabu
0koishie
AbuEmeh

Tot al 5,257,000 (35,047) 4,128,000 (27,520)
N 0SB


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The sampleu communities implementeu
vaiious community uevelopment piojects
using the pioceeus obtaineu fiom CBFN
Some of these incluueu ioau constiuction
builuing of schools builuing of a civic centei
anu a health centei implementation of
skills uevelopment thiough vaiious
tiaining anu piomotion of a genuei
piogiamme The awaiuing of scholaiships to
giils who weie inuigene to the community
ueseives a special mention In auuition
scholaiships weie awaiueu also by the
womens wing of the Ekuii Initiative foi
giils stuuying in the 0niveisity which thus
contiibuteu to fuitheiing the acauemic
excellence of the community This initiative
is a lauuable pioject anu shoulu be fuithei
stiengtheneu Acknowleuging that
tianspoitation plays a cential iole in the
uevelopment of the iuial economy a biiuge
was constiucteu on the 0kokoiiEkuii ioau
fiom CBFN pioceeus in the Ekuii initiative
anu culveits installeu in some communities
have enhanceu the tianspoitation of people
as well as theii foiest anu faim piouuce
This has helpeu to impioving the iuial
economy thiough the inciease in the sale of
piouucts In the uabu community ioofing of
piimaiy school ieceiveu the highest
contiibution fiom CBFN pioceeus The
making of benches foi piimaiy schools anu
builuing of a chuich anu the constiuction of
a local biiuge weie fully coveieu by
pioceeus fiom CBFN foi each of the
comminities paiticipating in CBFN Repaii
of a boiehole also ieceiveu a consiueiable
amount of funuing fiom the pioceeus of
CBFN in the uabu community fiom the
pioceeus of CBFN

CONCLUSIONS
Community Baseu Foiest Nanagement has a
veiy gieat potential in conseivation anu
piotection of foiest iesouices as well as
contiibuting to poveity alleviation anu
implementation of uevelopment piojects in
ueveloping countiies Invaiiably the
stiategy will complement effoits towaiu
attaining the gieen economy Neanwhile all
stakeholueis must show unueistanuing of
anu commitment to the shaiing of pioceeus
obtaineu fiom the foiests Theie shoulu be a
cooiuinateu honest communication of the
flow of infoimation between all paities to
ensuie mutual confiuence anu effective
paitneiship The communities shoulu not
be seen as objects foi achieving goals of the
piogiamme but as paitneis

REFERENCES
Amanoi Kojo S Natuial anu Cultuial
Assets anu Paiticipatoiy Foiest
Nanagement in West Afiica Confeience
papei seiies Inteinational Confeience on
Natuial Assest helu at Political Economy
Reseaich Institute anu Centie foi Science
anu Enviionment }anuaiy
pp

Banzhaf N Bouieima B anu Beiman u
Fr om Conf l i ct t o Consensus: Tow ar ds
j oi nt management of nat ur al r esour ces by
past or al i st s and agr o-past or al i st s i n t he zone
of Ki shi Bei ga, Bur k i na Faso. Secuiing the
Commons No Lonuon IIEB anu Lonuon
S0S Sahel

CRSFC Cioss Rivei State Foiestiy
Commission Cioss Rivei State
Foiestiy Annual Repoit pp


CRSFP Cioss Rivei State Foiestiy Pioject
Technical Repoit 0veiview of a
planning piocess foi sustainable
management of the foiests of Cioss Rivei
State Nigeiia The Foiest Bevelopment
Bepaitment Cioss Rivei State anu the
0veiseas Bevelopment Auministiation 0K
pp

CRSu Cioss Rivei State uoveinment
Cioss Rivei State Economic
Empoweiment anu Bevelopment Stiategy
CR SEEBS Pp

Besse C anu Pippa T Whos
Managi ng t he Commons? I ncl usi ve
management f or a sust ai nabl e f ut ur e
Secuiing the Commons No Lonuon IIEB
Papka PN Community Paiticipation


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in Foiestiy Bevelopment in Nigeiia In EA
0uuwaye eu Foiestiy anu the Small Scale
Faimei Pioceeuings of the
th
Annual
Confeience of the Foiestiy Association of
Nigeiia helu in Kauuna Kauuna State
th

0ctobei
th
Novembei Pp

Ribot }esse C Local Act or s, Pow er s
and Account abi l i t y i n Af r i can
Decent r al i zat i ons: A Revi ew of I ssues. 0ttawa
Inteinational Bevelopment

Reseaich Centie of Canaua Assessment of
Social Policy Refoims Initiative 0ttawa
Canaua

Pathways to Sustainable Bevelopment
anu Poveity Eiauication A Synthesis
foi Policy Nakeis 0NEP Naiiobi
wwwunepoiggieeneconomy


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COUNTRY FOCUS:
Sout h Afr i ca

Sout h Afr i cas for est sect or and
t he Gr een Economy

Mr Ronal d N. Heat h
1
pr esent s hi s count r y,
Sout h Af r i ca. He r eveal s t hat t he f or est sect or
of Sout h Af r i ca has pr eempt ed t he dr i ve t o a
gr een economy t hr ough t he i mpl ement at i on
of f or est cer t i f i cat i on, and i s t her ef or e w el l -
pl aced t o suppor t a nat i onal gr een economy
st r at egy and ensur e best possi bl e use of f or est
and f or est pr oduct s. Mr . Heat h goes f ur t her t o
decl ar e t hat economi c st i mul us ef f or t s can
onl y pr ovi de shor t -t er m benef i t s t o t he f or est
sect or and hence, t he gover nment of Sout h
Af r i ca i s cr af t i ng a l ong-t er m vi si on needed t o
enabl e i t enhance t he shi f t t ow ar ds a gr een
economy. Fol l ow i ng i s a shor t excer pt f r om
w hat he shar ed w i t h Nat ur e & Faune.

1
Ronal d N. Heat h, PhD. Depar t ment of
Agr i cul t ur e, For est r y and Fi sher i es, Di r ect or at e:
Pol i cy Resear ch Suppor t For est r y Sci ence,
Technol ogy and I nnovat i on Advi sor
Ronal dH@nda.agr i c.za
Phone: +27 12 309 5753
Mobi l e: +27 83 611 6946

outh Afiica is geneially iegaiueu as a
low foiest covei countiy Bowevei
wooueu vegetation coveis moie than a
thiiu of the countiys lanu suiface aiea
Bespite its low foiest covei status South
Afiica ianks as the thiiu most biologically
uiveise countiy in the woilu
httpwwwsouthafiicainfoaboutgeogia
phybiouiveisityhtmixzzffvinYm The
foiest biome although the smallest anu
most fiagmenteu of all the biomes has the
highest plant uiveisity pei hectaie The total
foiest iesouices in South Afiica aie
extensive Savannas which aie the laigest
biome in South Afiica covei appioximately
million ha of the total lanu suiface
of the countiy Thompson et al anu
contiibute the majoiity of the wooueu lanu
aiea of South Afiica Shackleton et al

The South Afiican foiest sectoi is set to
contiibute significantly to a national gieen
economy thiough a focuseu appioach on
sustainable foiest management initiateu in
the miu s A gieen economy is
uesciibeu as the piocess of ieconfiguiing
businesses anu infiastiuctuie to uelivei
bettei ietuins on natuial human anu
economic capital investments while at the
same time ieuucing gieenhouse gas
emissions extiacting anu using fewei
natuial iesouices cieating less waste anu
ieuucing social uispaiities

The 0niteu Nations Enviionment
Piogiamme launcheu the ulobal uieen New
Beal that aimeu at ieuucing caibon
uepenuency anu ecosystem uegiauation
piomoting sustainable inclusive giowth anu
cieating new jobs In iesponse to this
initiative the South Afiicas goveinment has
committeu itself to woiking towaius the
uevelopment of a National uieen Economy
Stiategy Within the fiamewoik of the
National uieen Economy Stiategy the
timbei anu foiestiy sectois seek to make
S


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significant contiibutions towaius meeting
gieen economy objectives linkeu to climate
change policies thiough the ieuuction of
gieenhouse gas emissions anu expansion of
ienewable eneigy objectives Thiee key
entiy points to attaining gieen economy
incluue biomass eneigy gieen
infiastiuctuie anu builuing

In of all plantation aieas in
South Afiica weie ceitifieu BAFF
Although the ceitification of these
plantations is a goou incentive scheme it
must be emphasiseu that because of the high
cost of implementation of this system the
paiticipation of small gioweis is still limiteu
Bowevei this coulu be auuiesseu thiough
the implementation of outgiowei schemes
oi goveinment suppoit to small gioweis
anu post settlement suppoit to inuiviuuals
who aie iewaiueu with lanu thiough the
lanu iestitution piocesses

Foiest ecosystems anu theii biological
uiveisity encompass not just tiees anu
lanuscapes but the multituue of plant anu
animal populations anu miciooiganisms
that inhabit foiest aieas anu theii associateu
genetic uiveisity Although the management
of planteu foiests aims to conseive key
habitats by incoipoiating conseivation anu
biouiveisity management the foiest coulu
assist in conseivation anu othei ecological
seivices thiough the establishment of
coiiiuois between these key habitats foi the
migiation of fauna
Theie was high piofile national uebate
aiounu intiouuceu invasive species of plants
anu tiees Noieovei in the past planteu
foiests weie also ciiticizeu foi theii impact
on watei flow conseivation Thiough
stiiving towaius a gieen economy the
sectoi has tiansfoimeu itself to a point
wheie the management of the watei
iesouices anu the plantation iesouices co
exist Plantations have limiteu impacts on
stieam flow ieuuctions anu aie playing a
iole in impioving watei quality It has also
been shown that plantations have a sponge
effect on stieam flow anu coulu contiibute
to the attenuation of extieme watei flow
such as floous

Even though the South Afiican foiest sectoi
has maue significant stiiues in suppoit of a
gieen economy the challenge of the foiest
sectoi is to uevelop fuithei the necessaiy
chaiacteiistics thiough sustainable
consumption patteins iecycling anu
iecoveiy of piouucts incieaseu supply of
ienewable eneigy anu ecosystem seivices
Foiest manageis of all soits anu sizes neeu
to be compensateu at a level that enables
them to manage sustainably Compensation
is not necessaiily subsiuy it is be bettei that
piices of piouucts anu seivices aie aujusteu
to ieflect this

Refer ences
Bepaitment of Agiicultuie Foiestiy anu
Fisheiies South Afiica Foiestiy
Scientific Seivices South Afiican Foiestiy
Facts

Shackleton CN Shackleton SE Buiten E
Biiu N The impoitance of uiy
wooulanus anu foiests in iuial livelihoous
anu poveity alleviation in South Afiica
For est Pol i cy and Economi cs

Thompson NW Thompson vink ER
Faiibanks BBK Balance A anu Shackleton
CN Compaiison of extent anu
tiansfoimation of South Afiicas wooulanu
biome fiom two national uatabases Sout h
Af r i can Jour nal of Sci ence 97 pp
httpwwwsouthafiicainfoaboutgeogiaph
ybiouiveisityhtmixzzffvinYm

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FAO Act i vi t i es
A r at i onal appr oach t o managi ng wat er ,
wet l ands and for est s t owar ds a gr eener
economy for Afr i ca

Ruhiza }ean Boioto

Summar y
A met hodol ogy under devel opment i s
pr oposed f or t he sust ai nabl e expl oi t at i on of
w at er , w et l ands and f or est s i n t he cont ext of a
w at er shed and t ow ar ds a gr eener economy i n
Af r i ca. I f adopt ed, i t w i l l assi st i n doi ng t hi ngs
bet t er , t hr ough pr act i cal st eps.

Af r i ca depends a gr eat deal on t he
expl oi t at i on of i t s nat ur al r esour ces, i ncl udi ng
w at er , w et l ands and f or est s. The cont i nent i s
f aced w i t h popul at i on gr ow t h, an i ncr easi ng
pr essur e f or economi c devel opment , and
cl i mat e change t hat al l af f ect nat ur al
r esour ces. Car r yi ng busi ness as usual w i l l
exacer bat e t he dest r uct i on of t he cont i nent s
ecosyst ems and t he l oss of t he goods and
ser vi ces t hat t hey pr ovi de. A r at i onal
appr oach coul d r eser ve t hi s t r end and
cont r i but e t o a gr eener economy i n Af r i ca.

The appr oach t hat i s pr esent ed i n t hi s paper
i s w or k i n pr ogr ess. I t consi st s of t w o key
st eps compr i si ng ( 1) a cl assi f i cat i on of
w et l and and f or est r esour ces accor di ng t o
t hei r ecol ogi cal val ue, ( 2) a t echni cal gui de
f or t he gr adual expl oi t at i on of w et l ands and
f or est r esour ces f ocusi ng on maxi mi zi ng t he
benef i t s of a gr een economy.

1
Ruhi za Jean Bor ot o. Seni or Wat er Resour ces
Management and Devel opment Of f i cer .
FAO Regi onal Of f i ce f or Af r i ca.
P O Box GP 1628 Accr a, Ghana.
Emai l : Ruhi za.Bor ot o@f ao.or g

Thi s met hodol ogy i s f i r st bei ng devel oped f or
w et l ands and i nl and val l eys and w i l l be t est ed
on t w o pi l ot cases. Thi s paper i s par t of an
ear l y consul t at i ve pr ocess, comment s and
cont r i but i ons f r om r eader s ar e t her ef or e
w el come.

Int r oduct i on
ncieasing piessuie on natuial iesouices
calls foi a iauical appioach in theii
exploitation to piolong the benefits of
the goous anu seivices that they pioviue
Watei wetlanus anu foiests can be manageu
moie efficiently In Afiica watei as a
ienewable iesouice is unuei the thieat of
climatic changes that affects hyuiological
iegimes with an impact on the noimal
couise of human activities of which the
biggest watei usei is agiicultuie Afiicas
foiests aie only ienewable if theii
exploitation uoes not exceeu theii iate of
iegeneiation 0theiwise the ieuuction in
natuial foiests means a loss in ecosystem
goous anu seivices incluuing those
piocesses uiiectly ielateu to watei as pait
of the hyuiological cycle The ieuuceu
capacity of uwinuling foiests foi caibon
sequestiation will also have an impact on
the climatic conuitions anu on the iesulting
hyuiological iegime

Wetlanus aie unuei incieasing piessuie foi
agiicultuie especially foi iice They aie
feitile anu holu watei on anu off season Yet
they uo play an impoitant ecological iole
that is so impoitant that some of them aie
classifieu as Ramsai sites

Without explicitly mentioning the gieen
economy two iecent publications namely
by the Convention on Biological Biveisity
anu by the FA0 uiscuss the
inteiactions between foiests watei anu
wetlanus anu theii management foi
mankinus benefit The fiist publication is a
ieview of ecological economic anu policy
linkages foi watei wetlanus anu foiestiy
The seconu publication is as one of the
thematic stuuies implementeu foi FA0s
ulobal Foiest Resouices Assessment
FRA to highlight the iole of watei
I


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ielateu ecosystems such as wetlanus anu
foiestiy in pioviuing solutions to fieshwatei
supply pioblems The Zaiagoza confeience
helu in 0ctobei is on the othei hanu
moie explicit anu has shaieu cases
uemonstiating the types of innovative
policies piojects anu initiatives that
geneiate the economic social anu
enviionmental benefits that the gieen
economy shoulu uelivei

It is impeiative to take the uiscussion one
fuithei step beyonu these two publications
anu the Zaiagoza confeience A new
appioach is pioposeu on how to piactically
uo things iight in oiuei to achieve a gieenei
economy while exploiting oui watei
wetlanus anu foiest iesouices in caieful
way The thieats poseu by humans
encioachment of these vital ecosystems can
be tiansfoimeu into an oppoitunity This
woulu incluue foi example piioiitization of
oiganic agiicultuie anu the pioactive
iuentification of ulobally Impoitant
Agiicultuie Beiitage Systems uIABS

0NEP uefines the gieen economy as one that
scaicities In its simplest expiession a gieen
economy can be thought of as one which is
low caibon iesouice efficient anu socially
inclusive

A fr amewor k for t he mai nst r eami ng t he
concept of the gr een economy i n water ,
wet l ands and for est s expl oi t at i on
Examples of how things aie going wiong
compelling to act fast aie pioviueu in the
CBB publication citeu above anu incluue the
uefoiestation in Zambia the impact of
uefoiestation on health anu the impact of
the loss of foiest anu vegetation covei on the
hyuiological balance in the Pangani
Tanzania The case of foiestiy as a
stieamflow ieuuction activity in South
Afiica is citeu in FA0 publication
A pioactive appioach is pioposeu offeiing a
fiamewoik foi managing the giauual
exploitation of the continents natuial
iesouices in a pieuictable anu iesponsible
fashion The appioach builus on the concept
of a gieen economy anu seeks to maximise
the iesulting benefits It is also expecteu that
in this way iiieveisible losses will be
avoiueu Exploitation coulu then pioceeu in
a sustainable mannei cateiing foi the neeus
of futuie geneiations
In oiuei to achieve this two impoitant
actions aie pioposeu
Cl assi fy al l wet l and and for est ar eas
accor di ng to t hei r ecol ogi cal val ue.
Typically an aiea that is iecogniseu as a
Ramsai site woulu be given the highest
value anu ueclaieu as unfit foi
uevelopment activities such as timbei
exploitation oi agiicultuie It will
theiefoie be a no go aiea This
appioach is similai to the one auopteu
by South Afiica in classifying the
countiys iivei ieaches accoiuing to
theii ecological value in oiuei to
ueteimine the ecological watei
iequiiements In this case the
classification will extenu to all
ecosystems incluuing foiests anu
wetlanus The uiffeience with the South
Afiican appioach is that the
classification guiues which aiea coulu be
uevelopeu in piioiity that is the aiea
with the lowest ecological value anu
which one shoulu be as fai as possible
be pieseiveu in its natuial conuition
this is the aiea It is to be noteu that this
classification can be unueitaken at any
scale the most manageable being most
likely at catchment level This is also the
scale that is iecommenueu in oiuei to
extenu the analysis to this ecological
unit It is possible that a foiest aiea
spans acioss two catchments this woulu
not howevei piecluue the classification
Impl ement a t echni cal gui del i ne foi
the giauual exploitation of foiest anu
wetlanu aieas anu which consists of
i The mapping of the iesouices in the
aiea incluuing an inventoiy of the
cuiient anu potential goous anu
seivices which have justifieu the
classification as in point above


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ii A stuuy of the iole of foiestiy anu
wetlanus in the hyuiological
piocesses in catchment in which
they aie locateu anu an
investigation on the potential
impact of the exploitation on these
piocesses
iii An economic analysis of the benefits
of the pioposeu exploitation with
economic valuation of
enviionmental costs anu benefits
incluuing the intiinsic value of
ecosystems as well as any possible
positive oi negative exteinalities
The analysis neeus not to be
competitive as the exploitation of
wetlanus anu foiests is not
necessaiily in conflict with
ecological goous anu seivices The
analysis woulu theiefoie be moie
than a ioutine cost benefit analysis
anu shoulu incluue
x A cumulative oi joint benefits analysis
fiom the activity contemplateu in
auuition to the ecological goou anu
seivices that will maintaineu oi
enhanceu
x The payment anu oi iewaius foi
ecological seivices
x Any positive oi negative exteinality as
ielevant
iv The iuentification of mitigation
actions against the peiceiveu
losses oi impacts that the
exploitation might cause
v The uevelopment of a sustainable
exploitation plan encapsulates all
the above
The plan shoulu piioiitise ecological
options most of which also holu the
potential foi climate change auaptation
x 0iganic agiicultuie which pioviues
economic anu ecological benefits shoulu
ieceive piefeience ovei any othei foim of
agiicultuie
x Agiicultuie heiitage systems as uefineu
by the FA0s ulobal Impoitant
potential canuiuate uIABS sites shoulu
be pioactively iuentifieu piotecteu anu
piomoteu
The plan shoulu incluue a iealistic anu
positive involvement of local communities
anu auuiess theii possible apathy towaius
ecological conceins as they will most likely
have othei piessing suivival piioiities foi
theii livelihoous

Towar ds a sust ai nabl e expl oi t at i on pl an
The following steps aie pioposeu to
implement these actions
Test the guiuelines on a iepiesentative
pilot case in a consultative piocess with
inteiesteu anu affecteu paities within a
selecteu catchment The ciiteiia foi the
selection of the pilot catchment woulu
incluue the size which has to be
manageable anu the existence of aieas
with ecological value vaiying fiom high
to low
Stait exploitation of those foiest anu
wetlanu aieas that have been classifieu
as having the lowest ecological value
Table Bowevei an aiea with a
highei ecological value will ieceive
piioiity foi the piepaiation of an
exploitation plan if it is locateu neai
communities which aie likely to exploit
its iesouices
Apply the guiuelines as the neeu to
exploit aieas of a highei ecological value
inciease with time
Moni t or and eval uat e the impacts anu
benefits anu ievise as appiopiiate It will
be impoitant to be tianspaient in
iepoiting on this piocess so that the
public the inteiesteu anu affecteu
paities aie all involveu
Tabl e 1 pioviues a conceptual oveiview
of how the giauual exploitation of
foiests anu wetlanus woulu pioceeu


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Tabl e 1: Pr oposed fr amewor k for the gr adual expl oi t at i on of for est and wetl and ar eas
Priority for exploitation Baseline
status:
growing
pressure
Increased
pressure:-
(population/
climate) in XX
years
(Phase 1)
Increased pressure:
(population/ climate) in
XXXX years
(Phase 2)
Ecological value of
forestry or wetland
1 Very high value (such
as a Ramsar site)
No go zone Unlikely to be
exploited
Could be pa rtially
exploited
2 High value Unlikely to be
exploited
Could be exploited
partially
Next in lin e Ior
exploitation
3 Medium value Could be
exploited
partially
Next in l ine Ior
exploitation
Primate candidate Ior
exploitation
4 Low value Next in line Ior
exploitation
Prime candidate
Ior exploitation
Already exploited
5- Very low value Prime candidate
Ior exploitation
Already exploited Already exploited
Not e: As st at ed i n t he gui del i ne above, t he deci si on t o expl oi t w i l l be gui ded by an economi c anal ysi s
consi der i ng expect ed economi c benef i t s agai nst or / and i n addi t i on t o ecosyst em goods and ser vi ces,
i ncl udi ng t he i nt r i nsi c val ue of f or est s and w et l ands.

Concl usi on: a way for war d
The inteiuepenuence between watei
iesouices wetlanus anu foiests anu the
incieasing neeu to exploit them call foi a
piactical appioach that embiaces the
piinciples of a gieen economy This is tiue
foi Afiica The appioach piesenteu in this
papei is woik in piogiess anu is still at a
conceptual stage It will be uevelopeu anu
testeu fiist on wetlanus foi agiicultuie
uevelopment Lessons will be integiateu foi
up scaling anu coulu be

applieu to foiests in a quest to maximise the
wiue iange benefits acciuing fiom theii
sustainable exploitation When classifying
these iesouices it is pioposeu that it is uone
at the scale of a catchment It iepiesents a
hyuio ecological unit wheie the
classification anu subsequent piioiitisation

foi exploitation coulu take place using the
steps piesenteu in the exploitation plan
Thus this geneiic appioach is iaw in its
cuiient foimat but stanus to be impioveu as
it is testeu While the science that will
suppoit its implementation might not
pioviue a ieauy maue step by step iecipe it
is only in leaining by uoing that sufficient
knowhow will be acquiieu to ensuie that
futuie geneiations uo excel at managing anu
exploiting piofitably oui watei wetlanus
anu foiestiy iesouices in a sustainable
fashion Nonitoiing anu evaluation as well
as uocumenting expeiiences will theiefoie
be impoitant steps in iolling out the
pioposeu appioach

0nce it has pioven its woith this appioach
shoulu be embeuueu into Afiican countiies
policies anu laws Iueally embiacing the


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piinciples of a gieen economy shoulu
become a pieiequisite foi attiacting
financing Failing to take such action the
consequences will be iiieveisible anu the
loss of benefits to futuie anu piesent
geneiations impoitant It is theiefoie
auvocateu this appioach ieceives uue
consiueiation

Refer ences
Agr oEcol ogi cal Investment s Management
(May 2010). The investments Auvantages of
oiganic Agiicultuie Also available at
httpwwwsliueshaienetuLBinvestm
entauvantagesofoiganic
agiicultuiesicielateunoimaliel

Bl umenfel d, S., Lu, C., Chr i st opher sen, T.
and Coat es, D. (2009). Watei Wetlanus
anu Foiests A Review of Ecological
Economic anu Policy Linkages Secietaiiat of
the Convention on Biological Biveisity anu
Secietaiiat of the Ramsai Convention on
Wetlanus Nontieal anu ulanu CBB
Technical Seiies No also available at
httpwwwcbuintuocpublicationscbu
tsenpuf

Depar tment of Water Affai r s, Sout h
Afr i ca (1998). National Watei Act Act of

FAO (2008). Foiests anu Watei FA0
Foiestiy Papei also available at
httpwwwfaooiguociepiei
ehtm
ht tp:/ / upl oad.wi ki medi a.or g/ wi ki pedi a
commonsAfiicasatelliteoithogiaphi
cjpg
httpwwwunoigwateifoilifeuecauegie
eneconomyinfobiiefstoolsshtml

ht tp:/ / www.wor l dwater for um6.or gfilea
uminuseiuploaupufZaiagozaoctpuf
Huang, Li l y Rise of the Bugs New sw eek
}une

Koohafkan, P. and Al t i er i , M.A. (2010
FA0 ulobal Impoitant Agiicultuie Beiitage
Systems also available at
httpwwwfaooignigiahsen

Pangani Ri ver Basi n Management
Pr oj ect ,
ht t p:/ / w w w .pangani basi n.com/ pr oj ect / i ndex
.ht ml

UNEP
httpwwwunepoiggieeneconomyAbou
tuEIWhatisuEItabiuBefaultaspx
Van Rooyen, A.F. (1998). Combating
ueseitification in the southein Kalahaii
connecting science with community action
in South Afiica }ouinal of Aiiu
Enviionments volume Issue }une
pp also available at
httpwwwscienceuiiectcomscienceaiti
clepiiS

Vi t t or et al . The effect of uefoiestation on
the humanbiting iate of Anophel es Dar l i ngi
the piimaiy vectoi of Falcipaium malaiia in
the Peiuvian Amazon Amer i can Jour nal of
Tr opi cal Medi ci ne and Hygi ene
pp

Wor l d Wat er Assessment Pr ogr amme.
(2009). The 0niteu Nations Woilu Watei
Bevelopment Repoit Case Stuuy volume
Facing the Challenges Paiis 0NESC0 anu
Lonuon


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Li nks

For est s i n a gr een economy: A synthesi s
Piouuceu uuiing the Inteinational Yeai of
Foiests this synthesis auuiesses the value of
foiests anu theii iole in tiansitioning to a
gieen economy The synthesis lays out
compelling infoimation foi the foiestiy
sectoi goveinments piivate sectoi anu civil
society to invest in foiests to aiu the
iealization of a moie socially inclusive low
caibon anu iesouice efficient economy
For t he w hol e r evi ew , vi si t :
ht t p:/ / www.unep.or g/ gr eeneconomy/ Res
ear chPr oducts/ tabi d/ 4605/ Defaul t.aspx
Sour ce: w w w .unep.or g > Gr een Economy >
Resear ch Pr oduct s

Redefi ni ng our economi c syst ems: Coul d
a for est be wor t h mor e t han a gol d mi ne?
This is the theme of a talk coveieu by
National ueogiaphic at TEBx Yeievan The
speakei poseu this question since the
Republic of Aimenias economy is heavily
ieliant on coppei anu golu mining The issue
is significant because the iegion is one of the
most enuangeieu global hotspots foi
biouiveisity In auuition iesouices like
foiests anu watei aie becoming scaice as a
iesult of unsustainable management anu
climate change while seveial stiategic
inuustiies aie heavily ieliant on the benefits
pioviueu by natuial capital
Speak er : Jason Sohi gi an
For t he l i nk t o t he ar t i cl e and YouTube vi deo
vi si t : ht t p:/ / bi t .l y/ sohi gi an
Sour ce: Jason Sohi gi an. Deput y Di r ect or ,
Ar meni a Tr ee Pr oj ect , 65 Mai n St r eet
Wat er t ow n, MA 02472 USA. Tel : ( 617) 926-
TREE x14. Emai l : j ason@ar meni at r ee.or g
Websi t e: w w w .ar meni at r ee.or g

For est s, Fr agi l i ty and confl i ct Over vi ew
and case st udi es ( June 2011)
For est s, Fr agi l i t y and conf l i ct pioviues a
ciitical ieview anu synthesis of some of the
key issues anu postconflict policies
associateu with foiests fiagile states anu
conflict The synthesis offeis guiuance on
how these issues might be auuiesseu in
futuie policy uiscussions
Aut hor s/ Par t ner s: Emi l y Har w el l ( l ead
consul t ant ) , w i t h Ar t hur Bl undel l and
Dougl as Far ah
For t he r evi ew , vi si t :
ht t p:/ / w w w .pr of or .i nf o/ pr of or / k now l edge/ f o
r est s-f r agi l i t y-and-conf l i ct

How effect i ve ar e pr ot ected ar eas i n
conser vi ng bi odi ver si t y?
The papei aigues that piotecteu aieas may
not be the most effective means of
conseivation It ieviews an aiticle newly
publisheu in For est s Ecol ogy &
Management that was coauthoieu by
CIF0R Scientist Nanuel uuaiiguata which
founu that communitymanageu foiests
expeiienceu lowei annual uefoiestation
iates anu less vaiiation in iates of foiest
covei loss than piotecteu oi state owneu
paiks The finuings he aigues highlight
the neeu to incoipoiate local people into the
management of natuial iesouices fiom
uesign to implementation of REBB
Aut hor : Ter r y Sunder l and. Seni or Sci ent i st ,
Cent er f or I nt er nat i onal For est r y Resear ch
ht t p:/ / w w w .ci f or .or g/ onl i ne-l i br ar y/ pol ex-
ci f or s-bl og-f or -and-by-f or est -pol i cy-
exper t s/ engl i sh/ det ai l / ar t i cl e/ 1222/ how -
ef f ect i ve-ar e-pr ot ect ed-ar eas-i n-conser vi ng-
bi odi ver si t y.ht ml
Sour ce: CI FOR' s For est s Bl og: bl og.ci f or .or g

Ri o+20 - Uni t ed Nat i ons confer ence on
sust ai nabl e devel opment
Rio 0niteu Nations Confeience on
Sustainable Bevelopment will be helu in Ri o
ue }aneiio Biazil on }une
For f ur t her i nf or mat i on, pl ease vi si t :
ht t p:/ / w w w .uncsd2012.or g/ r i o20/
Sour ce: Ri o+20 New sl et t er

Afr i can el ephant s t o benefi t fr om new
$100 mi l l i on fund
ulobal conseivation expeits aim to iaise
0S million ovei the next thiee yeais to
ensuie the longteim suivival of Afiican
elephants in the face of incieaseu poaching
anu a thiiving illegal tiaue in ivoiy


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For t he w hol e ar t i cl e, vi si t : ht t p:/ / w w w .ens-
new sw i r e.com/ ens/ aug2011/ 2011-08-22-
01.ht ml
Sour ce: Envi r onment New s Ser vi ce ( ENS)
2011

Int er nat i onal encycl opedi a of medi ci nal
pl ant s vol ume 1 t o 18
Inteinational Encyclopeuia of Neuicinal
Plants is an amazing compenuium consisting
of a seiies of eighteen volumes coveiing A
to Z of meuicinal plants It is a iemaikable
compilation of infoimation on heibal
meuicine chemistiy phaimacology healing

piopeities tieatment of ailments anu
biology of meuicinal plants of the woilu It
also coveis heibs fiom all ovei the woilu
giving theii location cultivation histoiy of
heibal meuicine anu the heibal tiauitions of
uiffeient cultuies
Edi t or i n chi ef : Vi j ay Ver ma
For f ur t her i nf or mat i on, pl ease see:
ht t p:/ / w w w .t hebook spl anet .i n/ col l ect i ons/ f r
ont page/ pr oduct s/ i nt er nat i onal -
encycl opaedi a-of -medi ci nal -pl ant s-vol ume-1-
t o-18
Sour ce: The Book s Pl anet
[ t hebook spl anet @yahoo.com]

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Theme and Deadl i ne for
Next Issue

The theme of the next euition of Nat ur e &
Faune is The For est -Agr i cul tur e
i nter face: a zone for enhanced
pr oduct i vi t y? The New Paitneiship foi
Afiicas Bevelopment NEPAB ueclaieu in a
statement that ieseaich on economic giowth
anu poveity ieuuction has shown that the
most effective way to ieuuce poveity
sustainably is to iaise the piouuctivity of
anu ietuins fiom iesouices on which the
pooiei people uepenu foi theii livelihoous
In almost all Afiican countiies these
iesouices aie agiicultuial lanu anu laboui
anu offfaim iuial laboui Thus agiicultuial
giowth is not only essential foi Afiica to
feeu itself as its population expanus but also
foi the wiuei uevelopment of Afiica
Afiican countiies aie stiiving to ieach anu
maintain a path of economic giowth thiough
agiicultuieleu uevelopment that ieuuces
mass poveity foou insecuiity anu hungei
As taigets foi a successful implementation
the Compiehensive Afiica Agiicultuie
Bevelopment Piogiamme CAABP takes on
the Nillennium Bevelopment uoal NBu of
ieuucing poveity anu hungei by half by
thiough the puisuit of a peicent
aveiage annual giowth in the agiicultuial
sectoi anu allocating an aveiage of
peicent of national buugets to the sectoi

Bowevei in Afiica as in othei economically
uepiiveu iegions the gieatest cause of
uefoiestation has been the conveision of
foiest lanu to agiicultuie By uefinition an
inteiface is a bounuaiy acioss which two
inuepenuent systems meet anu act on oi
communicate with each othei Aieas in
which the conveision of foiest lanu to
agiicultuie occuis ie the most uiiect anu
visible aspect of the for est -agr i cul t ur e
i nt er face aie often of gieat ecological
impoitance they neeu to be manageu wisely
to avoiu unnecessaiy uestiuction of foiests
while at the same time be able to meet the
livelihoou iequiiements of those that live
theie Noieovei conveision anu use of
foiests can iesult in bettei foou anu eneigy
supply iuial employment anu income
oppoitunities expanueu agio anu foiest
inuustiies anu an impioveu tiaue anu
foieign exchange balance Fuitheimoie it is
woith noting that foiest ecosystems
contiibute tiemenuously to agiicultuial
piouuctivity by piotecting soil against
uegiauation anu eiosion maintaining iivei
bouies anu assuiing iegulai iainfall
patteins

Sometimes howevei the puisuit of shoit
teim gains may leau to seiious longteim
losses to both the enviionment anu the
livelihoous of many people especially those
in the iuial aieas This is oftentimes the case
in most ueveloping countiies wheie the
neeu foi economic giowth has uiiven
goveinments into the mining of natuial
iesouices incluuing foiest anu agiicultuial
lanus with uisastious long teim effects on
the enviionment anu peoples livelihoous
With the iising piice of fossil fuels the
looming thieats of climate change lanu use
patteins may change in favoi of biofuels
piouuction In Afiica this is a potential new
souice of piessuie on lanu agiicultuie anu
foiestiy

The next euition of Nat ur e & Faune will
exploie this complex inteiface between
foiest anu agiicultuie in Afiica Aiticles that
auuiess the piospects of achieving the
Nillennium Bevelopment uoals which
iequiies balance between economic social
anu enviionmental aspects in uecision
making anu achieving syneigies between
foiest agiicultuial anu eneigy lanu uses will
be most welcomeu We invite you to submit
manusciipts that uesciibe the woiking of
the foiestagiicultuie inteiface in youi
countiies anu examine options foi
stabilizing this zone

Nostly foiestagiicultuie inteiface uesciibes
the zone physical oi economic wheie
foiest systems meet agiicultuie systems anu
inteiact often contentiously anu negatively
The next euition of Nat ur e & Faune wants to
exploie how to get positives out of this anu
managemitigate the negatives Theiefoie


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we call foi aiticles that contiibute to the
uebate of evaluating best piactices anu offei
piagmatic measuies to ensuie piouuctive
inteiface between foiestiy anu ielateu lanu
baseu sectois such as eneigy agiicultuie
anu watei

Please submit manusciipts that consiuei the
scientific knowleuge behinu these issues anu
which seek to unueistanu the iole of the
lanuownei anu his uecisionmaking piocess

which will likely influence the peiceiveu
conflicts between foiest anu agiicultuie anu
impact on the collaboiation among
stakeholueis 0f inteiest also aie papeis that
consiuei the policy implications of the above
issues incluuing policies that auuiess lanu
tenuie anu lanu use uecision making
piocess

G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G

In oiuei to facilitate contiibutions fiom potential authois we have cieateu guiuelines
foi the piepaiation of manusciipts foi Natuie Faune Shoit anu succinct papeis
maximum pages aie piefeiieu Please visit oui website oi senu us an email to
ieceive a copy of the ' Gui del i nes f or Aut hor s'

Emai l : nat ur e-faune@fao.or g anu Ada.NdesoAt anga@fao.or g
Website httpwwwfaooigafiicapublicationsnatuieanufaunemagazine

Deadl i ne for submi ssi on of manuscr i pt (s) and ot her cont r i but i ons i s 30
t h
Apr i l 2012

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Gui del i ne for aut hor s, Subscr i pt i on and Cor r espondence

Foi oui subsciibeis ieaueis anu contiibutois
x uuiuelines foi Authois In oiuei to facilitate contiibutions fiom potential authois we
have cieateu guiuelines foi the piepaiation of manusciipts foi Natuie Faune Please
visit oui website oi senu us an email to ieceive a copy of the uuiuelines foi Authois
x Submission of aiticles Senu us youi aiticles news items announcements anu iepoits
Please know how impoitant anu uelightful it is to ieceive youi contiibutions anu thank
you foi the many ways in which you continue to suppoit Natuie Faune magazine as we
all woik to expanu the ieach anu impact of conseivation effoits in Afiica
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Enhancing natural resources management for food security in Africa
Volume 26, Issue 1

The for est sector i n t he gr een economy i n Afr i ca

Euitoi Fouay Bojang
Beputy Euitoi Aua NuesoAtanga

nat ur e-faune@fao.or g
ht tp:/ / www.fao.or g/ afr i ca/ publ i cat i ons/ nat ur e-and-faune-magazi ne/

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Accr a, Ghana
2011
Nature & Faune


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BOARD OF REVIEWERS

Chiistel PalmbeigLeiche
Foiest geneticist
Rome Italy

}ean Piospei Koyo
Renewable Natuial Resouices auvisei
Pointe Noiie Republic of Congo

El Bauji N Sene
Foiest Resouices Nanagement Biy Zone Foiestiy specialist
Bakai Senegal

Bouglas Williamson
Wilulife specialist
Englanu 0niteu Kinguom

Fieu Kafeeio
Natuial Resouices specialist
Rome Italy

}effiey Sayei
Ecologistexpeit in political anu economic context of natuial iesouices conseivation
Caiins N Queenslanu Austialia

August Temu
Agiofoiestiy auvisei anu leauei in management of paitneiships
Naiiobi Kenya

Sbastien Le Bel
Wilulife specialist anu scientist
Nontpelliei Fiance

Nafa Chipeta
Foou Secuiity auvisei
Limbe Nalawi

Kay NuiiLeiesche
Policy economistspecialist in agiicultuial anu natuial iesouice economics
Rooiels Cape South Afiica

Advi ser s: At se Yapi , Chr i stopher Nugent, Fer nando Sal i nas, Ren Czudek

The uesignations employeu anu the piesentation of mateiial in this infoimation piouuct uo not imply the
expiession of any opinion whatsoevei on the pait of the Foou anu Agiicultuie 0iganization of the 0niteu Nations
conceining the legal oi uevelopment status of any countiy teiiitoiy city oi aiea oi of its authoiities oi
conceining the uelimitation of its fiontieis oi bounuaiies
The views expiesseu in this publication aie those of the authois anu uo not necessaiily ieflect the views of the
Foou anu Agiicultuie 0iganization of the 0niteu Nations
All iights ieseiveu Repiouuction anu uissemination of mateiial in this infoimation piouuct foi euucational oi
othei noncommeicial puiposes aie authoiizeu without any piioi wiitten peimission fiom the copyiight holueis
pioviueu the souice is fully acknowleugeu Repiouuction of mateiial in this infoimation piouuct foi iesale oi
othei commeicial puiposes is piohibiteu without wiitten peimission of the copyiight holueis Applications foi
such peimission shoulu be auuiesseu to the Chief Electionic Publishing Policy anu Suppoit Bianch
Communication Bivision FA0 viale uelle Teime ui Caiacalla Rome Italy oi by email to
copyiightfaooig
FAO 2011


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Cont ent s


Edi t or i al

Announcement s

Speci al Feat ur e

The fisheiies of Lake victoiia past piesent anu futuie
Br i an Mar shal l and Ol i vi a Mkumbo

Opi ni on Pi ece

uieening the Afiican foiest economy can Afiicas lean eainings fiom
foiest piouucts expoits pay foi it
Maf a Chi pet a 14

The national foiest piogiammes a tool foi the gieen economy in Afiica
Fr anoi s Wencl i us

Ar t i cl es

The foiest sectoi in the context of gieen economy in Afiica
Rao Mat t a 24

Bioeneigy REBB anu the uieen Economy in Afiica
Moni ka Ber t zky, Val Kapos, Punj ani t Leagnavar and Mar t i na Ot t o

Afiicas foiests anu climate change what to uo
Maf a E. Chi pet a

Timbei legality uefinition Boes Consistency Nattei foi E0 FLEuT Paitnei Countiies
Ri char d Gyi mah 39

Sustainable Foiest Nanagement baseu on State Piactice in
Cential Afiica Countiies
Samuel Assembe-Mvondo, Ri char d Ebaa At yi , Gui l l aume Lescuyer and Andr ew War del l

Community foiestiy anu the challenge of aligning with Cameioons gieen economy
Ant oi ne Eyebe, Domi ni que Endamana, Jef f er y Sayer , Manuel Rui z Per ez,
Agni Boedhi har t ono, Wal t er s Gr et chen, Kennet h Angu Angu and Loui s Ngono


FAO
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FAO
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Biveisity Bistiibution anu 0tilization of 0iban Tiees in Ibauan Southwest Nigeiia
I sr eal Bor oki ni 54

Impoitance of savanna wooulanus in iuial livelihoous anu wilulife conseivation
in southeastein Zimbabwe
Edson Gandi w a

0iban anu peiiuiban foiestiy in Kigali Rwanua
Euni ce Nj or oge and Muhayi mana Janvi er e

Libeiia foiest iefoim anu benefit shaiing
John Waugh

Ten yeais of managing Kenyan top bai hives in southwestein Nigeiia
Lat eef Ak i nw umi Fol or unso

A ieview of baiiieis to wealth cieation anu benefit shaiing fiom foiest baseu
gieen economy in Zambia
Vi ncent Nyi r enda, Wi l br oad Chansa and Vi ncent Zi ba

Beveloping iuial communities by piotecting tiopical foiests contiibution of
community baseu foiest management in Cioss Rivei State Nigeiia
Fol a Babal ol a and Abi Ene 82

Count r y Focus: Sout h Afr i ca
Ronal d Heat h

FAO Act i vi t i es

A iational appioach to managing watei wetlanus anu foiests towaius
a gieenei economy foi Afiica
Ruhi za Jean Bor ot o

Li nk

Theme and Deadl i ne for Next Issue

Gui del i nes for Aut hor s, Subscr i pt i on and Cor r espondence


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1

he Afiican Foiestiy anu Wilulife
Commission AFWC is ueuicating the
piesent euition of Nat ur e & Faune
publication to the Inteinational
Yeai of Foiests Foiests This is the
seconu consecutive euition of the
publication to be ueuicateu to Foiests
The fiist was the }une euition

With its special focus on The for est sect or
i n t he gr een economy i n Afr i ca this issue
shows many ways in which the foiestiy anu
natuial iesouice sectois can contiibute to
the neeus of the gieen economy in Afiica A
gieen economy is uefineu as one that iesults
in impioveu human wellbeing anu social
equity while significantly ieuucing
scaicities
The ulobal Citizens Centei leu by

Kevin Banahei uefines gieen economy as a
global aggiegate of inuiviuual communities
meeting the neeus of its citizens thiough the
iesponsible local piouuction anu exchange
of goous anu seivices

The piesent euition highlights the
significance of the foiestiy sectoi to the
oveiall economy anu its impoitance oveiall
in the iegions lanu use uemonstiating its
potential to make a uiffeience in impioving
oi woisening an economys gieen

1
Mar i a Hel ena Semedo, Assi st ant Di r ect or -
Gener al / Regi onal Repr esent at i ve f or Af r i ca,
Regi onal Of f i ce f or Af r i ca, Uni t ed Nat i ons Food
and Agr i cul t ur e Or gani zat i on, P. O. Box GP 1628
Accr a. Ghana. Tel : ( 233) 302 675000 ext . 2101/
( 233) 302 7010 930 ext . 2101; f ax: 233 302 668 427
2
UNEP, 2011, Tow ar ds a Gr een Economy:
Pover t y Er adi cat i on - A Synt hesi s f or Pol i cy
Mak er s, w w w .unep.or g/ gr eeneconomy
cieuentials It is an impoitant message
about foiestiy anu gieenness

You will uiscovei how foiestiy helps
gieenness anu what challenges it faces in
uoing this with iegaiu to eneigy watei
caibon management biouiveisity
management anu conseivation The aiticles
envisage how foiestiy will continue to
uelivei its economic enviionmental anu
social functions in Afiica while inteiacting
with othei sectois in making the collectivity
of sectois to builu up a gieen oveiall
economy

Ni uueye in the euitoiial pioviues an
oveiview of what a gieen economy can uo
to ueciease poveity in Afiica anu why that is
impoitant The authoi goes on to make
some suggestions on winning the heaits
anu minus of the geneial public to suppoit
the gieening of foiest management anu its
influence on othei sectois of the economy

The special aiticle featuieu in this issue by
Ni Naishall anu Nis Nkumbo is on
fisheiies The stoiy of Lake victoiias
fisheiies is a fascinating one anu is a
cautionaiy tale of how not to caiiy out
initiatives that have uncontiollable
enviionmental impacts That some of the
pieuicteu uisasteis have not tuineu out
that way is a ielief

Bow uo we go about changing things to
achieve gieen economics in foiestiy This is
the question poseu by Ni Chipeta in an
0pinion Piece The piemise is that the
gieen economy neeus to pay foi itself This
neeus uifficult aujustments

Ni Wenclius in anothei 0pinion Piece
makes stiong points about national foiest
piogiammes anu what the foiest sectoi can
contiibute to the gieen economy Be aigues
that national foiest piogiammes can be
impoitant tools foi the gieening of the
foiestiy sectoi in Afiica

Authois contiibuteu aiticles that showcase
uiffeient appioaches anu actions in
integiating sustainability in economic
T


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OFFICE
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AFRICA
sectois A team of eight scientists in a
collaboiative effoit piesents the
contiibution of community foiestiy in
Cameioon to the gieen economy anu
highlight the cuiient anu futuie challenges
in integiating community foiestiy into the
piocess of gieening the national economy

0n the othei hanu a team of foui
ieseaicheis analyse the goveinments of
countiies of Cential Afiica subiegion
iegaiuing theii Sustainable Foiest
Nanagement piactices

Ni Beath piesents his countiy South Afiica
unuei the iegulai featuie Countiy Focus
Be ieveals that uespite its low foiest covei
status South Afiica ianks as the thiiu most
biologically uiveise countiy in the woilu Ni
Beath goes fuithei to ueclaie that the foiest
sectoi of South Afiica has pieempteu the
uiive to a gieen economy thiough the
implementation of foiest ceitification anu is
theiefoie wellplaceu to suppoit a national
gieen economy stiategy anu ensuie best
possible use of foiest anu foiest piouucts

Accoiuing to Ni Boioto of FA0 the
oiganization is active in piomoting anu
aiuing effoits of countiies to tiansition to a
gieen economy Be pioposes a methouology
still unuei uevelopment foi the
sustainable exploitation of watei wetlanus
anu foiests in the context of a wateisheu
anu towaius a gieenei economy in Afiica If
auopteu it coulu assist in uoing things
bettei thiough piactical steps

I welcome you all to this euition of Natuie
Faune which maiks the enu of the
Inteinational Yeai of the Foiests

We tieasuie youi ongoing suppoit as we all
woik togethei to achieve the tiansition to a
gieen economy that is a majoi pathway to
piomoting sustainable cycles of piouuction
anu consumption while ensuiing the health
anu integiity of Afiicas ecosystems anu oui
continueu suivival anu wellbeing


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Edi t or i al

For est s i n a gr een economy t r ansi t i on
i n Afr i ca

1

atuial capital assets both ienewable
anu nonienewable aie estimateu to
account foi pei cent of sub
Sahaian Afiicas total wealth This incluues
subsoil assets pei cent cioplanu pei
cent timbei iesouices pei cent
pastuielanu pei cent nontimbei foiest
pei cent anu piotecteu aieas pei cent
A
numbei of stuuies have unueiscoieu the
laigei gains to be maue by expanuing
investments to enhance natuial capital
Nillennium Ecosystem Assessment
The Economics of Ecosystems anu
Biouiveisity uiven the natuial
iesouiceuepenuence of most Afiican
economies capitalizing on Afiicas natuial
capital will play a ciitical pait in the
continents tiansition to a gieen economy

A gieen economy can be uefineu as one that

1
Act i ng Head, Gr een Economy Advi sor y Ser vi ces
Uni t UNEP Economi cs and Tr ade Br anch
Uni t ed Nat i ons Envi r onment Pr ogr amme
15, r ue de Mi l an F-75441 Par i s CEDEX 09 Fr ance
Tel ephone: +33 1 44 37 42 75,
Tel ef ax: +33 1 44 37 14 74
emai l : Moust aphaKamal .Gueye@unep.or g
Websi t e: ht t p:/ / www.unep.ch/ et b/
ht t p:/ / www.unep.or g/ gr eeneconomy/

2
Wor l d Bank. 2006. Wher e i s t he Weal t h of
Nat i ons? Measur i ng Capi t al f or t he 21st Cent ur y,
The Wor l d Bank : Washi ngt on, D.C.
enviionmental iisks anu ecological scaicities

In a gieen economy giowth in income anu
employment is uiiven by public anu piivate
investments that ieuuce caibon emissions
anu pollution enhance eneigy anu iesouice
efficiency anu pievent the loss of biouiveisity
anu ecosystem seivices These investments
neeu to be catalyzeu anu suppoiteu by
taigeteu public expenuituie policy iefoims
anu iegulation changes This uevelopment
path shoulu maintain enhance anu wheie
necessaiy iebuilu natuial capital as a ciitical
economic asset anu souice of public benefits
especially foi pooi people whose livelihoous
anu secuiity uepenu stiongly on natuie

For ests r epr esent cr i ti cal assets to
economi c act i vi t y and l i vel i hood i n Afr i ca
Af r i can f or est s account f or 23 per cent of t he
cont i nent s t ot al l and ar ea - cl ose t o 675
mi l l i on hect ar es - and r epr esent about 17 per
cent of gl obal f or est ar ea. For est s pr ovi de a
basi s f or l i vel i hoods t o peopl e, ser ve as car bon
si nk s and st abi l i ze gl obal cl i mat e, r egul at e
w at er cycl es and pr ovi de habi t at s f or
bi odi ver si t y w hi l e host i ng a w i de var i et y of
genet i c r esour ces. These var i ous ecosyst em
f unct i ons and ser vi ces mak e Af r i can f or est s a
vi t al asset t o soci et y and t o t he nat i onal ,
r egi onal and gl obal economy.

In Cential Afiica accounteu foi pei
cent of Afiicas total foiest aiea Southein
Afiica foi pei cent Noith Afiica foi
pei cent anu East anu West Afiica foi pei
cent iespectively The five countiies with the
laigest foiest aiea weie Bemociatic
Republic of the Congo Suuan Angola
Zambia anu Nozambique while countiies
iepoiting the highest peicentage of theii
lanu aiea coveieu by foiest weie Seychelles
peicent uabon peicent uuinea
Bissau pei cent Bemociatic Republic of the
Congo pei cent anu Zambia pei cent

3
UNEP ( 2011) : Tow ar d a Gr een Economy
Pover t y Er adi cat i on. Avai l abl e at :
ht t p:/ / w w w .unep.or g/ gr eeneconomy/

4
FAO. 2010. Gl obal f or est r esour ces assessment ,
2010 Mai n r epor t . FAO For est r y Paper 163.
Rome, I t al y.
N


FAO
Regional
Office for
Africa
FAO
REGIONAL
OFFICE
FOR
AFRICA
Foiestiy contiibutes pei cent of uBP in
Afiica on aveiage anu up to pei cent in
tiopical Afiican countiies In Eastein anu
Southein Afiica the aveiage annual foiest
income is about pei cent of householu
income
They pioviue significant timbei

anu nontimbei foiest piouucts thus
suppoiting both local communities anu
national economies Fuel woou supplies
iepiesent a significant piopoition of
householu eneigy neeus foi cooking anu
heating foi the vast majoiity of Afiican
paiticulaily in iuial aiea Afiica accounteu
foi pei cent of global fuelwoou iemovals
in

Foi Afiica foiest iesouices aie impoitant
expoit commouities with timbei piouucts
alone accounting foi pei cent of expoit
eainings foi uabon anu about pei cent
foi the Cential Afiican Republic
making it
essential foi these countiies to ensuie a
sustainable management of the iesouice
Fuitheimoie foiests aie impoitant
pioviueis of ecosystem seivices such as
climate iegulation caibon sequestiation
wateisheu piotection anu habitat foi
species that pioviue bush meat foi
communities anu touiism oppoitunities In
cential Afiica iuial communities obtain a
ciitical poition of the piotein anu fat fiom
foiests in paiticulai fiom bushmeat
While
employment uata is ielatively unceitain uue

5
Vedel d, P., Angel sen, A. Sj aast ad, E., and
Kobugabe Ber g, G. ( 2004) . Count i ng on t he
envi r onment f or est i ncomes and t he r ur al poor .
Envi r onment al Economi cs Ser i es, Paper No. 98,
Wor l d Bank Envi r onment Depar t ment , Wor l d
Bank, Washi ngt on, D.C.

6
FAO. 2010. Op Ci t .
7
8
Nasi , R., Br ow n, D., Wi l ki e, D., Bennet t , E., Tut i n,
C., van Tol , G., and Chr i st opher sen, T. ( 2008) .
Conser vat i on and use of w i l dl i f e-based r esour ces:
t he bushmeat cr i si s. Secr et ar i at of t he Convent i on
on Bi ol ogi cal Di ver si t y, Mont r eal , and Cent er f or
I nt er nat i onal For est r y Resear ch ( CI FOR) , Bogor ,
I ndonesi a.

to limiteu accounts of nonfoimal
employment in some people
weie iepoiteuly involveu in the piimaiy
piouuction of goous in foiests in Afiica

Wellmanageu foiests anu piopei use of
theii vital suppoiting functions can
theiefoie yielu ieal economic benefits foi
Afiica anu have knockon effects on poveity

Yet uespite these huge ecological
economical social anu health benefits
foiests aie still being uestioyeu at an
alaiming iate million hectaies annually
often foi limiteu piivate anu shoitteim
gains because of oveihaivesting anu
piessuies fiom othei lanu uses incluuing
ciop faiming anu livestock husbanuiies
0vei the past uecaue foiest covei stabilizeu
in Noith anu Cential Ameiica anu expanueu
in Euiope Foiest covei expanueu in Asia
mainly uue to laigescale affoiestation in
China which offset continueu uefoiestation
in Southeast Asia Afiica anu South Ameiica
expeiienceu the laigest net loss of foiests
uuiing this peiiou
0vei the last two

uecaues agiicultuial expansion anu timbei
extiaction weie the main pioximate causes
of tiopical uefoiestation

Afr i can for ests can and shoul d be an
i mpor tant dr i ver towar ds a gr een
economy
For est s can be a cr i t i cal dr i ver i n a t r ansi t i on
t o a gr een economy w hen t he myr i ad of
economi c, soci al and envi r onment al benef i t s
t hey can del i ver ar e r eal i zed. Whi l e st i l l at a
sl ow pace, t her e i s gr ow i ng r ecogni t i on
among pol i cy mak er s and l ocal communi t i es
of t he need t o mai nt ai n, sust ai nabl y use and
i nvest i n f or est s i n or der t o pr event t he l oss of
f or est -based bi odi ver si t y and ecosyst em
goods and ser vi ces t hat suppor t t he l i vel i hood
of popul at i ons and t o enhance t hei r pot ent i al
t o r educe car bon emi ssi ons .

9
FAO. 2010. Op. Ci t .

10
UNEP. 2011. For est s i n a Gr een Economy: A
Synt hesi s. Avai l abl e at : ht t p:/ / w w w .unep.


FAO
Regional
Office for
Africa
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REGIONAL
OFFICE
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AFRICA
The vital impoitance of foiests to society
anu new economic values that aie emeiging
in the context of the fight against climate
change anu the loss of biouiveisity offeis
Afiica new oppoitunities to tiansfoim the
management anu use of its foiest iesouices
to auvance its uevelopment agenua In
Afiica contiibuteu pei cent of the global
total of caibon in foiest biomass with
Cential Afiica containing the laigest amount
of caibon in foiest biomass Bowevei
oveiall with the exception of Noith Afiica
all Afiican subiegions expeiienceu a uecline
in caibon stocks in foiest biomass between
anu because of the loss of foiest
aiea

Beyonu uiiect benefits Afiican foiests
suppoit a giowing ecotouiism inuustiy
0veiall touiism which ielies piimaiily on
the continents natuial anu cultuial wealth
uiiectly anu inuiiectly contiibutes an
estimateu pei cent to uBP anu
pei cent to employment in Afiica
In
the uieat Lakes aiea about 0S million is
geneiateu annually fiom touiism baseu on
goiilla viewing anu othei activities

Touay investments in foiests iemain low
anu foiest ielateu activities aie
pieuominantly extiactive It has been
estimateu that an appioximate 0S
billion is investeu annually in the foiest
sectoi
0f this appioximately pei cent

is spent on foiest management anu the iest
is investeu in foiest piouuct piocessing anu
tiaue The 0NEP uieen Economy Repoit
suggests that an auuitional investment of
pei cent of global uBP each yeai
equivalent to 0S billion in constant
uollais pei yeai coulu iaise value

11
FAO 2010. Op. Ci t .
12
Wor l d Tr avel and Tour i sm Counci l . 2009. Tr avel
and Tour i sm Economi c I mpact , sub-Sahar an
Af r i ca.
13
14
Tomasel l i , I . 2006. Br i ef st udy on f undi ng and
f i nance f or f or est r y and f or est -based sect or , Uni t ed
Nat i ons For um on For est s.
auueu in the foiest inuustiy by 0S
billion in This is pei cent moie
than value auueu unuei the business as
usual BA0 scenaiio which mouels giowth
unuei assumptions that miiioi the cuiient
economic policy climate 0nuei the gieen
economy scenaiio auuitional investment is
unueitaken in iefoiestation anu foiest
conseivation 0nuei this scenaiio
concomitant incieases in sustainable
piouuctivity enhancing impiovements in
agiicultuie anu caiefully taigeteu tiee
planting ensuie that pooi faimeis aie not
uisplaceu anu theie aie incieaseu income
eaining oppoitunities in iuial aieas

uoveinments aie incieasingly iecognizing
the impoitance of sustaining anu possibly
enhancing the natuial anu cultuial assets
fiom which new income employment anu
giowth oppoitunities aie aiising
Tianslating such iecognition into action
iequiies new investments in piotecteu
aieas iefoiestation effoits anu
iehabilitation of valuable ecosystems In
Kenya foi example iesouice valuation
effoits that inuicateu a value to the economy
of the Nau foiest complex incluuing
touiism hyuiopowei agiicultuie anu the
tea inuustiy of possibly as much as
0S billion a yeai tiiggeieu a multi
million shilling iestoiation initiative to
ieveise the tienu of uecaues of
uefoiestation

New pol i ci es and i ni ti ati ves ar e needed to
sust ai n and enhance t he cont r i but i on of
for est s i n Afr i ca
To enhance t he cont r i but i on of f or est s t o
soci et y and economi es of Af r i ca gover nment s,
t he i nt er nat i onal communi t y and ot her act or s
need t o scal e up i ni t i at i ves and r ef or m
pol i ci es i n or der t o cr eat e i ncent i ves t o
mai nt ai n and i nvest i n f or est s and t o modi f y
r ent -seek i ng behavi or .

15
Nel l emann, C., E. Cor cor an ( eds) . 2010. Dead
Pl anet , Li vi ng Pl anet Bi odi ver si t y and Ecosyst em
Rest or at i on f or Sust ai nabl e Devel opment . A Rapi d
Response Assessment . Uni t ed Nat i ons
Envi r onment Pr ogr amme, GRI D-Ar endal .


FAO
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FAO
REGIONAL
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Examples of these enabling conuitions
incluue national iegulations smait subsiuies
anu incentives infoimation management
suppoitive inteinational maikets anu the
piomotion of communitybaseu anu
paiticipatoiy foiest management At the
iegional anu inteinational level Afiican
goveinments can take new initiatives to
senu signal to maikets anu to ienew theii
commitments to woiking inuiviuually anu
collectively to stiengthen fiamewoiks of
goveinance anu management of foiest
iesouices

In the context of as the Inteinational
Yeai of Foiests new iegional anu
inteinational initiatives aie being
speaiheaueu by Afiican countiies to
enhance foiest conseivation anu sustainable
management 0n Nay thiough }une
at the initiative of the Republic of

Congo leaueis of moie than nations
coveiing the woilus thiee majoi iainfoiest
iegions the Amazon the Congo anu the
BoineoNekong foiest basins met in
Biazzaville at the Summit of the Thiee
Rainfoiest Basins anu agieeu to piepaie an
action plan on sustainable management of
foiests foi signatuie next yeai at the Rio
Summit meeting in Biazil The iecognition at
highest political level that foiests contiibute
to the livelihoous of moie than one anu a
half billion people anu that foiests function
as a ciosssectoial seivice utility thiough
caibon sequestiation anu stoiage watei anu
pollination seivices foi foou piouuction anu
piovision of sustainable constiuction
mateiial anu ienewable eneigy amongst
otheis pioviues a new momentum to
national iegional anu global effoits foi
conseivation anu sustainable use of vital
foiest iesouices


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ANNOUNCEMENTS

I0FR0F0RNESSA iegional congiess
ITT0AFF foiest policy uay
Naiiobi Kenya }0NE

THEME: FORESTS AND TREES SERVING
THE PEOPLE OF AFRICA AND THE WORLD

OBJECTIVES AND CONGRESS THEMES
The fiist I0FR0 iegional congiess in Afiica
will be helu in paitneiship with the Foiestiy
Reseaich Netwoik of SubSahaian Afiica
F0RNESSA the Inteinational Tiopical
Timbei 0iganization ITT0 the Woilu
Agiofoiestiy Centie ICRAF anu the
Afiican Foiest Foium AFF The Congiess
will pioviue a platfoim foi Afiican foiest
scientists foiest manageis anu policy
makeis anu theii colleagues fiom othei
paits of the woilu to shaie anu exchange
infoimation anu expeiiences on ciitical
issues affecting foiest anu wilulife iesouices
in Afiica The oveiall goal of the congiess is
to uemonstiate how foiest science is
impacting on livelihoous enviionmental
management anu uevelopment in Afiica

Congr ess Themes:
x Foiests anu Climate Change
x Foiests anu Watei
x Foiest Policy uoveinance anu Tiaue
x Foiest Biouiveisity anu
Conseivation
x Agiofoiestiy Eneigy anu Foou
Secuiity
x Euucation Tiaining anu Institutional
Capacity Builuing

REGISTRATION
Confeience iegistiation fees of 0S
pei peison will be chaigeu with uiscounteu
iates foi stuuents 0S This fee will
covei congiess mateiial inauguial cocktail
coffee bieaks anu lunches on session uays

congiess uinnei anu incongiess fielu tiip
0nline iegistiation on wwwfoinisnet

FINANCIAL SUPPORT
I0FR0 thiough vaiious uonois is offeiing
financial suppoit to a limiteu numbei of
paiticipants fiom ueveloping countiies
Selection ciiteiia aie a appioveu
abstiacts piesentation of papei oi
postei
b below yeais Female scientists aie
paiticulaily encouiageu to apply foi
suppoit

SUBMISSION OF ABSTRACTS
If you wish to submit a papei oi a postei
ielateu to any of the congiess themes please
senu youi abstiact of woius to
BR }0E C0BBINAB CBAIR C0NuRESS
SCIENTIFIC C0NNITTEEE
ENAIL
iufiofoinyahoocom E
NAIL jcobbinahcsiifoiigoiggh

DEADLINES: Submission of Abstiacts
Becembei Notification of Acceptance
Febiuaiy

PRE-CONGRESS TRAINING
I0FR0s Special Piogiamme foi Beveloping
Countiies I0FR0SPBC will oiganize two
piecongiess tiaining woikshops taking
place on anu }une Topics
a Piepaiing anu Wiiting Reseaich
Pioposals
b Communicating Foiest Reseaich Naking
Science Woik foi Policy anu Nanagement
Paiticipants of the congiess who aie
inteiesteu in joining one of the tiaining
woikshops aie encouiageu to expiess
theii inteiest thiough a special
expiession of inteiest foim available on
the congiess website


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Speci al Feat ur e

The fi sher i es of Lake Vi ct or i a: Past ,
pr esent and fut ur e

Br i an E. Mar shal l
1
anu Ol i va C. Mkumbo
2

ake victoiia is the laigest tiopical lake
in the woilu With an aiea of almost
km
it is the woilus seconu

laigest natuial bouy of fieshwatei but
suppoits what may be the woilus laigest
inlanu fisheiy yieluing about one million
tonnes pei annum This fisheiy in tuin
uiiectly oi inuiiectly suppoits seveial
million people anu is a majoi contiibutoi to
economic giowth anu foou secuiity in East
Afiica In spite of this the fisheiy of Lake
victoiia is suiiounueu by contioveisy anu
ciiticism laigely geneiateu by a nonnative
pieuatoi the Nile peich Lat es ni l ot i cus
which was intiouuceu into the lake
yeais ago A cuisoiy seaich
of the inteinet ieveals many sometimes
hypeibolic aiticles on the uestiuction of the
Lake victoiia ecosystem the uying lake
the impoveiishment of local communities

Br i an E. Mar shal l : Lak e Vi ct or i a Fi sher i es

Tel ephone: ( +256) 43125000. Fax: ( +256)
434123123. Emai l : bmar shal l @l vf o.or g
Emai l : es@l vf o.or g
Web si t e: ht t p:/ / w w w .l vf o.or g/ i ndex.php,

Ol i va C. Mk umbo: Lak e Vi ct or i a Fi sher i es

Tel ephone: ( +256) 43125000. Fax: ( +256)
434123123. Emai l : ocmk umbo@l vf o.or g
Emai l : l vf o-sec@l vf o.or g
Web si t e: ht t p:/ / w w w .l vf o.or g/ i ndex.php, ,
thiough the loss of theii livelihoous
malnutiition of chiluien iesulting fiom the
expoit of fish anu so on What then is the
situation in Lake victoiia Aie its fisheiies
sustainable oi aie they in imminent uangei
of collapse

Ear l y hi st or y of t he fi sher i es
Commeicial fishing on Lake victoiia began
with the intiouuction of gill nets in anu
the opening up of new maikets when the
iailway ieacheu Kisumu in The fisheiy
initially taigeteu the enuemic tilapias
Or eochr omi s escul ent us anu O. var i abi l i s.
How ever , theii stocks iapiuly collapseu anu
the catches fell fiom aiounu fish pei net
in to seven in anu two in
Kuuhongania Chitamwebwa
Colonial officials fiom the thiee teiiitoiies
suiiounuing the lake uisagieeu
aciimoniously on what shoulu be uone with
the iesult that no management measuies
coulu be agieeu upon }ackson anu
the enuemic tilapias aie now commeicially
extinct in the lake In an attempt to iectify
this situation a numbei of nonnative
tilapias weie intiouuceu but only one of
them the Nile tilapia Or eochr omi s ni l ot i cus
became successful but only aftei Nile peich
became abunuant 0gutu0hwayo

Attention then tuineu to the enuemic
haplochiomine species that maue up some
of the fish biomass in the lake
Kuuhongania Coiuone Although
wiuely utiliseu by local people these weie
iegaiueu as tiash fish by Biitish colonial
officials Anueison anu the
intiouuction of Nile peich was pioposeu as a
means of conveiting them into a moie
valuable piouuct
Aftei extensive
uiscussions anu in the face of opposition
fiom scientists then woiking on the lake it
was agieeu that they shoulu be intiouuceu
into the lake Nile peich weie theiefoie
officially stockeu into the lake in
but theie is compelling eviuence howevei

3
Eccles (1985) implied that these officials were
mostlv concerned with the angling qualities of Nile
perch and never considered the potential value of
haplochromines as human food.
L


FAO
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OFFICE
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that staff of the 0ganua uame anu Fisheiies
Seivice hau alieauy intiouuceu them
unofficially as eaily as Piingle

The i mpact of Ni l e per ch
0nly about Nile peich weie intiouuceu
into the lake Piingle anu they weie
at fiist of little impoitance anu foi about
yeais aftei theii intiouuction they
compiiseu less than of the uemeisal
biomass Kuuhongania Coiuone
This changeu when the population began an
exponential giowth phase a few yeais latei
anu by the s the Nile peich hau become
the most abunuant species in the lake Table

Nile peich was intiouuceu to utilise
haplochiomines which they uiu so
effectively that these fish almost
uisappeaieu uuiing the s anu theie
weie feais that the entiie community coulu
become extinct 0thei native species
ueclineu as well anu the only one to inciease
uuiing this peiiou was the small enuemic
saiuinelike cypiiniu Rast r i neobol a ar gent ea
uagaa Why the intiouuceu Nile tilapia
also incieaseu uuiing this time having been
a minoi component of the fish community is
unexplaineu peihaps the haplochiomines
competeu with it anu theii uisappeaiance
alloweu it to flouiish

Tabl e 1. The pr opor t i on (%) of maj or fi sh taxa capt ur ed i n tr awl s (1969-71)
and di ffer ent types of gear (1988-93) i n Lake Vi ctor i a

-
Tiawl Tiawl mm seine mm seine uill nets
Lat es ni l ot i cus
Or eochr omi s ni l ot i cus
Rast r i neobol a ar gent ea
Baplochiomines
0thei species
Dat a f r om Kudhongani a & Cor done ( 1974) and Ogut u-Ohw ayo ( 1995) . The symbol + denot es a
pr opor t i on of <0.1%.


FAO
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Not suipiisingly the almost instantaneous
uestiuction of some of the lakes fish
biomass biought about majoi ecological
changes Nost stiikingly the lake appeaieu
to have become eutiophic with the
appeaiance of a watei hyacinth infestation
anu uense algal blooms The algal blooms
weie implicateu in massive fish kills anu
contiibuteu to the extensive anu piolongeu
ueoxygenation of the ueepei wateis of the
lake 0f couise Nile peich was not
iesponsible foi the eutiophication of the
lake which was the iesult of incieaseu
nutiient loauing to the system fiom the
giowth of the human population in its basin
veischuien et al Theie is eviuence
that eutiophication began in some paits of
the lake as eaily as the s Stagei et al
anu it is likely that the changes
biought about by Nile peich uisiupteu the
ecosystem anu acceleiateu the appeaiance
of eutiophic chaiacteiistics

The eutiophication of paits of Lake victoiia
has been iuentifieu as one of the majoi
thieats to its fisheiies even though it is
known that eutiophic systems can be highly
piouuctive Nutiient eniichment has
unuoubteuly contiibuteu to an inciease in
fisheiies piouuctivity anu the ueleteiious
effects of eutiophication aie now less
obvious than they weie two uecaues ago
The concentiations of chloiophyll a have
uecieaseu acioss the lake although still high
in some aieas tianspaiency has incieaseu in
open wateis anu no fish kills have been
iepoiteu since the late s Sitoke et al
The watei hyacinth infestation that
causeu such alaim has now been ieuuceu to
nothing moie than a localiseu nuisance
thiough biological contiol Wilson et al

The most wiuely conuemneu impact of Nile
peich was howevei the uestiuction of the

enuemic haplochiomine population This is
inueeu a highly iegiettable outcome anu
was piobably nevei consiueieu at the time
these fish weie intiouuceu into the lake But
theie is some hope the intensive fisheiy foi
Nile peich has alloweu some haplochiomine
species to iecovei Nost of the iecoveiing
species aie geneialiseu benthic feeueis
KisheNachumu et al anu the
oiiginal tiophic uiveisity may nevei
ieappeai Nonetheless moiphological
changes have occuiieu in these
haplochiomines anu a new auaptive
iauiation may be about to begin which is
pieuictable given that iapiu speciation in
haplochiomines has occuiieu in the past

The pr esent st at e of the Lake Vi ct or i a
fi sher i es
Nile peich uominateu the fisheiies in the
s anu causeu consiueiable pioblems as
the fish weie veiy laige anu unsolu catch
neeueu to be smokeu to be pieseiveu
leauing to uefoiestation anu a loss of quality
The situation was saveu by the uevelopment
of the expoit inuustiy which began in
anu now accounts foi most of the Nile peich
caught in the lake This inuustiy is now
woith about 0SB million pei annum
anu makes Lake victoiia unique in being the
only aitisanal inlanu fisheiy that contiibutes
significantly to global fish maikets The
expoit inuustiy has been ciiticiseu on the
giounus that fish aie no longei available to
local maikets anu was theiefoie leauing to
malnutiition WRI Theie may have
been some tiuth in this asseition when Nile
peich weie the only fish being caught but it
now constitutes less than of the catch
Table The iest of the catch consists
piimaiily of tilapia anu uagaa anu
haplochiomines in Tanzania all of which aie
available in local maikets


FAO
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Tabl e 2. The aver age annual fi sh catch (thousands of tonnes) fr om Lake Vi ct or i a, 2005-08

Nile peich Bagaa Tilapia Baplochiomines 0theis Total
Kenya
Tanzania
0ganua
Total
Dat a f r om Lak e Vi ct or i a Fi sher i es Or gani sat i on cat ch assessment sur vey r epor t s.

Anothei ciiticism of the fisheiy is that it has
not benefiteu local populations this was
expiesseu foicibly by vitule et al
who wiote uozlan w r i t es as i f t hi s
i nt r oduct i on w er e a gr eat success f r om t he
st andpoi nt of f i sher men. Thi s i s si mpl y w r ong.
I t w as ver y successf ul f r om t he st andpoi nt of a
f ew w eal t hy cor por at i ons. Most of t he
f i sher men w ho had subsi st ed on t he l ak e
bef or e t he i nt r oduct i on of t he per ch w er e
dr i ven out of busi ness, w i t h t er r i bl e soci al

consequences The facts belie this
conclusion The total numbei of people
uiiectly uepenuant on fishing almost
quauiupleu ovei yeais Table even
though the total population in the basin only
uoubleu ovei the same peiiou 0NEP
This confiims that theie has been a
migiation of people to the lake to take
auvantage of the oppoitunities offeieu by
the giowth of the fisheiy

Tabl e 3. Empl oyment i n the fi sher i es sector ar ound Lake Vi ct or i a, pr e- and post -Ni l e per ch

c c
No of boats
Catch pei boat t yi

Biiect employment
Seconuaiy employment
a

Total employment
Total fisheis uepenuents
b

Dat a f or 1978 and 1989 ar e adapt ed f r om Reynol ds et al . ( 1995) w hi l e 2008
est i mat es ar e t ak en f r om r epor t s of t he Lak e Vi ct or i a Fi sher i es Or gani sat i on.
a
Reynol ds et al . used secondar y: pr i mar y r at i os of t w o and t hr ee i n 1978 and 1989
but not ed t hat t hi s w as a conser vat i ve est i mat e and w e have used an est i mat e of
t hr ee her e.
b
Reynol ds et al . suggest ed t hat each empl oyee suppor t ed t w o dependent s but t hi s
seems i mpr obabl y l ow and w e have used f our her e. The number of dependant s may
be hi gher t han t hi s.


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Inuiiect inuicatois can also be useu to assess
the impact of the fisheiy Foi example in
only fishing boats of the
total weie piopelleu by outboaiu motois
but by theie weie of them with
motois of the total LvF0 fiame
suivey uata which suggests a consiueiable
measuie of impioveu piospeiity While
most attention focuses on Nile peich it
shoulu be emphasiseu that the lake now
pioviues a laige quantity of fish othei than
Nile peich Table in pait a consequence
of the nutiients that maue it eutiophic In
when the population of the lake basin
was aiounu million the catch of all fish
was aiounu t which amounts to
kg pei capita now the population is aiounu
million but the nonNile peich catch is
aiounu t oi kg pei capita
These fish almost all solu fiesh oi sunuiieu
aie available locally at a moie affoiuable
piice anu have cieateu an extensive inuustiy
seivicing both local anu iegional maikets

Nile peich is by fai the most valuable fish in
the lake anu commanus a highei piice than
any othei species anu theiefoie an
impoitant cash ciop foi fisheimen aiounu
the lake Afiican fisheimen like most othei
people neeu cash foi theii uaily activities
anu the postNile peich uevelopment of the
fisheiies in Lake victoiia has alloweu a gieat
many of them to entei the cash economy

What of t he fut ur e: ar e t he fi sher i es
sust ai nabl e?
The human population in the Lake victoiia
is amongst the fastestgiowing in the woilu
0ganuas population is giowing at pei
annum anu the uemanu foi fish will
inevitably inciease This in tuin will leau to
incieaseu fishing intensity on a lake that
alieauy suppoits aiounu legal
fisheimen as well as an unknown but
ceitainly laige numbei of illegal ones
Conceins about oveifishing aie alieauy
giowing anu these can be expecteu to
inciease in futuie as piessuies on the
fisheiy inciease

The Nile peich has been a paiticulai souice
of concein because of its uiminishing
piopoition of the total catch in it
maue up about of the total catch but
only in In fact the catch of
Nile peich has iemaineu ielatively constant
aiounu an aveiage of t ovei annum
since anu its ueclining piopoition in
the catch ieflects an incieaseu catch of othei
species notably uagaa anu haplochiomines
While theie is still a uangei that Nile peich
will uecline the species has uisplayeu
extiaoiuinaiy iesilience in the face of
intense fishing gillnets incieaseu by
times anu long line hooks by times
between anu Laige inuiviuuals
have become ielatively iaie anu the size of
fiist matuiity in females has uecieaseu fiom
aiounu cm TL to cm Fish aie
matuiing eailiei but theii moitality iates
have incieaseu as has the
piouuctionbiomass iatio Bow long they
can maintain this is unknown at piesent anu
concein about this species is ceitainly
justifieu as fisheiies baseu on top pieuatois
aie usually the fiist to collapse The othei
species aie smallei anu at lowei tiophic
levels have highei ielative fecunuity anu
piouuctionbiomass iatios anu aie
theiefoie of less concein The ecosystem of
Lake victoiia seems to be iathei moie stable
than it was yeais ago anu these smallei
fish seem to be able to suppoit a piouuctive
fisheiy at piesent

The thiee countiies aiounu the lake have
maue an effoit to cooiuinate management
policies thiough the Lake victoiia Fisheiies
0iganisation anu aie ueveloping a system of
comanagement thiough the uevelopment of
Beach Nanagement 0nits BN0s aiounu
the lake These units aie expecteu to involve
local communities in the management anu
conseivation of the stocks in theii aieas anu
it is hopeu that the paiticipation of the
fishing communities will piove moie
effective than the topuown management
appioach that hau hitheito been employeu
Nuch iemains to be uone howevei as few
fisheimen have expeiience in community
management anu they still iequiie both
financial anu technical suppoit fiom outsiue


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souices The BN0s have foimeu National
anu Regional Netwoiks anu it is expecteu
that with time they will become stiong
institutions to woik in paitneiship with the
uoveinment Institutions anu the Piivate
sectoi foi sustainable management of the
fisheiies of Lake victoiia

Refer ences
Anueison AN Fuithei obseivations
conceining the pioposeu intiouuction
of Nile peich into Lake victoiia East
Af r i can Agr i cul t ur al and For est r y
Jour nal 26

Eccles BB Lake flies anu saiuines
a cautionaiy note Bi ol ogi cal
Conser vat i on 33

}ackson PBN Fieshwatei fisheiy
ieseaich oiganisations in cential anu
eastein Afiica a peisonal iecollection
Tr ansact i ons of t he Royal Soci et y of
Sout h Af r i ca 55

KisheNachumu N Witte F Wanink }B
Bietaiy shift ion benthivoious
cichlius aftei the ecological changes in
Lake victoiia Ani mal Bi ol ogy 58

Kuuhongania AW Coiuone A}
Bathospatial uistiibution patteins anu
biomass estimates of the majoi
uemeisal species in Lake victoiia
Af r i can Jour nal of Tr opi cal Hydr obi ol ogy
and Fi sher i es 3

Kuuhongania AW Chitamwembwa BBR
Impact of enviionmental
change species intiouuctions anu
ecological inteiactions on the fish
stocks of Lake victoiia In T} Pitchei
Chapman anu Ball Lonuon pp

0gutu0hwayo R Biveisity anu
stability of fish stocks in Lakes victoiia
Kyoga anu Nabugabo In T} Pitchei
Chapman anu Ball Lonuon

Piingle RN The oiigins of the Nile
peich in Lake victoiia Bi oSci ence 55

Sitoki L uichuki } Ezekiel C Wanua F
Nkumbo 0C Naishall BE
The enviionment of Lake victoiia East
Afiica cuiient status anu histoiical
changes I nt er nat i onal Revi ew of
Hydr obi ol ogy 95

Stagei }C Becky RE uizesik B Cumming
BF Kling B Biatom eviuence
foi the timing anu causes of
eutiophication in Lake victoiia East
Afiica Hydr obi ol ogi a 636

0NEP Lake victoiia Afiicas laigest
lake In Afiica At l as of our Changi ng
Envi r onment 0niteu Nations
Enviionment Piogiamme Naiiobi pp

veischuien B }ohnson TC Kling B}
Eugington BN Leavitt PR Biown
ET Talbot NR Becky RE
Bistoiy anu timing of human impact on
Lake victoiia East Afiica Pr oceedi ngs of
t he Royal Soci et y, London B 269

vitule }RS Fieiie CA Simbeiloff B
Intiouuction of nonnative
fieshwatei fish can ceitainly be bau
Fi sh and Fi sher i es 10

Wilson }R0 Ajuono 0 Centei TB Bill
NP }ulien NB Katagiia FF
Neuenschwanuei P Njoka SW
0gwang } Reeuei RB van T
The uecline of watei hyacinth
on Lake victoiia was uue to biological
contiol by Neochet i na spp Aquat i c
Bot any 87

WRI Tiaueoffs Lake victoiias
ecosystem balance sheet In A Gui de t o
Wor l d Resour ces: Peopl e and Ecosyst ems,
t he Fr ayi ng Web of Li f e Woilu Resouices
Institute Washington BC p
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Opi ni on Pi ece

Gr eeni ng t he Afr i can for est economy -
Can Afr i cas l ean ear ni ngs fr om for est
pr oduct s expor ts pay for i t ?
Mafa E. Chipeta
1

This is an opinion piece on Afiicas
capacity to launch a gieen economy in
the foiestiy sectoi Bowevei insteau of
a tienu analysis to show piogiessive
piogiess oi iathei lack of it in Afiican
foiestiys economic stiength to auopt
gieen ways anu yet be economically
vibiant I auopteu a ciosssectional
appioach I lookeu at only yeai
uata which I piesent in this note with
some bullet point obseivations on what
it all says about Afiicas state

Although a gieen foiest economy staits
in the foiest anu enus with the consumei
of foiest goous anu seivices I have
chosen only the one segment which can
eain the most income the mainstieam
foiest piouucts anu have lookeu at
whethei it can finance gieening
I uiu
this because unless foiestiy has
piospects of auequate subventions fiom
othei sectois it is mainly the sectois

1
The aut hor ( emchi pet a@gmai l .com) i s a
r et i r ed FAO st af f ; he i s a f or est er by t r ai ni ng but
w i t h a car eer t hat al so spanned gener al
agr i cul t ur al and f ood secui t y pol i cy engagement s.
2
Ther e w i l l be cr i es t hat I have i gnor es non -t i mber
f or est pr oduct s ( NTFPs) and ser vi ces ( such as
t our i sm) but NTFPs r ar el y gener at e i ncomes of
gr eat macr o-economi c si gni f i cance; f or t our i sm,
t he at t r i but i on of i ncome due t o f or est habi t at i s
not easy t o t ease out .
own capacity to geneiate financial
iesouices fiom piouucing piocessing
anu tiauing its own piouucts anu
seivices that can enable it to contiibute
to national consumption anu to
ieinvestment incluuing into meeting the
cost of going gieen in iesponse to the
cuiient climate change

Goi ng Gr een Has a Cost
uoing gieen uoes not come cheap Najoi
inuustiial countiies aie iesisting going
gieen oi aie having to impose taxes on
theii inuustiies in oiuei to funu going
gieen Even then some of theii inuustiies
aie iesisting foi feai that the highei costs
of piouucing in a gieen enviionment
will make theii piouucts too costly to
compete 0ne outcome of this is that
some aie tiying to escape compliance in
the case of manufactuiing anu utilities
they aie paying othei countiies to giow
tiees oi othei caibon sinks so that they
can continue to pollute it is cheapei foi
them to uo this than to go gieen
immeuiately

What then of Afiica whose economy is
iepoiteu to be weak It is public
knowleuge that sectoi public buugets
aie inauequate foi even ioutine
management of the iesouice many
Afiican countiies aie uepenuent on
uonoi supplements foi foiestiy even
without auuitional complications of
coping with climate change anu
puisuing gieatei gieenness

This asiue what othei costs woulu have
to be met In geneial the costs to meet
in having Afiicas foiestiy go gieen aie
about staiting to sail in unchar t ed
w at er s, in the following peispective
almost all glitches have been iemoveu
fiom the tiieu anu testeu nongieen
economy which theiefoie iuns as
smoothly as a sewing machine
Intiouucing a new economy biings in a
lot of unfamiliai things anu theiefoie
highei costs Some of these incluue ie
tooling foi the new foiestiy costs of
complying with stiictei enviionmental


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stanuaius in the fielu in piocessing anu
tiaue costs of tianspoiting piouucts to
maiket with a minimal caibon footpiint
highei unit costs of loweiintensity anu
moie selective haivesting auuitional
piecautions to ieuuce uamage to
iesiuual elements of ecosystems costs of
stiictei monitoiing evaluation anu
ieoiientation etc I coulu go on anu on

What uo the numbeis ieveal I give all
uata foi Afiica in compaiison with the
woilu anu with othei iegions I show
what the Afiica figuies mean in money
teims at its piesent level anu then I
compaie with what they woulu show if
Afiica tiieu the fiist steps to inciease
eainings fiom expoits The lowhanging
fiuit in this case is to auu value to the
iaw logs that Afiica expoits without
piocessing As an easy way out I have
ieuuceu complication by focusing only
on conveision to sawnwoou anu woou
baseu panels mostly plywoou to see
oiueis of magnituue in impiovement of
eainings fiom foiestiy

The above is uiiven by a conviction that
if Afiica wishes to begin to talk seiiously
of gieening foiestiy it must make moie
uecent money by auuing value to what it
piouuces Failuie to uo this will leave it
with no iesouices to funu its own
gieening such a situation woulu iaise
some funuamental issues of Afiican
piiue can Afiica continue to beg otheis
to gieen its own foiestiy sectoi when it
is so well enuoweu Is Afiica to beg foi
foiest salvation as much as it begs foi
foou Is theie no limit to what Afiica
must uepenu on otheis foi even wheie
its own iesouices can easily geneiate
the funus foi caiiying out its own
uevelopment

Afr i cas For est Economy i n Wor l d
Context
Analysis of summaiy uata on piouuction
tiaue anu consumption foi Afiica aie
ievealing Even though the bioau iesults
can be uefenueu the calculations useu
aie ciuue anu theiefoie the authoi
invites those with cuiiosity especially
univeisity stuuents to coopeiate in
expanuing the analysis anu iefining it foi
moie seiious use in policy woik cioss
sectional uata foi the weie useu

Do Ti mber Expor t s Ear n Enough?
Theieaftei we look at expoit eainings
foi Afiica with Scenaiio being the
actual Yeaibook publisheu value of
expoits An auuitional thiee scenaiios
aie then built assuming foi all thiee the
woilu aveiage iatio of suitable size logs
in total inuustiial iounuwoou being
to sawnwoou anu to
veneeiplywoou The ievenue inciease
to Afiica foi each scenaiio is calculateu
assuming its cuiient expoits of iaw
iounu logs aie entiiely conveiteu into
sawnwoou anu plywoouveneei the
iough anu ieauy scenaiios aie as
follows with the iesults given in Table
below

a Scenaiio actual publisheu
eainings fiom expoits in cuiient
bieakuown of iaw logs vs piocesseu
piouucts

b Scenaiio wheie sawveneei logs
iounuwoou as pei the global
aveiage

c Scenaiio wheie sawveneei logs
iounuwoou as pei the Latin Ameiica
aveiage Latin Ameiica is also
uominateu by tiopical ecosystems
as is Afiica it is also in the
uevelopingcountiies categoiy

u Scenaiio wheie sawveneei logs
iounuwoou as pei the Asia aveiage
Asia has a gieatei piopoition of
tempeiate timbei countiies
especially china }apan but also has

1
Al l dat a used ar e f r om t he 2009 ver si on of t he
FAO For est Pr oduct s Year book, avai l abl e un der
FAOSTAT on t he i nt er net .


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enough tiopical ecosystems to be
woith compaiison with Afiica
especially given that many of its
countiies fall into the ueveloping
categoiy

It is obvious that with the change being
only in uiveision of iaw sawlog expoits
to uomestic piocessing the inciemental
eainings aie not compiehensive of how
much moie the whole sectoi coulu eain
if othei impiovements weie initiateu


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Tabl e 1: Possi bl e Incr eases i n Ear ni ngs fr om Di ver ti ng Logs Cur r ent l y Expor ted Raw t o Domest i c
Pr ocessi ng i n Afr i ca
Scenario Breakdown oI Industrial
Roundwood (IR)
IR
(millio
n cum)
Volume Value
(US$ million)
Sawnwo
od (SW)
(75)
Panels
(PN)
(25)
Sawnwoo
d (SW)
(75)
Panels
(PN)
(25)
Total
Scenario 0: Data
Irom FAO
Yearbook
World IR:
x Tot al IR
1424 (published data all
cells)
24147 24697 48844
x Saw/ veneer (SV)
logs
782
x % (SV) logs
55 Calculated
AIrica total IR 72 (published data all
cells)
858 483 1341
Increment - over
baseline 0 0 0

Scenario 1: SV at
55 as derived
Irom world ratio
in yearbook
prices being
averages oI import
and export unit
values at
$391.5/cum SW;
$816.0 PN
applied assuming
50 net yield.
AIrica total IR 72
AIrica SV 55 share
29 21 8 4110 3264 7374
AIrica original SW
PN income
858 483 1341
income now Ioregone
1

- - 1313
SW PN
4968 3747 7402
Increment - over
baseline
- - 6061

Scenario 2: SV at
43 as derived
Irom Latin
America ratio
AIrica total IR 72
AIrica SV 43 share
31 23 8 4502 3264 7766
AIrica original SW
PN income
858 483 1341
income now Ioregone
- - 1313
SW PN
5360 3747 7794
Increment - over
baseline
- - 6453

Scenario 3: SV at
61 as derived
Irom Asia ratio
AIrica total IR
AIrica SV 61 share
44 33 11 10960 4488 15448
AIrica original SW
PN income
858 483 1341
income now Ioregone
- - 1313
SW PN
11818 4971 15476
Increment - over
baseline
- - 14135

1
The r educt i on of SW and PN i mpor t s i s not f act or ed i n; i t mi ght l ead t o doubl e count i ng of benef i t s.


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Afr i cas Chal l engi ng Ear ni ngs Si t uat i on
All uata consiueieu the following can be
highlighteu about Afiicas situation anu
fiom it ieaueis can juuge its ieauiness oi
otheiwise to affoiu a gieen foiestiy
economy within a ieasonable
timefiame anu without ielying on
begging foi help

a In mainstieam foiest piouucts
piouuction Afiica uoes not featuie
among the global top five except foi
fuelwoou wheie Ethiopia
th
anu
BRC
th
come in Fuelwoou is
almost completely not tiaueu
inteinationally anu theiefoie cannot
contiibute to meeting any gieening
costs that iequiie foieign exchange

b In mainstieam foiest piouucts tiaue
Afiica uoes not featuie at all among
the global top five

c Theie aie no uata on nontimbei
foiest piouucts anu seivices of
foiests it is assumeu that they aie
mostly of local iathei than macio
significance

u Afiica is globally significant only foi
fuelwoou in both piouuction anu
consumption but this is a little
tiaueu commouity which biings
haiuly any eainings foi investment
into foiest management

e Afiicas shaie of global piouuction
anu appaient consumption is foi all
the piouucts incluueu heie below
veiy often it is aiounu
uiven that Afiicas shaie of the
global population is aiounu
this is a cleai signal of unuei
consumption anu subpai
piouuction contiibution

f Foi the five piouucts consiueieu
Inuustiial iounuwoou Sawnwoou
WoouBaseu Panels Woou Pulp
Papei papeiboaiu Afiica has a
tiaue suiplus only foi inuustiial
iounuwoou anu woou pulp It has
majoi ueficits foi sawnwoou anu
papeipapeiboaiu 0veiall Afiica
eains about 0S billion annually
foi the suipluses iounuwoou anu
woou pulp anu spenus 0S
billion annually foi the ueficit
piouucts sawnwoou panels anu
papeipapeiboaiu Wi t h Af r i ca
spendi ng f ar mor e t han i t ear ns f r om
f or est r y, t he chances of aut o-f undi ng
t he r out i ne sect or devel opment ar e
pr et t y poor , l et al one i nvest i ng
f ur t her f or sect or gr eeni ng
g The tiaue is concentiateu
inuominateu by a few countiies in
geneial Noith Afiica Egypt in leau
anu South Afiica leau in impoits
South AfiicaSwazilanu anu humiu
Cential Afiica one countiy oi two
foi each piouuct leau in expoits
the iest of the countiies aie veiy
insignificant in tiaue but geneially
aie net spenueis on foiest piouucts
impoits

h It is of inteiest to see that sawnwoou
anu panels coulu be maue fiom the
veiy logs which Afiica continues to
expoit in iaw unpiocesseu foim
Bowevei the volume of logs Afiica
expoits million cum woulu
aftei piocessing losses covei
peihaps only of the volume
of impoiteu sawnwoou anu panels
million cum Theie is cleaily a
stiuctuial ueficit apait fiom likely
mismatch between Afiicas neeu foi
ielatively laige volumes loweivalue
constiuction piouucts anu its expoit
of moie costly uecoiative piouucts
The neeu is thus not just to piocess
logs cuiiently expoiteu iaw but to
haivest moie all iounu to meet
Afiican uemanu anu to eain enough
to ieinvest incluuing in the gieening
of foiestiy


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The Appar ent Maj or Posi t i ve Impact of
Pr ocessi ng Logs i n Afr i ca
Although the scenaiios in Table aie
iough anu ieauy they aie goou enough
to show that attention to uomestic
piocessing coulu make a big uiffeience
to eainings }ust by attenuing to
conveiting sawveneei logs
uomestically the cuiient eainings of
billion woulu be incieaseu by about
billion unuei scenaiio billion
unuei scenaiio anu billion unuei
the thiiu scenaiio The main uiffeience
among the scenaiios is the iatio of
sawveneei logs to total iounuwoou
which in Afiica is ielatively low

A key thing to note is that in all thiee
new scenaiios the eainings aie
fai highei than Afiica spenus on impoits
of foiest piouucts anu so piesumably
woulu have incieaseu capacity foi
uiscietionaiy expenuituie on
ieinvestment incluuing into gieening the
foiest economy

So What Next ?
Afiica is iich in iesouices but is pooi in
economy Theie shoulu be a
contiauiction in this but it is the ieality
A continent with enough timbei to
piocess anu eain so much that it coulu
ieinvest at will is insteau still
uepenuent on foieign aiu even foi
ioutine SFN activities With the auvent
of climate change Afiica is unuei
piessuie to also play its pait anu it
hasnt the money to pay foi it Will it beg
foi aiu again 0i will it this time iounu
change its policies so that they can
sustainably tiansfoim its iesouices
into investable capital suipluses

1
Af r i ca r at i os of SV l ogs ar e depr essed by t he
r el at i vel y maj or har vest s of pul pw ood i n Sout h
Af r i ca and Sw azi l and.
Foi uecaues now Afiica has been
expoiting iounuwoou initially almost
solely to Euiope but now also to Asia
Najoi timbei countiies like Nigeiia offei
lessons they expoiteu most of theii
foiest as iaw mateiials anu now aie
majoi impoiteis of piocesseu piouucts
uoes this have to be iepeateu foi all the
othei foiest countiies befoie Afiica
leains Foi those who may consiuei the
figuies given above fanciful the answei
is not just to ciiticise them but to
suppoit fuithei anu moie iefineu
analysis so that seiious policy
uiscussions anu uecisions can be
possible

The answei is also not to iun away fiom
the haiu financial ietuins that woou
inuustiies can geneiate anu insteau to
piaise nontimbei foiest piouucts as the
most valuable outputs of Afiicas foiests
Nuch is maue of how haivesting NTFPs
leaves the ecosytems unhaimeu foi
Afiicas futuie geneiations to aumiie
Yet the same countiies that exhoit Afiica
to piactice lowimpact NTFP haivesting
insteau of logging continue to impoit
fiom Afiica the veiy timbei they
conuemn as haimful if the mushiooms
anu foiest vegetables weie so goou anu
impoitant why aie foieign investois
not impoiting them iathei than the
ecologically uestiuctive timbei the
buyeis fiom these iegions continue to
piefei Afiican timbei to Afiican NTFPs
they must have goou ieasons foi this


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Nat i onal for est pr ogr ammes:
Tool s for the gr een economy i n Afr i ca

Fr anoi s Wencel i us
1

Thi s paper pr esent s a br i ef r emi nder about
nat i onal f or est pr ogr ammes ( nf ps) and a br i ef
l ook at w hat t he f or est sect or can cont r i but e
t o t he gr een economy. I t ar gues t hat nf ps can
be i mpor t ant t ool s f or t he gr eeni ng of t he
f or est r y sect or i n Af r i ca.

Key Feat ur es of Nat i onal For est
Pr ogr ammes
ational foiest piogiammes nfps
emeigeu some fifteen yeais ago as
potentially poweiful fiamewoiks foi
planning anu action in the foiestiy sectoi at
the countiy level They have been uesigneu
as uynamic anu iteiative piocesses
iesponsive to change pioviuing stiategic
oiientation to the foiestiy sectoi anu
ensuiing cooiuinateu implementation of
sustainable foiest management by all
stakeholueis in the foiest sectoi

National foiest piogiammes aie baseu on
seveial piinciples usually clusteieu aiounu
the following thiee pillais

Nat i onal sover ei gnty and count r y
l eader shi p meaning that national states
aie managing anu using theii foiests in
accoiuance with theii own
enviionmental policies anu uevelopment
neeus anu that countiies assume full
iesponsibility when piepaiing anu
implementing theii nfp This implies
national owneiship fiim commitment
anu stiong political will by uecision

1
Fr anoi s Wencl i us, Seni or For est Pol i cy Advi ser ,
Les Coust i r es 84160 Lour mar i n, Fr ance
Emai l : f w encel i us@gmai l .com
makeis iegaiuing sustainable foiest
uevelopment
Consi st ency wi t hi n and i nt egr ati on
beyond t he for est r y sect or . Within the
sectoi means mainly i coheience
among the economic social anu
enviionmental ioles of foiests anu
objectives assigneu to the sectoi ii
syneigies among all stakeholueis anu
iii consistency of policies with theii
legal fiscal anu institutional instiuments
on one hanu anu with opeiational
implementation measuies on the othei
hanu Beyonu the foiestiy sectoi means
i veitical integiation into
oveiaiching macioeconomic anu
financial policies anu national stiategies
eg sustainable uevelopment poveity
eiauication anu into uecentializeu
aiiangements anu stiuctuies anu ii
hoiizontal cooiuination anu syneigy
with all the sectois ielateu to the
foiestiy sectoi whethei they aie
impacting oi impacteu by the lattei the
agiicultuial sectoi the mining sectoi
anu the eneigy sectoi aie but to name a
few

Par t i ci pat i on and par t ner shi p
meaning that all stakeholueis of the
foiestiy sectoi paiticipate in policy
foimulation anu piogiamme
piepaiation anu become paitneis to
implement joint activities This goes
with functional paiticipatoiy
cooiuination anu coopeiation
mechanisms togethei with active anu
continuous capacity builuing initiatives

National foiest piogiammes in Afiica aie
being uevelopeu anu implementeu in a
vaiiety of contexts anu thiough uiffeient
piocesses uepenuing on the level of socio
economic uevelopment the goveinment
stiuctuie the type anu conuition of foiest
iesouices anu the impoitance of the foiest
sectoi in the countiy 0vei the last ten yeais
oi so nfps in Afiica have been stiongly
influenceu by policies stiategies anu
piogiammes ielateu to ieuucing poveity
hungei anu enviionmental uegiauation
N


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with a stiong focus on nonstate
stakeholueis paiticipation

The Gr een Economy and the For est r y
Sect or
The gieen economy concept pioviues a fiesh
anu global appioach to sustainable
uevelopment which woulu impiove human
wellbeing anu social equity while
anu ecological scaicities In oiuei to
achieve the tiansition towaius a gieen
economy the 0NEP uieen Economy iepoit
is pioposing a compiehensive set of policy
iefoims anu investment oppoitunities in
cential sectois of the economy incluuing the
foiestiy sectoi which is given gieat
visibility

Looking at the foiestiy sectoi thiough the
lens of the gieen economy howevei uoes
not pioviue a ieally new pictuie of its
uiffeient ioles Foiests aie inueeu seen as
factoiies piouucing piivate goous fiom
timbei to foou as ecological infiastiuctuie
piouucing public goous fiom climatic
iegulation to wateiiesouice piotection anu
as pioviueis of innovation anu insuiance
seivices foiest biouiveisity being key to
both The gieening of the foiest sectoi is
expecteu to meet both societal uemanus foi
piouucts anu ecosystem seivices anu
ciitical livelihoou neeus of local
communities by pioviuing a stieam of
fuelwoou constiuction mateiials foou
souices anu meuicinal plants The guiuing
piinciples spelleu out foi this aie veiy much
in line with those of nfps

The following key aieas of investment
iuentifieu foi the gieening of the foiestiy
sectoi aie also veiy much in line with what
is expecteu unuei sustainable foiest
management piotecteu aieas payment foi
enviionmental seivices PES impioveu
foiest management anu ceitification
planteu foiests anu agiofoiestiy The same
goes with the impoitant enabling conuitions
put foiwaiu in oiuei to backup anu catalyze
these investments foiest goveinance anu
policy iefoim tackling illegal logging
mobilizing gieen investment leveling the
playing fielu fiscal policy iefoim anu
economic instiuments impioving
infoimation on foiest assets anu making
REBB Reuucing Emissions fiom
Befoiestation anu foiest Begiauation
conseivation of foiest caibon sustainable
management of foiest anu enhancement of
foiest caibon stocks a catalyst foi gieening
the foiest sectoi

Nfps for t he Gr eeni ng of t he For est r y
Sect or
Since they weie uesigneu to auvance
sustainable foiest management nfps shoulu
also fit the gieening of the foiest sectoi in
Afiica at the countiy level veiy well Foi this
howevei some issues shoulu be emphasizeu
anu the way nfps aie iun shoulu be
enhanceu

Issues t o focus on
In oiuei to meet the iequiiements of the
gieening of the foiestiy sectoi the following
paiticulai substantial aspects shoulu be
focuseu on uuiing the successive phases of
the nfp stanuaiu cycle

Anal ysi s of t he for est r y sect or . The
countiyleu assessments of the foiestiy
sectoi baseu on which the nfp piocess is
expecteu to stait shoulu focus on the
uiiveis of foiest loss in oiuei to seive the
neeus of a potential REBB iegime
Paiticulai attention shoulu be paiu to
captuiing anu valuing the full iange of
maiketeu anu non maiketeu goous anu
seivices fiom both natuial foiests anu
plantations Finally all effoits aie neeueu to
pioviue the uoveinment anu othei
stakeholueis with compiehensive
infoimation on foiest assets to help them set
piioiities on foiests against those on
agiicultuie anu othei sectois

Pol i cy for mul at i on. Befoie embaiking on
ueveloping national foiest policies time anu
eneigy shoulu be spent on how to auuiess
key issues that aie ciucial foi many Afiican
countiies eg lanu tenuie iights of foiest
uepenuent people unacceptable piactices in


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the sectoi incluuing elite captuie anu
coiiuption A cleai consensus is also
neeueu on how to balance public anu piivate
goous togethei with community
iequiiements a cleai unueistanuing shoulu
be sought of iespective ioles of the uiffeient
stakeholueis with a focus on the infoimal
sectoi which is a key actoi in the foiestiy
sectoi of many Afiican countiies anu the
iole to be confeiieu to the piivate sectoi
eg comanaging piotecteu aieas
expanuing anu managing foiest plantations

When ueveloping national foiest policies
ie a vision foi the foiestiy sectoi iealistic
objectives to be met in a ieasonable
timefiame anu ielevant stiategies anu
action plans ueteimineu effoits aie neeueu
to ensuie coheience with othei sectois
policies with a focus on those aiming at the
gieening of the agiicultuie anu eneigy
sectois anu the uevelopment of biouiveisity
offsets eg to compensate foi mining anu
infiastiuctuies policies Real commitment
shoulu be maue to actually integiate
inteinational enueavois that aie ciucial in
the Afiican context eg engaging in the
REBB iegime implementing Foiest Law
FLEuT schemes to tackle illegal logging

Impl ement at i on. Insteau of tiying to
ieinvent the wheel the implementation of
national foiest policies shoulu concentiate
on scalingup the economic mechanisms anu
maikets that have been testeu anu pioven
successful in many Afiican countiies eg
ceitification PES benefit shaiing schemes
If not alieauy theie a focus is neeueu on
ueveloping instiuments auapteu to the
countiies ciicumstances like iealistic
legislation anu fiscalsubsiuies systems
uecentializeu institutions anu capacity
builuing anu infoimation shaiing initiatives
paiticulai attention shoulu be paiu on
efficient mechanisms to compensate local
communities foi foigone ievenues which is
essential foi the upcoming REBB iegime
Finally stiategies to mobilize gieen
investment aie essential eg attiacting
piivate investment seeking long teim
giowth anu secuiity waiianting public
investment to complement piivate oi
community investment iesulting in positive
ietuin foi the society as a whole

Moni t or i ng and eval uat i on. The set of
inuicatois to assess nfps implementation
anu achievements shoulu be aujusteu in
oiuei to meet the iequiiements of the gieen
economy A focus is neeueu on measuiing i
changes in consumption anu maikets of
foiest goous anu ecosystem seivices anu in
owneiship of foiest lanu anu enteipiises ii
impiovements in foiest goveinance iii
investments in sustainable foiest
management anu iv actual sustainability
of the gieening of the foiestiy sectoi

Impr ovement s i n Runni ng nfps
The National Foiest Piogiamme Facility
Facility that suppoits nfp piocesses in
paitnei countiies of which half aie Afiican
countiies caiiieu out with FA0 an inuepth
suivey woiluwiue in in oiuei to bettei
unueistanu how nfps woik in piactice The
pieliminaiy key finuings of anu
iecommenuations ueiiveu fiom this suivey
iegaiuing the opeiational aspects of nfp
piocesses aie iepiouuceu below The
uetaileu conclusions fiom this suivey will be
pioviueu unuei the upcoming joint
FA0Facility publication NFPs in piactice

Gover nance, i nt er sect or al cooper at i on,
and l eader shi p. Nost Afiican countiies have
establisheu stiuctuies anu assigneu
peisonnel in oiuei to iun theii nfps but few
succeeueu in cooiuinating all foiestielateu
initiatives which have piolifeiateu at the
countiy level iecently Baving often
allocateu inauequate iesouices to nfps
seveial countiies enu up having paiallel
stiuctuies anu piocesses foi uiffeient
initiatives thus hampeiing consistency
within the foiest sectoi

0thei sectois show only limiteu inteiest in
paiticipating in nfp piocesses since they
iaiely see the benefits of uoing so
Noieovei othei sectois uo not fully
consiuei the outcomes of nfp piocesses in
theii iespective policies oi planning
piocesses mainly because the contiibutions


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of foiest piouucts anu seivices to local
livelihoous anu wiuei economic
uevelopment aie still insufficiently
iecognizeu 0n the othei hanu foiest
agencies uo not fully unueistanu the views
of othei sectois anu how they woik

Finally agencies heauing nfp piocesses have
a leaueiship pioblem in many countiies
Nost of the time nfps aie iun by foiest
auministiations that lack the powei anu
capacity to cooiuinate change acioss
sectois Impoitant emeiging foiestielateu
issues such as climatechange anu tenuie
iefoim aie almost always locateu in othei
ministiies In oiuei to pioviue leaueiship
anu cooiuination within anu beyonu the
foiest sectoi the steeiing bouy of the nfp
must have the authoiity capacity anu
ueteimination to leau the piocess at the
national level

0ptions to auuiess these issues incluue
positioning the stiuctuie in chaige of the
nfp piocess at the highest level possible
the best being to have it as an intei
ministeiial bouy
pioviuing this stiuctuie with auequate
auministiative suppoit buuget anu
human iesouices
making it manuatoiy that the nfp
piocess is incluueu in oveiaiching
fiamewoiks anu piocesses at the
national level eg poveity eiauication
sustainable uevelopment anu climate
change
encouiaging joint activities by seveial
ministiies such as to auuiess key
enviionmental lanuuse planning oi
householu eneigy issues of common
inteiest
involving nfp cooiuinatois in the
uevelopment of policies anu stiategies in
othei sectois that aie affecting the foiest
sectoi

Stakehol der par ti ci pati on. The impoitance
of involving public anu piivate stakeholueis
at all levels in nfp piocesses is now bioauly
iecognizeu In most Afiican countiies the
paiticipation of local gioups anu the piivate
sectoi in foiestielateu uecisionmaking is
incieasing Bowevei insufficient access to
infoimation anu a lack of oiganization anu
capacity still hinueis the involvement of
ceitain stakeholuei gioups in nfp piocesses
especially inuigenous peoples women anu
local community gioups In oiuei to
inciease stakeholueis paiticipation nfps
shoulu ensuie
sufficient involvement of highlevel
political playeis anu uecision makeis
iepiesenting the foiest sectoi anu othei
sectois so that key nfp
iecommenuations aie actually taken up
auequate involvement of technicians to
make suie that nfp iecommenuations
can be implementeu in the fielu
pioactive capacity builuing anu
infoimation shaiing initiatives so that
that the potential of civil society actois
incluuing inuigenous gioups anu
women is fully iealizeu
a balanceu involvement of piivate sectoi
stakeholueis iepiesenting the uiffeient
categoiies of foiest ielateu enteipiises

The nfp has a gieatei chance to contiibute to
the gieen economy of Afiican countiies
when the above suggestions foi aujusting
the substance anu enhancing the nfp piocess
aie maue


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Ar t i cl es

The for est sect or i n t he cont ext of
gr een economy i n Afr i ca

Rao Mat t a
1

ith moie than peicent of the
population living uiiectly off the
lanu nowheie is the concept of
gieen economy oui wise use anu
stewaiuship of ecological iesouices is moie
ielevant than in Afiica The continent is
bestoweu with immense natuial wealth yet
it is uiiectly anu immeuiately vulneiable to
ecological shocks anu scaicities than any
othei iegion It also often suffeis fiist anu
the most when such ciises aiise

In its simplest meaning a gieen economy is
one which is low caibon anu
iesouiceeneigy efficient It builus on anu
enhances the eaiths natuial capital anu
enueavouis to mitigate ecological scaicities
anu enviionmental iisks Thus the tiansition
to a gieen economy is seen as a majoi
pathway to piomoting sustainable cycles of
piouuction anu consumption while ensuiing
the health anu integiity of ecosystems anu
theieby oui continueu suivival anu
wellbeing In puisuit of this path piefeience
might be given to piogiammes anu actions
that

x Naintain ecosystem integiity anu
iesilience

1
For est r y Of f i cer For est r y Depar t ment ( FO) For est
Economi cs and
Pol i cy Di vi si on ( FOE) For est Pol i cy Ser vi ce ( FOEP) .
FAO Headquar t er s, Rome.
Emai l : Rao.Mat t a@f ao.or g Tel ephone Ext ensi on
55346
2
Based on t he bel i ef t hat our bi ospher e i s a cl osed
syst em w i t h f i ni t e r esour ces and a cer t ai n
capaci t y f or sel f -r egul at i on and sel f -r enew al .
The economi c syst em t her ef or e must r espect t he
i nt egr i t y of ecosyst ems and ensur es t hei r
r esi l i ence.
x Nake efficient use of natuial iesouices
x Reuuce emissions anu othei foims of
pollution
x Renew iecycle anu ieuse
x Sustain piocesses spatially anu
tempoially
x Inteinalize exteinalities oi negative
effects
x Piomote equity anu faiiness in iesouice
utilization anu uistiibution of negative
impacts

Effect i ve management of ecol ogi cal
asset s
vieweu fiom the above piinciples Afiica
alieauy has many elements of a gieen
economy in place Although it haibouis
about of the woilus population it
iepiesents only a small fiaction of
the total Co emissions Even of this meagie
quantity five nations South Afiica Egypt
Nigeiia Algeiia anu Libya account foi
peicent it which exemplifies the tiny caibon
footpiint that Afiica has on the globe

Bowevei the biggest concein foi Afiica
woulu be effective management of its
ecological iesouices be it impioving the
efficiency anu sustainability of theii usage oi
ensuiing equity anu faiiness in the
uistiibution of ensuing benefits In
paiticulai theie has been a steep thieefolu
inciease in population in Afiica between
anu Anu as the populations
continue to giow at a much fastei iate than
the capacities of the ecological systems anu
the institutions that suppoit them theie is
tiemenuous piessuie on natuial iesouices
While some of these iesouices aie useu
often with shoitsighteu goals anu inteiests
some of them aie also liquiuateu foi
example foi expoit legally anu illegally to
suppoit uemanu elsewheie

Continueu exploitation of natuial iesouices
coulu iesult in collapse of piouuctive
ecosystems anu a peimanent loss of
sustainable ievenue stieams Theie aie also
consiueiable uiffeiences within anu acioss
nations in teims of piouuction anu iesouice
mobilization Nassive iesouice tiansfeis aie
occuiiing fiom iuial aieas to uiban centies
W


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often iesulting in staggeiing social anu
economic inequities Similaily just two
nations South Afiica anu Nigeiia account
foi half of subSahaian Afiicas uBP The net
iesult of this uneven uevelopment pattein is
Afiicas continueu inability anu low capacity
to meet basic iequiiements such as foou
sheltei health anu sanitation uiowing
poveity anu inequities anu fewei economic
oppoitunities in iuial aieas also often
manifest into civil anu political uniests

Thus effective management of Afiicas
ecological assets incluuing enhancing theii
piouuctivity is key to impioving the well
being of its citizens In paiticulai auoption
of appiopiiate policies to piomote efficiency
in iesouice piouuction anu utilization can
help the iegion minimize the loss of its
natuial assets while auvancing the
piospeiity its people

For est sect or i n the cont ext of gr een
economy
It is paiticulaily in this context of effective
management of natuial iesouices that
foiests anu wooulanus in Afiica have a vital
iole to play Such a iole extenus not only in
impioving the quality of life of people living
in the iegion but also helping othei nations
by seiving as pait of the global commons
that absoib haimful gieenhouse gases

Foiests anu wooulanus in Afiica alieauy
suppoit the livelihoous of millions of people
besiues ienueiing seveial ciitical
enviionmental social anu cultuial seivices
Afiica has a high pei capita foiest covei at
ha pei peison compaieu to a global
aveiage of ha Theii ielative contiibution
to subSahaian Afiicas uBP is highest
compaieu to any othei iegion anu as such
they foim the founuation foi economic
uevelopment in many countiies Noie than
this foimal pait that goes into official
statistics the infoimal anu unaccounteufoi
pait of theii contiibution towaius eneigy
health foou fouuei anu othei householu
neeus is immense anu fai ieaching Foi
instance moie than peicent of the
population in subSahaian Afiica uepenu on
foiests anu wooulanus foi theii fuelwoou
anu othei eneigy neeus Nillions of
householus aie also engageu in community
foiestiy anu small anu meuiumsize foiest
enteipiises Paiticulaily in iuial aieas that
lie in the vicinity of foiests the inuigenous
pooi anu the most uisauvantageu people
uepenu on foiests foi theii uaily subsistence
anu longteim suivival Foiests aie thus
ciucial to achieving the Nillennium
Bevelopment uoals

Foiests anu wooulanus aie also key
components of the enviionment anu
peifoim a wiue iange of essential ecosystem
functions such as mitigating the impacts of
climate change iegulating watei supplies
anu buffeiing floous anu uioughts Foi
example the foiest complex of the Fouta
Bjallon highlanus of uuinea sometimes
calleu as the watei towei of West Afiica is
vital to maintaining the watei flow of iivei
Nigei iivei Senegal anu iivei uambia
Foiests also haiboui a laige numbei of floia
anu fauna many of which aie enuemic The
Congo basin is home to the woilus seconu
laigest continuous block of tiopical
iainfoiest

Foi these ieasons augmenting foiest
iesouices anu enhancing theii contiibution
to people thiough theii sustainable
utilization shoulu lie at the heait of any
gieen economy agenua Yet foiests anu
wooulanus aie often the subjects of
uisiegaiu anu low value in seveial countiies
While low buugets anu inauequate
investments continue to plague the foiest
sectoi weak goveinance anu uisincentives
often uiive uefoiestation anu foiest
uegiauation Buiing the last uecaue alone
the continent lost about million hectaies
of foiests pei yeai As the health of a foiest
ueteiioiates its functions anu seivices aie
seveiely thieateneu This unueimines pooi
peoples ability to suivive anu aggiavates
theii uepenuence on foiests which
ultimately leaus to the foimation of a vicious
cycle of poveity anu iesouice uegiauation
chasing each othei to the uetiiment of both
Continuation of this pattein can soon leau to
the peimanent loss of a valuable ienewable
iesouice that suppoiteu Afiica foi centuiies


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Real i zi ng t he ful l pot ent i al val ue of
for est s and woodl ands
The gieen economy appioach can be a
poweiful means to tuin the tiue in favoui of
foiests anu help countiies anu communities
iealize theii full potential value anu
piogiess towaiu a sustainable futuie
Specific ieasons that unueipin this
aigument incluue

x Woou being intiinsically natuial
iecyclable ieusable anu biouegiauable
it holus tiemenuous potential foi
incieaseu use in a gieen economy Such
piospectus iange fiom theii use in gieen
builuings anu gieen infiastiuctuie to bio
eneigy to iecyclable paits in othei
applications Nany unique chaiacteiistics
of woou
lenu it to be an excellent
substitute foi many piouucts that aie
cheap but haimful to the enviionment
anu economy
x Foiests aie now at the centie of global
iesponses to combating climate change
paiticulaily mitigation Associateu
financial incentives coulu change the
cuiient uynamics hugely in favoui of
foiests By enhancing foiest stocks anu
ensuiing theii sustainable management
Afiica can in fact holu the key to climate
ielateu foiest financing in futuie
x Afiica is likely to suffei the most fiom
humaninuuceu climate change Foi
incieaseu iesilience anu ieuucing the
vulneiability not only the loss of piimaiy
foiests neeus to be ieveiseu but foiest
aiea neeus to be fuithei expanueu
Agiofoiestiy paiticulaily holus piomise
as a significant component of sustainable
agiicultuie anu foou secuiity
x Investments in foiestiy also offei some
unique auvantages such as low capital
anu technology iequiiement anu

1
E.g., cycl i c, sol ar , and saf e. Cycl i c: Di f f er ent f r om
a l i near pr ocess of r esour ce ext r act i on,
manuf act ur e, consumpt i on and di sposal t o a
syst em w her e r esour ce r emai ns i n per pet ual use.
x flexibility to auapt to uiveise conuitions
anu capacities that aie ielevant to Afiica
Foiestiy thus can be an engine foi iuial
economic uevelopment
x The stiong focus on efficiency in gieen
economy can also help to impiove foiest
ievenues By biinging the systems of
foiest fees anu chaiges bettei in line with
maiket iealities anu by piomoting
effective piocessing valueauuition anu
maiketing of foiest piouucts foiest
enteipiises can substantially enhance the
value of anu income fiom foiests
Nanagement anu technological auvances
can paiticulaily help Afiica leapfiog
some of outmoueu anu iesouice
intensive moues of piouuction

The way for war d
Bowevei much neeus to be uone to spui
uiamatic changes in the way policy makeis
view foiests anu to gain a wiuei acceptance
of the iole of foiests in fosteiing gieen
economy It incluues foiemost policies anu
piogiammes to pioviue entiepieneuis the
iequisite incentives to piomote foiestiy anu
sustainable utilization of foiest iesouices It
also incluues iemoval of peiveise incentives
that iesult in uefoiestation anu uegiauation
anu conveision of foiests to othei uses
Cieating appiopiiate ievenue stieams foi
foiest ecosystem seivices such as caibon
sequestiation that typically have no maiket
can also encouiage foiest lanuholueis anu
manageis to piotect anu iestoie foiests
0pen anu uecentializeu systems of
management can help piomote efficiency
anu tianspaiency anu offei a uiveisifieu
iange of oppoitunities foi local
entiepieneuis Impoitantly as the olu auage
what gets measuieu gets manageu
emphasizes systematic iesouice inventoiy
anu monitoiing systems aie also soiely
neeueu


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Bi oener gy, REDD+ and t he Gr een
Economy i n Afr i ca

Moni k a Ber t zk y
1
, Val Kapos
2
, Punj ani t
Leagnavar
3
and Mar t i na Ot t o
4

he ielationship between bioeneigy
uevelopment anu REBB Reuucing
Emissions fiom Befoiestation anu
foiest Begiauation conseivation of foiest
caibon sustainable management of foiest
anu enhancement of foiest caibon stocks is
complex uynamic anu vaiies on global
iegional anu local scales In Afiica activities
ielating to both bioeneigy anu the emeiging
REBB mechanism have the potential to
contiibute to the iole of the foiest sectoi in a
uieen Economy incieasing oppoitunities
foi employment as well as local economic
uevelopment The neeu foi lanu foi both
these uses iequiies countiies to piioiitise
anu make choices on lanu use baseu on an

1
Moni k a Ber t zk y,
Emai l : Moni ka.Ber t zky@unep-w cmc.or g

2
Val Kapos,
Emai l : val .k apos@unep-w cmc.or g

3
Punj ani t Leagnavar , Pol i cy Consul t ant ,
Ener gy Br anch Di vi si on of Technol ogy, I ndust r y
and Economi cs Uni t ed Nat i ons Envi r onment
Pr ogr amme 15, r ue de Mi l an
F-75441 Par i s CEDEX 09 Fr ance
Tel ephone: +33 1 44 37 14 50
Tel ef ax: +33 1 44 37 14 74
Emai l : Punj ani t .Leagnavar @unep.or g

4
Mar t i na Ot t o. Head, Pol i cy Uni t - Ener gy Br anch
Coor di nat or Bi oener gy Uni t ed Nat i ons
Envi r onment Pr ogr amme ( UNEP) .
15, r ue de Mi l an 75441 Par i s CEDEX 09
Fr ance.
Tel ephone: +33 1 44 37 14 50
Tel ef ax: +33 1 44 37 14 74
Emai l : mar t i na.ot t o@unep.or g

unueistanuing of potential syneigies anu
tiaueoffs Theie aie cases wheie bioeneigy
activities can contiibute to REBB
objectives anu REBB can suppoit impioveu
moie sustainable bioeneigy uevelopment
anu use Bowevei each may also impeue the
othei What uo goveinments in Afiica neeu
to consiuei in oiuei to make the most of the
syneigies anu minimise the conflicts

Bi oener gy and REDD+ i n Afr i ca
Tiauitionally bioeneigy use in Afiica has
pieuominantly been at a householu level
thiough the use of woou anu chaicoal foi
heating anu cooking Noie iecently
howevei a numbei of Afiican countiies
have exploieu anu begun to uevelop theii
potential foi mouein bioeneigy piouuction
anu use Types of mouein bioeneigy
uevelopment incluue a tiansition fiom
tiauitional to moie efficient chaicoal use
liquiu biofuels soliu anu gaseous biofuels
anu bioelectiicity This uevelopment is
piojecteu to inciease paiticulaily with liquiu
biofuels as Afiican uemanu foi biofuels foi
tianspoit is expecteu to inciease in the
meuium teim IEA
i
Seveial Afiican
countiies such as Kenya anu 0ganua have
useu agioecological zoning AEZ to
investigate the national potential foi
giowing biofuel ciops auuitionally seveial
countiies have begun extensive planting
piogiams eg }atiopha in Nozambique
Some Southein Afiican countiies play a iole
in inteinational tiaue of woou foiestiy
iesiuue biomass foi woou pellets IEA
ii
Locally meuiumscale biogas
systems aie now in use Such uevelopments
may ieuuce oil impoit bills moueinise the
agiicultuie sectoi cieate job oppoitunities
anu suppoit local economic uevelopment
Inteiest in REBB is also incieasing in
Afiica
iii
While Afiicas contiibution to
C0 emissions is small it accounts
foi almost of global net C0 emissions
fiom changes in lanuuse anu lanu
management mainly foiest uegiauation anu
uefoiestation
iv

v
While the uetails of the
REBB mechanism aie still unuei
uiscussion incluuing the foim of financing
anu the specific actions it will suppoit unuei
uiffeient national ciicumstances countiies
T


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aie moving aheau with theii REBB
piepaiation anu pilot activities aie
unueiway Foi example Tanzania Zambia
Nigeiia anu the Bemociatic Republic of
Congo aie active paiticipants of the 0N
REBB Piogiamme In most cases REBB
actions will neeu to encompass a bioau
iange of inteiventions anu sectois incluuing
the establishment of piotecteu aieas
uevelopment of foiest management plans
anu techniques anu woik with local
communities to enhance livelihoous anu
ieuuce piessuies on anu exploitation of
foiest iesouices 0veiall REBB pioviues
an oppoitunity foi sustainable economic
giowth in foiesteu Afiican countiies

Dynami cs: Bi oener gy and REDD+
Bioeneigy uevelopment anu REBB both
have the potential to contiibute to economic
giowth Bowevei both encompass many
uistinct appioaches anu theiefoie
consiueiation neeus to be given to theii
potential syneigies anu to the ways in which
theii activities anu impacts may conflict
Wheie mouein bioeneigy uevelopment
ieuuces piessuie on foiests anuoi
impioves theii management foi example by
substituting tiauitional biomass thus
ieuucing local uefoiestation with othei
moie efficient technologies such as biogas
anu clean buining cookstoves it can
contiibute to achieving the objectives of
REBB Bowevei wheie bioeneigy
uevelopment iequiies significant amounts of
new agiicultuial lanu it may inciease
piessuies on foiests anu emissions fiom
foiest conveision theieby conflicting with
REBB objectives Conveisely REBB
piogiams may uiiectly contiibute to
bioeneigy uevelopment by pioviuing funus
to suppoit initiatives that ieuuce piessuie
on foiest by ieuucing use of woou fuel
Bowevei REBB piogiams may also inhibit
bioeneigy uevelopment by ieuucing the lanu
available foi cultivation anuoi iestiicting
use of foiest iesouices foi bioeneigy
Whethei theie aie syneigies oi conflicts
uepenus veiy much on how measuies to
suppoit REBB oi piomote mouein
bioeneigy uevelopment aie implementeu
Seveial piojects aie cuiiently using
bioeneigy appioaches to contiibute to
REBB objectives Foi example 0NEP has
paitneieu with local oiganizations anu
communities in BoualaEuea one of
Cameioons laigest estuaiies to woik
towaius ieuucing piessuies on theii
mangiove foiests ovei ha Between
anu the mangiove foiest aiea in
the iegion was ieuuceu by about
vi
the
neeu foi woou fuel foi fish smoking anu
piocessing activities being among the main
causes foi this uegiauation anu loss
vii
The
joint pioject between 0NEP anu local
communities aims at piomoting sustainable
utilization management anu conseivation of
mangiove ecosystems thiough the
piomotion of the use of impioveu eneigy
saving smoke houses The pioject is
expecteu to ieuuce woou consumption by
about
viii
anu fish smoking time foui
folu with consiueiable positive impact on
the mangiove ecosystem At the same time
the pioject has the potential to help ieuuce
health pioblems causeu by inuooi
combustion while suppoiting the local
economy Anothei way in which bioeneigy
can contiibute to REBB objectives is
thiough sustainable piouuction of woouy
biomass thiough ieclamation oi iestoiation
of uegiaueu foiest By helping to ieuuce
foiest ielateu emissions oi enhancing foiest
caibon stocks piojects such as these can
contiibute to achieving REBB objectives
0thei foims of bioeneigy uevelopment such
as laigescale agiicultuial piouuction of
feeustocks foi liquiu biofuels can conflict
with REBB objectives piincipally thiough
theii uemanu foi anu use of lanu The
giowing uemanu foi lanu foi the piouuction
of biofuel ciops is ieflecteu in a numbei of
laigescale lanu ueals in Afiica
ix
These anu
othei biofuel piouuction effoits may uepenu
eithei on the conveision of foiest lanu oi a
change in the use of existing agiicultuial
lanu The lattei can leau to inuiiect lanu use
change IL0C as the pievious use anu
piouuction systems aie uisplaceu to new
aieas
x
In the case of Biazil foi example
bioeneigy ciops such as sugaicane
bioethanol anu soybean biouiesel aie
expecteu to contiibute to anu of


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all Amazonian inuiiect uefoiestation
xi

Conveisely again planning anu action unuei
REBB can cieate baiiieis to bioeneigy
uevelopment by constiaining the use of lanu
anu foiest iesouices

The longteim balance between REBB anu
bioeneigy uevelopment will uepenu on how
economic incentives foi conseivation
sustainable management anu enhancement
of caibon stocks compaie with the potential
gains fiom bioeneigy uevelopment anu
othei foims of lanu use 0nueistanuing how
sustainable bioeneigy uevelopment anu
REBB affect each othei anu iuentifying
ways of meeting both sets of neeus is
theiefoie ciucial Wheie such solutions aie
founu multiple benefits can be gaineu
incluuing assuiing continueu supply of
ecosystem seivices pioviueu by foiests such
as iegulation of watei quality anu quantity
soil conseivation anu pollination all of
which can contiibute to sustainable
piouuction of biofuel feeustocks

REDD+ and bi oener gy i n a Gr een
Economy
A uieen Economy is one that not only
impioves human wellbeing anu ieuuces
inequalities but also ieuuces enviionmental
iisks anu ecological scaicities
xii
Builuing a
uieen Economy iequiies iecognition of the
impoitance of the many goous anu seivices
pioviueu by the natuial enviionment anu
the uepenuence of human wellbeing upon
them anu active consiueiation of theii
values in uecisionmaking Anothei of the
key steps in the tiansition to a uieen
Economy is making eneigy piouuction anu
use both moie efficient anu less uepenuent
on fossil fuels Impiovements to agiicultuial
piouuctivity anu sustainability aie also vital
Between them REBB anu mouein
bioeneigy uevelopment can help contiibute
to a uieen Economy

Countiies aie faceu with uiffeient options
foi futuie lanu use planning on theii way
towaius a uieen Economy Biffeient
options foi implementing bioeneigy
uevelopment anu REBB have uiffeient
impacts on society enviionment anu
economy Caieful examination of the
syneigies anu tiaueoffs is essential to
effective uecisionmaking Foi example
REBB is likely to play a paiticulaily stiong
iole in maintaining ecosystem seivices that
contiibute both to bioeneigy uevelopment
anu to othei economic activities anu local
livelihoous but benefits foi eneigy secuiity
may be limiteu Bioeneigy uevelopment
cleaily plays an impoitant iole in ensuiing
eneigy efficiency anu ieuuceu uepenuence
on fossil fuels Bepenuing on the appioaches
useu it can also contiibute to agiicultuial
innovation Bowevei these uevelopments
may iesult in the loss of biouiveisity anu
ecosystem seivices Both bioeneigy anu
REBB systems can pioviue local
communities with economic oppoitunities if
caiefully uesigneu anu implementeu with
social inclusion anu uevelopment in minu In
Afiica paiticulai attention will be neeueu
iegaiuing iesouice iights anu lanu tenuie
systems which aie complex anu uynamic
Involving stakeholueis in the planning
piocess in paiticulai women anu
maiginalizeu communities that often uo not
ieceive faii iepiesentation will be
impoitant to help ensuie the success anu
sustainability of lanu use unuei a uieen
Economy in Afiica
0ppoitunity cost will be anothei impoitant
factoi in futuie lanu use planning piocesses
In some cases wheie tension between lanu
uses exists the conveision of foiest foi
example to oil palm may be moie piofitable
to lanuowneis than conseiving foiests
unuei a REBB scheme Butlei et al .
xiii
Bowevei unuei a uieen Economy
minimising haimful effects of economic
uevelopment on the enviionment is
uesiiable To ensuie sustainability of a
uieen Economy innovative policies may be
neeueu to cieate a balanceu policy
enviionment that suppoits conseivation
policies without inhibiting economic
uevelopment

Concl usi on
ulobally bioeneigy has been seen as an
impoitant pait of the solution to ieuucing
global emissions of gieenhouse gases Nany
countiies have also piomoteu bioeneigy


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uevelopment paiticulaily liquiu biofuels foi
tianspoit as facilitating economic giowth
anu eneigy inuepenuence REBB is anothei
impoitant appioach to ieuucing emissions
anu can also contiibute to local economic
giowth REBB anu bioeneigy uevelopment
can be complementaiy wheie moie efficient
bioeneigy piouuction anu use ieuuces
piessuies on foiest anu wheie REBB
offeis suppoit foi enhancing foiest caibon
stocks anu sustainable use of foiest
iesiuues This potential is impoitant in
Afiica wheie many communities iely on
local foiest iesouices foi eneigy Bowevei
incieasing uemanus foi bioeneigy
feeustocks auu to the uemanu foi
agiicultuial lanu anu thus potentially
compete with othei lanu uses exeiting
piessuie on foiest Caieful anu integiateu
lanu use planning is neeueu to ensuie that
this mixeu ielationship between bioeneigy
piouuction foiestiy anu foiest
conseivation has positive outcomes foi
climate change mitigation society anu
enviionment Caieful anu integiateu
national planning anu innovative policies
aie essential to ensuie that both REBB anu
bioeneigy uevelopment contiibute to a
uieen Economy in Afiica

Refer ence
Tianspoit
Roaumappuf

Tianspoit
Roaumappuf

Beniy N Naniatis B uitz v Bubeiman
B anu valentini R Implementation of
REBB in subSahaian Afiica state of
knowleuge challenges anu oppoitunities
Envi r onment and Devel opment Economi cs
Special Issue

Boughton R A Reviseu estimates of
the annual net flux of caibon to the
atmospheie fiom changes in lanu use anu
lanu management Tellus B

IPCC Climate Change The
Physical Science Basis Contiibution of
Woiking uioup I to the Fouith Assessment
Repoit of the Inteigoveinmental Panel on
Climate Change Cambiiuge 0niveisity Piess
Cambiiuge 0niteu Kinguom anu New Yoik
NY 0SA

Piogiamme0NEPWCNC
ications

Piogiamme0NEPWCNC
ications

Feka N Z Peispectives foi the
sustainable management of mangiove
stanus in the BoualaEuea wilulife ieseive
Cameioon p

Cotula L veimeulen S Leonaiu R anu
Keeley } LANB uRAB 0R
BEvEL0PNENT 0PP0RT0NITY
AuRIC0LT0RAL INvESTNENT ANB
INTERNATI0NAL LANB BEALS IN AFRICA
IIEBFA0IFAB LonuonRome

Einst anu Young Bi of uel s and
I ndi r ect Land Use Change: A Case f or
Mi t i gat i on.
httpwwwenuseuiopecomuocs
apuf

Lapola B N et al Inuiiect lanu use
changes can oveicome caibon savings fiom
biofuels in Biazil Pioc Natl Acau Sci
0SA

0niteu Nations Enviionment Piogiamme
0NEP . Gr een Economy: A Br i ef For
Pol i cymak er s on t he Gr een Economy and
Mi l l enni um Devel opment Goal s.
httpwwwionaunepoiguocumentspait


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neishipsuieenEconomyuREENEC0
NBusPolicymakeisBiiefpuf

Butlei Rhett A Koh Lian Pin uhazoul
}abouiy REBB in the ieu palm oil

coulu unueimine caibon payment schemes
Conseivation Letteis


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Afr i cas for est s and cl i mat e change
what t o do?

Maf a E. Chi pet a
1

0st of the woilu agiee that global
waiming is ieal anu it is impoitant
also foi foiests anu foiestiy
Theiefoie foiesteis neeu to come to giips
with it anu seem to be uoing so with a
passion In fact the uangei foi Afiican
foiests appeais to be that climate change
has laigely uiveiteu the attention of us
foiesteis away fiom goou olufashioneu
Sustainable Foiest Nanagement SFN
towaius talking about mostly about caibon
anu how to REBB this REBB that anu REBB
the othei heie anu eveiywheie It woulu
be an exaggeiation to say that climate
change foiestiy has fully uisplaceu the
puisuit of SFN but it has laigely uone so in
many cases insteau of being tieateu as
complementaiy foiesteis appeai to have
foigotten oi aie uelibeiately ignoiing the
fact that if SFN is well implementeu it will
get them all that REBB wants anu then much
moie

This uiveision of attention fiom SFN is a
woiiy but is foi anothei uay This time the
focus is insteau on an oppoitunity which can
secur e f undi ng f or a gr eener f or est r y
economy baseu on the shaieu inteiest of two
sectois in climate change as a biiuge foi co
opeiation It is being pioposeu that Afiica
uevelops its enoimous fossilfuel iesouices

1
Maf a E. Chi pet a i s a r et i r ed FAO st af f ; he i s a
f or est er by t r ai ni ng but w i t h a car eer t hat al so
spanned gener al agr i cul t ur al and f ood secui t y
pol i cy engagement s.
Emai l : emchi pet a@gmai l .com
foi poweieneigy geneiation anu pays the
penalty foi pollution aiising fiom this into
funuing foi the continents own caibon
captuie foiestiy uiiectly anu but also
funuing agiicultuial piouuctivity
enhancement that also leaus to caibon
sequestiation by ieuucing pace of
uefoiestation anu foiestwooulanu
uegiauation

The per manence of cl i mat e change
0n matteis of climate only change is
constant anu peimanent Those who have
flown ovei the Sahaia will have seen
eviuence of majoi iiveis that existeu theie
in the past but aie no moie Come anothei
few million yeais we may see the Sahaia
iiveis full again anu the ueseit in bloom
while the lush Amazon anu the Congo
become a uistant memoiy having been
conveiteu to new ueseits A futuie may be
possible wheie we coulu face swelteiing
heat at one of the poles anu ice on the
piesent equatoi We shoulu theiefoie
nevei be suipiiseu when climate changes

Noieovei the impacts of climate change
aie not necessaiily negative it is scientific
fact that ovei the past millions of yeais the
eaith has hau iepeateu ice ages alteinating
with peiious of waimth Inueeu we have
climate change to thank foi some veiy
impoitant iesouices which uiive
economic uevelopment touay a the
petioleum now poweiing oui economies
comes fiom luxuiiant vegetation that
bloomeu in many paits of the woilu some
of which aie now ueseits fiom which the
oil has been uistilleu ovei geological time
b some of the best agiicultuie in the
woilu is on alluvial soils uepositeu as
peiiouic iceage glacieis ietieateu each
time the woilu became waim again anu
c some of touays majoi hyuiopowei
geneiating plants aie locateu wheie ice
ueepeneu mountain goiges

Why then aie we panicking We pani c not
because t he cl i mat e i s changi ng but because
w e ar e her e t o see i t and t o f ace i t s ef f ect s.
Unl i k e ear l i er cl i mat e r ever sal s i nt o col d or
hot er as, t he cur r ent gl obal w ar mi ng i s
happeni ng w hen t he w or l d i s no l onger
under -popul at ed but i nst ead i s cr ow ded
M


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w i t h peopl e w hose comf or t zone as t hey
k now i t i s t hr eat ened Communications
technology has also uevelopeu so well that
mass hysteiia can be geneiateu in no time
anu society can be heiueu into making
cloneu iesponses We aie busy sciambling
to piotect what we aie useu to The
climate we aie useu to may not be the
iueal way foi eaith to exist but by now we
have uesigneu eveiything we uo anu how
we uo it to suit it uue to the pievailing
tempeiatuies having been stable foi so
long in human histoiy teims The changes
being foiceu on us by the cuiient climate
change may in the gieatei scheme of
things be a meie natuial ieset button
opening up new oppoitunities foi the
eaith the only pioblem being that the
bettei futuie so achieveu may not have
mankinu as a cential playei

Box iecoius some expecteu agiicultuial
impacts showing that Afiica may be
paiticulaily haiu hit by the cuiient cycle
of global waiming uiven Afiicas
compaiatively seveie economic anu
capacity constiaints the iegion can only
avoiu being biought uown in the shoit
teim if it takes bolu steps which uo not
iely on uniealistic anu nonfeasible levels
of exteinal help to caiiy out uiven the
seveie uebtinuuceu uislocation of majoi
woilu economies it is in any case not
ieasonable foi Afiica to expect much
exteinal assistance to piopel it foiwaiu
hence the Afiicacentieu suggestions
which follow in the last section of this
note

Cl i mat e change and Afr i cas for est r y and
agr i cul t ur e
Even befoie the climate alaim was iaiseu
Afiicas foiests weie being cleaieu at
alaiming iates The piimaiy challenge foi
the sectoi in the iegion is the piospect that
within uecaues no meaningful expanses of
foiest anu wooulanu may iemain in Afiica
This aiises fiom the fact that oui
agiicultuie whethei foi foou biofuels oi
fibie piouuction is the least piouuctive in
the woilu anu consequently oui faiming
cleais moie of foiests oi wooulanus pei
unit faim output than in othei iegions The
piessuie on foiests anu wooulanus will
peisist as long as we piactice low
inputlowoutput agiicultuie against a
iealistic global aveiage of tons pei
hectaie ceieals in Afiica at piesent yielu
only tons pei hectaie while the
ueveloping countiy aveiage is some
tonsha Obvi ousl y, w i t h such l ow
pr oduct i vi t y of cer eal s, w e i n Af r i ca ar e
def or est i ng our l and at 3 t o 5 t i mes t he r at e
w e shoul d be causi ng i f our agr i cul t ur al
pr oduct i vi t y w er e r ai sed.

The cuiient iounu of global waiming
coulu exaceibate this pioblem We as
Afiican foiesteis aie alieauy woiiying in
auuition to fastei foiest loss aie oui
natuial foiests going to uie fail to
iegeneiate oi giow fast enough will
foiestwooulanu fiies pests anu uiseases
become even moie fiequent than now
will the familiai ueciuuous eveigieen oi
savanna wooulanu species be ieplaceu by
uiffeient types oi even uou foibiu by
meie shiubs I t i s w or t h st r essi ng t hat w e
ar e t al k i ng of t he near f ut ur e ( i .e. t he
comi ng year s and decades) ; i n mi l l i ons of
year s t i me, i t i s a mat t er of i ndi f f er ence
w het her Af r i ca w i l l have become t he t op
agr i cul t ur al per f or mer t hat w i l l not save
i t s f or est s f r om t hr eat s t hat ar e occur r i ng
now and can be w or sened by t he cur r ent
cycl e of gl obal w ar mi ng.

0nfoitunately most of oui foiests
cuiiently suffei benign neglect inueeu
we often pleau poveity to justify oui
failuie to achieve SFN incluuing of oui
piotecteu aieas Yet nowauays it is often
not shoitfalls in SFN that we foiesteis talk
about we aie busy using oui limiteu
capacities to negotiate anu piepaie
piojects foi captuiing caibon oi to auapt
to a waimei woilu For us i n Af r i ca,
cl i mat e change f or est r y has f ar t oo of t en
come t o r epl ace r at her t han t o suppl ement
mai nst r eam SFM of t he w hol e r esour ce If
we weie at least putting the talk of REBB
anu othei climate change foiestiy into
piactice peihaps things woulu not be so
bau the ieality howevei is that caibon
investments aie laigely occuiiing outsiue
oui iegion We aie not investing oui own
money in it anu we aie singulaily
unsuccessful in attiacting foieign funus


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too 0nlike the BIvAIBS sectoi wheie
funus foi combating the panuemic aie
ioutinely useu to also upgiaue geneial
health seivices we aie yet to
systematically use climate change as a bait
to attiact gieatei sectoi funuing foi
application to geneializeu SFN
achievement

FA0IIASA mouelling shows that Afiica
will be the haiuesthit iegion by the
cuiient cycle of global waiming
Theiefoie its alieauy catastiophically low
levels of faim piouuctivity coulu go even
lowei anu become moie unpieuictable
While oui high biith iates aie alieauy
uiiving iapiu uefoiestation incluuing in
enviionmentally fiagile locations
auveise climate coulu by loweiing faim
piouuctivity acceleiate this fuithei If this
weie to happen we in Afiica woulu
fuithei lose capacity to contiibute to
climate mitigation anu to effectively auapt
to climate change

To the funuamental question of how
uespite climate change Afiica can save its
iemaining foiests anu wooulanus so that
they can continue to make theii economic
social anu enviionmental contiibutions in
futuie the most impoitant answei must
be that our count r i es must pr i or i t i se r ai si ng
agr i cul t ur al pr oduct i vi t y i n or der t o
ar r est f ur t her cl ear i ng, denudat i on and
ot her r educt i on of f or est s, w oodl ands and
ot her t r ee cover In the veiy long teim
geological time we can of couise piay
that futuie climate ieveisals will favoui
Afiica but that is a subject foi anothei uay
Some school of thought woulu say that it is
tiue that theie has been climate change
befoie but theie has nevei been human
inuuceu climate change befoie which is
what we have now


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Box 1: Under the Current Global Warming: Africa Will Be Hit Hard
Under the current cycle of temperature change, global mean surface temperature is projected to rise in a range from
1.8C to 4.0C by 2100. Modelling continues on expected changes and impacts, of which a pioneering effort was under
the FAO/IIASA Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ) methodology. Examples of some indicative results (all being in the future
tense, being projections) of this and other modelling efforts are given below:
A. On balance:
o FAO reports that climate-change impacts are not location-neutral; for example, between 2000 and 2004, around 262
million people were affected by climate-related disasters but of these, 98 percent lived in developing countries.
o It appears climate change will favour altitudes where the industrialised countries that currently dominate agricultural
surpluses. Developed countries will largely benefit since cereal productivity is projected to rise in Canada, northern
Europe and parts of Russia. In contrast, many of todays poorest developing countries are likely to be negatively
affected - most severely affected will be sub-Saharan Africa due to its inability to adequately adapt through
necessary resources or through greater food imports.
o The unequal current patterns will be worsened (most hunger in the developing tropics but most food surpluses in
the developed temperates) access to food will, even more than now, depend on capacity to purchase, not to
produce.
o If the developing countries remain dominated (especially in Africa) by low-input/low output farming, the future for
forests and other natural vegetation will be bleak: new land clearing could accelerate even more and destroy
biological resources and economically productive vegetation too.
B. Positive:
o Global agricultural potential is likely to increase with increases in global average temperature up to about 3C, but
above this is likely to decrease.
o Some change may be positive for instance reduced plant water use and CO2 fertilisation" (CO2 is a limiting factor of
plant growth, increasing CO2 also increases plant yields).
o At higher latitudes (i.e. far from the equator) cold climates would benefit from higher temperatures, and new
agricultural land may become available at high latitudes and high elevations there could be significant expansion of
suitable land with production potential for cereals.
o Chinas (more temperate) rainfed cereal production potential of 360 million tons could increase by 15%.
C. Negative:
o At lower latitudes (i.e. closer to the equator), especially the seasonally dry tropics, crop yield potential is likely to
decrease for even small global temperature increases, which could increase risk of hunger; there are likely to also be
more frequent droughts and floods.
o About 11% decrease in cultivable rainfed land, with consequent decline in cereal production. Sixty-five developing
countries, representing more than half the developing worlds total population in 1995, will lose about 280 million tons
of potential cereal production valued at US$ 56 billion, equivalent to some 16% of the agricultural gross domestic
product of these countries in 1995 (if price averages US$ 200 per ton).
o Increase in arid and moisture-stressed lands: in Africa the 1.1 billion hectares of land with growing period of less than
120 days could, by 2080, expand by about 50 - 90 million hectares - this reduction in the area suitable for agriculture
and in length of growing seasons and yield potential, will increase risk of hunger.
o It has been estimated that the aggregate negative impact of climate change on African agricultural output up to the
2080-2100 period could be between 15 and 30 percent.
o Sub-Saharan Africas share in the global number of hungry people could rise from 24 percent to between 40 and 50
percent, depending on model scenarios. The dependence of developing countries on food imports will increase.
o India (being largely tropical) could lose 125 million tons, equivalent to 18% of its rainfed cereal production
o By 2050 the worlds population will be 34 percent higher than today, with nearly all the increase being in developing
countries. To meet the necessary increase in food production, the use of fertilisers, energy, and greenhouse gas
emissions especially of livestock (meat supply) will be considerable.
o If there is diversion of considerable grain to biofuels, there could also be considerable risk to food security.


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An oppor t uni t y for for est er s t o gr asp?
Never l et a cr i si s go t o w ast e is an
auage Afiica coulu usefully heeu in
matteis of climate change iesponse It is
necessaiy to see the silvei lining in what
is fai too often poitiayeu in the
gloomiest of teims theie must be
uevelopmental oppoitunities to ciaft
fiom the climate change ciisis But to uo
this will iequiie action acioss sectois
the pioposal below is foi exploitation of
one Afiican iesouice to geneiate funuing
foi anticlimate change actions in
foiestiy uiiectly anu thiough
agiicultuie

The pioposal is that we uemonstiate to
oui goveinments that given oui
abunuant fossil fuel ieseives coal
petioleum we shoulu uevelop oui
powei eneigy geneiation capacity
baseu on these fossil iesouices anu
peihaps some biofuels iathei than
tiying foi cuiiently less costeffective
ienewable alteinatives solai winu

Bowevei given theii heavy caibon
footpiint the fossilfuelbaseu powei
geneiation inuustiies shoulu be foiceu
to buy the iight to pollute by financing
caibon captuie oi ieuuction of cuiient
levels of caibon ielease thiough foiestiy
anu agiicultuial actions within Afiica
This mechanism woulu thus seive as
uiiect funuing foi a gieen economy in
foiestiy

This woulu be the key to secuiing
assuieu funuing foi foiestiy anu
agiicultuial piouuctivity enhancement
ie the linking of exploitation of Afiicas
laige ieseives of fossil fuels both coal
anu petioleum to Afiicas own

1
Ot her r egi ons cont i nue t o use t hese f ossi l f uel s t o
much gr eat er degr ees t han Af r i ca; t her e i s a
w or r yi ng t endency f or Af r i can count r i es t o be
easi l y pr essur ed aw ay f r om usi ng t hei r coal f or
pow er w hi l e bei ng encour aged t o expor t i t so t hat
ot her s can t hen use i t i n no l ess pol l ut i ng w ays
t han i f i t had been bur ned i n Af r i ca i n t he f i r st
pl ace.
agiicultuial anu foiestiy uevelopment
thiough climate change mechanisms
This uecision to iequiie an intiaAfiica
sectoial link is political anu is theiefoie
the moie uifficult pait the mechanics of
funuing tiansfei pose no uifficulties
since this woulu be meiely an allAfiica
vaiiant of tiieu anu testeu caibon
tiauing iegimes that aie alieauy being
applieu at global level The logic is as
follows
a Afiica neeus to uevelop its eneigy
geneiation so as to allow
inuustiialisation anu bettei human
livelihoous
b The easiest anu least costly way to
geneiate eneigy in Afiica will be
exploitation of coal anu petioleum
ieseives

c Since coal anu petioleum powei
geneiation is a fossil caibon emittei
activity Afiica will neeu to buy the
iight to use them foi powei
geneiation the powei sectoi woulu
theiefoie be obligeu to pay foi this
iight of use which is thus a iight to
pollute The gl obal danger l evel i s i n
f act negl i gi bl e Af r i ca has onl y about
2% of gl obal pow er gener at i on and so
even i f t hi s i s mul t i pl i ed f i ve-f ol d, t he
net gl obal i mpact w i l l be mi nor
u The beneficiaiy of the payments
shoulu howevei not be the geneial
global caibon buuget oi the
coipoiate caibon buuget of non
Afiican paities but Afiicas finance
staiveu caibonsink sectois ie
payments fiom the Afiican powei
inuustiy shoulu go to funu
o acceleiateu agiicultuial
piouuctivity enhancement
measuies
o affoiestation anu foiest
conseivation unuei an Afiica
REBB iegime as one of the
ways of mitigating climate

2
Wi t h bi of uel s as next l east cost l y suppl ement s;
r enew abl e sol ar and w i nd t echnol ogi es w i l l f or
l ong be so much mor e expensi ve i n Af r i ca as
el sew her e, w hi l e nucl ear i s t echnol ogi cal l y t oo
much of a chal l enge i n t he r egi on.


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change is ieaffoiestation which
woulu not only mitigate climate
but also have the enoimous
benefit of cieating jobs on a laige
scale Reaffoiestation coulu anu
shoulu be a piioiity wheie
payments fiom the Afiican
powei inuustiy shoulu go anu
o ecologically sounu biofuel
piouuction unuei high
piouuctivity appioaches ianging
fiom sugai staiches biological
oil fuels anu woou efficient
chaicoal anu fiiewoou

ulobal caibontiauing mechanisms
alieauy exist but we in Afiica have only
captuieu a maiginal shaie of the maiket
to uate We neeu to coiiect many
weaknesses if the intiaAfiica caibon
tiauing funuing mechanism pioposeu
above is to woik Beie aie some of the
weaknesses we faceu unuei the Kyoto
iegime which we must uefeat if we aie
to succeeu oui small piouuceis aie
uisoiganiseu oui institutions aie weak
we have faileu to be entiepieneuiial in
the postKyoto caibon enviionment anu
oui costs have been too high foi
ceitifying how much caibon we have
conseiveu by avoiuing uefoiestation
how much we have fieshly captuieu by
plantation in concentiateu oi scatteieu
uispeiseu fashion It has not helpeu that
we also faileu to uevelop lowcost
assessment ceitification pioceuuies
foi caibon valuation as a iesult of which
we continue to iely on expeits fiom
uistant countiies whose cost is often
unaffoiuable foi oui smallscale
opeiations

Bo we as Afiican foiesteis have the will
to captuie the above oppoitunity aie
we confiuent enough about oui REBB
science to sell it to the economic
leaueis can we sell an Afiicafocuseu
REBB to the powei sectoi so as to
simultaneously uplift anu make moie
gieen oui own sectoi uiiectly anu
thiough agiicultuie What can we uo to
make an Afiica caibon tiaue iegime
woik when we have faileu so fai to
captuie a uecent shaie of the global
tiaue in caibon both unuei the Kyoto
anu successoi iegimes Finally shall we
be able to place all this unuei the SFN
umbiella which is wheie it ieally
belongs iathei than being an outliei
flying at a tangent
Sel ect ed r eadi ng
Cl i mat e change 2000: synt hesi s r epor t , by
R Watson anu the Coie Wiiting Team
eus Cambiiuge 0K Inteigoveinmental
Panel on Climate Change IPCC
Cambiiuge 0niveisity Piess

Gl obal cl i mat e change and agr i cul t ur al
pr oduct i on: di r ect and i ndi r ect ef f ect s of
changi ng hydr ol ogi cal , pedol ogi cal and
pl ant physi ol ogi cal pr ocesses. FA0

Wor l d Agr i cul t ur e t ow ar ds 2015/ 2030:
An FAO per spect i ve. FA0 Rome

I mpact of Cl i mat e Change, Pest s and
Di seases on Food Secur i t y and Pover t y
Reduct i on Backgiounu Bocument
Special Event at 31st Session of the
Committee on Woilu Foou Secuiity
Nay Biief piepaieu by Anna
Caila Lopez Foou Secuiity anu
Agiicultuial Piojects Analysis Seivice
FA0 Rome

Cl i mat e Change 2007: Cl i mat e Change
I mpact s, Adapt at i on and Vul ner abi l i t y.
Summar y f or Pol i cy Mak er s ( Fi nal dr af t )
Fouith Assessment Repoit 0nuei
uoveinment Review Woiking uioup II
to the Inteigoveinmental Panel on
Climate Change

ftpftpfaooiguociegfaoie

How t o Feed t he Wor l d i n 2050 FA0
httpwwwfaooigfileaumintemplate
swsesuocsexpeit
papeihowtofeeuthewoiluin
puf


FAO
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Agr i cul t ur e and Envi r onment Chal l enges
of t he Tw ent y-Fi r st Cent ur y: A St r at egi c
Appr oach f or FAO Boc C0Au
st
Session of the FA0 Committee on
Agiicultuie Rome Apiil

Impact of Climate Change on Foou
Secuiity anu Implications foi
Sustainable Foou Piouuction Bocument
CFS INF FA0 Rome

Wel comi ng Remar k s by Mr s Sebueng
Chi pet a. SABC Regional Woikshop on
Foiests anu Climate Change anu the
SABC Foiest Piotocol uaboione
Botswana Nay


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Ti mber l egal i t y defi ni t i on: Does
consi st ency mat t er for EU FLEGT
par t ner count r i es?

Ri char d Gyi mah
1

Summar y
Demand si de t i mber pr ocur ement pol i ci es
such as t he EU FLEGT Act i on Pl an coul d
i mpact posi t i vel y on t i mber -pr oduci ng
Af r i can count r i es ef f or t s i n at t ai ni ng a gr een
economy t hr ough Vol unt ar y Par t ner shi p
Agr eement ( VPA) . Al t hough VPAs have t he
pot ent i al of ensur i ng r esponsi bl e pur chasi ng,
t her e i s a need f or set t i ng consi st ent
mi ni mum r equi r ement s f or l egal t i mber .
Agr eement on such st andar ds coul d hel p
cont r i but e ef f ect i vel y t o sust ai nabl e f or est
management i n VPA par t ner count r i es usi ng
VPA as a t r ade i nst r ument . The concept f or
l egal t i mber def i ni t i on i n VPAs i s good and
r espect sover ei gnt y i ssues; how ever t hi s paper
ar gues t hat i t has a dow nsi de of not cl ear l y
set t i ng consi st ency i n t he mi ni mum
r equi r ement s f or l egal t i mber .

Int r oduct i on
n iecent times global inteiest in timbei
legality is incieasing Theie aie stiong
inuications that veiification of timbei
legality can contiibute to bettei goveinance
anu foiest management anu conseivation
anu also help ensuie that foiests contiibute
to economic giowth anu poveity ieuuction
in a sustainable mannei Countiies that have
signeu the voluntaiy Paitneiship
Agieement vPA aie using the concept as a
goveinance tool to ensuie that theii foiests
become pait of a gieen economy This may

1
Ver i f i cat i on and Fi el d Audi t Manager , For est r y
Commi ssi on of Ghana. Ti mber Val i dat i on
Depar t ment . P.O. Box MB 434, Accr a, Ghana.
Tel ephone: ( +233) 289115493
Mobi l e: ( +233) 246420261
Emai l : r i ch_gyi mah@yahoo.com;
r gyi mah.hq@f cghana.or g
manifest in seveial ways which incluue
among otheis i secuiing legal iights to
timbei haivest anu use ii ieuucing illegal
access anu tiaue in timbei piouucts iii
incieasing ievenue to the state anu
iecognizeu beneficiaiies thiough impioveu
collection of ielevant foiest fees anu taxes
anu iv vPA paitnei countiies will secuie
maiket shaie of timbei piouucts tiaueu with
the Euiopean 0nion E0

The objectives of the E0 piocuiement
policies have been to ensuie that puichases
anu impoit of timbei piouucts uo not
contiibute to foiest uegiauation anu loss in
the expoiting countiies while at the same
time pioviuing leaueiship anu helping to set
stanuaius in the timbei piouuct maikets
The coming into foice of the E0 Foiest Law
FLEuT Action Plan
has uemonstiateu that

vPA
s have the potential to meet the

objectives of both piivate anu public timbei
anu timbei piouucts piocuiement policies
As many countiies uevelop piocuiement
policies to avoiu the use of illegally souiceu
timbei anu timbei piouucts illegal logging
may ieuuce at both national anu global
scales It is also incieasingly becoming
appaient that vPA may contiibute to the
iealization of sustainable foiest
management piactices This is because
thiough vPAs legality issues such as use
iights to foiest compliance to haivesting
anu enviionmental iegulations anu social
obligations which aie all funuamental
iequiiements foi sustainability may be
cleaily uefineu anu enfoiceu thiough
stakeholuei engagements

Legality uefinitions fiom vPAs aie an
inuication of the set of coie laws which aie
not only ielevant to paitnei countiies but

2
A pl an t hat w as appr oved by t he Eur opean Uni on
Counci l i n Oct ober 2003 and w hi ch ai ms at
suppor t i ng t i mber pr oduci ng count r i es; f avour i ng
t he pur chase of l egal l y har vest ed t i mber ; and
pr omot i ng sound t i mber pr oduct s pr ocur ement
pol i ci es and suppor t f or pr i vat e i ni t i at i ves.
3
A bi l at er al t r ade agr eement based on EU FLEGT
act i on pl ans t hat gover n t r ade i n l egal t i mber
pr oduct s bet w een t he EU and pr oducer count r y.
I


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aie also acceptable to majoi stakeholuei
gioups Noie impoitantly the bilateial
natuie of vPAs allows expoiting anu
impoiting paitnei countiies to negotiate
what constitutes legal timbei Although
uefining legal timbei in the context of
inuiviuual vPAs iespects soveieign iights of
countiies conceineu this papei aigues that
this piactice has the uownsiue of leauing to
a lack of consi st ency as r egar ds common,
mi ni mum r equi r ement s foi the concept

Legal i t y St andar d Devel opment t hr ough
t he EU FLEGT Ini t i at i ve
The E0 FLEuT initiative E0FLEuT Biiefing
Note pioviues guiuance to
piospective vPA paitnei countiies on i
What elements shoulu be incluueu in a
legality uefinition ii the piocess foi
ueciuing which laws aie to be incluueu in a
uefinition foi legality thiough wiue
consultation with all inteiesteu paities anu
iii auopting uefinition foi legality oi
implementing policies baseu on an explicit
uefinition of legality Examples pioviueu by
the Biiefing Note as those likely to be
incluueu in the uefinition of legal timbei aie
x uianting of anu compliance with
iights to haivest timbei within
legallygazetteu bounuaiies
iegaiuing foiest management
incluuing compliance with ielevant
enviionmental laboui anu
community welfaie legislation
conceining taxes impoit anu expoit
uuties ioyalties anu fees uiiectly
ielateu to timbei haivesting anu
timbei tiaue
x Respect foi tenuie oi use iights to
lanu anu iesouices that may be
affecteu by timbei haivesting iights
wheie such iights exist
x Compliance with iequiiements foi
tiaue anu expoit pioceuuies
Bowevei the lack of cleaily stateu minimum
iequiiements foi timbei legality has alloweu
countiies that have signeu vPAs with the E0
to fashion uefinitions suitable foi inuiviuual
countiies theieby encouiaging an open
enueu uefinition foi legal timbei

Compar at i ve Anal ysi s of Ti mber Legal i t y
El ement s i n Sel ect ed VPA Par t ner
Count r i es
Five selecteu countiies namely uhana
Libeiia Cameioon Republic of Congo R0C
Biazzaville anu Inuonesia have all signeu
anu agieeu to implement vPAs though at
uiffeient times uhana was the fiist to
initiate a vPA in Septembei anu
Inuonesia anu Libeiia aie the most iecent
ones of these countiies to sign vPAs in Nay
Apait fiom Inuonesia anu Libeiia all
the othei countiies have shown fuithei
commitment by iatifying the agieement
Cuiiently all these countiies aie at the
system uevelopment phase of theii
iespective implementation planning
piocess Fiom the E0 siue the impoit of
FLEuT licenseu piouucts will be manuatoiy
in the Region fiom yeai The speeu
with which any of the vPA paitnei countiies
may show leaueiship in implementing this
tiaue instiument woulu be influenceu by
countiyspecific uefinitions of legal timbei
anu the compliance system put in place
Table pioviues inuicative numbeis of key
legality subject aieaspiinciples useu in the
five countiies stuuieu


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Tabl e1: Legal i t y Pr i nci ple / Subj ect Ar ea used per Vol unt ar y Par t ner shi p Agr eement
(VPA) Par tner Countr y

vPA
Paitnei
Countiy
of Key
Piinciples
Subject Aieas
uhana i Souice of timbei incluuing lanu owneiship Examples of aieas foi
compliance incluue foiest management plans anu wiitten consent of
lanuowneis cleai uelineation of bounuaiies of vaiious foiest zones
ii Allocation of timbei iights A key element foi compliance is tianspaient
anu competitive timbei iights allocation piocess
iiiTimbei haivesting opeiations Examples of aieas foi compliance incluue
foiest iesouice inventoiy timbei haivesting within piouuctive anu appioveu
aieas logging anu enviionmental stanuaius
iv Tianspoit Examples of aieas foi compliance incluue timbei tianspoit
uocumentation anu time of tianspoit
v Piocessing Examples of aieas foi compliance incluue timbei piocessing
stanuaius anu health anu safety issues
vi Tiaue Examples of aieas foi compliance incluue iegistiation of business
anu acquisition of expoit license
vii Fiscal obligations Examples of aieas foi compliance incluue payment of
stumpage fees giounu ient expoit levies anu coipoiate income taxes

Republic of
Congo
R0C
Biazzaville

iThe necessaiy auministiative pieconuitions foi eveiy foiestiy enteipiise
Examples of aieas foi compliance incluue valiu license foi companys
business cleai uelineation of bounuaiies of subuivision of foiestiy
concession
iiThe iight of access to foiest iesouices within aieas of opeiation:
Examples of aieas foi compliance incluue giant of ceitificate of exploitation
of natuial foiest lanu title ueeus foi plantation opeiational license etc
iii Social obligations associateu with inuiviuual concessions such as the use
of local laboui oi the paiticipation of local communities anu inuigenous
people
iv Foiest management haivesting anu piocessing of timbei Examples of
aieas foi compliance incluue piepaiation of management plans anu
inventoiy iepoit logging stanuaius enviionmental impact stuuies timbei
piocessing stanuaius
v Tianspoit anu sales of timbei Examples of aieas foi compliance incluue
timbei tianspoit uocumentation iuentification anu tiaceability of maiketeu
piouucts
vi Fiscal obligations Examples of aieas foi compliance incluue payment of
all ielevant taxes anu social secuiity contiibutions

Cameioon i Foiest management haivesting anu piocessing opeiations: Examples of
aieas foi compliance incluue foiest management anu logging iules inuustiial
iequiiements health anu safety in foiestiy opeiations
ii Tianspoit Examples of aieas foi compliance incluue timbei anu ueiiveu
piouuct tianspoit uocumentation iegulatoiy maiking of timbei to ceitify
legal oiigin
iii Social obligations incluue among otheis compliance with employment
social secuiity anu laboui laws


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vPA
Paitnei
Countiy
of Key
Piinciples
Subject Aieas
iv Enviionmental obligations Examples of aieas foi compliance incluue
biouiveisity anu enviionmental piotection
v Auministiative anu fiscal obligations Examples of aieas foi compliance
incluue legal authoiization of loggingpiocessing foiestiy entity to opeiate
payment of ielevant business anu foiestiy tax obligations
Libeiia i Legal eligibility to opeiate in the foiestiy sectoi incluues foi example the
foiest contiact oi peimit holuei is a legally iecognizeu business community
oi an inuiviuual
ii Allocation of iights to haivest foiest incluues foi example compliance
with the National Foiestiy Refoim anu Community Rights laws
iii Social obligations of contiactois to local people incluue foi example
compliance with benefit shaiing iequiiement anu negotiateu social
agieements
iv Foiest management stanuaius foi opeiations anu haivesting to ensuie
sustainability v Enviionmental obligations incluue foi example compliance
with enviionmental impact assessment
vi Regulation of timbei tianspoit anu tiaceability obligations incluue foi
example compliance with timbei piouucts tianspoit uocumentation anu
chain of custouy iequiiements
vii Timbei piocessing iequiiements incluue foi example compliance with
ielevant laws anu iegulation goveining tiansfoimation anu iecoiuing of
timbei piouucts to ensuie tiaceability
viii Woikeis iights health safety anu welfaie in foiestiy opeiations
ix 0ntime payments of all taxes anu foiest fees as iequiieu by law
x Expoit anu tiaue iequiiements incluue foi example official iegistiation of
expoitei shipment of logs anu timbei piouucts aie in compliance with chain
of custouy system
xi Tianspaiency measuies anu infoimation uisclosuie incluue foi example
making tiaue statistics infoimation iegulaily available to the public

Inuonesia i Foi stateowneu natuial anu plantation foiests the piinciples covei a
the legal status anu of foiest aieas to be haivesteu anu iight to utilize the
foiest b compliance with the legal iequiiements foi haivesting anu c
compliance with the enviionmental anu social aspects ielateu to haivesting
ii Foi piivatelyowneu foiests the piinciples covei the owneiship of the
timbei as it ielates to the aiea haivesteu the logs anu the tiauing of logs
cioss checkeu foi tiaceability
iii 0thei timbei haivesting peimits iegulation of logging fiom nonfoiest
zones eg agiicultuial lanuscapes that may oi may not leau to foiest
conveision
iv In auuition theie is a geneial legality stanuaiu coveiing the management
of the supply chain timbei fiom the foiest thiough piocessing to the point of
expoit


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Obser vat i ons fr om some VPA Par t ner
Count r i es on Legal Ti mber Defi ni t i on
In countiies that have signeu vPAs existing
ielevant national laws have seiveu as the
pillais aiounu which timbei legality has
been uefineu anu fiameu Bowevei it has
been obseiveu that
x Libeiia has a ielatively lengthy legality
uefinition that incluues a piinciple on
tianspaiency measuies anu infoimation
uisclosuie see vPA Biiefing Note
This piinciple aiguably ielates
moie to the oveiall vPA goveinance
iathei than timbei legality Although in
theoiy the elaboiate uefinition of
legality foi Libeiia has the potential to
enhance goou foiest goveinance one
may have to wait anu see how effective
the vPA implementation plays out in
Libeiia
x In uhana anu Inuonesia some laws
ielating paiticulaily to souice of timbei
anu access to timbei iight weie founu to
be inconsistent anuoi conflicting
ienueiing the uefinition of legality pione
to uiffeient inteipietations Foi instance
the laws of uhana iecognize anu accept
timbei confiscateu by the uoveinment in
its supply chain once oiiginally illegal
timbei has gone thiough the iequiieu
couit pioceuuies anu issueu with a
ceitificate of puichase uhana vPA
Bocument This howevei
appeais to uefeat the spiiit anu intent of
the legal timbei uefinition In Inuonesia
unlike the othei vPA paitnei countiies
the legality stanuaius iecognize
uiffeiences in scale anu size of timbei
piouuction The stanuaius have been
uesigneu to meet timbei fiom laige
scale enteipiises focusing on the expoit
maiket anu timbei fiom small to
meuium scale enteipiises which focus
on the uomestic maiket Inuonesia
Foiestiy Piouuction Bevelopments
Regulation
x Fuithei Inuonesia uistinguishes
between piivate oi communal anu
publicly owneu foiests in the
uemonstiation of legal compliance vPA
Biiefing Note It is a composite
stanuaiu pioviuing sepaiate ciiteiia
anu inuicatois foi foui uiffeient foiest
classifications state foiest management
unitbaseu state foiest non
management unitbaseu state foiest
community manageu anu piopiiety
iights foiest anu nonfoiest aieas
vERIF0R anu FA0 By
iecognizing such uiffeiences within a
stanuaiu theie is a highei likelihoou that
the system will complement bioauei
national uevelopment stiategies of
meeting the neeus of small to laige scale
enteipiises
x Cameioon vPA Biiefing Note
anu Congo Biazzaville vPA Biiefing
Note appeai to incluue fewei
piinciples foi the legality uefinition
Table howevei most of the essential
elements necessaiy to impact on timbei
legality aie coveieu

Pot ent i al Benefi t s of Adopt i ng Consi stent
Mi ni mum Ti mber Legal i t y Defi ni t i on
Countiy specific conuitions allow foi some
uiffeiences in uefining timbei legality This
notwithstanuing consistent minimum
iequiiements foi timbei legality common to
all vPA paitnei countiies fiom the
beginning of the negotiations is being
auvocateu with the view of pioviuing the
following benefits
x Stiongei anu bettei basis foi vPA impact
monitoiing acioss the uiffeient vPA
paitnei countiies
x vPA paitnei countiies bettei placeu to
uiaw infoimeu lessons thiough vPA
implementation in the uiffeient
countiies
x Teiminology foi concepts such as
piinciples ciiteiia inuicatois anu
veiifieis as useu to uefine legal timbei
woulu be well spelt out commonly
unueistoou anu agieeu upon in oiuei to
ieuuce ambiguity
x Layout anu uesign of the timbei legality
uefinitionmatiix woulu be stanuaiuizeu
foi easy auoption in all vPA paitnei
countiies
x Facilitating common unueistanuing of
timbei legality among Afiican countiies
anu theieby piomoting iegional tiaue in
legal timbei woulu be piomoteu


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x Engagement by the E0 with the uiffeient
paitnei countiies woulu be less time
consuming anu moie efficient as iegaius
the use anu allocation of manpowei anu
financial iesouices
x Potential leaks baseu on uiffeiences in
the uefinition of legal timbei anu
countiyspecific uiffeiences in the
inteipietation of applicable laws woulu
be ieuuceu

Recommended Gui di ng Pol i cy Not es on
Ti mber Legal i t y St andar ds
vPA paitnei countiies shoulu be given
assuiance that although timbei legality
limits exploitation to what is sustainable
in a gieen economy the vPA pioviues
oppoitunity foi timbei inuustiy playeis
to stay in business auopt bettei
tiaceability systems anu efficient woou
utilization piactices that will ensuie
optimal economic anu enviionmental
benefits fiom the foiest iesouices
Supply siue iequiiements foi timbei
legality if not guiueu by consistent
minimum iequiiements may show laige
uiffeiences implicit oi explicit amongst
piouucei countiies This coulu
potentially uistoit tiaue anu eiioneously
place vPA as a convenient maiket
instiument foi uemanu siue countiies at
the expense of piomoting sounu policies
anu sustainable foiest management in
the piouucei countiies
Cleai policy statements about timbei
legality baseu on uefineu consistent
minimum iequiiements foi legal timbei
which positively impact foiest policies
sustainable foiest management anu
tiaue shoulu be well aiticulateu in the
vPA piocess Elements that uo not
uiiectly impact on timbei legality but
enhance bioauei foiest goveinance can

be consiueieu as legality plus eg
woikeis iights anu health anu safety
issues
Contioveisial souices of timbei that may
compiomise implementation of the
piinciples of timbei legality shoulu be
avoiueu eg legally uisputeu piouuction
foiest aieas anu confiscateu timbei

Refer ences
FLEGT Br i efi ng Not es Ser i es. 2007.
Biiefing Notes Numbei What is legal
timbei Piepaieu by an expeit gioup
conveneu by Euiopean Commission pp

Indonesi a For est r y Pr oduct i on
Devel opments Regul at i on. 2009. Biiectoi
ueneial of Foiestiy Regulation Numbei
P.6/ VI-Set / 2009 Stanuaius anu uuiuelines
on Assessment of Peifoimance in
Sustainable Piouuction Foiest Nanagement
anu Timbei Legality veiification }akaita
Inuonesia pp

VERIFOR and FAO. 2009. Neeting the
challenge of timbei legality veiification A
policy biief piepaieu foi vERIF0R anu FA0
Rome pp

Vol unt ar y Par t ner shi p Agr eement (VPA).
2008. FLEuT vPA between uhana anu the
Euiopean 0nion Accia uhana pp

between Cameioon anu the Euiopean 0nion
Yaounu Cameioon pp

between Republic of Congo anu the
Euiopean 0nion Biazzaville Congo pp

between Inuonesia anu the Euiopean 0nion
}akaita Inuonesia pp


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Sust ai nabl e For est Management
based on St at e Pr act i ce i n Cent r al
Afr i ca Count r i es

Samuel Assembe-Mvondo,
1
Ri char d Ebaa
At yi ,
2
Gui l l aume Lescuyer
3
and Andr ew
War del l
4

Summar y
Thi s pi ece of w r i t i ng br i ef l y r evi ew s t he
i nt er pr et at i on of t he concept of sust ai nabl e
f or est management ( SFM) deduced f r om st at e
pr act i ce i n some Cent r al Af r i ca count r i es. Thi s
assessment of SFM pr act i ces dr aw s upon t he
ear l i er and hi ghl y var i abl e def i ni t i ons of
sust ai nabl e devel opment . I t demonst r at es
t hat some pr ogr ess has been made i n t er ms of
t he mor e nuanced meani ngs of SFM now
adopt ed by St at es i n Cent r al Af r i ca. Thi s
r ef l ect s t he f act t hat i t i s di f f i cul t t o f i nd a
good bal ance bet w een t he t hr ee f unct i ons
( economi c, soci al and envi r onment al ) w hi ch
st r uct ur e t he concept of SFM. Congo Basi n
count r i es seek t o t r ansl at e SFM by
i nst i t ut i onal i zi ng and i mpl ement i ng f or est
concessi ons, pr ot ect ed ar eas and communi t y
f or est r y. How ever , t hese ef f or t s have been
hi nder ed by some gover nance shor t comi ngs.

Backgr ound
n Shaiachchanuia Lele publisheu
a ieview of the concept of Sustainable
Bevelopment SB which by then hau

1
Samuel Assembe-Mvondo, PhD, Resear ch Fel l ow ,
For est s & Gover nance, CI FOR Cent r al Af r i ca
Regi onal Of f i ce; P.O. Box: 2008, Yaound-
Camer oon; emai l :s.assembe@cgi ar .or g
2
Ri char d Ebaa At yi , PhD, Regi onal Coor di nat or ,
CI FOR Cent r al Af r i ca Regi onal Of f i ce;
3
Gui l l aume Lescuyer , CI RAD & CI FOR Cent r al
Af r i ca Regi onal Of f i ce.
4
Andr ew War del l , PhD, Di r ect or of For est s &
Gover nance, CI FOR, Bogor , I ndonesi a;
been wiuely auopteu by both goveinmental
anu nongoveinmental oiganizations Nu0s
as a new paiauigm of uevelopment This
ciitical ieview highlighteu the lack of
consistency in its inteipietation anu a
numbei of weaknesses which hau leau to
inauequacies anu contiauictions in policy
making in i nt er al i a the foiest sectoi Lele
The concept of SB iesulteu in a
piolifeiation of meanings alieauy ovei
foity uefinitions by the late s Peaice
et al . These uiu not ieflect a simple
exeicise in acauemic oi piactical
claiification but a highly political piocess of
uiffeient inteiests with uiffeient
substantive conceins tiying to stake theii
claims in the sustainable uevelopment
teiiitoiy Biyzek

Balancing the economic social anu
ecological functions of tiopical foiests is
challenging Consequently foiest
sustainability is often ieflecting conflicts of
inteiests anu powei unbalanceu amongst
foiest stakeholueis Bavenpoit et al
As a iesult Tlaui pioposes a
vaiiation in appioaches to integiating the
thiee pillais of sustainability that have
emeigeu fiom the SB uiscouise These
vaiious appioaches aie uistinguishable on
the basis of the thiee functions that take
piioiity in the case of tiaueoffs between
them ie in teims of the economic
enviionmental anu social welfaie benefits of
foiests

Cential Afiica is the seconu laigest
continuous block of iainfoiests on the planet
aftei the Amazon Basin Although uegiaueu
in some aieas foiest covei is ielatively well
pieseiveu oveiall Ebaa Atyi et al . In
the Beaus of State of Cential Afiica
subiegion expiesseu theii joint
commitment to woik towaius SFN thiough
the Yaounu Beclaiation This positive
political will to piomote SFN was fuithei
shoieu up in by the auoption of the
Biazzaville Tieaty on Conseivation anu SFN
in Cential Afiica This aiticle ieviews the
cuiient meaning of SFN baseu on actions of
inuiviuual countiies within the Congo Basin
I


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It uiaws on legal mateiials anu conuuct of
national goveinments

Sust ai nabl e For est Management i n
Cent r al Afr i ca
The concept SFN calls foi a iealistic balance
functions of foiests in the uevelopment of
policies attenuant iegulations anu
implementation stiategies The achievement
of this balance is often tiicky in view of the
tiaueoffs between these thiee functions of
sustainability This is why the authois piefei
to use the explanatoiy mouel of Tlaui
on the vaiiable integiation of the unueilying
functions of the concept of SB To fuithei
claiify his mouel Tlaui pioviues two
explanations Fiist SB is baseu on the
integiation of the thiee unueilying functions
of sustainability Consequently theie is no
exclusion of any of the thiee functions The
economic anu social functions have an
anthiopogenic oiigin because both place
human neeus ovei anu above longeiteim
ecological sustainability
The tiansposition of Tlauis theoietical
explanatoiy mouel of SB to the foiest sectoi
in Cential Afiica subiegion suggests the
following given that the concept of SFN
incluues the ecological social anu economic
functions theie aie thiee vaiiations of foiest
sustainability These aie ueteimineu by the
thiee functions of foiests in the event of
tiaueoffs between them The fiist vaiiation
piesupposes that in a foiest aiea wheie the
management option favouis economic
ietuins as foi example the case with most
foiest concessions the economic function
tenus to pievail ovei the two otheis but
without excluuing them completely In
ieality the aim is to ieuuce the social anu
ecological functions in the case of conflict
with the uominant economic function in
foiest concessions The seconu vaiiation
implies that in a foiest aiea wheie the SFN
option is social with the aim of piioiitizing
uevolveu authoiity foi foiest management
as is the case with community foiest anu Co
management of some foiest aieas the
social function may be piioiitizeu moie than
the two otheis In the case of tiaueoffs the
ecological anu economic function must yielu
to the social function in this context The
thiiu vaiiation piesupposes that in a foiest
aiea intenueu foi conseivation such as
piotecteu aieas the ecological function will
take piioiity ovei the othei two functions
The vaiiation in the integiation of the
functions of SFN ueiiveu fiom Tlauis
explanatoiy mouel of sustainable
uevelopment tenus to ieflect with States
piactice as outlineu in most legislation in
Congo Basin countiies In most of the foiest
legislation anu attenuant iegulations
cuiiently in foice in seveial Cential Afiican
countiies a funuamental uistinction is maue
between foiest concessions piotecteu aieas
anu community foiest These foiest
classifications ieflect to ceitain extent the
uistinction of thiee functions of SFN thiough
the allocation of foiest aieas foi specific
puiposes Foiests aie commonly classifieu
accoiuing to theii puipose oi use Bigomb
Babii CBFP Piouuction
foiests such as foiest concessions have a
pievailing economic function They pioviue
economic benefits to piivate sectoi
opeiatois anu geneiate taxes foi the State to
help public finance anu othei uevelopment
activities anu also a poition of Foiest Annual
Fees Aiea to some local councils anu
communities Ceiutti et al .
Accoiuingly it woulu be logical to give
piioiity to economic piouuction activities in
a foiest allocateu foi timbei haivesting in
the case of a tiaueoff between the thiee
unueilying functions of sustainable
management Bowevei this uoes not mean
that the social anu ecological functions
shoulu be systematically banneu In fact the
uifficulty to finu a suitable balance between
the thiee functions of sustainable foiest
management may actually favoui the
auoption of a legislativeiegulatoiy piocess
to allocateclassify foiest aieas In contiast
in a foiest aiea eaimaikeu foi piotection
the ecological function shoulu pievail in the
event of tiaueoffs with two othei functions
economic anu social In effect in any type
of piotecteu aieas the conseivation of plant
anu wilulife species shoulu take the uppei
hanu ovei social anu economic values But


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again this uoes not imply the total exclusion
of the social anu economic functions In
some countiies effoits have been maue to
fostei gieatei engagement with
communities living aiounu piotecteu aieas
with the aim of ensuiing moie effective
piotection whilst allowing smallscale
extiaction of Non woou foiest piouucts to
meet subsistence neeus anu householu
income The aim is to ensuie that all
stakeholueis aiounu the piotecteu aiea
comply with the main puipose of piotecting
the foiest aiea by giving piioiity to the
ecological function
Anothei example is that in most Congo Basin
countiies theie is a cleai uistinction
between the peimanent foiest estate anu
the nonpeimanent foiest estate CBFP
The lattei is ieseiveu mainly foi
agiofoiestiy anu community foiestiy
activities with local communities The
peimanent foiest estate is intenueu foi
piouuction anu conseivation puiposes
Tlauis explanatoiy mouel can also be
applieu at the giounu level Fiom this
peispective it is possible to note that
stakeholueis in a foiest aiena act accoiuing
to theii main inteiests Bowevei given that
such inteiests aie often conflicting
management anu use uecisions have to be in
line with the natuie of the legal classification
of the foiest to be useu In the context of a
piotecteu aiea set up wheie the
suiiounuing local population claim
histoiical iights to the lanu the theoiy of co
management of natuial iesouices Boiiini
Feyeiabenu et al can enable the
vaiious stakeholueis paik manageis local
communities Nu0s anu the local anu
national goveinment auministiation to
aiiive at a minimum consensus which can
ieconcile the main objective of the foiest
conseivation with the seconuaiy objective
piomotion of the iights of local
communities Ballei ualvin In
piactice the bluiieu bounuaiies between
piotecteu aieas anu customaiy agiofoiestiy
lanuscapes aie poious anu subject to
continuous ienegotiation Waiuell Lunu
This uoes not imply abanuoning the
othei foiest functions but iathei seeks to
finu solutions anu tiaueoffs between them
In the case of ceitifying a foiest concession
the evaluatoi fiist tiies moie oi less to give
piioiity to the economic function befoie
consiueiing the ecological anu the socio
cultuial functions This was confiimeu by
compaiing the social function insiue anu
outsiue a ceitifieu concession to two othei
concessions without ceitification manageu
by thiee uiffeient economic opeiatois
Ceiutti et al This compaiative stuuy
showeu that quality of living stanuaius anu
the iespect of the iights of the local
communities anu national employees hau
not significantly impioveu even in the
ceitifieu concession Social claims peisist
even in foiests that have been ceitifieu in
spite of many piomises maue uuiing foiest
ceitification Ceiutti et al
Concl udi ng r emar ks
The tiansposition of Tlauis mouel uiawing
on the concept of sustainable uevelopment
to SFN in Congo Basin countiies
uemonstiates that some piogiess has been
maue to tianslate such geneiic piinciples
into opeiational piinciples at the giounu
level State SFN piactices uistinguish
foiest functions in most national foiest
legislation anu iegulation with foiest aieas
geneially allocateu foi specific puiposes
The key task is how to achieve a balanceu
appioach to SFN accoiuing to each of the
thiee piioiities outlineu by Tlaui in the
uiffeient foiest aieas Accoiuing Ebaa Atyi
et al the piogiess of Cential Afiica
countiies towaius SFN comes fiom the
implementation of foiest management
plans auvances in foiest ceitification anu
tienus of gieatei involvement of foiest
uepenuent communities in SFN as well as
the shaiing of benefits geneiateu by all
stakeholueis Bowevei these effoits have
been to uate unueimineu in the Congo Basin
countiies by continuing goveinance
challenges especially illegal logging
coiiuption anu the uniegulateu opeiations
of the infoimal sectoi coupleu with limiteu
access to infoimation


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Refer ences
Bigomb LP Babii AB Gr er
aut r ement l es conf l i t s f or est i er s au
Camer oun Yaounu Piesses ue l0CAC

BoiiiniFeyeianu u Kothaii A 0vieuo u
I ndi genous and Local Communi t i es and
Pr ot ect ed Ar eas: Tow ar ds Equi t y and
Pr act i ces f or Co-managed Pr ot ect ed Ar eas
and Communi t y Conser ved Ar eas ulanu
I0CN

CBFP The For est s of Congo Basi n:
St at e of t he For est 2006 available at
wwwcbfpoig

Ceiutti P0 AssembeNvonuo S ueiman
L Putzel L Is China 0nique
Exploiing the Behavioui of Chinese anu
Euiopean Fiims in the Cameioonian Logging
Sectoi I nt er nat i onal For est r y Revi ew vol

CeiuttiP0 Lescuyei u AssembeNvonuo
S Tacconi L The Challenges of
Bistiibuting Foiest ielateu Nonetaiy Benefit
to Local uoveinments A Becaue of Logging
Aiea Fees in Cameioon I nt er nat i onal
For est r y Revi ew vol

Bavenpoit B Bulkan } Bajjai R
Baiucastle P Foiests anu
sustainability I n Raynei } Buck A Katila P
Eus Embiacing Complexity Neeting the
Challenges of Inteinational Foiest
uoveinance vienna I0FR0 Woilu Seiies
volume p
Biyzek }S The Pol i t i cs of t he Ear t h
00P New Yoik

Ebaa Atyi R Beveis B Be Wasseige C
Naisels F State of the Foiests of
Cential Afiica Regional Synthesis I n Be
Wasseige C Beveis B Be Naicken P Ebaa
Atyi R Nasi R Nayaux Ph Eus The Foiests
of Congo Basin State of the Foiest .
Luxembouig CBFP p .
Ballei T ualvin N Intiouuction
The Pioblem of Paiticipatoiy Conseivation
In N ualvin N Ballei T Eus People
Piotecteu Aieas anu ulobal Change
Paiticipatoiy Conseivation in Latin Ameiica
Afiica Asia anu Euiope Bein NCCR Noith
South p

Lele SN Sustainable uevelopment a
ciitical ieview Wor l d Devel opment

Peaice B Naikanuya A Baibiei E
Bl uepr i nt f or a Gr een Economy
Lonuon Eaithscan

Tlaui B Sust ai nabl e Devel opment i n
I nt er nat i onal Law : An Anal ysi s of Key
Envi r on-Economi c I nst r ument s Pietoiia
Pietoiia 0niveisity Law Piess

0pton C Bass S The For est
Cer t i f i cat i on Handbook Lonuon Eaithscan

Waiuell BA Lunu C uoveining
access to foiests in noithein uhana Nicio
politics anu the ients of nonenfoicement
Wor l d Devel opment


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Communi t y for est r y and t he
chal l enge of al i gni ng wi t h Camer oons
gr een economy

Ant oi ne Eyebe
1*
, Domi ni que Endamana
2
, Jef f
Sayer
3
, Manuel Rui z Per ez
4
, Agni Kl i nt uni
Boedhi har t ono
3,
Gr et chen Wal t er s
2
, Kennet h
Angu Angu
1
and Loui s Ngono
5

nitiateu moie than two uecaues ago
thiough foiest legislations anu policy
iefoims in Cameioon community
foiestiy has expeiienceu mixeu
oppoitunities paitly uue to its evolution
Aftei humble beginnings it is now bettei
establisheu uue to a ieview of the legal
fiamewoik With the uemanu foi
enviionmental stanuaius it attempts to
align with the gieen economy In Cameioon
the iefoims aimeu among othei objectives
at implementing a foiestiy baseu on people

1
Cor r espondi ng aut hor . Emai l :
Ant oi ne.Eyebe@i ucn.or g; k ennet h.angu@i ucn.or g
I UCN/ Cent r al Af r i can Regi onal Pr ogr amme f or
t he Envi r onment . B.P. 5506, Yaound, Camer oon.
2
Regi onal For est Pr ogr amme. I nt er nat i onal Uni on
f or t he Conser vat i on of Nat ur e, Cent r al and West
Af r i can Pr ogr amme, B. P. 5506, Yaound,
Camer oun Emai l :
Domi ni que.Endamana@i ucn.or g;
Gr et chen.Wal t er s@i ucn.or g
3
School of Ear t h and Envi r onment al Sci ences,
James Cook Uni ver si t y, Cai r ns, QLD 4870,
Aust r al i a Emai l : j ef f r ey.sayer @j cu.edu.au;
agni .boedhi har t ono@j cu.edu.au
4
Uni ver si dad Aut onoma de Madr i d-Spai n Dpt o.
Ecol ogi a, Emai l : manuel .r ui z@uam.es
5
Wor l d Wi de f und f or Nat ur e- Jengi -Lobl / TNS
BP 134 Yokadouma, Camer oon Emai l :
LNgono@w w f car po.or g
Bigombe unuateu Accoiuing to the
Inteinational Tiopical Timbei 0iganization
ITT0 these iefoims conceineu the
institutional legislative anu iegulatoiy
fiamewoiks anu a new mapping of foiest
teiiitoiies Ninsouma The
paiticipation of local communities in foiest
iesouice management was at the centie of
this iefoim via the intiouuction of
uecentializeu foiest management concepts
In its appioach community foiests
encompass i communal foiests ii
community foiests iii the annual foiest
ioyalties anu iv community manageu
hunting zones 0yono et al ., 0ne of
the main expectations is to tiansfoim these
effoits into a uynamic piocess to empowei
iuial communities in foiest iesouices
management this will ultimately contiibute
to impioving theii livelihoou options anu
fostei local uevelopment This uual objective
of ensuiing the balance between
conseivation anu uevelopment matches the
appioaches of both sustainable uevelopment
anu gieen economy The contiibution of this
natuial iesouice management mouel to the
gieen economy is pooily unueistoou

This papei piesents the contiibution of
community foiestiy to the gieen economy
anu uesciibes the cuiient anu futuie
challenges in teims of integiating oi aligning
community foiestiy objectives to those of
Cameioons gieen economy

A. Cont r i but i on of communi t y for est
t o t he gr een economy

Community foiest piouuces goous anu
seivices that contiibute to impioving the
economic anu social conuitions of iuial
householus anu sustainable natuial
iesouices management NINF0F
0veiall the foiestiy sectoi is one of the
main uiiveis of uevelopment in Cameioon
with a contiibution of ovei to the uBP
C0NIFAC Paiauoxically the annual
income biacket of community foiests
cuiiently loggeu makes only a small
contiibution to this activity ianging
between FCFA anu
FCFA 0yono et al
I


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Because community foiestiy plays an
incieasingly significant social anu economic
iole an ecological combination is theiefoie
neeueu foi this subsectoi to fully play its iole
within the gieen economy anu this iequiies
sustainable iesouice use as well as a ieuuction
of enviionmental waste

Accoiuing to the law a Simple Nanagement
Plan SNP is one of the majoi iequiiements
foi communities to obtain anu manage
community foiests The ievision of
exploitation guiuelines foi community foiests
has iesulteu in authoiizing communities to
exploit the foiest uuiing the initial two yeais
helping them to ieceive ievenues that peimit
the elaboiation of the iequiieu management
plan The mechanism foi acquiiing anu
appiopiiating community foiests in savannah
aieas is baseu on the fact that foiests can also
be establisheu in nonfoiest zones This
mechanism theiefoie encouiages communities
to iefoiest uegiaueu aieas anu also to help
communities to have a bettei contiol of theii
iesouices incluuing wilulife Seveial thousanu
tiees have alieauy been planteu in the noith
by communities to gieen some savannah
aieas Community foiestiy is thus no moie
exclusively ueuicateu to timbei management
In the southeast iegion foi example ovei
of
incomes geneiateu by Community Bunting
Zones ZICuC have been ieinvesteu as
contiibutions fiom communities to the on
going fight against poaching The bulk of funus
ieceiveu by local communities aie
uevoteu to the uevelopment of social
infiastiuctuie such as builuing schools oi
health centeis Fiom to the
ZICuCs exploiteu in the SouthEast have
geneiateu about FCFA Expeits
fiom the Woilu Wiue Funu foi Natuie WWF
}engi Pioject have constituteu the following
peicentages in teims of achievement by
C0vAREF Bigomb Logo et al
foi the opeiation of the segments of
Community Wilulife Nanagement Committees
C0vAREF foi the builuing of
heauquaiteis foi the vaiious subbianches of
C0vAREFs foi euucation foi
the establishment of community faim fielus
foi village watei pumps foi the
puichase of equipment vehicles bicycles etc
foi the mateiial suppoit to Baka
Pygmies foi village electiification
foi habitat impiovement anu
foi the safety of some ZICuCs 0yono et al

Between anu six C0vAREFs have
benefiteu fiom million FCFA about
with a geneial piogiessive
inciease ovei time (Fi gur e 1).


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The legal fiamewoik also iestiicts the
negative impact of community foiest
exploitation on the ecology of the lanuscape
if it now foibius the physical tianspoit of
woou collecteu fiom community lanus it
also iestiicts the hauling tiails to a wiuth
which will not allow the entiy of heavy
tiucks Some of the communities have also
staiteu piocessing woou waste thus
ieuucing iaw mateiial loss This is the case
foi the Nouel Foiests of Bja anu Npomo
F0N0B in the Eastein iegion of Cameioon
wheie these iesiuues aie tiansfoimeu into
pens 0thei communities aiounu Nambele
iecycle woou iesiuues into coal which aie
then sentto uiban maikets locateu hunuieus
of kilometeis fiom the piouuction zone In
the Lomi aiea in the Bja0uzalaNinkebe
tiinational lanuscapeTRIB0N between
Cameioon uabon anu Congo Biazzaville
the communities in Nakobitol anu
Nemeyong have also cieateu Common
Initiative uioups CIu They oiganize the
logging anu sale of woou fiom community
foiests anu the allocation of ievenues to
applicanthouseholus These funus aie useu
foi the puichase of equipment anu the
constiuction of houses to the tune of
being given to the technician in chaige
of builuing the ioofs Noieovei the
membeis of the community aie authoiiseu
to iecycle the pooi quality woou as builuing
mateiial oi to sell it

Even if lanu title issues iemain a tiial foi the
communities who wish to auopt a a
community foiestiy appioach the softening
of the legal fiamewoik is ceitain In fact this
has enableu the establishment of the fiist
community foiests belonging to inuigeneous
Baka people fiom Nambele in the eastein
iegion of Cameioon In auuition to using the
iessouices these populations can peacefully
piactice theii iituals which also facilitate a
sounu management anu maintenance of
community lanus since the people want to
safeguaiu the aieas wheie these iituals aie
piacticeu We often oveilook this function of
community foiestiy which enables cultuie
to be peipetuateu anu this holus tiue foi the
foiests of inuigeneous populations in the
East of Cameioon anu the sacieu foiests in
the westein anu noithwestein iegions of
Cameioon wheie all the economic ecologic
anu social functions of gieen economy aie
fulfilleu

B. Cur r ent and fut ur e chal l enges of
communi t y for est r y

In Cameioon the numbei of community
foiests has incieaseu ovei the yeais In
the numbei of simple management
plans appioveu by the Ninistiy in chaige of
foiestiy was out of a total
applications ieceiveu Ninsouma
The gieatei concentiation is founu in the
eastein iegion anu is explaineu by the high
local uemanu foi timbei Accoiuing to Smith
of uomestic woou consumption
of woou loggeu in Cameioon comes fiom
aitisanal logging This woou comes not only
fiom community foiests but also fiom
inuiviuual logging peimits Special attention
shoulu theiefoie be given to this subsectoi
notably at the ecological level

The legal fiamewoik goveining the
establishment of community foiests has
been ievieweu howevei the financial
capacity of communities to mobilize funus is
subject to uoubts Inueeu most of the funus
useu to suppoit the finalization of Simple
Nanagement plans come fiom inteinational
paitneis In the absence of these funus the
piocess will halt anu annull the effoits maue
by communities to manage theii foiests in a
sustainable mannei Ezzine et al .
show that the financial suppoit to
community foiests shoulu be continuous
until they become establisheu as small foiest
enteipiises since an inteiiuption of this
suppoit will leau to a lowei peifoimance
than that of the selfmanageu foiests The
funus iequiieu foi the exploitation of
community foiests aie actually veiy high to
the extent that communities piefei
subcontiacting to minimize maiketielateu
iisks Such tiansactions no longei guaiantee
enviionmentally fiienuly management by
the new loggeis The initial exploitation of
the foiest often expeiiences pioblems uue to
the uelay in ueliveiing annual opeiating
ceitificates anu waybills which enable


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communities to sell in iemote maikets This
coulu be uue to buieauciatic ieu tape
peihaps because the State wants to ieclaim
its contiol ovei community foiests Ribot et
al oi to the pievailing coiiuption in
the foiest sectoi

The contiibution of community foiests to
the sustainable management of wilulife
weighs heavily on the incomes collecteu by
communities This is the case in community
manageu hunting zones wheie this coulu
hinuei local uevelopment Accoiuing to
0yono et al the emeigence of new
local authoiities the empoweiment of
management committees thiough
uecentialization uynamics weie vieweu by
tiauitional authoiities as a coup dt at This
leaus touisunity among villages oi an
institutional uualism anu incieasing
conflicts between gioups thus having a
negative impact on the uynamics of local
community foiest management Conceining
Foiest Nanagement 0nits 0FA one of the
essential coiielations to community foiest is
the management by the communities of the
annual foiest ioyalty Inueeu the new
ueciee impioves theii involvement thiough
the cieation of a ioausiue committee by
gianting it a measuie of authoiity namely
that its Chaiiman can invite iesouice people
to the Committees meetings This appioach
is also stipulateu in the piovisions foi the
logging of communal foiests which also
stiengtheneu the aspects of community
foiestiy by impioving the iepiesentativity
of communities tiauitional chiefs aie
hencefoith pait of the monitoiing
committee Noieovei of the incomes
geneiateu by the logging of communal
foiests aie uevoteu to the uevelopment of
ioausiue village communities

Concl usi on
The community foiestiy appioach was
establisheu to impiove the integiation of
communities in the management anu contiol
of theii zones These aieas incluue foiest
lanuscapes as well as othei ecological sites
that can be subjecteu to uiiect oi inuiiect
foiestiy activities Community foiestiy was
moie confineu to the management of
community foiests fiom the point of view of
woou cutting anu sale It somehow escapes
the integiateu appioach of sustainable
wilulife anu woou species use in the same
space In puiely foiest zones wilulife
community management has appeaieu moie
efficient anu the incomes geneiateu by
communitymanageu hunting zones aie
moie investeu in social infiastiuctuies as
compaieu to those geneiateu by the logging
anu sale of woou Community foiests have
began initiating an optimization of the
management of theii iesouices with an
impioveu local oiganization of those
entities a maximum use of the iesouice
collecteu anu a timiu iecycling of woou
waste Communitymanageu game zones
locateu at the peiipheiy of piotecteu aieas
have continuously piouuceu incomes anu
have been involveu in poaching contiol
activities In the absence of sustaineu self
financing these iesults iemain fiagile since
the communities exploiting the woou still
heavily iely on exteinal funuing In case the
goou peifoimances of community foiests uo
not mateiialize especially in teims of the
concietization of socioeconomic effects
anticipateu aftei the ieview of the Nanual of
Pioceuuies foi the Attiibution anu Noims
foi the Nanagement of Community foiests
theie is a iisk that the State will ieclaim
these aieas

The piolifeiation of entities managing
community incomes coulu in the long iun
leau to misunueistanuings At least thiee
committees involveu in community foiestiy
have been iecently put in place the faimei
foiest committee the Community Wilulife
Nanagement Committee the iipaiian
committee Theie is no effective
cooiuination among these thiee committees
even when they aie establisheu on the same
suiface aiea The gieen economy supposes a
goou planning anu thus an inevitable
business plan foi the activities ielateu to the
uevelopment of community foiestiy which
shoulu evolve in small enteipiises
Theiefoie it is impoitant that the will of
communities to envisage theii local
uevelopment plan anu its implementation
shoulu not be inhibiteu by community


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uevelopment plans conceiveu by municipal
councils

The expeiiences of community foiests foi
the past twenty yeais ieveal both the
uifficulties anu potential of this appioach
The low oiganizational capacity of
communities slows uown the piogiess
togethei with theii isolation anu vaiious
technical challenges Bowevei a uialogue
has been initiateu populations have
incieaseu theii involvement anu aie
hencefoith engageu in the uebate on the
futuie of theii foiests Theie iemains a lot to
be uone because the past failuies uuiing the
inception peiiou of the piogiamme aie
vieweu as pait of the leaining piocess
leauing to a gieatei involvement of
populations in shaping the futuie of theii
foiests Effoits to capitalize on the
enfoicement of the Foiestiy Law
shoulu be envisageu to impiove the
oiientation of futuie community
management stiategies anu theii actual
contiibutions to the gieen economy in
Cameioon

Refer ences
Bigombe Logo P non uat Foiesteiie
Communautaiie et Ruuction ue la
Pauviet iuiale au Cameioun Bilan et
tenuances ue la piemieie ucennie
WRN in
ht tp:/ / www.wr m.or g.uy/ count r i es/ C
amer oon/ Bi gombe.ht ml

Ninsouma Bouo A Politique ue
foiesteiie communautaiie au Cameioun
Communication lateliei sous igional
sui la gestion communautaiie foiestieie
et faunique en Afiique centiale Lomi
les et mai

Bekaye N Le contexte monuial et
igional ue lconomie veite avances
et enseignements Communication au
Sminaiie sui loption stiatgique ue
lconomie veite au Naioc IRES Rabat
mais

0yono P R Ribot } C Assembe S Bigomb
Logo P Coiiectifs poui la uestion
Bcentialise ues Foits au Cameioun
0ptions et 0ppoitunits ue Bix Ans
uExpiience uoveinance Biief Centei foi
Inteinational Foiestiy Reseaich CIF0R
Foiests anu uoveinance Piogiamme
Fviiei Numio f

Nguenang u N Belvienne Q Beligne v
Nbolo N La gestion
ucentialise ues iessouices foiestieies
au Cameioun Les foits communales
apies les foits communautaiies

Bigomb Logo P Abb Abessolo } et
Koulbout B veis une
conseivation bnficiaiie aux pauvies au
Cameioun La gestion paiticipative et le
uveloppement intgi ues aiies piotges
ue Lobk Boumbabek et Nki au SuuEst uu
Cameioun Woiking Papei Seiies
I0CNI0EB R0IuuIAN ulanu et ueneve

Pye Smith C Cameioons hiuuen
haivest Centei foi Inteinational
Foiestiy Reseaich CIF0R

Ribot } C Agiawal A Laison A N
Recentializing while
uecentializing Bow national goveinments
ieappiopiiate foiest iesouices Woilu
Bevelopment

Ezzine ue Blas B Ruiz Peiez N Sayei } A
Lescuyei u Nasi R Kaisenty A
Exteinal influences on anu
conuitions foi community logging
management in Cameioon Woilu
Bevelopment vol No pp

C0NIFAC Foiets uu Bassin uu Congo
souices ue iichesses et ue iuuction ue
la pauviet Bulletin uinfoimation ue la
Commission ues Foits uAfiique
Centiale No 0ctobie

NINF0F Nanuel ues Piocuuies
uAttiibution et ues noimes ue gestion
ues foits communautaiies Yaounu
Cameioun


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Di ver si t y, di st r i but i on and ut i l i zat i on
of ur ban t r ees i n Ibadan met r opol i s,
sout hwest Ni ger i a

I sr ael Bor ok i ni
1

Summar y
I n a st udy conduct ed t o assess t he di ver si t y
and di st r i but i on of t r ees i n I badan, and t hei r
si gni f i cance i n t hei r r espect i ve l ocat i ons, 62
t r ee speci es w er e i dent i f i ed. The i dent i f i ed
uses of t he t r ees i ncl ude t hei r use as shade,
w i ndbr eak er s, edi bl e f r ui t s, f uel w ood,
or nament al s/ l andscapi ng, medi ci nal and
f et i sh among ot her s. The hi gh t r ee di ver si t y
and popul at i on w er e at t r i but ed t o t he t r ees
l ocat ed i n sol i t ar y and cl ust er f or ms i n
di f f er ent l ocat i ons w i t hi n t he met r opol i s, and
as a r esul t , I badan can be consi der ed a gr een
ci t y. Ow i ng t o t he benef i t s der i ved f r om t he
t r ees, maj or i t y of t he r espondent s w ant s t he
t r ee t o r emai n, suggest i ng peopl es posi t i ve
r esponse t ow ar ds ur ban f or est r y. The paper
concl udes w i t h advocat i ng f or pl ant i ng of
i ndi genous t r ees r at her t han exot i cs.

Int r oduct i on
iban foiestiy iefeis to all foiest tiee
ciops both public anu piivate which
is founu giowing in cities towns anu
othei uiban communities In anothei woius
an uiban foiest is a foiest oi a collection of
tiees that giow within a city town oi
a subuib In a wiuei sense it may incluue
any kinu of woouy plant vegetation giowing
in anu aiounu human settlements Fuwape
anu 0nyekwelu listeu six types of
uiban foiests in West Afiican cities to

Sci ent i f i c Of f i cer , Nat i onal Cent r e f or Genet i c

Resour ces and Bi ot echnol ogy ( NACGRAB) ,
Moor Pl ant at i on, I badan, Ni ger i a Emai l :
t bi sr ael @gmai l .com,
Tel ephone: +2348054506902

incluue i semipiivate space like gieen
space in iesiuential anu inuustiial aieas ii
uesignateu paiks stieet tiees anu ioausiue
plantations iii public gieen aieas like
gieen paiks botanical gaiuens iecieational
gaiuens iv public anu piivate tiee
plantations on vacant lots gieen belts
wooulanus anu peiiuiban tiee plantations
v iangelanu anu foiests close to uiban

Nigeiia has been expeiiencing incieaseu
uibanization ovei the last five uecaues The
piopoition of the population living in the
uiban centies has iisen fiom in to
in Total aiea taken up by
uibanization in Nigeiia uuiing the same
peiiou incieaseu by fiom sqkm
in to sqkm in with an
aveiage iate of uibanization estimateu to be
pei yeai National Population
Commission The numbei of uiban
centies settlements with population of
oi moie incieaseu fiom in
to in anu in With
uibanization come population explosion anu
its attenuant auveise enviionmental
consequences
Ibauan is consiueieu the laigest inuigenous
city in West Afiica locateu in the south
westein iegion of Nigeiia with the
population of NBS within
local goveinment aieas With the lanu
aiea of km
the oveiall population

uensity of Ibauan metiopolitan aiea is
peisons pei km
Ibauan is an ancient city

with the name oiiginating fiom Eba Odan
meaning a settlement besiue the savanna
Bistoiians put it that Ibauan was establisheu
in the foiest iegion with many hills anu
close to the savanna iegion Ibauan people
belong to the Yoiuba tiibe with a ielatively
high migiant population fiom othei paits of
Nigeiia Economic activities unueitaken by
people in Ibauan incluue tiauing public
seivice employment anu agiicultuie in
uecieasing oiuei of impoitance The city of
Ibauan is locateu appioximately on
longituue

East of the uieenwich
Neiiuian anu latituue
Noith of the
Equatoi

U


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The fact that Ibauan was establisheu in a
foiest iegion anu once occupieu by tiees is
eviuenceu in the names of some of the
stieets anu aieas within the city given aftei
the tiees foimeily oi still stanuing in those
aieas These incluue I di -Ose Ose is local
name foi Adansoni a di gi t at a I di -Ayunr e
Ayunr e is local name foi Al bi zi a
odor at i ssi ma I di -Or o Or o is local name foi
I r vi ngi a gabonensi s I di -Osan Osan is local
name foi oianges Ci t r us spp I di -mangor o
mangor o is local name foi mango
Mangi f er a i ndi ca I di -I shi n I shi n is the local
name foi Bl i ghi a sapi da among many
otheis In most of these places howevei the
tiees fiom which the aiea got its name have
been felleu The same tienu is also
obtainable in othei Southwestein cities
such as I di -Ar aba in Lagos Ar aba is local
name foi Cei ba pet andr a I di -i r ok o in
Abeokuta 0gun state I r oko is local name
foi Mel i ci a excel sa Bowevei with the
incieasing influx of migiants into Ibauan
anu impioveu economy the city is
expanuing with moie wilu aieas being
openeu up anu builuings being eiecteu
mostly foi iesiuential puiposes

With attention given to uiban foiestiy in
iecent times this stuuy is theiefoie
conuucteu to assess the biouiveisity of the
tiees within Ibauan anu theii significance in
the aiea

Mat er i al s and Methods
A citywiue suivey was caiiieu out to
iuentify uiffeient tiees theii locations anu
an infoimal inteiview of the people woiking
oi living aiounu the aiea using a stiuctuieu
questionnaiie foi any useful infoimation
about the tiee This was uone between
Thuisuay }uly anu Tuesuay August

Resul t s
A total of uiffeient tiee species weie
iuentifieu uuiing the suivey Table shows
the list of the most piominent tiees within
the metiopolis ueneially the significance of
these tiees in the uiffeient locations incluue
theii use as shaue sheltei fiom sun foi
homes cais fiesh aii oxygen ieleaseu by
the tiees winubieaks euible fiuit
meuicinal uses lanuscapeoinamental
puiposes anu fuelwoou The geneial tienu
obseiveu was that tiees with euible fiuits
aie planteu besiue iesiuential houses while
huge timbei tiees weie founu on ioausiues
anu insiue institutions All the iesponuents
to the questionnaiies on the tiees coulu not
state who planteu the ioausiue tiees but
assumeu that the lanuownei also
automatically owns the tiee while only of
iesponuents wanteu the tiee cut off uue
to auveise effects such as uiopping uiieu
bianches that bieak cai winuscieens anu
uestioy ioofing sheets

Di scussi ons
This stuuy has shown a compaiatively high
uiveisity anu uistiibution of economic tiee
species within Ibauan Netiopolis theiefoie
Ibauan can be consiueieu a gieen city In
auuition to the seconuaiy foiests
suiiounuing the Netiopolis anu 0nigambaii
Foiest Reseive locateu at the outskiit uiban
foiestiy in Ibauan can gioupeu into the
following
Foiest belt within oiganiseu institutions
such as ieseaich institutes teitiaiy
institutions Inteinational ieseaich
institutions aimy baiiacks anu some
seconuaiy high schools
Foiest patches in highly iestiicteu aieas
such as the uoveinment Bouse golf
couise uoveinment iecieation centie
calleu Agoui gaiuens anu uoveinment
Reseiveu Aieas uRAs
Tiees in cemeteiy anu a sacieu giove
calleu I gbo Agal a on one of the hills
within the Netiopolis
Ripaiian foiest escaipment along the
Rivei 0na anu Eleyele uam
Collection of scatteieu tiees on
ioausiues anu insiue inuiviuual
iesiuential compounus
Fuitheimoie this stuuy has uemonstiateu a
high biouiveisity anu uistiibution of tiees in
Ibauan Netiopolis anu this suppoits the
finuing of Konijnenuijk et al . that
gieen aieas in uiban centies have high
biouiveisity Foi instance as enuangeieu as
Mi l i ci a excel sa is ovei stanus of it weie
encounteieu within Ibauan Netiopolis


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The uses of these tiees wiuely vaiy among
the locations but the most common uses of
the tiees planteu aiounu iesiuential aieas
aie foi shaue fiom sun as winubieakeis anu
the euible fiuits

While waiting foi commeicial tianspoit
commuteis stay unuei tiee shaues in the
heat of the uay even within schools
stuuents aie founu playing unuei those tiees
uuiing fiee peiious 0ften times social
events aie oiganizeu unuei the shaue of
these tiees especially at weekenus At
homes uuiing the heat of the uay people
leave the house anu get shaue anu cool
bieeze unuei the tiees planteu in theii
compounus Buiing the suivey most
aitisans like automobile mechanics site
theii woikshops in pioximity to tiees anu
many of them use the tiee shaue as theii
office oi they aie founu ielaxing unuei tiee
shaues when less busy vehicles aie
piefeiably paikeu unuei tiee shaues at
home oi at woik

The majoi obseivation on the tiees locateu
at ioausiues is that bills anu posteis weie
naileu on them inuiiectly seiving as means
of auveitisement but notwithstanuing they
aie mainly planteu foi
oinamentallanuscape puiposes while they
also seive as shaue foi humans anu cais
Euible fiuits appeai to be the most
impoitant use of uiban tiees in Ibauan Anu
most tiee planting insiue iesiuential aieas
aie influenceu by this Fuitheimoie many
othei euible fiuitbeaiing tiees along
fieeways aie exploiteu by stuuents
passeisby wanueiing insane people uiban
pooi anu aitisans among many otheis It is
inteiesting to note that often times conflicts
weie iecoiueu between the tiee owneis anu
some people who have come to collect the
fiuits without peimission An impoitant
economic significance of these euible fiuit
beaiing tiees is that they aie often
haivesteu anu solu in maikets uuiing theii
fiuiting season Such examples incluue
Anacar di um occi dent al e, Cocos nuci f er a,
Mangi f er a i ndi ca, Ci t r us spp plantains anu
bananas Spondi as mombi n among many
otheis
veiy many of these tiees aie still being useu
foi meuicinal puiposes This was confiimeu
by significant cases of baik slashing was
obseiveu on some of the tiees anu this was
also confiimeu by some of the iesponuents
who citeu the use of the baik of Mangi f er a
i ndi ca, Mor i nda l uci da anu Azadi r acht a
i ndi ca foi tieating malaiia fevei Mel i ci a
excel sa sap useu foi tieating aithiitis anu
New boul di a l aevi s baik anu leaves useu foi
tieating haemoiihoius eye anu eai
infections paialysis anu as aboitifacients
among othei vaiiant uses This was
confiimeu by 0semeobo that about
of uiban uwelleis uepenu on
tiauitional meuicine foi piimaiy health caie
Anu with the influx of moie people into
uiban centies in Nigeiia the numbei of
those uepenuing on plant foi meuicinal
puiposes woulu have incieaseu iapiuly
Asiue this theie is iecent ievolution on
Mor i nga ol ei f er a foi its wiue meuicinal uses
anu a lot of people aie planting the tiee at
homes foi peisonal use anu foi commeicial
puiposes The tiee was founu to have high
meuicinal values foi tieating malaiia
jaunuice yellow fevei toothache
iheumatism asthma anu many othei
uiseases in auuition to its high piotein
content Anu in many cases the tiee baiks
aie haivesteu foi sale in the maikets Theie
aie many majoi heibal maikets piesent in
Ibauan most populai of which is Boue
maiket iecoiuing high sales of plant paits
foi heibal meuicine It is estimateu that tens
of thousanus of Ibauan people aie uiiectly oi
inuiiectly involveu in the haivesting
collection tianspoitation piocessing anu
sale of plant paits foi heibal meuicine

Anothei impoitant use of the tiees anu theii
bianches is as fuelwoou by uiban pooi anu
this becomes woise uue to scaicity anu piice
hike of fossil fuel keiosene anu high cost of
cooking gas Peihaps the use of these tiees
as fuelwoou is a majoi thieat to the
conseivation of uiban tiees in Ibauan
It was also noteu that fetish mateiials anu
occultic activities weie sighteu unuei Mi l i ci a
excel sa confiiming the wiuelyspieau


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supeistition that the tiee haibouis some
spiiits which aie still woishippeu by some
tiauitionalists
Summaiily the uses of these tiees can also
be gioupeu into thiee
Ecosystem seivices These incluue
piovision of shaue to amelioiate high
tempeiatuie caibon sink ieuuction of
winu speeu mitigation of floou
mitigation of pollution ielease of oxygen
into the aii pievention of ultiaviolet
iays soil piotection anu aii cooling
Socioeconomic uses These incluue
theii use foi fuelwoou euible fiuits anu
vegetables cai paiking lots wiapping
leaves meuicinal uses lanu
uemaication oinamentallanuscape
anu the use of the shaues foi paities anu
playgiounus
Cultuial uses The act of woishipping
some of the tiees eviuenceu by some
fetish mateiials founu unuei them

These finuings coiioboiate with eailiei
uiscoveiies of Konijnenuijk et al . who
uesciibeu uiban tiees as lungs of the cities
In auuition El Lakany iepoiteu that
tiees planteu in eiosion pione aieas in Imo
Anambia Abia anu Enugu states in Nigeiia
have enhanceu watei peicolation uuiing
iainfall anu ieuuceu instances of iunoff anu
soil eiosion

The effectiveness of uiban foiestiy in
conseivation of tiees in Nigeiia was
uemonstiateu in this stuuy with just few of
the iesponuents wanting the tiee to be cut
off In such cases they founu it uifficult to
cut the tiees because of the uamage the
falling tiee can cause to suiiounuing electiic
cables anu builuings It coulu be concluueu
that most of the tiees planteu within the
Netiopolis aie most likely to be pieseiveu
fiom uefoiestation

Bowevei the majoi thieats to uiban
foiestiy in Ibauan Netiopolis is tiee felling
to give way foi constiuction puiposes olu
age stiong iainstoims anu fuelwoou
exploitation by the huge population of the
uiban pooi 0nfoitunately theie aie existing
laws goveining tiee felling in the state but
implementation is weak anu most of the
tiees aie left at the meicy of the lanu
owneis Bowevei a baiiiei to felling the
tiees is the uamage the falling tiee will uo to
neaiby houses ioaus anu piopeities Theie
is the neeu foi the goveinment thiough the
State Ninistiy of Enviionment anu
Bepaitment of Foiestiy to give seiious
attention to uiban tiee conseivation anu
public enlightenment on tiee planting foi
enviionmental health
Tiee planting in Ibauan have ieceiveu boost
in the iecent past with successive
goveinments in 0yo state of which Ibauan is
the capital have uone seiies of piojects on
lanuscaping of the city which incluues tiee
planting Fuitheimoie the Mor i nga ol ei f er a
ievolution have helpeu also in moie tiee
planting in auuition to inuiviuual euible
fiuitbeaiing tiee planting at homes by
inuiviuuals Bowevei theie is the neeu to
incluue stiategic tiee planting campaigns in
Ibauan as pait of the stiategies foi poveity
alleviation consiueiing theii economic anu
ecological significance

Bowevei it was obseiveu that majoiity of
the tiees within the Netiopolis especially
the ones with high population aie mainly
exotic tiees planteu foi oinamental
puiposes Consiueiing the likeliness that
uiban foiestiy is a key tool foi tiee
conseivation planting of inuigenous tiees in
these uiban centies is stiongly auvocateu
Incoipoiating tiees in uiban lanuscape
impioves biological conseivation anu
biouiveisity while gieenbelts anu
gieenways can seive as biological coiiiuois
ieconnecting a city to its suiiounuing
bioiegion Konijnenuijk et al .

Refer ences
El Lakany B 0iban anu Peii0iban
Foiestiy Case Stuuies in Beveloping
Countiies FA0 Rome pp

Fuwape }A anu 0nyekwelu }C
0iban Foiest Bevelopment in West Afiica
Benefits anu Challenges Jour nal of
Bi odi ver si t y and Ecol ogi cal Sci ences No
vol Issue


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Konijnenuijk CC Sauio S Ranuiup TB
anu Schippeiijn } 0iban anu peii
uiban foiestiy in a uevelopment context
stiategy anu implementation Jour nal of
Ar bor i cul t ur e

National Buieau of Statistics
Nigeiian Population Census Available at
wwwnigeiianstatgovng

National Population Commission Nigeiia
National Policy on Population foi
Sustainable Bevelopment Abuja
National Population Commission
0semeobo u} The Bazaius of Ruial
Poveity Becline in Common Piopeity
Resouices in Nigeiian Rainfoiest
Ecosystems Jour nal of Envi r onment al
Management

0niteu Nations Woilu Population
Piospects The Revision anu Woilu
0ibanization Piospects The Revision
Nations Secietaiiat httpesaunoigunpp

0niteu Nations 0iban Population
Bevelopment anu the Enviionment
Nations Secietaiiat


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Tabl e 1: Li st of pr omi nent t r ees wi t hi n Ibadan Met r opol i s
S/ N Bi ol ogi cal name Fami l y Local and common names Uses
Al bi zi a odor at i ssi ma Linn f
Benth
Nimosaceae Ayunie fiagiant albizia Ceylon
iosewoou
Lanuscape shaue fuelwoou winubieak
Ant i ar i s af r i cana Engl Noiaceae 0iiio oio Antiaiis baik cloth
tiee false iioko
Shaue
Azadi r acht a i ndi ca A }uss Neliaceae Bogoyaio Neem Shaue meuicinal fuelwoou
Cassi a f i st ul a Linn Caesalpiniaceae Kasia Cassia 0inamental winubieak
Cei ba pet andr a Linn uaeitn Nalvaceae Aiaba Kapok tiee Lanuscape
Cocos nuci f er a Linn Aiaceae Agbon Coconut Euible fiuit fuelwoou
El aei s gui neensi s }acq Aiaceae 0pe 0il palm Cooking oil
Gl i r i ci di a sepi um }acq Walp Papilionaceae Agunmaniye uliiiciuia Nexican
lilac
Shaue
Gmel i na ar bor ea Roxb veibenaceae umelina Shaue fuelwoou
Leucaena l eucocephal a Lam ue
Wit
Nimosaceae White leautiee Fuelwoou
Mangi f er a i ndi ca Linn Anacaiuiaceae Nangoio mango Euible fiuit meuicinal winubieak
Mi l i ci a excel sa Welw Benth Neliaceae Iioko Shaue fiesh aii fuelwoou fetish meuicinal
Mor i nda l uci da Benth Rutaceae 0iuwo biimstone tiee Neuicinal shaue
New boul di a l aevi s P Beauv Bignoniaceae Akoko Afiican boiuei tiee Neuicinal
Oxyt enant her a abyssi ni ca A Rich
Nunio
Poaceae 0paiun bamboo Fuelwoou constiuction poles
Pel t ophor um pt er ocar pum BC
Bakei
Caesalpiniaceae Yellow flamboyant 0inamental winubieak
Samanea saman }acq Neiiill Nimosaceae Rain tiee Shaue lanuscape winubieak fuelwoou
Spondi as mombi n Linn Anacaiuiaceae Iyeye Bog plum Euible fiuit
Tabebui a r osea Beitol BC Bignoniaceae Pink Tiumpet tiee 0inamental
Tect ona gr andi s Linn f veibenaceae Teak Foou wiapping shaue fuelwoou
Ter mi nal i a cat appa Linn Combietaceae Fuiutu Tiopical almonu Euible fiuit shaue fuelwoou

Local names wer e gi ven i n Yor uba l anguage, whi ch i s t he l anguage spoken by Ibadan peopl e.


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Impor t ance of savanna woodl ands i n
r ur al l i vel i hoods and wi l dl i fe
conser vat i on i n sout heast er n
Zi mbabwe

Edson Gandi w a
1

Summar y
I ncr easi ng human popul at i on, economi c
chal l enges, cl i mat e change i mpact s ar e
i nt ensi f yi ng r el i ance by l ocal communi t i es on
savanna w oodl ands i n t r opi cal r egi ons.
Know l edge of t he i mpor t ance and val ue of
savanna w oodl and ecosyst ems t o r ur al
l i vel i hoods and w i l dl i f e conser vat i on i s
t her ef or e needed t o enhance l ast i ng benef i t s
f r om t hem. Savanna w oodl ands ar e of
economi c, soci al and ecol ogi cal i mpor t ance i n
sout heast er n Zi mbabw e. Recommendat i ons
f or conser vi ng w oodl and r esour ces i ncl ude
t he st r engt heni ng of cont r ol syst ems and
enhanci ng communi t y based nat ur al r esour ce
management pr ogr ammes.

Int r oduct i on
imbabwe is a lanulockeu countiy with
a lanu suiface aiea measuiing
km
It is bounueu by Zambia
Nozambique South Afiica anu Botswana
The countiys foiest anu wooulanu
iesouices coveiing appioximately
peicent of the countiys total lanu aiea fall
into thiee bioau categoiies namely
iainfoiest inuigenous wooulanus anu foiest
plantations Nabugu Chitiga

1
Edson Gandi w a, Wi l dl i f e Ecol ogi st , Sci ent i f i c
Ser vi ces, Gonar ezhou Nat i onal Par k, Par k s and
Wi l dl i f e Management Aut hor i t y, Pr i vat e Bag 7003,
Chi r edzi , Zi mbabw e
Phone: +263 773 490 202;
Emai l : egandi w a@gmai l .com

Wooulanu foims much of the natuial
vegetation with bushlanu which is natuial
vegetation compiising of native species
uominateu by shiubs anu few tiees
becoming moie piominent in the uiiei
iegions in the south anu west Almost two
thiius of the countiy is coveieu with
wooulanu oi bushlanu The
inuigenous wooulanus of Zimbabwe fall into
thiee tenuiial categoiies a wooulanus in
piotecteu aieas anu on state lanu b
wooulanus in laigescale commeicial
agiicultuial faiming aieas anu c
wooulanus in communal aieas consisting of
smallscale faiming aieas owneu by the
state but allotteu to families locally
veimeulen Wooulanu covei is most
extensive in the State Foiest Reseives
National Paiks anu Safaii Aieas which
togethei account foi about of the
countiys lanu suiface aiea Nabugu
Chitiga

Bigh population giowth anu limiteu lanu
iesouices combineu with uifficult economic
ciicumstances often aggiavateu by auveise
weathei conuitions such as uiought
constiain iuial incomes These factois tenu
to encouiage people to inciease ieliance on
natuial wooulanus foi auuitional
agiicultuial anu pastuie lanu Ruial
communities also fiequently inciease
haivesting of vaiious wooulanu piouucts foi
sale to supplement incomes see below The
unueistanuing of the uepenuency of
householus on wooulanu iesouices is
ciitical in the uevelopment of sustainable
management stiategies

Reuucing the human piessuie on
biologically iich hot spots anu conseiving
valuable genetic iesouices has been anu still
is a funuamental policy concein in many
countiies Lepetu et al . In the face of
iapiuly giowing human populations in anu
aiounu the biouiveise iegions of the
tiopical foiests incluuing wooulanus
sustainable use of foiest piouucts both
timbei anu nontimbei foiests piouucts is
not easy This papei attempts to contiibute
to the giowing liteiatuie on the impoitance
of wooulanu iesouices in savanna
Z


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ecosystems in paiticulai the semiaiiu
savanna ecosystem encompassing the
uonaiezhou National Paik uNP anu
aujacent communal aieas in southeastein
Zimbabwe

Typi cal ecosyst ems i n sout heaster n
Zi mbabwe
This papei focuses on the uNP anu aujacent
communal aieas in Chiieuzi anu Chipinge
uistiicts in southeastein Zimbabwe Fig
The stuuy aiea lies within the uieat
Limpopo Tiansfiontiei Conseivation Aiea
uLTFCA Establisheu in the eaily s as
a uame Reseive uNP was upgiaueu into a
National Paik unuei the Paiks anu Wilulife
Act of uNP which coveis an aiea of
km
is locateu in southeastein
Zimbabwe between S anu
E

Annual aveiage iainfall in the southeastein
lowvelu of Zimbabwe ianges between
anu mm The majoi vegetation type is
mopane Col ophosper mum mopane
wooulanu which coveis appioximately
of uNP Fig The vegetation of uNP anu
aujacent aieas is typical of semiaiiu
mopane zone Rattiay Wilu anu is
pieuominantly uiy ueciuuous savanna
wooulanu of vaiying species
composition Wilu Baibosa The
vegetation stiuctuie anu composition is
influenceu by biowseis giazeis fiie iainfall
anu human activities Tafangenyasha
uanuiwa et al The geneial
appeaiance of vegetation types in uNP aie
wooulanu savanna sciublanu
uominateu by shiubs with few tiees
anu savanna giasslanu The plant
checklist foi uNP incluues at least
species fiom families anu geneia
with tiees shiubs woouy
climbeis anu giasses e.g. uanuiwa
Zisauza

G
o
n
a
r
e
z
h
o
u

N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
a
r
k
Limp
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p
o
Mwe
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z
i
MOZAMBQUE
ZMBABWE
Rund
e
S
a
v
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C
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ir
e
d
z
i
20 0 20 40 Kilometers
N
ward boundary
communal land
Gonarezhou National Park
Malipati Safari Area
Chitsa Settlement
Malilangwe Conservation Trust
International boundary
Major rivers
Key

Fi gur e 1: Left Locat i on of t he Gonar ezhou Nat i onal Par k and sur r oundi ng ar eas, sour ce: Gandi wa
& Zi sadza (2010). Ri ght Veget at i on map of t he Gonar ezhou Nat i onal Par k, sout heast er n
Zi mbabwe, sour ce: Sher r y (1977)

Impor t ance of woodl and r esour ces i n
sout heast er n Zi mbabwe
Like many foiest anu wooulanu iesouices in
othei aieas acioss Afiica ecosystems in the

southeastein lowvelu of Zimbabwe geneiate
a wiue iange of timbei anu nontimbei
piouucts anu seivices Nutenje et al
Piouucts anu seivices incluue consumptive
iesouices such as baik foi iope builuing


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mateiials fouuei fiuits fuel woou fungi
bushmeat gum honey insects teimites leaf
littei meuicines mushiooms ioots
thatching giass tubeis anu woou foi small
aitisanal ciafts social seivices such as
cultuial anu spiiitual benefits aesthetic
value wilueiness expeiience anu iecieation
employment anu ecological seivices such as
caibon sequestiation giazing shaue soil
stabilization watei catchment wilulife
habitat anu act as winubieaks Some of the
most valueu fiuits incluue those collecteu
fiom Auansonia uigitata anu Scleiocaiya
biiiea Especially in peiious of extieme
weathei events such as uioughts anu floous
wooulanus becomes veiy impoitant to the
livelihoous of local communities in the stuuy
aiea anu they foim the only easily accessible
safety net foi foou anu income since exteinal
suppoit foi example in the foim of foouaiu
suppoit fiom the goveinment anu non
goveinmental oiganisations may not fully
meet local communities iequiiements

Nopane wooulanu piouucts aie key
iesouices to iuial communities anu wilulife
conseivation in the southeastein Zimbabwe
Wheie mopane is uominant it assumes
economic impoitance especially as a souice
of biowse foi both uomestic anu wilu
animals The mopane woim which is
actually the cateipillai of the empoiei moth
Imbiasia belina useu as foou is one of the
bestknown anu most economically
impoitant wooulanu iesouice piouucts of
the mopane wooulanu Foi iuial householus
in southein Zimbabwe the annual haivest of
mopane woims may contiibute up to
quaitei of a householus cash income
uepenuing on the quantity of mopane
woims haivesteu the piopoition that is
solu anu the householus othei souices of
income uonuo et al Nopane woims
can theiefoie contiibute to impioving iuial
peoples livelihoous in vaiious ways
incluuing i supplementing seasonal
shoitages in cash oi foou ii buffeiing
families against unexpecteu shoitages in
foou oi income foi example causeu by
uioughts iii supplementing expenuituie
on impoitant things like euucation foou
health clothing anu agiicultuial tools anu
iv pioviuing cash foi investment in vaiious
piouuctive enteipiises such as puichasing
agiicultuial inputs uonuo et al

Nat ur al r esour ces management i n
Zi mbabwe
Accoiuing to a giowing bouy of liteiatuie
iuial communities acioss the ueveloping
woilu uepenu gieatly on inuigenous natuial
foiest anu wooulanu iesouices which act as
a buffei against poveity eg Campbell et al
Twine et al Shackleton
Shackleton Nakhauo et al
Nutenje et al Foi example the
majoiity of subSahaian Afiicas population
ielies on foiest anu wooulanu piouucts foi
subsistence uses cash income oi both
Timko et al Bowevei conseivation
of biouiveisity anu enuangeieu species of
plants anu animals in piotecteu aieas is
moie challenging if local communities aie
heavily uepenuent on haivesting oi hunting
them foi vaiious piouucts anu subsistence
neeus Lepetu et al Some of the
majoi thieats to wooulanu conseivation in
southeastein Zimbabwe incluue effects of
climate change human settlement
expansion anu pooi lanu use piactices
incluuing oveistocking of uomestic animals
incieasing local use of wooulanu iesouices
foi constiuction anu fuel woou
unimplementeu population ieuuction
piogiammes which has leu to incieasing
elephant populations uncontiolleu fiies
infiastiuctuial uevelopment such as powei
lines anu to some extent policy ielateu
activities ielateu to lanuuse settlement anu
human encioachment into conseivation
aieas

Piotecteu aieas in Zimbabwe incluuing the
uNP aie often suiiounueu by communal
aieas Piotecteu aieas aie manageu by the
Zimbabwe Paiks anu Wilulife Nanagement
Authoiity on behalf of the goveinment Local
communities aujacent to piotecteu aieas in
Zimbabwe uo not have uiiect anu open
access to natuial iesouices insiue piotecteu
aieas Bowevei unuei the collaboiative
management piogiamme of the geneial
management plan foi the uNP piovisions
foi local communities to access the


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piotecteu aiea anu haivest wooulanu
piouucts such as thatching giass anu access
to aieas of cultuial anu spiiitual significance
aie pioviueu foi unuei special
aiiangements with the paik management
The uNP acts as the souice foi wilu animals
wheieas the aujacent communal aieas act as
the sinks Communities aujacent to the uNP
anu othei piotecteu aieas in Zimbabwe aie
expecteu to utilise anu manage natuial
iesouices occuiiing within theii bounuaiies
In communal aieas natuial iesouices aie
commonly manageu unuei the communal
aieas management piogiammes foi
inuigenous iesouices CANPFIRE

Zimbabwes CANPFIRE is a giassioots
piogiamme establisheu in Nuiphiee
Logan Noseley following the
amenument of the Paiks anu Wilulife Act in
CANPFIRE conceptually incluues all
natuial iesouices Netcalfe anu its
objectives aie Naitin i to initiate a
piogiamme foi the longteim uevelopment
management anu sustainable utilization of
natuial iesouices in the communal aieas
ii to achieve management of iesouices by
placing the custouy anu iesponsibility with
the iesiuent communities iii to allow
communities to benefit uiiectly fiom the
exploitation of natuial iesouices within the
communal aiea anu iv to establish the
auministiative anu institutional stiuctuies
necessaiy to make the piogiamme woik

Some of the iecoiueu benefits of CANPFIRE
since its inception incluue stiengthening of
capacity in teims of natuial iesouices
management income to local communities
fiom leasing tiophy hunting concessions
haivesting natuial iesouices touiism live
animal sales anu meat ciopping Logan
Noseley In auuition CANPFIRE has
cieateu tempoial anu peimanent
employment thiough community piojects
such as constiuction of schools anu clinics
safaii hunting inuustiy antipoaching units
as game scouts anu also local villages
benefits uiiectly fiom cash uiviuenus fiom
the piojects Sangaiwe Nutanuwa
uauziiayi
0n the othei hanu seveial challenges have
also been faceu unuei CANPFIRE Foi
example between anu following
the socioeconomic challenges in Zimbabwe
CANPFIRE was affecteu by a key exteinal
shock ie the enu of inteinational uonoi
funuing foi CANPFIRE piojects anu iuial
uevelopment Balint Nashinya
Fiost Bonu This exteinal shock
uestabiliseu local level CANPFIRE
institutions iesulting in shaip uecline in
tianspaiency accountability paiticipation
by the local people in some of uistiicts with
CANPFIRE Balint Nashinya
0veiall Fiost Bonu summaiiseu
the majoi challenges faceu by CANPFIRE as
follows i ueepening poveity foices local
people to iely moie heavily on extiacting
natuial iesouices incluuing wilulife foi
both subsistence anu commeicial puiposes
ii in some aieas wilulife aieas in the
communal lanus aie piopeily uelineateu
iii the oiganisational complexity of
communal aieas biought about by
oveilapping juiisuictions among uiffeient
authoiities such as tiauitional spiiitual anu
mouein goveinment institutions iesults in
challenges in achieving consensus on key
issues anu iv piopeity iights aie not
cleaily uefineu both inuiviuual anu
community lanu tenuie aie insecuie hence
cieating unceitainty competing inteiests
anu oppoitunistic use of iesouices

Besiues the Paiks anu Wilulife Act of
ammenueu in which focuses on
wilulife anu wooulanu iesouices
management on both piotecteu aieas anu
communal aieas theie exist othei pieces of
enviionmental legislation that focuses of
wooulanu anu foiest iesouices management
in Zimbabwe These incluue i The Foiest
Act of amenueu in which
authoiizes the Foiestiy Commission of
Zimbabwe to piotect anu conseive
inuigenous foiests anu iegulate the
haivesting of tiees on both piivate anu
communal lanu ii The Communal Lanus
Act of amenueu in which places
communal lanu unuei the contiol of Ruial
Bistiict Councils RBCs iii The Communal
Lanus Foiest Piouuce Act of which


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vests authoiity ovei the commeicial
utilization of foiest anu wooulanu piouucts
in the communal lanus in the hanus of RBCs
while allowing the subsistence use of such
piouucts by local communities anu iv The
Enviionmental Nanagement Act of
which ueals with enviionmental issues
acioss all sectois incluuing basic
enviionmental management piinciples anu
sustainability consiueiations in natuial
iesouices management Chibisa Rwizi

It is unlikely that the cential iole of savanna
bioiesouices in the lives of iuial
householus in southeastein Zimbabwe will
uiminish in the neai futuie Poveity low
incomes anu immeuiate suivival neeus
often uiive local people to oveihaivest at
the expense of sustainability Nutenje et al
Sustainable use of local natuial
iesouices incluuing foiests anu wooulanus
is theiefoie a cential issue that neeus to
unueipin iuial uevelopment in southeastein
Zimbabwe The value of savanna wooulanu
iesouices neeus to be fully appieciateu by
the local people anu goveinment policy
makeis alike Sustainable wooulanu
utilisation is baseu on the iespect of
bounuaiies anu authoiity iules ueteimining
who can use iesouices anu unuei what
conuitions Theiefoie theie is neeu foi the
implementation of goveinment laws anu
iegulations contiol systems anu also
continueu enfoicement anu monitoiing of
compliance by appiopiiate authoiities in
both the piotecteu aieas anu communal
aieas eg Campbell At the same
time theie is neeu to stiengthen
piogiammes such as CANPFIRE so as to
encouiage local management to auopt
sustainable appioaches on the utilisation of
natuial iesouices anu at the same time
ensuie that tangible benefits filtei to the
local people who aie iequiieu to collaboiate
in ensuiing the sustainable management anu
use of the natuial iesouices

Acknowl edgement s
The Biiectoiueneial of the Zimbabwe Paiks
anu Wilulife Nanagement Authoiity is
acknowleugeu foi peimission to publish this
manusciipt I thank Aua NuesoAtanga anu
Natuie Faunes Boaiu of Revieweis foi the
valuable comments anu suggestions which
impioveu this manusciipt

Refer ences
Balint P} anu Nashinya }
CANPFIRE uuiing Zimbabwes national
ciisis local impacts anu bioauei
implications foi communitybaseu wilulife
management Society Natuial Resouices

Campbell B Eu The miombo in
tiansition wooulanus anu welfaie in Afiica
Centei foi Inteinational Foiestiy Reseaich
CIF0R Bogoi Inuonesia

Campbell BN Costanza R anu van uen
Belt N Special section lanu use
options in uiy tiopical wooulanu ecosystems
in Zimbabwe Intiouuction oveiview anu
synthesis Ecological Economics

Chibisa P anu Rwizi L Tiauitional
ciafts anu iuial livelihoous in Nanicalanus
semiaiiu aieas Implications foi
biouiveisity anu enviionmental
sustainability }ouinal of Sustainable
Bevelopment in Afiica

Fiost PuB anu Bonu I The
Payments foi wilulife seivices Ecological
Economics

uanuiwa E anu Zisauza P Wilulife
management in uonaiezhou National Paik
southeast Zimbabwe climate change anu
implications foi management In Bojang F
anu NuesoAtanga A Eus Climate change
implications foi agiicultuial uevelopment
anu natuial iesouices conseivation in
Afiica Natuie Faune

uanuiwa E Chikoiowonuo u Zisauza
uanuiwa P anu Nuvengwi }
Stiuctuie anu composition of Anuiostachys
johnsonii wooulanu acioss vaiious stiata in
uonaiezhou National Paik southeast


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Zimbabwe Tiopical Conseivation Science

uonuo T Fiost P Kozanayi W Stack }
anu Nushongahanue N Linking
knowleuge anu piactice assessing options
foi sustainable use of mopane woims
Imbiasia belina in southein Zimbabwe
}ouinal of Sustainable Bevelopment in
Afiica

Lepetu } Alavalapati } anu Naii PK
Foiest uepenuency anu its
implication foi piotecteu aieas
management a case stuuy fiom Kasane
Foiest Reseive Botswana Inteinational
}ouinal of Enviionmental Reseaich

Logan BI anu Noseley Wu The
political ecology of poveity alleviation in
Zimbabwes Communal Aieas Nanagement
Piogiamme foi Inuigenous Resouices
CANPFIRE ueofoium

Nabugu R anu Chitiga N
Accounting foi foiest iesouices in
Zimbabwe CEEPA Biscussion Papei No
CEEPA 0niveisity of Pietoiia Pietoiia
South Afiica

Nakhauo RA von Naltitz uP Potgietei
N} anu Wessels BC} Contiibution
of wooulanu piouucts to iuial livelihoous in
the noitheast of Limpopo Piovince South
Afiica South Afiican ueogiaphical }ouinal

Naitin RB Communal Aieas
Nanagement Piogiamme foi Inuigenous
Resouices Apiil ieviseu euition
Bianch of Teiiestiial Ecology Bepaitment
of National Paiks anu Wilu Life
Nanagement Baiaie Zimbabwe

Netcalfe S The Zimbabwe
Communal Aieas Nanagement Piogiamme
foi Inuigenous Resouices CANPFIRE In
Westein B anu Wiight RN Eus Natuial
connections Peispectives in community
baseu conseivation Islanu Piess
Washington BC pp
Nuiphiee N Congiuent objectives
competing inteiests anu stiategic
compiomise Papei piesenteu at the
Confeience on Repiesenting Communities
Bistoiies anu Politics of Communitybaseu
iesouice Nanagement Belen ueoigia 0SA

Nutanuwa E anu uauziiayi CT
Impact of communitybaseu appioaches to
wilulife management case stuuy of the
Inteinational }ouinal of Sustainable
Bevelopment Woilu Ecology

Nutenje N} 0itmann uF anu Feiiei
SRB Nanagement of nontimbei
foiestiy piouucts extiaction local
institutions ecological knowleuge anu
maiket stiuctuie in southeastein
Zimbabwe Ecological Economics

Rattiay }N anu Wilu B Repoit on
the vegetation of the alluvial basin of the
Sabi valley anu aujacent aieas Rhouesia
Agiicultuial }ouinal

Sangaiwe N Evaluation anu use of
the economic incentives in the sustainable
management of communityowneu natuial
iesouices The CANPFIRE expeiience NSc
thesis 0niveisity of Nanitoba Winnipeg
Nanitoba Canaua

Shackleton CN anu Shackleton SE
The impoitance of nontimbei foiest
piouucts in iuial livelihoou secuiity anu as
safety nets A ieview of eviuence fiom South
Afiica South Afiican }ouinal of Science

Sheiiy BY Basic vegetation types of
the uonaiezhou National Paik Zimbabwe
Pioject No uNPY Bepaitment National
Paiks anu Wilulife Nanagement Baiaie
Zimbabwe

Tafangenyasha C Tiee loss in the
uonaiezhou National Paik Zimbabwe
between anu }ouinal of
Enviionmental Nanagement


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Timko }A Waebei P0 anu Kozak RA
The socioeconomic contiibution of
nontimbei foiest piouucts to iuial
livelihoous in SubSahaian Afiica
knowleuge gaps anu new uiiections
Inteinational Foiestiy Review

Twine W Noshe B Netshiluvhi T anu
Siphugu v Consumption anu uiiect
use values of savanna bioiesouices useu by
iuial householus in Nametja a semiaiiu
aiea of Limpopo piovince South Afiica
South Afiican }ouinal of Science

veimeulen S} Cutting of tiees by
local iesiuents in a communal aiea anu an
aujacent state foiest in Zimbabwe Foiest
Ecology anu Nanagement

Wilu B anu Baibosa LAu
vegetation map of the floia Zambesiaca aiea
Supplement to Floia Zambesiaca N0
Collins Baiaie Zimbabwe


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Ur ban and per i -ur ban for est r y i n
Ki gal i , Rwanda

Euni ce Nj or oge
1
and Muhayi mana Janvi er e
2

Summar y
Ur ban and per i -ur ban f or est r y ar e i mpor t ant
el ement s i n Ki gal i Ci t y f or economi c,
ecol ogi cal and soci al val ues. To meet
r esi dent s demands, sui t abl e t r ee speci es ar e
pl ant ed. Al t hough t he management of t r ees i s
t he mandat e of depar t ment i n char ge of
f or est r y and t er r est r i al ecosyst ems
management , under t he Mi ni st r y of Nat ur al
Resour ces, ot her st akehol der s ar e i nvol ved. I n
addi t i on, l egal i nst r ument exi st s t o gui de t he
pl anni ng, pl ant i ng and management of t r ees
and ot her veget at i on i n ur ban ar eas.
How ever , pr essur e t o conver t gr een spaces t o
i nf r ast r uct ur e exi st . Though t r ees ar e
benef i ci al f or ur ban r esi dent s, t hey can al so
be danger ous and har mf ul i f t hey ar e not w el l
l ocat ed or managed. Ther ef or e, i t i s essent i al
t o pr ovi de t echni cal gui del i nes f or pr oper
pl anni ng of ur ban f or est s i n Ki gal i Ci t y and
ot her per i ur ban ar eas f or Rw anda.

Int r oduct i on
oiests aie ciucial to Rwanua anu its
peoples well being as all sectois of
Rwanuas economy watei
agiicultuie touiism anu powei uepenu on
healthy foiests The auvantages of foiests

1
Euni ce Nj or oge, Mi ni st r y of Nat ur al Resour ces,
P.O.BOX 3502, Ki gal i Rw anda
Emai l : euni cennj or oge@yahoo.com

2
Muhayi mana Janvi er e, Rw anda Nat ur al
Resour ces Aut hor i t y, P.O. Box 7518, Ki gal i
Rw anda.
Emai l :muhayi manaj @yahoo.com
aie thus manifolu 0nfoitunately in Rwanua
most natuial anu manmaue commeicial
foiests aie founu in iuial aieas 0nly
hectaies of lanu aiea of Kigali have tiee
covei most of them being agiofoiestiy
eucalyptus plantations anu inuiviuual tiees
along the ioaus iiveis anu homesteaus
Because of the iuggeu topogiaphy of Kigali
some lanu aieas aie less suitable foi
infiastiuctuial uevelopment as they beai
iisks such as lanusliues eiosion pioblems
with ioau uesigns constiuction anu
maintenance With piopei planning tiees
can be planteu to ieuuce the enviionmental
impacts as a pait of uiban planning

Rwanua uiban foiestiy has concentiateu on
beautification anu enviionmental seivices
such as soil stabilizing maintaining anu
stabilizing hyuiological cycles puiifying the
aii mouification of micioclimate shaue
piovision acting as winu bieak piotecting
builuing fiom uamage anu as a iesponse to
climate change The tiees also pioviue
habitat foi biius anu othei wilulife inciease
lanu values pioviue employment
oppoitunities anu amenity insulate noise
ieuuce vehicle acciuents by acting as
blockage of iolling vehicles anu inteicept
iainfall ieuucing iunoff theieby functioning
like ietentionuetention basins The
psychological impact of tiees on peoples
moous emotions anu enjoyment of theii
suiiounuings may in fact be one of the
gieatest benefits uiban foiests pioviue

Inueeu uiban foiestiy being the caieful
planning caie anu management of uiban
foiests in uiban setting foi the puipose of
cieating oi auuing value to communities as
well as foi impioving the uiban
enviionment theie is neeu to piomote the
piactice as a ciitical pait of the uiban
infiastiuctuie to meet neeus anu seivices
foi uiban uwelleis

Ur ban and Per i -ur ban For est
Devel opment i n Rwanda
Foiestiytiee management in Kigali City is
uiviueu into two categoiies namely uiban
foiestiy anu peiiuiban foiestiy Peiiuiban
foiestiy involves planting in the uiban
F


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fiinge foi vaiious uses wheieas uiban
planting is essentially foi beautification anu
offeiing othei enviionmental seivices
Accoiuing to Kigali City Nastei plan aieas
consiueieu to plant tiees incluue along the
ioaus along iiveis anu stieams public
gaiuens anu piivate gaiuens In fact uue to
small lanu sizes Rwanua has embiaceu
ioausiue tiee planting in uiban anu peii
uiban aieas wheie an amenity belt of
appiopiiate tiee species on both siues of the
ioau ieseives is establisheu These tiees aie
impoitant foi aesthetic anu shaue effects to
tiaveleis along the highways anu othei
public ioaus In auuition a belt of amenity
tiees planteu at the inteiface of ioau anu
piivate lanus impiove the sceneiy on both
siues of the ioau anu also maik the
bounuaiies between the ioau ieseives anu
piivate lanus to avoiu encioachment into
the ioau ieseives
0iban anu peiiuiban foiests constitute an
impoitant component of uiban enviionment
foi the livelihoou of uiban population
Rwanua vision envisages that by
thiity peicent of the population will
be iesiuing in uiban aieas thiough the
goveinment settlement impiovement
piogiam To meet theii neeus the
goveinment has uevelopeu stiategies to
uevelope uiban anu peiiuiban foiests in
Rwanua as stateu in the National Foiestiy
Policy NFP These compiise iuentifying
potential uiban foiestiy seivice pioviueis
anu agieeing on ioles anu iesponsibilities
incluuing uiban foiestiy in uiban planning
ueveloping guiuelines foi uiban anu peii
uiban tiee planting ueveloping a piogiamme
foi uiban foiestiy baseu on impioveu
unueistanuing of neeus cieating awaieness
on value of uiban anu peiiuiban tiees
suppoiting uiban authoiities with technical
suppoit on tiee nuiseiies anu tiee husbanuiy
anu in locating anu ueveloping sites in uiban
anu peiiuiban aieas foi tiee giowing as
well as involving the piivate sectoi in
managing uiban anu peii uiban foiests foi
leisuie anu iecieation puiposes
Apait fiom the NFP enviionmentally
sustainable uevelopment foi uiban anu peii
uiban aieas is guiueu by the limitations
imposeu by 0iganic Law which piotect
natuial iesouices such as foiests anu tiees
Fuithei Kigali Conceptual Nastei Plan
KCNP iuentifies lanu foi foiestiy
piouuction It also gives guiuelines on ways
to implement ienewable management
piactices with the piimaiy emphasis to
pieseive anu enhance scenic value Bistiict
Bevelopment Plans aie the ciitical tools foi
implementing anu piioiitizing the KCNP

Key pl ayer s i n Ur ban and Per i -ur ban
For est r y
To ensuie piactice anu success of uiban anu
peiiuiban foiestiy all stakeholueis neeu to
come on boaiu In Rwanua main
stakeholueis incluue goveinment thiough
the agency in chaige of foiestiy municipal
leaueis enviionmental policy makeis city
planneis ieseaicheis commeicial aiboiists
anu uiban anu peiiuiban uwelleis

The manuate of the Bepaitment of Foiest
anu Teiiestiial Ecosystems Nanagement
BFTEN within Rwanua Natuial Resouices
Authoiity RNRA which is unuei the
Ninistiy of Natuial Resouices NINIRENA
is to conseive uevelop anu sustainably
manage foiest iesouices in Rwanua In
iegaiu to uiban foiestiy the uepaitment
gives a list of specific tiee species to be
planteu within anu aiounu uiban aiea Foi
the case of ioausiue tiee planting caie is
taken uuiing selection of the tiee species to
ensuie that they meet the iequiieu
phenotype qualities foi uiban anu peii
uiban aieas to combat acciuents such as
falling bianches winu falls etc BFTEN also
piomote the many benefits uiban tiees
pioviue backstop as well as offei
appiopiiate technical infoimation anu
auvice to acciue maximum benefits

In Rwanua mayois assisteu by vaiious
municipal officials have been instiumental
in the success anu active uiban foiestiy
piogiammes They woik togethei with
officeis of RNRABFTEN in chaige of
foiestiy at Bistiict anu Sectoi levels
commeicial aiboiists as well as city
planneis Theii involvement anu
commitment is an impoitant component in
ensuiing success of uiban anu peiiuiban


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foiestiy piogiammes foi the wellbeing of
uiban uwelleis anu uiban enviionment
Inuiviuual uiban anu peiiuiban uwelleis
aie paiticulaily involveu in uiban anu peii
uiban foiestiy thiough activities such as
planting tiees on theii own lanu oi home
compounu In auuition uuiing community
woik seivice commonly known as
umuganua anu which is conuucteu eveiy
last Satuiuay of each month the community
is involveu in piepaiing tiee planting sites
as well as planting especially uuiing tiee
planting season Latei they aie involveu in
managing the planteu tiee thiough eg
weeuing piuning oi thinning This they uo
with guiuance fiom the officei in chaige of
foiestiy in theii iespective juiisuictions

Legal Issues i n Ur ban For est r y
To ensuie that theie is effective planneu
anu systematic management of tiees in
cities a measuie of legal contiol is
necessaiy Inueeu laws aie necessaiy as
they guiue in the selection of tiee species
anu wheie they will be planteu spacing
piotection of tiees fiom iemoval oi
uestiuction as well as piotecting iesiuents
fiom hazaiuous tiees oi one that on the long
iun may pose pioblems
In Rwanua legal instiuments such as Foiest
National Policy Ninisteiial 0iuei anu
0iganic Law emphasize the management
iemoval anu conseivation aspects of uiban
anu Peii uiban tiee Foi instance as stateu
by Rwanua 0iganic Law the State anu the
population aie obligeu to establish maintain
anu manage paiklanus anu gieen spaces
Fuithei the population has the obligation to
conseive the enviionment by inuiviuual
action oi thiough collective activities
associations of the enviionment in
piepaiing gieen spaces anu ieseiveu aieas
anu othei activities that piomote
enviionment Peimits anu licenses iequiieu
foi activities alteiing oi impacting tiees on
peii anu uiban foiestiy aie issueu by RNRA

Concl usi ons
0iban foiestiy pioviues substantial
multituue of ciitical enviionmental
functions that benefit Rwanuan uiban
enviionment anu uwelleis The benefits
acciueu incluue aesthetic value ieuuction of
pollution among otheis 0nuei pie
settlement uays most aiea of Kigali was
foiesteu Because of the limiteu amount of
foiests existing foieststiees neeu
piotection anu extensive aieas of Kigali
neeu to be iefoiesteu Foitunately KCNP
auvocate iefoiestation of extensive aieas of
Kigali especially aiounu Lake Nuhazi anu
othei laige contiguous aieas with steep
slopes that aie unsuitable foi uiban
expansion In auuition as iesiuential uses
aie not alloweu oppoitunities foi eco
touiism might pioviue foi euucation anu
ieseaich to bettei unueistanu this
impoitant natuial iesouice

0iban space is a piactical anu elemental
iesouice to peoples abilities to cieate both
viable anu livable enviionments It is ciucial
to incoipoiate iefoiestation stiategies anu
natuial pieseivation aieas into uevelopment
plans as well as establish agiofoiestiy anu
iefoiestation piogiams in uiban open
spaces If well planneu anu manageu peii
anu uiban foiestiy will pioviue a multituue
of ciitical enviionmental anu social
functions that benefit the uiban
enviionment anu uwelleis Thus emphasis
is being laiu on local paiticipation in uiban
foiestiy initiative builuing up of technical
knowleuge infoimation uissemination anu
exchange as well as elaboiating on
enviionmental anu piouuctive functions of
uiban foiestiy Theie is also a neeu to take
an inventoiy of tiees in uiban systems anu
assess the benefits anu challenges of
managing such tiees

Refer ences
EBPRS Economic Bevelopment anu Poveity
Reuuction Stiategy Economic

Bevelopment anu Poveity Reuuction
Stiategy

Republic of Rwanua uoveinment
Piogiamme

Republic of Rwanua National Foiestiy
Policy


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Republic of Rwanua Rwanua vision

Republic of Rwanua 0iganic law
ueteimining the moualities of piotection
conseivation anu piomotion of the

enviionment in Rwanua N0 of

Rwanua Ninistiy of Infiastiuctuie
Kigali conceptual Nastei Plan


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Li ber i a for est r efor m
and benefi t shar i ng

J. D. Waugh
1

Summar y
The West Af r i can st at e of Li ber i a has
emer ged f r om a l ong per i od of ci vi l st r i f e as a
vi br ant , i f f r agi l e, democr acy. Li ber i a has
embar k ed on a pr ocess of decent r al i zat i on
and empow er ment of r ur al communi t i es. An
i mpor t ant component of t hi s pr ocess i s t he
r ef or m of t he f or est r y sect or .

xtiactive inuustiies mainly mining
anu commeicial foiestiy constitute
the backbone of the Libeiian
economy Buiing Libeiias civil wais
anu aimeu factions
assumeu contiol of these iesouices 0niteu
Nations sanctions intenueu to choke the
money supply to aimeu gioups incluueu a
ban on the expoit of logs anu timbei
piouucts These sanctions which weie not
immeuiately lifteu at the conclusion of
hostilities thieateneu to become an
economic bottleneck anu lifting them
became a top piioiity of the new
goveinment This cieateu an opening foi a
foiest policy iefoim piocess suppoiteu by
inteinational uonois thiough the Libeiia
Foiest Initiative Altman Nichols anu
Woous This piocess culminateu in
the National Foiestiy Refoim Law
NFRL anu the Community Rights

1
John Waugh, Semaphor e I nc Conser vat i on
St r at egi es and Pl anni ng
PO Box 646, Upper vi l l e VA 20185 USA. Tel .:
( Googl e Voi ce)
Emai l : w augh2k @gmai l .com ; Sk ype: w augh2k

Law CRL
The iefoim closeu loopholes

that coulu be exploiteu foi piivate gain anu
began the piocess of auuiessing one of the
piincipal unueilying causes of conflict in
Libeiia the concentiation of wealth anu
powei in uiban elites at the expense of the
iuial populations Sawyei

Benefi t Shar i ng Ar r angement s
A key element of the iefoim piocess was the
uecision by the goveinment to shaie
benefits fiom the foiestiy sectoi thiough
ievenue shaiing social agieements anu co
management aiiangements The National
Foiestiy Refoim Law NFRL stipulateu
that some ievenues fiom logging
concessions woulu be shaieu with the
ielevant foiest fiinge communities in the
foim of a National Benefit Shaiing Tiust
Regulations piomulgateu in suppoit of the
NFRL also iequiie that social agieements
be negotiateu between logging concessions
anu affecteu communities which pioviue
mateiial benefits typically in the foim of
employment anu the piovision of some
amenities such as impioveu ioaus anu
biiuges oi the constiuction of schools anu
clinics Noieovei unuei the Community
Rights Law the goveinment is uesignating
community foiest lanus wheie management
anu use of the foiests will uevolve to the
communities uiiectly

0nuei the NFRL peicent of the lanu
iental fee chaigeu to timbei concessions is
ieseiveu foi affecteu communities anu an
auuitional peicent is eaimaikeu foi
uistiibution to county piovincial
goveinments nationwiue
Regulation
which elaboiates the benefitshaiing
aiiangements stipulateu the National
Benefit Shaiing Tiust as the mechanism foi
funu uisbuisal specifieu the iepiesentatives
of community inteiests FBA u0L
Implementation of the Tiust began in
the seconu quaitei of

2
An Act Adopt i ng t he Nat i onal For est r y Ref or m
Law of 2006; Communi t y Ri ght s Law w i t h Respect
t o For est Lands
3
FDA r egul at i on 111-10 det ai l s t he or gani zat i on
and gover nance of t he NBST
E


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Baving benefitshaiing aiiangements on
papei uoes not always tianslate to
meaningful benefits foi communities A
Woilu Resouices Institute WRI stuuy of
Cameioons social agieements foi example
founu that ielatively little of the ievenues
fiom logging ieseiveu foi villages actually
tianslateu into benefits uuiing the peiiou of
stuuy Noiiison et al Bysfunctional
social agieements eg those that fail to
meet eithei theii stateu goals oi the
expectations of paiticipants can uebase
social capital anu eioue tiustwhich can in
tuin contiibute to conflict 0ne way to
impiove the functionality of social
agieements is to quantify the oppoitunity
costs that iesouice extiaction anu ielateu
activities cieate foi communities anu to
negotiate agieements baseu on agieeuupon
valuations of such costs

Regulations iequiie that piojects funueu by
Libeiias National Benefit Shaiing Tiust
meet stiict accountability iequiiements
which in tuin uepenu upon effective
uecisionmaking capacity at the local level
Nonitoiing anu evaluation piovisions seek
to cieate a leaining enviionment baseu
upon expeiience

Chal l enges t o Benefi t Shar i ng
The fiist majoi challenge foi benefitshaiing
aiiangements is the iecipients capacity anu
confiuence to manage iesouices In the case
of Libeiia the long histoiy of uomination by
uiban elites has piouuceu an entiencheu
anu selffulfilling belief that iuial
communities lack the ability to look aftei
theii own inteiests theiefoie it is aigueu
wisei people must make uecisions on theii
behalf Nany communities have nevei
enjoyeu the oppoitunity to manage theii
own funus anu lack financial anu
auministiative liteiacy

A seconu challenge foi benefitshaiing
aiiangements with iuial communities is
ientseeking behavioi
Influential membeis
of society the euucateu politically

1
Economi c gai n t hr ough mani pul at i on of r ul es
r at her t han t hr ough addi ng val ue
connecteu anu wealthy often justify
contiol by aiguing that the community must
be piotecteu fiom economic pieuatois In
piactical teims when the inteiests of the
establisheu oiuei take pieceuence subtlei
foims of ientseeking behavioi can uiveit
iesouices while at the same time
unueimining the selfconfiuence of the
community

Among the iemeuies aie tianspaiency
awaieness on the pait of iesiuents of a
communitys neeu to take iesponsibility foi
its own uecisions anu incieaseu sensitivity
on the pait of authoiities to the necessity of
allowing communities to make those
uecisions anu leain fiom theii own
mistakes Caie must be taken to manage
conflict which emeiges when factions
within communities uisagiee ovei the use of
funus Conflict management anu monitoiing
anu evaluation skills aie essential to
community uevelopment within this
fiamewoik Favoiable conuitions foi
leaining anu infoimation exchange fostei
successful local goveinance outcomes
Anueisson by piomoting
unueistanuing anu thus cieating the space
foi consensus to emeige

Benefi t Shar i ng and the Gr een Economy
Benefitshaiing aiiangements as embouieu
in Libeiias postconflict foiest iefoim
piocess aie helping to biing equity anu
accountability to the management of natuial
iesouices anu may seive as an impoitant
poital to paiticipation in authentic
uemociatic piocesses that will leau to a
moie iesilient sustainable society The
benefits available thiough social agieements
anu the ievenueshaiing aiiangements such
as those facilitateu by the National Benefit
Shaiing Tiust may be ielatively small but if
they cieate institutions that aie oiganizeu
thiough piocesses of uecisionmaking
chaiacteiizeu by infoimeu uiscouise among
the people of a society Sawyei they
can be instiumental in tiansfoiming Libeiia
Libeiias expeiiment has implications
beyonu its boiueis REBB piojects foi
example involve the payment of caibon
cieuits in exchange foi activities that ieuuce


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uefoiestation anu foiest uegiauation To be
effective these cieuits must benefit foiest
communities Wheie foiests aie tieu to
communities thiough customaiy tenuie anu
wheie communities aie uepenuent upon
foiests foi theii livelihoous such payments
compensate people foi lost oppoitunities
anu theieby function as financial benefit
shaiing aiiangements But theie aie yet
compaiatively few examples of such
aiiangements in the Afiican foiest sectoi

Concl usi on and Recommendat i on
The thiesholu of a gieen economy in the
foiest sectoi is ciosseu when a society
tiansitions fiom shaiing benefits fiom
iesouice uecisions maue at the top to
shaiing the actual uecisionmaking Co
management with cential authoiities anu
uiiect local management baseu upon a
piactice of selfgoveinment affoiueu by
benefitshaiing aiiangements will pioviue
the ciitical ingieuients foi the uevelopment
of sustainable livelihoous in the foiest
sectoi In Libeiia the stoiy is incomplete
anu success is not assuieu But the
expeiiment unuei way has the potential to
tiansfoim it fiom a countiy that hau been
wiitten off by some as a uifficult case into a
leauei in the evolution of an authentic
Afiican gieen economy

Refer ences
Altman S L S S Nichols anu } T Woous
Leveiaging highvalue natuial
iesouices to iestoie the iule of law The iole
of the Libeiia Foiest Initiative in Libeiias
tiansition to stability In Hi gh-val ue nat ur al
r esour ces and post -conf l i ct peacebui l di ng, eu
P Lujala anu S A Rustau Lonuon
Eaithscan

Anueisson K 0nueistanuing
uecentializeu foiest goveinance An
application of the institutional analysis anu

uevelopment fiamewoik Sust ai nabi l i t y,
Sci ence, Pr act i ce and Pol i cy pp
httpsspppioquestcomaichivesvoliss
anueissonhtml

FBA Foiestiy Bevelopment Authoiity
National Foiest Nanagement Stiategy
wwwfuagovliuocNFNgmtStiategypuf
u0L uoveinment of Libeiia
Regulation National Benefit Shaiing
Tiust Funu Noniovia Foiestiy
Bevelopment Authoiity

Noiiison K Ceiutti P 0 0yono P R anu
Steil N Bioken piomises Foiest
ievenue shaiing in Cameioon WRI Foiest
Note Novembei Washington BC Woilu
Resouices Institute
httppufwiioigbiokenpiomisesfoiest
ievenueshaiingincameioonpuf

Sawyei A Beyond pl under : Tow ar ds
democr at i c gover nance i n Li ber i a Bouluei
C0 Lynne Riennei

Waugh } Assessment and
r ecommendat i on f or a nat i onal benef i t
shar i ng t r ust f und Noniovia Lanu Rights
anu Community Foiestiy Piogiam 0S
Agency foi Inteinational Bevelopment

I mpl ement i ng t he Nat i onal
Benef i t Shar i ng Tr ust Fund and soci al
agr eement s: I ssues and opt i ons f or bui l di ng
capaci t y Noniovia Lanu Rights anu
Waugh } anu Nuiombeuzi } in piess
Social benefits in the Libeiian
foiestiy sectoi An expeiiment in post
conflict institution builuing foi iesilience In
St r engt heni ng Post -Conf l i ct Peacebui l di ng
t hr ough Nat ur al Resour ce Management ,
Vol ume 6: Gover nance, Nat ur al Resour ces,
and Post -Conf l i ct Peacebui l di ng. Eu C Biuch
W C Nuffet S Nichols Lonuon Eaithscan


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Ten year s of managi ng Kenyan t op
bar hi ves i n sout h-west er n Ni ger i a

Lat eef Ak i nw umi FOLORUNSO
1

Summar y
Beekeepi ng ( api cul t ur e) i s t he
mai nt enance of honey bee col oni es,
commonl y i n hi ves, by humans. A
beek eeper ( api ar i st ) k eeps bees i n or der
t o col l ect honey and ot her pr oduct s of t he
hi ve ( i ncl udi ng beesw ax, pr opol i s, pol l en,
and r oyal j el l y) , t o pol l i nat e cr ops, or t o
pr oduce bees f or sal e t o ot her beek eeper s.
A l ocat i on w her e bees ar e k ept i s cal l ed
an api ar y or bee yar d. Thi s submi ssi on
t hus pr esent s an exper i ence on w or k i ng
w i t h t he Kenyan Top Bar Hi ve, f act or s t o
consi der bef or e si t e sel ect i on, saf et y t i ps
i n api ar y management and how t o t est f or
good qual i t y honey.

Int r oduct i on
began to leain about bees in
when I was taught apicultuie as a
topic in a couise at a college of
euucation in Nigeiia but my inteiest in
it was aiouseu when I visiteu the
uepaitmental stanu of Ciop Piotection
anu Enviionmental Biology uuiing the
0niveisity of Ibauan uoluen }ubilee
exhibition in Theie I met the late
0lugbenga Auewumi 0saniyi who was a
uoctoial stuuent woiking on bees foi his
thesis Be showeu me the pollen tiap

1
Depar t ment of Wi l dl i f e and Fi sher i es
Management , Uni ver si t y of I badan, Ni ger i a
Emai l : f 4ace2000@yahoo.com ;
GSM:+2348037185335
smokei langstioth hive Kenyan top bai
hive anu some samples of goou anu
auultiateu honey Two weeks latei I tolu
him I wanteu to be a beekeepei Be
agieeu to teach me beekeeping on the
conuition that I woulu be his fielu
assistant in inspecting hives anu
collecting pollen samples on weekly
basis foi sixty weeks I agieeu to his
teims immeuiately anu got involveu in
beekeeping In Apiil he gave me a
beehive askeu me to bait it with bee
wax anu place it at any site accessible
anu safe I got a site on the 0niveisity
campus placeu the hive unuei a
gliiiciuia tiee anu fiist noticeu bees
insiue it on nu 0ctobei That
was how I staiteu anu since then I have
establisheu seveial apiaiies anu
consulteu foi seveial beekeepeis

Lessons Lear nt
Foi site selection most of the site that
have been able to withstanu the test of
time hau iocks unueineath anu coulu
not be useu foi aiable faiming but the
suiiounuing aiea was cultivateu with
aiable ciops The vegetation on site
incluueu shiubs climbeis anu few tiees
The site selecteu foi the apiaiy
measuieu an aveiage of m
anu five to
ten hives weie kept pei site but with a
few cases of fifteen to twenty hives pei
site The hives maue fiom Cor di a mi l eni i
locally calleu omo weie founu to
withstanu enviionmental conuitions
bettei than planks fiom othei timbei
species useu Bives maue fiom Cor di a
mi l eni i aie light to caiiy when uiy anu
aie not easily uestioyeu by iain
Although none of the timbei species
useu was teimitepioof teimites weie
contiolleu with spent vehicle engine oil
Bive stanus weie maue with olu tyies
conciete blocks woouen anu iion ious
Stacking two oi thiee tyies befoie
placing the hive has pioveu to be the
most uuiable anu cost effective methou
I


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while useu aluminium plates obtaineu
fiom a lithogiaphic piintei was placeu
on the tyies befoie placing the hives on
the plate This was uone to pievent
amphibians snakes anu othei ieptiles
that might make the cool innei siue of
the tyies as theii habitat Sometimes
swaims of bees weie encounteieu insiue
the tyies while swaims in the hives on
top of such tyies hau absconueu It was
not cleai if the initial colony hau shifteu
theii aboue oi it was an entiiely
uiffeient colony

A new hive that is being expecteu to
catch a swaim shoulu be appioacheu
anu openeu with caution because cobias
hau been founu twice in uiffeient empty
hives while the castoff skin of snakes
hau been founu in the empty hives anu
sometimes in those that hau active bee
colonies Theie weie some situations in
which the castoff skin of snakes was
useu as nest by iats unuei the hive liu
but whethei it was biought by iats oi by
the snakes coulu not be asceitaineu
What hau been obseiveu unuei the hive
lius incluue scoipions iats othei small
ieptiles anu castoff skins of snakes
When woiking on the hives it was
obseiveu that the bees weie
extiaoiuinaiily aggiessive towaius the
enu of the yeai when the ambient
tempeiatuie was high but they weie
moie uocile uuiing the cool months of
haimattan When inspecting a beehive
caie shoulu be taken to open the hive liu
facing the opposite uiiection this woulu
give any animal hiuing unueineath to
jump out in a uiiection away fiom the
beekeepei anu not towaius the bee
keepei as woulu have happeneu if the
hive liu hau been openeu with the liu
facing the beekeepei

Biffeient smokei fuels that have been
tiieu incluue papeimache Papei
mache is a composite mateiial consisting
of papei pieces oi pulp ieinfoiceu with
staich maue fiom cassava it can be
moulueu into uiffeient shapes when wet
but was foimeu into balls foi smokei
fuel uiy leaves anu P0NE Palm 0il
Neal Exuuate locally calleu oguso This
is chaff a byepiouuct of piocessing
El aei s gui neensi s iipe fiuits I obseiveu
that P0NE buint with a bettei whitish
smoke than the othei types of smokei
fuels I also obseiveu that when woiking
on the Kenyan Top Bai Bive KTBB the
following steps maue woiking on the
hive easiei i obseive the flight path
anu uo not move acioss it ii check the
numbei of entiy points that the bees aie
using iii smoke fiom the busiest
entiance iv pump in the smoke anu
latei iemove the hive liu v use the hive
tool to knock the top bais staiting fiom
the iight oi left till you cease to heai a
hollow sounu The bai that makes a
thuu sounu signifies piesence of a
comb attacheu but not necessaiily with
honey anu vi stait opening fiom the
last two hollow bais Always make
suie the fiist two bais staiting fiom each
siue aie not iemoveu as the bees tenu to
hiue unuei them but if the bais aie
iemoveu then the bees become moie
aggiessive

uently iaise the bais with the combs anu
haivest those that contain iipe honey in
a bucket If evei theie is neeu to haivest
fiom the fiist bai it shoulu be placeu
back as soon as possible Tiy as much as
possible to leave the site with as few
bees as possible When you get home
aftei haivesting iemove the bees that
aie still attacheu to the combs anu put
them in a small containei that contains
watei anu uiown them in it Biowning
the bees is bettei uone in the evening
because if you allow them to fly off they
will ietuin within a shoit peiiou with
moie woikeis anu they may attack you
Aftei stiaining with muslin cloth allow


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the honey to settle oveinight uecant into
glass oi plastic bottles that aie aii tight
anu then keep the honey in a cool uiy
place
So many uomestic tests aie uone to
asceitain the quality of honey anu they
incluue i matchstick test Beie a
matchstick is uippeu in the honey anu is
then igniteu If it uoes not ignite then it
is not goou but the scientific basis of this
is that you aie actually testing foi the
moistuie content anu not the type of
sugai ii the bottles of honey tuineu
upsiue uown anu if the honey uoes not
spill out this is taken as its authenticity
The thinking behinu this is that honey is
veiy uense anu it tenus to push up all
impuiities in it Since the bottle has a
naiiow neck then the uebiis is
invaiiably useu to seal the bottles neck
iii some people use ououi to confiim
honey quality but this is subjective anu
is also a function of how the hive was
smokeu uuiing haivesting iv some
people say unauulteiateu honey uoes
not attiact ants but I obseiveu that the
ants will clustei iounu a uiop of honey
on the giounu

Boney is useu foi a vaiiety of
consumptive anu nonconsumptive
puiposes anu my opinion on testing foi
honey quality is pouiing it in colu watei

A bettei quality honey will sink anu not
easily mix with the watei while a lessei
quality honey will uispeise as it is being
pouieu into colu watei

Acknowl edgement s
I acknowleuge the contiibutions of the
late Nessis 0A 0saniyi anu 0lufemi 0
0poosun who weie at the time
uoctoiate stuuents of the Bepaitment of
Ciop Piotection anu Enviionmental
Biology 0niveisity of Ibauan foi what
they taught me about beekeeping
entomology anu scientific ieseaich

Bi bl i ogr aphy
Aujaie S Beekeeping in Afiica
FA0 Agiicultuial Seivices Bulletin

Ciane E Bees anu Beekeeping
Science Piactice anu Woilu Resouices
Beinemann Newnes

Inteinational Bee Reseaich Association
IBRA The Nanagement of
Afiican Boney Bees incluuing the uesign
of low cost hives

Wikipeuia Beekeeping Available
at
httpenwikipeuiaoigwikiBeekeepin
g accesseu on Bec


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A r evi ew of bar r i er s t o weal t h
cr eat i on and benefi t shar i ng
fr om for est based
gr een economy i n Zambi a

Vi ncent R. Nyi r enda
1
, Wi l br oad Chansa
2

and Vi ncent Zi ba
3

Summar y
Exper t k now l edge and l i t er at ur e r evi ew w er e
used t o i dent i f y bar r i er s t o ef f ect i ve
par t i ci pat i on of r ur al communi t i es, pr i vat e
sect or and ot her st ak ehol der s i n management
of w ood and non-w ood f or est pr oduct s i n
Zambi a. Tr adi t i onal and non-t r adi t i onal
f or est s occupy appr oxi mat el y 60% of
Zambi as l andmass, w hi ch has massi ve
pot ent i al f or economi c cont r i but i on t o bot h
r ur al and ur ban communi t i es. Key chal l enges
and oppor t uni t i es i n w eal t h cr eat i on and
benef i t shar i ng f r om f or est pr oduct s ar e
di scussed. The concl usi on i s t hat enhanci ng
w eal t h cr eat i on and benef i t shar i ng among

1
Vi ncent R. Nyi r enda, Execut i ve & Techni cal
Assi st ant , Of f i ce of t he Di r ect or Gener al ,
Chi l anga, Zambi a. Tel : +260 211 278 683,
Cel l : +260 977352 035, Fax: +260 211 278 524
Emai l : nyi r endavr @hot mai l .com
Emai l : vi ncent .nyi r enda@zaw a.or g.zm

2
Wi l br oad C. Chansa, Di r ect or of Resear ch,
Pl anni ng, I nf or mat i on and Vet er i nar y Ser vi ces,
Chi l anga, Zambi a. Tel f ax: +260 211 278 365, Cel l :
+260 975 062 301 Emai l :
chansa.chomba@zaw a.or g.zm

3
Vi ncent Zi ba, Nat i onal Coor di nat or Zambi a
CBNRM For um C/ o WWF Zambi a Count r y of f i ce
P.O Box 50511 Lusak a, Zambi a. Tel : +260 211
250404, Cel l : +260 977210382,
Emai l : vi ncezi ba@yahoo.com

t he r ur al communi t i es and i t s key par t ner s
depend on l egal f r amew or k r ef or ms, syst ems
devel opment , st ak ehol der f or mal and
i nf or mal r el at i onshi ps and connect edness.

Int r oduct i on
he Convention on Biological Biveisity
CBB pioviues a platfoim foi
conseivation sustainable use anu
equitable shaiing of benefits fiom natuial
iesouices It foims a basis upon which a
gieen economy woulu be uevelopeu We
auopteu uefinition of gieen economy as one
that iesults in impioveu human wellbeing
anu social equity while significantly
ieuucing enviionmental iisks anu ecological
scaicities 0NEP Theiefoie gieen
economy is inextiicably linkeu to natuial
iesouice base which cieates it Wealth
cieation is an integial pait of natuial
iesouice management Anueison
accompanieu by equitable benefit shaiing
foi impioveu livelihoous Fishei et al .
The Economist Accoiuing to
Chishakwe anu Young benefit
shaiing encompasses a wiue aiiay of issues
such as access to genetic iesouices tiansfei
of technology financial matteis owneiship
anu intellectual piopeity iights which aie
closely linkeu

Bue to the natuie of the common pool
iesouices such as foiests iuial
communities tenu to uevelop collective
iuentity to maximize benefit fiom common
inteiest of foiest utilization as postulateu by
Beikes et al . 0stiom et al .
Buigei et al . Klanueimans et al .
anu Ashmoie Beaux anu Nclaughlin
volpe Baseu on the common
inteiest collective action founueu on shaieu
expeiiences anu expectations aie uevelopeu
NeinzenBick Biuiegoiio NcCaithy

The inteiest baseu fiamewoiks unite the
paiticipating stakeholueis 0iy Biett
uolubeig belonging to institutions
that can conuuct effective anu integiative
baigain As such these institutions foim
communities of piactice which have passion
T


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anu also inteiact socially leaining anu
piacticing peifection in theii iesolve of the
challenges they face Wengei
Befoiestation causeu by encioachment anu
agiaiian activities exaceibateu by climate
change is piobably the gieatest challenge
confionting foiest management Chunuama
Assuming that events anu
mechanisms in foiest management influence
the ability to builu wealth anu equitably
shaie benefits we ueteimineu key baiiieis
to both wealth cieation anu benefit shaiing
anu means of iemoval of baiiieis

Key bar r i er s
Baiiieis aie aspects that limit the success by
potential beneficiaiies in maximizing
tangible benefits fiom foiest piouucts It is
assumeu that iemoval of the iuentifieu
baiiieis woulu inciease foiest management
sustainability anu peimit incieaseu
economic benefits Kajembe anu Nonela
anu Campbell et al .
highlighteu some baiiieis that existeu
within the subAfiican iegion These weie
summaiizeu as low inheient piouuctivity of
local foiests uespite uiveise foiest piouuct
types incluuing woou caibon stoiage elite
anu exteinal actois captuie of values anu
benefits iestiictive iegulations anu high
tiansactional cost of piouuceis anu tiaueis
limiteu suppoit by piivate sectoi foi local
foiest enteipiise uevelopment anu lack of
stiong local oiganization to uemonstiate
volumes anu engagement The piesent
ieseaich iuentifieu thiough exper t
k now l edge and l i t er at ur e r evi ew in
fuithei baiiieis incluuing the following

Fai l ur e t o l egi t i mi ze for est benefi t s
Zambia Foiest Act anu Policy have been in
uiaft foim since anu
iespectively Embouieu in these pieces of
uiaft legislation aie aspects that woulu
enhance community anu piivate sectoi
paiticipation inciease legal benefits to the
iuial communities anu avoiu ihetoiic by
inteiest gioups but institute substance to
stakeholueis Suppoitive aspects incluue
enhanceu access to foiest iesouices
commouity maikets anu equitable benefit
shaiing mechanisms In a uynamic socio
ecological enviionment imposeu by climate
change anu volatility in global economy
absence of iesilient legislation makes it
uifficult to exploie alteinative innovations
foi benefit geneiation paiticulaily foi iuial
communities Bue to absence of
compiehensive legal instiuments Zambia
has been unable to access ievenue fiom
caibon tiauing facility which coulu be useu
to cushion climate change impacts
confionteu by impoveiisheu iuial
communities

For est r esour ce owner shi p
Although usei iights aie conveyeu to
vaiious stakeholueis incluuing iuial
communities foiest iesouice owneiship is
piincipally unuei the state Incieaseu
uevolution of iights anu powei ovei foiest
management thiough auvocacy may
contiibute to effective foiest management
anu benefit shaiing Full owneiship coulu be
achieveu thiough inuiviuual oi collective
community owneiship of foiests as is the
case in Cameioon highlighteu by Kam Yogo

Inappr opr i ate appr oaches and syner gi es
t o ent i ci ng r ur al communi t y
par t i ci pati on i n benefi t gener at i on
Beie we avail two examples fiistly ielating
to piicing of foiest piouucts anu seconuly
impiopei implementation of Community
Baseu Natuial Resouice Nanagement
CBNRN piogiamme As a iesult of
uiffeiential taxation BalalCiayton Chilu
peipetuating foiest piouucts by
emphasizing on quantities anu not qualities
that uo not have value auueu ienueis
unattiactive competitive commouity piicing
which loweis the economic benefits in
favoui of othei commouities othei than
natuial iesouices CBNRN piogiammes
which aie nonoiganic anu nonsustainable
in aieas wheie stakeholuei cooiuination has
been inauequate tianspaiency anu
accountability not fulfilleu to the
constituencies anu incentive uiiven
mechanisms have been insufficient anu
have stagnateu Nbewe et al .,


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Rel i ance on r i ght s based cl ai ms
In case of iuial communities claims of
benefits aie mostly baseu on theii peiceiveu
iights As foiests aie capable of pioviuing
vaiious piouucts uemanuing uiffeient skills
fiom useis a shift towaius inteiest gioups
such as piouuction baseu associations
unions anu societies is moie appiopiiate
Conuitions that allow vaiious inteiest
gioups to flouiish have not been fully
uevelopeu In oiuei to uevelop this
conuition theie is neeu to allow foi
significant fusion between local inuigenous
technical knowleuge anu mouein skills
Nyiienua et al .,

Oppor t uni t i es
Bespite baiiieis inhibiting wealth cieation
anu benefit shaiing the following
oppoitunities exist in iespect to institutional
goveinance local iepiesentation
commeicialization anu entiepieneuiship
uiveisification peispectives These aie

x Aiuent use of infoimation
communication anu technologies
ICTs that can enhance maiketing of
foiest iesouices
x Foimulation anu implementation of
bylaw by local stakeholueis to
enhance effective foiest
management
x At local level theie aie uiveise foiest
piouucts which foim a iesouice base
foi gieen economy uonuo Sola anu
Kuiebgaseka have ieiteiateu
piouuction potential of nonwoou
foiest piouucts in Zambia
x National Becentialization Policy of
pioviues plinth foi feueiateu
local institutions foi effective access
anu utilization of local foiest
iesouices
With incieaseu pievailing auvocacy
by the vaiious civil auvocacy
gioupings it is envisageu by
stakeholueis that genuei imbalance
will minimize Foi instance women
anu youth shoulu be involveu moie
in iesouice baseu income geneiation
anu iesouice management eg even
in beehive setting anu management
honey piepiocessing anu
maiketing
x The iole of social capital thiough
such featuies as connecteuness anu
collective action can assist in
builuing capacity among the
stakeholueis anu enhance theii
paiticipation in wealth cieation anu
equitable benefit shaiing as
suggesteu by Nyiienua et al .
Social capital tenus to lowei the
tiansaction costs foi piouuction
collection piepiocessing anu
maiketing thiough such institutions
as associations coopeiatives anu
social netwoiks i bi d.
x Theie is uoveinments peivasive
inteiest in empoweiing the
impoveiisheu iuial communities
who aie among the significant
agencies of foiest uegiauation in
Zambia anu this inteiest coulu
fuithei be extenueu to gieen
economy

Recommendat i ons
In oiuei to inciease wealth cieation anu
impiove equitable benefit shaiing in foiest
iesouices in Zambia the following aie
iecommenueu

x Enact appiopiiate legislation foi
foiest iesouice management
x Exploie moie of the business mouels
in commeicializing foiest iesouices
focusing on those that piomote
maiket incentives that uiive
conseivation anu iesouice
management simultaneously 0ne
such example is the Community
Naiket foi Conseivation C0NAC0
mouel which inteifaces agiicultuie


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maiket uiiven incentives anu natuial
iesouices conseivation
x Bevelop capacity in foiest
commouity inteiest gioups in such
spheies as commouity maiketing
inteiest claims peifoimance
monitoiing anu evaluation
appiopiiate foiest iesouices
extiaction oi piocessing
technologies anu finance souicing
x Foi long teim sustenance of foiest
iesouices theie is neeu to uevelop
anu implement lanu use anu
management plans Nost n
of foiest ieseives in Zambia
uo not have foiest management
plans anu theii absence poses a
majoi iisk to posteiity though
bylaws exist paiticulaily in the eight
community foiest sites
x Bevelop long teim financial
commitment by stakeholueis
uevoteu to uevelopment of foiest
iesouices piouucts
x Befine unit of management anu
benefits associateu with foiest
management acioss auministiative
eg associations tiusts clubs anu
unions anu geogiaphical eg
zones bounuaiies

Concl usi on
Scaling up of wealth cieation anu equitable
benefit shaiing fiom foiest piouucts in
Zambia can be facilitateu thiough iemoval of
iuentifieu baiiieis Nuch of investments of
effoit eg financial anu knowleuge aie
iequiieu in builuing institutional anu
technical capacities in aiiay of stakeholueis
Since inteiest gioups paiticulaily local
institutions can not by themselves uiive
wealth cieation anu benefit shaiing theie is
neeu to enhance inteistakeholuei positive
connecteuness anu ielationships
Refer ences
Anueison } Nat ur e, w eal t h and
pow er : emer gi ng best pr act i ce f or r evi t al i si ng
r ur al Af r i ca Naiiobi 0SAIB Afiica Buieau
AFRSB
Ashmoie RB Beaux K anu Nclaughlin
volpe T An oiganizing fiamewoik
foi collective iuentity Aiticulation anu
significance of multiuimensionality
Psychol ogi cal Bul l et i n

Campbell BN Angelsen A Cunningham
A Kateieie Y Sitoe A anu Wunuei S
Mi ombo w oodl ands: oppor t uni t i es
and bar r i er s t o sust ai nabl e f or est
management . Bogoi CIF0R

BalalClayton B anu Chilu B Lessons
f r om Luangw a: t he st or y of t he Luangw a
I nt egr at ed Resour ce Devel opment Pr oj ect ,
Zambi a. Lonuon Inteinational Institute foi
Enviionment anu Bevelopment Wilulife
Bevelopment Seiies

Fishei B Tuinei K Zylstia N Biouwei
R ue uioot R Faibei S Feiiaio P uieen
R Bauley B Bailow } }effeiiss P Kiikby
C Noiling P Nowatt S Naiuoo R
Paavola } Stiassbuig B Yu B anu
Balmfoiu A Ecosystem seivices anu
economic theoiy integiation foi policy
ielevant ieseaich Ecol ogi cal Appl i cat i ons

uonuo P Sola P anu Kuiebgaseka N
Assessi ng t he pot ent i al f or
pr oduct i on, commer ci al i zat i on and
mar k et i ng of NWFPs by r ur al pr oducer s i n
Zambi a t o i mpr ove t hei r l i vel i hoods PFAP II
Lusaka NTENR

Kam Yogo EB Possible impacts of
moualities foi obtaining community foiests
on foiest iesouices conseivation anu
climate change in Cameioon Nat ur e & Faune

NeinzenBick R Biuiegoiio N anu
NcCaithy N Nethous foi stuuying
collective action in iuial uevelopment
Agr i cul t ur e Syst ems

Nyiienua vR Chansa WC Nybuigh }W
Reilly BK Social capital anu
community iesponses to natuial iesouice
management in the Luangwa valley Zambia


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Jour nal of Sust ai nabl e Devel opment i n Af r i ca
.

Pathways to Sustainable Bevelopment anu
Poveity Eiauication Synthesis foi Policy
Nakeis Available fiom 0RL
wwwunepoiggieeneconomy Accesseu

0iy W L Biett }N anu uolubeig SB
Thr ee appr oaches t o r esol vi ng

di sput es: i nt er est s, r i ght s and pow er . I n
get t i ng di sput es r esol ved. Desi gni ng syst ems
t o cut t he cost s of conf l i ct . San Fiancisco
}ossey Bass pp

Wengei E Knowleuge management
as a uoughnut Shaping youi knowleuge
stiategy thiough communities of piactice
I vey Busi ness Jour nal }anuaiy Febiuaiy


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Devel opi ng r ur al communi t i es by
pr ot ect i ng t r opi cal for est s:
Cont r i but i on of communi t y based
for est management i n
Cr oss-Ri ver St at e, Ni ger i a

Fol a Babal ol a
1
and Abi Ene
2

Summar y
Want on dest r uct i on of f or est s and i t s
r esour ces necessi t at ed t he i nt r oduct i on of
Communi t y Based For est Management i nt o
Cr oss Ri ver St at e, Ni ger i a w i t h t he pr i mar y
f ocus of guar ant eei ng t he conser vat i on and
pr ot ect i on of t he r emai ni ng t r opi cal r ai n
f or est of t he St at e. The Cr oss Ri ver St at e
Communi t y For est r y Pr oj ect ( CRSCFP) w as
desi gned t o i ncor por at e l ocal k now l edge i nt o
t he pr oj ect s deci si on mak i ng pr ocesses w i t h
t he ai m t hat sust ai nabl e economi c benef i t s
f r om t he nat ur al r esour ce base w er e secur ed
f or t he r ur al communi t i es. Consequent t o t he
par t i ci pat i on of t he communi t i es i n managi ng
f or est s adj oi ni ng t o t hei r communi t i es, t hey
w er e pai d r oyal t i es by t he st at e gover nment ,
w hi ch w as used t o f und var i ous r ur al
devel opment al pr oj ect s. Havi ng benef i t ed
f r om t he pr oceeds of CBFM, t he l ocal
communi t i es see f or est s as t hei r her i t age t hat
can f ur t her benef i t f r om pr ot ect i on and
management st r at egi es.

Fol a Babal ol a PhD ( For est Economi cs) , Lect ur er

and Resear cher , Depar t ment of For est Resour ces
Management , Uni ver si t y of I l or i n, Ni ger i a. Emai l :
f ol ababs2000@yahoo.com
Tel ephone: +234-8025487802

Abi Ene Resear cher , Feder al Col l ege of For est r y

( Ji ca) , Af aka, Kaduna St at e, Ni ger i a.
Emai l : eneabi 2008@yahoo.com;
Tel ephone: +234-8131397760

ost West Afiican states have
initiateu uecentialization
piogiams with uevolution of
natuial iesouice management to local
communities as an impoitant component
Nost national foiestiy seivices in the iegion
now iecognize the impoitance of community
foiestiy collaboiative foiestiy oi joint
foiest management anu have uevelopeu a
ciitique of pievious piactices baseu on
exclusionaiy topown appioaches Amanoi
0NEP uefines a uieen
Economy as one that iesults in impioveu
human wellbeing anu social equity while
Community Baseu Foiest Nanagement
CBFN means management of foiests which
suppoits the empoweiment of local
communities anu the inclusion of all gioups
in the community minoiities women etc
in uecisionmaking In auuition to seiving as
an effective stiategy foi sustainable foiest
this paiticipatoiy appioach pioviues a
platfoim anu avenue foi iuial uevelopment
Papka Banzhaf et al . CBFN
foi sustainable uevelopment signifies
paitneiship between communities foiestiy
agencies anu othei stakeholueis woiking
togethei foi sustainable foiest management
anu iuial uevelopment Besse anu Pippa
Amanoi Foi the paitneiship to
be successful communities must have
secuiity of longteim iights to the foiest so
that they aie assuieu that they will ieceive
benefits fiom the piotection anu
impiovement of the foiest iesouices Ribot
This link between local benefits anu
sustainable uevelopment appeais to be
stiong with impiovements in the quantity
quality vaiiety anu secuiity of foiests
baseu on shaieu foiest management
iesponsibilities

Cuiiently the piactice of CBFN is veiy
limiteu in Nigeiia It is only in Cioss Rivei
State that this piactice is founu CBFN
staiteu in Cioss Rivei State in Naich
with the commencement of a Biitish
uoveinment 0veiseas Bevelopment
Auministiation now known as Bepaitment
foi Inteinational Bevelopment assisteu
M


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foiestiy pioject CRSFC The
piojects piimaiy focus was to guaiantee the
conseivation of the iemaining one thiiu of
tiopical iain foiest of the State which
incluues both tiopical moist anu uiy foiest
Two thiius of the foiest estate hau alieauy
eailiei been uesignateu as Cioss Rivei
National Paik CRNP by ueciee of the
Feueial uoveinment of Nigeiia Bowevei
paiticipatoiy foiestiy piactice commenceu
fully only with the inception of the Cioss
Rivei State Community Foiestiy Pioject
CRSCFP in The CRSCFP was
uesigneu following extensive consultations
anu ieseaich between anu The
piojects goal as seen by the Cioss Rivei
State uoveinment was piimaiily to ensuie
that sustainable economic benefits fiom the
natuial iesouice base weie secuieu foi
women anu men in the State anu the
incoipoiation of local knowleuge into the
piojects uecision making piocesses CRSFP
CRSu

Theie aie numbei of community baseu
oiganizations CB0 suppoiting community
foiestiy in the State Among them is Ekuii
Initiative which staiteu in as a
coopeiative bouy The initiative was
foimally iegisteieu as a CB0 in with
the goal of conseiving the Ekuii community
owneu tiopical high foiest TBF as well as
poveity alleviation The success of Ekuii
Initiative has staiteu to inspiie othei foiest
communities like Etaia Enyeyeng uabu
0koishie in Cioss Rivei State to uevelop
management options foi theii foiest lanus

Besiues conseivation of foiest iesouices anu
meeting the foiest piouucts iequiiements of
the local people CBFN also seives as income
geneiation foi the local people thiough
benefit shaiing anu employment
oppoitunities vaiious community piojects
have been implementeu thiough the
pioceeus fiom CBFN in Cioss Rivei State
This stuuy theiefoie evaluates the financial
benefits of the pioceeus of CBFN to
implement iuial piojects in selecteu
communities of Cioss Rivei State aimeu at
stiengthening conseivation effoits anu
utilization of enviionmental benefits in
sustainable foiest management stiategies

Dat a col l ect i on
Bata foi the stuuy was collecteu in
thiough the use of questionnaiies
inteiviews anu ieview of available
liteiatuie anu annual iepoits The
iesponuents weie ianuomly sampleu in the
local communities in which CBFN weie
piacticeu The names of the selecteu
communities foi the stuuy incluueu Ekuii
AboEbam uabu 0koishie anu AbuEmeh
Fig The State Foiestiy Commission was
also visiteu to obtain infoimation on pioject
implementation as well anu to ensuie that
the pioceeus between the communities anu
the goveinment weie shaieu

Resul t s and di scussi ons
A wiue iange of NTFPs is planteu pieseiveu
anu exploiteu in the tiopical foiests aiounu
local communities Some tiees aie useu foi
caiving canoes moitais culinaiy anu
fuinituie items some beai fiuits that
pioviue impoitant foous anu conuiments
incluuing I r vi ngea gabonensi s wilu mango
El aei s gui neensi s oil palm Bor assus
aet hi opi um boiassus palm anu Col a ni t i da
cola Rattans anu giasses aie useu foi
weaving baskets anu fuinituie Theie is also
wiue iange of meuicinal plants 0thei
species pioviue chewing sticks useu foi
uental cleaning anu sponges Tiees aie often
pieseiveu on the banks of stieams anu
iiveis anu aiounu heauwateis to maintain
watei iesouices Foiests also pioviue
bushmeat iesouices Timbei useu foi
vaiious constiuctions anu builuing puiposes
is also obtaineu fiom the natuial foiests anu
plantations In auuition to being exploiteu
foi local consumption many NTFPs aie solu
in uiban maikets All these benefits yielu
both social anu economic ietuin to the
people anu the goveinment

The goveinment iestiicteu entiance anu
exploitation of piouucts fiom the natuial
foiests suiiounuing the local communities
as well as the goveinment establisheu
plantations Foi effective piotection anu


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sustainable exploitation of the foiests the
goveinment incoipoiateu the local

communities with the agieement to pay
ioyalty to the local communities involveu in
the joint management The shaiing foimula
foi the pioceeus obtaineu fiom the foiest
ieseive between the goveinment anu the
people was The sampleu
communities useu the pioceeus obtaineu
fiom CBFN to establish vaiious
uevelopmental piojects Bespite of these
contiibutions many of the sampleu local
community uwelleis infoimeu that they
want the goveinment to inciease the shaiing
foimula to the auvantage of the community
The main ieason foi this is that the people
saw the natuial foiest as theii heiitage anu
belief they ueseive laigei peicentage of
acciueu pioceeus

Fi g. 1: Map of the study ar ea showi ng the study ar eas

As shown in Fig the highest ielative
peicentage contiibution of the
pioceeus obtaineu fiom CBFN activities to
establish vaiious community piojects was
obseiveu in both AboEbam anu AbuEmeh
although the highest total contiibution of
benefits N

0SB obtaineu fiom CBFN to the
piojects in each of the communities was
obseiveu in AbuEmeh Table The total
of all the contiibutions of CBFN to
implement iuial piojects was N
0SB equivalent of of all the
total pioceeus fiom CBFN


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Fig 2: Relative percentage contribution of CBFM in
selected communities in Cross River State, Nigeria

Tabl e 1: Summar y of cont r i buti ons of CBFM to Communi t y devel opment pr oj ect s i n
Cr oss Ri ver St at e, Ni ger i a

SN

Community
Total amount of pioject costs N
foi each of the iuial communities
Total contiibution of pioceeus N
obtaineu fiom CBFN to implement
piojects in each iuial communities

Ekuii
AboEbam
uabu
0koishie
AbuEmeh

Tot al 5,257,000 (35,047) 4,128,000 (27,520)
N 0SB


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The sampleu communities implementeu
vaiious community uevelopment piojects
using the pioceeus obtaineu fiom CBFN
Some of these incluueu ioau constiuction
builuing of schools builuing of a civic centei
anu a health centei implementation of
skills uevelopment thiough vaiious
tiaining anu piomotion of a genuei
piogiamme The awaiuing of scholaiships to
giils who weie inuigene to the community
ueseives a special mention In auuition
scholaiships weie awaiueu also by the
womens wing of the Ekuii Initiative foi
giils stuuying in the 0niveisity which thus
contiibuteu to fuitheiing the acauemic
excellence of the community This initiative
is a lauuable pioject anu shoulu be fuithei
stiengtheneu Acknowleuging that
tianspoitation plays a cential iole in the
uevelopment of the iuial economy a biiuge
was constiucteu on the 0kokoiiEkuii ioau
fiom CBFN pioceeus in the Ekuii initiative
anu culveits installeu in some communities
have enhanceu the tianspoitation of people
as well as theii foiest anu faim piouuce
This has helpeu to impioving the iuial
economy thiough the inciease in the sale of
piouucts In the uabu community ioofing of
piimaiy school ieceiveu the highest
contiibution fiom CBFN pioceeus The
making of benches foi piimaiy schools anu
builuing of a chuich anu the constiuction of
a local biiuge weie fully coveieu by
pioceeus fiom CBFN foi each of the
comminities paiticipating in CBFN Repaii
of a boiehole also ieceiveu a consiueiable
amount of funuing fiom the pioceeus of
CBFN in the uabu community fiom the
pioceeus of CBFN

CONCLUSIONS
Community Baseu Foiest Nanagement has a
veiy gieat potential in conseivation anu
piotection of foiest iesouices as well as
contiibuting to poveity alleviation anu
implementation of uevelopment piojects in
ueveloping countiies Invaiiably the
stiategy will complement effoits towaiu
attaining the gieen economy Neanwhile all
stakeholueis must show unueistanuing of
anu commitment to the shaiing of pioceeus
obtaineu fiom the foiests Theie shoulu be a
cooiuinateu honest communication of the
flow of infoimation between all paities to
ensuie mutual confiuence anu effective
paitneiship The communities shoulu not
be seen as objects foi achieving goals of the
piogiamme but as paitneis

REFERENCES
Amanoi Kojo S Natuial anu Cultuial
Assets anu Paiticipatoiy Foiest
Nanagement in West Afiica Confeience
papei seiies Inteinational Confeience on
Natuial Assest helu at Political Economy
Reseaich Institute anu Centie foi Science
anu Enviionment }anuaiy
pp

Banzhaf N Bouieima B anu Beiman u
Fr om Conf l i ct t o Consensus: Tow ar ds
j oi nt management of nat ur al r esour ces by
past or al i st s and agr o-past or al i st s i n t he zone
of Ki shi Bei ga, Bur k i na Faso. Secuiing the
Commons No Lonuon IIEB anu Lonuon
S0S Sahel



CRSFP Cioss Rivei State Foiestiy Pioject
Technical Repoit 0veiview of a
planning piocess foi sustainable
management of the foiests of Cioss Rivei
State Nigeiia The Foiest Bevelopment
Bepaitment Cioss Rivei State anu the
0veiseas Bevelopment Auministiation 0K
pp

CRSu Cioss Rivei State uoveinment
Cioss Rivei State Economic
Empoweiment anu Bevelopment Stiategy
CR SEEBS Pp

Besse C anu Pippa T Whos
Managi ng t he Commons? I ncl usi ve
management f or a sust ai nabl e f ut ur e
Secuiing the Commons No Lonuon IIEB
Papka PN Community Paiticipation


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in Foiestiy Bevelopment in Nigeiia In EA
0uuwaye eu Foiestiy anu the Small Scale
Faimei Pioceeuings of the
th
Annual
Confeience of the Foiestiy Association of
Nigeiia helu in Kauuna Kauuna State
th

0ctobei
th
Novembei Pp

Ribot }esse C Local Act or s, Pow er s
and Account abi l i t y i n Af r i can
Decent r al i zat i ons: A Revi ew of I ssues. 0ttawa
Inteinational Bevelopment

Reseaich Centie of Canaua Assessment of
Social Policy Refoims Initiative 0ttawa
Canaua

Pathways to Sustainable Bevelopment
anu Poveity Eiauication A Synthesis
foi Policy Nakeis 0NEP Naiiobi
wwwunepoiggieeneconomy


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COUNTRY FOCUS:
Sout h Afr i ca

Sout h Afr i cas for est sect or and
t he Gr een Economy

Mr Ronal d N. Heat h
1
pr esent s hi s count r y,
Sout h Af r i ca. He r eveal s t hat t he f or est sect or
of Sout h Af r i ca has pr eempt ed t he dr i ve t o a
gr een economy t hr ough t he i mpl ement at i on
of f or est cer t i f i cat i on, and i s t her ef or e w el l -
pl aced t o suppor t a nat i onal gr een economy
st r at egy and ensur e best possi bl e use of f or est
and f or est pr oduct s. Mr . Heat h goes f ur t her t o
decl ar e t hat economi c st i mul us ef f or t s can
onl y pr ovi de shor t -t er m benef i t s t o t he f or est
sect or and hence, t he gover nment of Sout h
Af r i ca i s cr af t i ng a l ong-t er m vi si on needed t o
enabl e i t enhance t he shi f t t ow ar ds a gr een
economy. Fol l ow i ng i s a shor t excer pt f r om
w hat he shar ed w i t h Nat ur e & Faune.

1
Ronal d N. Heat h, PhD. Depar t ment of
Agr i cul t ur e, For est r y and Fi sher i es, Di r ect or at e:
Pol i cy Resear ch Suppor t For est r y Sci ence,
Technol ogy and I nnovat i on Advi sor
Ronal dH@nda.agr i c.za
Phone: +27 12 309 5753
Mobi l e: +27 83 611 6946

outh Afiica is geneially iegaiueu as a
low foiest covei countiy Bowevei
wooueu vegetation coveis moie than a
thiiu of the countiys lanu suiface aiea
Bespite its low foiest covei status South
Afiica ianks as the thiiu most biologically
uiveise countiy in the woilu
httpwwwsouthafiicainfoaboutgeogia
phybiouiveisityhtmixzzffvinYm The
foiest biome although the smallest anu
most fiagmenteu of all the biomes has the
highest plant uiveisity pei hectaie The total
foiest iesouices in South Afiica aie
extensive Savannas which aie the laigest
biome in South Afiica covei appioximately
million ha of the total lanu suiface
of the countiy Thompson et al anu
contiibute the majoiity of the wooueu lanu
aiea of South Afiica Shackleton et al

The South Afiican foiest sectoi is set to
contiibute significantly to a national gieen
economy thiough a focuseu appioach on
sustainable foiest management initiateu in
the miu s A gieen economy is
uesciibeu as the piocess of ieconfiguiing
businesses anu infiastiuctuie to uelivei
bettei ietuins on natuial human anu
economic capital investments while at the
same time ieuucing gieenhouse gas
emissions extiacting anu using fewei
natuial iesouices cieating less waste anu
ieuucing social uispaiities

The 0niteu Nations Enviionment
Piogiamme launcheu the ulobal uieen New
Beal that aimeu at ieuucing caibon
uepenuency anu ecosystem uegiauation
piomoting sustainable inclusive giowth anu
cieating new jobs In iesponse to this
initiative the South Afiicas goveinment has
committeu itself to woiking towaius the
uevelopment of a National uieen Economy
Stiategy Within the fiamewoik of the
National uieen Economy Stiategy the
timbei anu foiestiy sectois seek to make
S


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significant contiibutions towaius meeting
gieen economy objectives linkeu to climate
change policies thiough the ieuuction of
gieenhouse gas emissions anu expansion of
ienewable eneigy objectives Thiee key
entiy points to attaining gieen economy
incluue biomass eneigy gieen
infiastiuctuie anu builuing

In of all plantation aieas in
South Afiica weie ceitifieu BAFF
Although the ceitification of these
plantations is a goou incentive scheme it
must be emphasiseu that because of the high
cost of implementation of this system the
paiticipation of small gioweis is still limiteu
Bowevei this coulu be auuiesseu thiough
the implementation of outgiowei schemes
oi goveinment suppoit to small gioweis
anu post settlement suppoit to inuiviuuals
who aie iewaiueu with lanu thiough the
lanu iestitution piocesses

Foiest ecosystems anu theii biological
uiveisity encompass not just tiees anu
lanuscapes but the multituue of plant anu
animal populations anu miciooiganisms
that inhabit foiest aieas anu theii associateu
genetic uiveisity Although the management
of planteu foiests aims to conseive key
habitats by incoipoiating conseivation anu
biouiveisity management the foiest coulu
assist in conseivation anu othei ecological
seivices thiough the establishment of
coiiiuois between these key habitats foi the
migiation of fauna
Theie was high piofile national uebate
aiounu intiouuceu invasive species of plants
anu tiees Noieovei in the past planteu
foiests weie also ciiticizeu foi theii impact
on watei flow conseivation Thiough
stiiving towaius a gieen economy the
sectoi has tiansfoimeu itself to a point
wheie the management of the watei
iesouices anu the plantation iesouices co
exist Plantations have limiteu impacts on
stieam flow ieuuctions anu aie playing a
iole in impioving watei quality It has also
been shown that plantations have a sponge
effect on stieam flow anu coulu contiibute
to the attenuation of extieme watei flow
such as floous

Even though the South Afiican foiest sectoi
has maue significant stiiues in suppoit of a
gieen economy the challenge of the foiest
sectoi is to uevelop fuithei the necessaiy
chaiacteiistics thiough sustainable
consumption patteins iecycling anu
iecoveiy of piouucts incieaseu supply of
ienewable eneigy anu ecosystem seivices
Foiest manageis of all soits anu sizes neeu
to be compensateu at a level that enables
them to manage sustainably Compensation
is not necessaiily subsiuy it is be bettei that
piices of piouucts anu seivices aie aujusteu
to ieflect this

Refer ences
Bepaitment of Agiicultuie Foiestiy anu
Fisheiies South Afiica Foiestiy
Scientific Seivices South Afiican Foiestiy
Facts

Shackleton CN Shackleton SE Buiten E
Biiu N The impoitance of uiy
wooulanus anu foiests in iuial livelihoous
anu poveity alleviation in South Afiica
For est Pol i cy and Economi cs

Thompson NW Thompson vink ER
Faiibanks BBK Balance A anu Shackleton
CN Compaiison of extent anu
tiansfoimation of South Afiicas wooulanu
biome fiom two national uatabases Sout h
Af r i can Jour nal of Sci ence 97 pp
httpwwwsouthafiicainfoaboutgeogiaph
ybiouiveisityhtmixzzffvinYm

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FAO Act i vi t i es
A r at i onal appr oach t o managi ng wat er ,
wet l ands and for est s t owar ds a gr eener
economy for Afr i ca

Ruhiza }ean Boioto

Summar y
A met hodol ogy under devel opment i s
pr oposed f or t he sust ai nabl e expl oi t at i on of
w at er , w et l ands and f or est s i n t he cont ext of a
w at er shed and t ow ar ds a gr eener economy i n
Af r i ca. I f adopt ed, i t w i l l assi st i n doi ng t hi ngs
bet t er , t hr ough pr act i cal st eps.

Af r i ca depends a gr eat deal on t he
expl oi t at i on of i t s nat ur al r esour ces, i ncl udi ng
w at er , w et l ands and f or est s. The cont i nent i s
f aced w i t h popul at i on gr ow t h, an i ncr easi ng
pr essur e f or economi c devel opment , and
cl i mat e change t hat al l af f ect nat ur al
r esour ces. Car r yi ng busi ness as usual w i l l
exacer bat e t he dest r uct i on of t he cont i nent s
ecosyst ems and t he l oss of t he goods and
ser vi ces t hat t hey pr ovi de. A r at i onal
appr oach coul d r eser ve t hi s t r end and
cont r i but e t o a gr eener economy i n Af r i ca.

The appr oach t hat i s pr esent ed i n t hi s paper
i s w or k i n pr ogr ess. I t consi st s of t w o key
st eps compr i si ng ( 1) a cl assi f i cat i on of
w et l and and f or est r esour ces accor di ng t o
t hei r ecol ogi cal val ue, ( 2) a t echni cal gui de
f or t he gr adual expl oi t at i on of w et l ands and
f or est r esour ces f ocusi ng on maxi mi zi ng t he
benef i t s of a gr een economy.

1
Ruhi za Jean Bor ot o. Seni or Wat er Resour ces
Management and Devel opment Of f i cer .
FAO Regi onal Of f i ce f or Af r i ca.
P O Box GP 1628 Accr a, Ghana.
Emai l : Ruhi za.Bor ot o@f ao.or g

Thi s met hodol ogy i s f i r st bei ng devel oped f or
w et l ands and i nl and val l eys and w i l l be t est ed
on t w o pi l ot cases. Thi s paper i s par t of an
ear l y consul t at i ve pr ocess, comment s and
cont r i but i ons f r om r eader s ar e t her ef or e
w el come.

Int r oduct i on
ncieasing piessuie on natuial iesouices
calls foi a iauical appioach in theii
exploitation to piolong the benefits of
the goous anu seivices that they pioviue
Watei wetlanus anu foiests can be manageu
moie efficiently In Afiica watei as a
ienewable iesouice is unuei the thieat of
climatic changes that affects hyuiological
iegimes with an impact on the noimal
couise of human activities of which the
biggest watei usei is agiicultuie Afiicas
foiests aie only ienewable if theii
exploitation uoes not exceeu theii iate of
iegeneiation 0theiwise the ieuuction in
natuial foiests means a loss in ecosystem
goous anu seivices incluuing those
piocesses uiiectly ielateu to watei as pait
of the hyuiological cycle The ieuuceu
capacity of uwinuling foiests foi caibon
sequestiation will also have an impact on
the climatic conuitions anu on the iesulting
hyuiological iegime

Wetlanus aie unuei incieasing piessuie foi
agiicultuie especially foi iice They aie
feitile anu holu watei on anu off season Yet
they uo play an impoitant ecological iole
that is so impoitant that some of them aie
classifieu as Ramsai sites

Without explicitly mentioning the gieen
economy two iecent publications namely
by the Convention on Biological Biveisity
anu by the FA0 uiscuss the
inteiactions between foiests watei anu
wetlanus anu theii management foi
mankinus benefit The fiist publication is a
ieview of ecological economic anu policy
linkages foi watei wetlanus anu foiestiy
The seconu publication is as one of the
thematic stuuies implementeu foi FA0s
ulobal Foiest Resouices Assessment
FRA to highlight the iole of watei
I


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ielateu ecosystems such as wetlanus anu
foiestiy in pioviuing solutions to fieshwatei
supply pioblems The Zaiagoza confeience
helu in 0ctobei is on the othei hanu
moie explicit anu has shaieu cases
uemonstiating the types of innovative
policies piojects anu initiatives that
geneiate the economic social anu
enviionmental benefits that the gieen
economy shoulu uelivei

It is impeiative to take the uiscussion one
fuithei step beyonu these two publications
anu the Zaiagoza confeience A new
appioach is pioposeu on how to piactically
uo things iight in oiuei to achieve a gieenei
economy while exploiting oui watei
wetlanus anu foiest iesouices in caieful
way The thieats poseu by humans
encioachment of these vital ecosystems can
be tiansfoimeu into an oppoitunity This
woulu incluue foi example piioiitization of
oiganic agiicultuie anu the pioactive
iuentification of ulobally Impoitant

0NEP uefines the gieen economy as one that
scaicities In its simplest expiession a gieen
economy can be thought of as one which is
low caibon iesouice efficient anu socially
inclusive

A fr amewor k for t he mai nst r eami ng t he
concept of the gr een economy i n water ,
wet l ands and for est s expl oi t at i on
Examples of how things aie going wiong
compelling to act fast aie pioviueu in the
CBB publication citeu above anu incluue the
uefoiestation in Zambia the impact of
uefoiestation on health anu the impact of
the loss of foiest anu vegetation covei on the
hyuiological balance in the Pangani
Tanzania The case of foiestiy as a
stieamflow ieuuction activity in South
Afiica is citeu in FA0 publication
A pioactive appioach is pioposeu offeiing a
fiamewoik foi managing the giauual
exploitation of the continents natuial
iesouices in a pieuictable anu iesponsible
fashion The appioach builus on the concept
of a gieen economy anu seeks to maximise
the iesulting benefits It is also expecteu that
in this way iiieveisible losses will be
avoiueu Exploitation coulu then pioceeu in
a sustainable mannei cateiing foi the neeus
of futuie geneiations
In oiuei to achieve this two impoitant
actions aie pioposeu
Cl assi fy al l wet l and and for est ar eas
accor di ng to t hei r ecol ogi cal val ue.
Typically an aiea that is iecogniseu as a
Ramsai site woulu be given the highest
value anu ueclaieu as unfit foi
uevelopment activities such as timbei
exploitation oi agiicultuie It will
theiefoie be a no go aiea This
appioach is similai to the one auopteu
by South Afiica in classifying the
countiys iivei ieaches accoiuing to
theii ecological value in oiuei to
ueteimine the ecological watei
iequiiements In this case the
classification will extenu to all
ecosystems incluuing foiests anu
wetlanus The uiffeience with the South
Afiican appioach is that the
classification guiues which aiea coulu be
uevelopeu in piioiity that is the aiea
with the lowest ecological value anu
which one shoulu be as fai as possible
be pieseiveu in its natuial conuition
this is the aiea It is to be noteu that this
classification can be unueitaken at any
scale the most manageable being most
likely at catchment level This is also the
scale that is iecommenueu in oiuei to
extenu the analysis to this ecological
unit It is possible that a foiest aiea
spans acioss two catchments this woulu
not howevei piecluue the classification
Impl ement a t echni cal gui del i ne foi
the giauual exploitation of foiest anu
wetlanu aieas anu which consists of
i The mapping of the iesouices in the
aiea incluuing an inventoiy of the
cuiient anu potential goous anu
seivices which have justifieu the
classification as in point above


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ii A stuuy of the iole of foiestiy anu
wetlanus in the hyuiological
piocesses in catchment in which
they aie locateu anu an
investigation on the potential
impact of the exploitation on these
piocesses
iii An economic analysis of the benefits
of the pioposeu exploitation with
economic valuation of
enviionmental costs anu benefits
incluuing the intiinsic value of
ecosystems as well as any possible
positive oi negative exteinalities
The analysis neeus not to be
competitive as the exploitation of
wetlanus anu foiests is not
necessaiily in conflict with
ecological goous anu seivices The
analysis woulu theiefoie be moie
than a ioutine cost benefit analysis
anu shoulu incluue
x A cumulative oi joint benefits analysis
fiom the activity contemplateu in
auuition to the ecological goou anu
seivices that will maintaineu oi
enhanceu
x The payment anu oi iewaius foi
ecological seivices
x Any positive oi negative exteinality as
ielevant
iv The iuentification of mitigation
actions against the peiceiveu
losses oi impacts that the
exploitation might cause
v The uevelopment of a sustainable
exploitation plan encapsulates all
the above
The plan shoulu piioiitise ecological
options most of which also holu the
potential foi climate change auaptation
x 0iganic agiicultuie which pioviues
economic anu ecological benefits shoulu
ieceive piefeience ovei any othei foim of
agiicultuie
x Agiicultuie heiitage systems as uefineu
by the FA0s ulobal Impoitant
potential canuiuate uIABS sites shoulu
be pioactively iuentifieu piotecteu anu
piomoteu
The plan shoulu incluue a iealistic anu
positive involvement of local communities
anu auuiess theii possible apathy towaius
ecological conceins as they will most likely
have othei piessing suivival piioiities foi
theii livelihoous

Towar ds a sust ai nabl e expl oi t at i on pl an
The following steps aie pioposeu to
implement these actions
Test the guiuelines on a iepiesentative
pilot case in a consultative piocess with
inteiesteu anu affecteu paities within a
selecteu catchment The ciiteiia foi the
selection of the pilot catchment woulu
incluue the size which has to be
manageable anu the existence of aieas
with ecological value vaiying fiom high
to low
Stait exploitation of those foiest anu
wetlanu aieas that have been classifieu
as having the lowest ecological value
Table Bowevei an aiea with a
highei ecological value will ieceive
piioiity foi the piepaiation of an
exploitation plan if it is locateu neai
communities which aie likely to exploit
its iesouices
Apply the guiuelines as the neeu to
exploit aieas of a highei ecological value
inciease with time
Moni t or and eval uat e the impacts anu
benefits anu ievise as appiopiiate It will
be impoitant to be tianspaient in
iepoiting on this piocess so that the
public the inteiesteu anu affecteu
paities aie all involveu
Tabl e 1 pioviues a conceptual oveiview
of how the giauual exploitation of
foiests anu wetlanus woulu pioceeu


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Tabl e 1: Pr oposed fr amewor k for the gr adual expl oi t at i on of for est and wetl and ar eas
Priority for exploitation Baseline
status:
growing
pressure
Increased
pressure:-
(population/
climate) in XX
years
(Phase 1)
Increased pressure:
(population/ climate) in
XXXX years
(Phase 2)
Ecological value of
forestry or wetland
1 Very high value (such
as a Ramsar site)
No go zone Unlikely to be
exploited
Could be pa rtially
exploited
2 High value Unlikely to be
exploited
Could be exploited
partially
Next in lin e Ior
exploitation
3 Medium value Could be
exploited
partially
Next in l ine Ior
exploitation
Primate candidate Ior
exploitation
4 Low value Next in line Ior
exploitation
Prime candidate
Ior exploitation
Already exploited
5- Very low value Prime candidate
Ior exploitation
Already exploited Already exploited
Not e: As st at ed i n t he gui del i ne above, t he deci si on t o expl oi t w i l l be gui ded by an economi c anal ysi s
consi der i ng expect ed economi c benef i t s agai nst or / and i n addi t i on t o ecosyst em goods and ser vi ces,
i ncl udi ng t he i nt r i nsi c val ue of f or est s and w et l ands.

Concl usi on: a way for war d
The inteiuepenuence between watei
iesouices wetlanus anu foiests anu the
incieasing neeu to exploit them call foi a
piactical appioach that embiaces the
piinciples of a gieen economy This is tiue
foi Afiica The appioach piesenteu in this
papei is woik in piogiess anu is still at a
conceptual stage It will be uevelopeu anu
testeu fiist on wetlanus foi agiicultuie
uevelopment Lessons will be integiateu foi
up scaling anu coulu be

applieu to foiests in a quest to maximise the
wiue iange benefits acciuing fiom theii
sustainable exploitation When classifying
these iesouices it is pioposeu that it is uone
at the scale of a catchment It iepiesents a
hyuio ecological unit wheie the
classification anu subsequent piioiitisation

foi exploitation coulu take place using the
steps piesenteu in the exploitation plan
Thus this geneiic appioach is iaw in its
cuiient foimat but stanus to be impioveu as
it is testeu While the science that will
suppoit its implementation might not
pioviue a ieauy maue step by step iecipe it
is only in leaining by uoing that sufficient
knowhow will be acquiieu to ensuie that
futuie geneiations uo excel at managing anu
exploiting piofitably oui watei wetlanus
anu foiestiy iesouices in a sustainable
fashion Nonitoiing anu evaluation as well
as uocumenting expeiiences will theiefoie
be impoitant steps in iolling out the
pioposeu appioach

0nce it has pioven its woith this appioach
shoulu be embeuueu into Afiican countiies
policies anu laws Iueally embiacing the


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Regional
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FAO
REGIONAL
OFFICE
FOR
AFRICA
piinciples of a gieen economy shoulu
become a pieiequisite foi attiacting
financing Failing to take such action the
consequences will be iiieveisible anu the
loss of benefits to futuie anu piesent
geneiations impoitant It is theiefoie
auvocateu this appioach ieceives uue
consiueiation

Refer ences
Agr oEcol ogi cal Investment s Management
(May 2010). The investments Auvantages of
oiganic Agiicultuie Also available at
httpwwwsliueshaienetuLBinvestm
entauvantagesofoiganic
agiicultuiesicielateunoimaliel

Bl umenfel d, S., Lu, C., Chr i st opher sen, T.
and Coat es, D. (2009). Watei Wetlanus
anu Foiests A Review of Ecological
Economic anu Policy Linkages Secietaiiat of
the Convention on Biological Biveisity anu
Secietaiiat of the Ramsai Convention on
Wetlanus Nontieal anu ulanu CBB
Technical Seiies No also available at
httpwwwcbuintuocpublicationscbu
tsenpuf

Depar tment of Water Affai r s, Sout h
Afr i ca (1998). National Watei Act Act of

FAO (2008). Foiests anu Watei FA0
Foiestiy Papei also available at
httpwwwfaooiguociepiei
ehtm
ht tp:/ / upl oad.wi ki medi a.or g/ wi ki pedi a
commonsAfiicasatelliteoithogiaphi
cjpg
httpwwwunoigwateifoilifeuecauegie
eneconomyinfobiiefstoolsshtml

ht tp:/ / www.wor l dwater for um6.or gfilea
uminuseiuploaupufZaiagozaoctpuf
Huang, Li l y Rise of the Bugs New sw eek
}une

Koohafkan, P. and Al t i er i , M.A. (2010
FA0 ulobal Impoitant Agiicultuie Beiitage
Systems also available at
httpwwwfaooignigiahsen

Pangani Ri ver Basi n Management
Pr oj ect ,
ht t p:/ / w w w .pangani basi n.com/ pr oj ect / i ndex
.ht ml

UNEP
httpwwwunepoiggieeneconomyAbou
tuEIWhatisuEItabiuBefaultaspx
Van Rooyen, A.F. (1998). Combating
ueseitification in the southein Kalahaii
connecting science with community action
in South Afiica }ouinal of Aiiu
Enviionments volume Issue }une
pp also available at
httpwwwscienceuiiectcomscienceaiti
clepiiS

Vi t t or et al . The effect of uefoiestation on
the humanbiting iate of Anophel es Dar l i ngi
the piimaiy vectoi of Falcipaium malaiia in
the Peiuvian Amazon Amer i can Jour nal of
Tr opi cal Medi ci ne and Hygi ene
pp

Wor l d Wat er Assessment Pr ogr amme.
(2009). The 0niteu Nations Woilu Watei
Bevelopment Repoit Case Stuuy volume
Facing the Challenges Paiis 0NESC0 anu
Lonuon


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Li nks

For est s i n a gr een economy: A synthesi s
Piouuceu uuiing the Inteinational Yeai of
Foiests this synthesis auuiesses the value of
foiests anu theii iole in tiansitioning to a
gieen economy The synthesis lays out
compelling infoimation foi the foiestiy
sectoi goveinments piivate sectoi anu civil
society to invest in foiests to aiu the
iealization of a moie socially inclusive low
caibon anu iesouice efficient economy
ht t p:/ / www.unep.or g/ gr eeneconomy/ Res
ear chPr oducts/ tabi d/ 4605/ Defaul t.aspx
Sour ce: w w w .unep.or g > Gr een Economy >
Resear ch Pr oduct s

Redefi ni ng our economi c syst ems: Coul d
a for est be wor t h mor e t han a gol d mi ne?
This is the theme of a talk coveieu by
National ueogiaphic at TEBx Yeievan The
speakei poseu this question since the
Republic of Aimenias economy is heavily
ieliant on coppei anu golu mining The issue
is significant because the iegion is one of the
most enuangeieu global hotspots foi
biouiveisity In auuition iesouices like
foiests anu watei aie becoming scaice as a
iesult of unsustainable management anu
climate change while seveial stiategic
inuustiies aie heavily ieliant on the benefits
pioviueu by natuial capital
Speak er : Jason Sohi gi an
For t he l i nk t o t he ar t i cl e and YouTube vi deo
vi si t : ht t p:/ / bi t .l y/ sohi gi an
Sour ce: Jason Sohi gi an. Deput y Di r ect or ,
Ar meni a Tr ee Pr oj ect , 65 Mai n St r eet
Wat er t ow n, MA 02472 USA. Tel : ( 617) 926-
TREE x14. Emai l : j ason@ar meni at r ee.or g
Websi t e: w w w .ar meni at r ee.or g

For est s, Fr agi l i ty and confl i ct Over vi ew
and case st udi es ( June 2011)
For est s, Fr agi l i t y and conf l i ct pioviues a
ciitical ieview anu synthesis of some of the
key issues anu postconflict policies
associateu with foiests fiagile states anu
conflict The synthesis offeis guiuance on
how these issues might be auuiesseu in
futuie policy uiscussions
Aut hor s/ Par t ner s: Emi l y Har w el l ( l ead
consul t ant ) , w i t h Ar t hur Bl undel l and
Dougl as Far ah
For t he r evi ew , vi si t :
ht t p:/ / w w w .pr of or .i nf o/ pr of or / k now l edge/ f o
r est s-f r agi l i t y-and-conf l i ct

How effect i ve ar e pr ot ected ar eas i n
conser vi ng bi odi ver si t y?
The papei aigues that piotecteu aieas may
not be the most effective means of
conseivation It ieviews an aiticle newly
publisheu in For est s Ecol ogy &
Management that was coauthoieu by
CIF0R Scientist Nanuel uuaiiguata which
founu that communitymanageu foiests
expeiienceu lowei annual uefoiestation
iates anu less vaiiation in iates of foiest
covei loss than piotecteu oi state owneu
paiks The finuings he aigues highlight
the neeu to incoipoiate local people into the
management of natuial iesouices fiom
uesign to implementation of REBB
Aut hor : Ter r y Sunder l and. Seni or Sci ent i st ,
Cent er f or I nt er nat i onal For est r y Resear ch
ht t p:/ / w w w .ci f or .or g/ onl i ne-l i br ar y/ pol ex-
ci f or s-bl og-f or -and-by-f or est -pol i cy-
exper t s/ engl i sh/ det ai l / ar t i cl e/ 1222/ how -
ef f ect i ve-ar e-pr ot ect ed-ar eas-i n-conser vi ng-
bi odi ver si t y.ht ml
Sour ce: CI FOR' s For est s Bl og: bl og.ci f or .or g

Ri o+20 - Uni t ed Nat i ons confer ence on
sust ai nabl e devel opment
Rio 0niteu Nations Confeience on
Sustainable Bevelopment will be helu in Ri o
ue }aneiio Biazil on }une
For f ur t her i nf or mat i on, pl ease vi si t :
ht t p:/ / w w w .uncsd2012.or g/ r i o20/
Sour ce: Ri o+20 New sl et t er

Afr i can el ephant s t o benefi t fr om new
$100 mi l l i on fund
ulobal conseivation expeits aim to iaise
0S million ovei the next thiee yeais to
ensuie the longteim suivival of Afiican
elephants in the face of incieaseu poaching
anu a thiiving illegal tiaue in ivoiy


FAO
Regional
Office for
Africa
FAO
REGIONAL
OFFICE
FOR
AFRICA
For t he w hol e ar t i cl e, vi si t : ht t p:/ / w w w .ens-
new sw i r e.com/ ens/ aug2011/ 2011-08-22-
01.ht ml
Sour ce: Envi r onment New s Ser vi ce ( ENS)
2011

Int er nat i onal encycl opedi a of medi ci nal
pl ant s vol ume 1 t o 18
Inteinational Encyclopeuia of Neuicinal
Plants is an amazing compenuium consisting
of a seiies of eighteen volumes coveiing A
to Z of meuicinal plants It is a iemaikable
compilation of infoimation on heibal
meuicine chemistiy phaimacology healing

piopeities tieatment of ailments anu
biology of meuicinal plants of the woilu It
also coveis heibs fiom all ovei the woilu
giving theii location cultivation histoiy of
heibal meuicine anu the heibal tiauitions of
uiffeient cultuies
Edi t or i n chi ef : Vi j ay Ver ma
For f ur t her i nf or mat i on, pl ease see:
ht t p:/ / w w w .t hebook spl anet .i n/ col l ect i ons/ f r
ont page/ pr oduct s/ i nt er nat i onal -
encycl opaedi a-of -medi ci nal -pl ant s-vol ume-1-
t o-18
Sour ce: The Book s Pl anet
[ t hebook spl anet @yahoo.com]

FAO
Regional
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FAO
REGIONAL
OFFICE
FOR
AFRICA
Theme and Deadl i ne for
Next Issue

The theme of the next euition of Nat ur e &
Faune is The For est -Agr i cul tur e
i nter face: a zone for enhanced
pr oduct i vi t y? The New Paitneiship foi
Afiicas Bevelopment NEPAB ueclaieu in a
statement that ieseaich on economic giowth
anu poveity ieuuction has shown that the
most effective way to ieuuce poveity
sustainably is to iaise the piouuctivity of
anu ietuins fiom iesouices on which the
pooiei people uepenu foi theii livelihoous
In almost all Afiican countiies these
iesouices aie agiicultuial lanu anu laboui
anu offfaim iuial laboui Thus agiicultuial
giowth is not only essential foi Afiica to
feeu itself as its population expanus but also
foi the wiuei uevelopment of Afiica
Afiican countiies aie stiiving to ieach anu
maintain a path of economic giowth thiough
agiicultuieleu uevelopment that ieuuces
mass poveity foou insecuiity anu hungei
As taigets foi a successful implementation
the Compiehensive Afiica Agiicultuie
Bevelopment Piogiamme CAABP takes on
the Nillennium Bevelopment uoal NBu of
ieuucing poveity anu hungei by half by
thiough the puisuit of a peicent
aveiage annual giowth in the agiicultuial
sectoi anu allocating an aveiage of
peicent of national buugets to the sectoi

Bowevei in Afiica as in othei economically
uepiiveu iegions the gieatest cause of
uefoiestation has been the conveision of
foiest lanu to agiicultuie By uefinition an
inteiface is a bounuaiy acioss which two
inuepenuent systems meet anu act on oi
communicate with each othei Aieas in
which the conveision of foiest lanu to
agiicultuie occuis ie the most uiiect anu
visible aspect of the for est -agr i cul t ur e
i nt er face aie often of gieat ecological
impoitance they neeu to be manageu wisely
to avoiu unnecessaiy uestiuction of foiests
while at the same time be able to meet the
livelihoou iequiiements of those that live
theie Noieovei conveision anu use of
foiests can iesult in bettei foou anu eneigy
supply iuial employment anu income
oppoitunities expanueu agio anu foiest
inuustiies anu an impioveu tiaue anu
foieign exchange balance Fuitheimoie it is
woith noting that foiest ecosystems
contiibute tiemenuously to agiicultuial
piouuctivity by piotecting soil against
uegiauation anu eiosion maintaining iivei
bouies anu assuiing iegulai iainfall
patteins

Sometimes howevei the puisuit of shoit
teim gains may leau to seiious longteim
losses to both the enviionment anu the
livelihoous of many people especially those
in the iuial aieas This is oftentimes the case
in most ueveloping countiies wheie the
neeu foi economic giowth has uiiven
goveinments into the mining of natuial
iesouices incluuing foiest anu agiicultuial
lanus with uisastious long teim effects on
the enviionment anu peoples livelihoous
With the iising piice of fossil fuels the
looming thieats of climate change lanu use
patteins may change in favoi of biofuels
piouuction In Afiica this is a potential new
souice of piessuie on lanu agiicultuie anu
foiestiy

The next euition of Nat ur e & Faune will
exploie this complex inteiface between
foiest anu agiicultuie in Afiica Aiticles that
auuiess the piospects of achieving the
Nillennium Bevelopment uoals which
iequiies balance between economic social
anu enviionmental aspects in uecision
making anu achieving syneigies between
foiest agiicultuial anu eneigy lanu uses will
be most welcomeu We invite you to submit
manusciipts that uesciibe the woiking of
the foiestagiicultuie inteiface in youi
countiies anu examine options foi
stabilizing this zone

Nostly foiestagiicultuie inteiface uesciibes
the zone physical oi economic wheie
foiest systems meet agiicultuie systems anu
inteiact often contentiously anu negatively
The next euition of Nat ur e & Faune wants to
exploie how to get positives out of this anu
managemitigate the negatives Theiefoie


FAO
Regional
Office for
Africa
FAO
REGIONAL
OFFICE
FOR
AFRICA
we call foi aiticles that contiibute to the
uebate of evaluating best piactices anu offei
piagmatic measuies to ensuie piouuctive
inteiface between foiestiy anu ielateu lanu
baseu sectois such as eneigy agiicultuie
anu watei

Please submit manusciipts that consiuei the
scientific knowleuge behinu these issues anu
which seek to unueistanu the iole of the
lanuownei anu his uecisionmaking piocess

which will likely influence the peiceiveu
conflicts between foiest anu agiicultuie anu
impact on the collaboiation among
stakeholueis 0f inteiest also aie papeis that
consiuei the policy implications of the above
issues incluuing policies that auuiess lanu
tenuie anu lanu use uecision making
piocess

G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G

In oiuei to facilitate contiibutions fiom potential authois we have cieateu guiuelines
foi the piepaiation of manusciipts foi Natuie Faune Shoit anu succinct papeis
maximum pages aie piefeiieu Please visit oui website oi senu us an email to
ieceive a copy of the ' Gui del i nes f or Aut hor s'

Emai l : nat ur e-faune@fao.or g anu Ada.NdesoAt anga@fao.or g

Deadl i ne for submi ssi on of manuscr i pt (s) and ot her cont r i but i ons i s 30
t h
Apr i l 2012

FAO
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Office for
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FAO
REGIONAL
OFFICE
FOR
AFRICA

Gui del i ne for aut hor s, Subscr i pt i on and Cor r espondence

Foi oui subsciibeis ieaueis anu contiibutois
x uuiuelines foi Authois In oiuei to facilitate contiibutions fiom potential authois we
have cieateu guiuelines foi the piepaiation of manusciipts foi Natuie Faune Please
visit oui website oi senu us an email to ieceive a copy of the uuiuelines foi Authois
x Submission of aiticles Senu us youi aiticles news items announcements anu iepoits
Please know how impoitant anu uelightful it is to ieceive youi contiibutions anu thank
you foi the many ways in which you continue to suppoit Natuie Faune magazine as we
all woik to expanu the ieach anu impact of conseivation effoits in Afiica
x Subsciibeunsubsciibe To subsciibe oi unsubsciibe fiom futuie mailings please senu
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Front Cover Photos:

The ulobal Citizens Centei leu by

They pioviue significant timbei

0vei the last two

0f this appioximately pei cent

it is the woilus seconu

Br i an E. Mar shal l : Lak e Vi ct or i a Fi sher i es

Ol i va C. Mk umbo: Lak e Vi ct or i a Fi sher i es

has uemonstiateu that

s have the potential to meet the

Sci ent i f i c Of f i cer , Nat i onal Cent r e f or Genet i c

the oveiall population

Ibauan is an ancient city

The iefoim closeu loopholes

Fol a Babal ol a PhD ( For est Economi cs) , Lect ur er

Abi Ene Resear cher , Feder al Col l ege of For est r y

The ulobal Citizens Centei leu by

They pioviue significant timbei

0vei the last two

0f this appioximately pei cent

it is the woilus seconu

Br i an E. Mar shal l : Lak e Vi ct or i a Fi sher i es

Ol i va C. Mk umbo: Lak e Vi ct or i a Fi sher i es

has uemonstiateu that

s have the potential to meet the

Sci ent i f i c Of f i cer , Nat i onal Cent r e f or Genet i c

the oveiall population

Ibauan is an ancient city

The iefoim closeu loopholes

Fol a Babal ol a PhD ( For est Economi cs) , Lect ur er

Abi Ene Resear cher , Feder al Col l ege of For est r y

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