This data reflects the growth in Chapter 4: Congruent Triangles.

We are interested in seeing if the mean score on the post test is higher than it is on the pre-test. Each student is given a pre-test before the unit and then a post test following the unit. The questions are the same with exception to the final question. The data is given below: Person: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 PRE-TEST: 5,4,6,1,8,5,6,7,6,7,5,4,6,10,5,2,5,6,6,6,6,7,2,5,4,6 POST-TEST: 8,15,14,8,11,9,10,14,12,13,12,13,19,16,13,9,12,15,14,17,11,9,10,17,8,17 (i) (ii) What is the population of interest? Students in Geometry A studying Chapter 4 What is the parameter of interest? The population mean difference between Pre-Test scores and Post Test scores for chapter 4. What is its value? unknown (population mean between sample differences, but it would be impossible to test everyone who learners about Congruent Triangles, that is why the value is unknown). What is the statistics of interest? The sample mean difference between the two dependent samples: Pre-Test scores before learning about Congruent Triangles and Post Test scores after learning about congruent triangles. What is its value? 7.15 Obtain the 95% confidence interval of the parameter of interest? [5.979,8.328] We are 95% confident that the true sample mean of differences between the pre-test and post test populations is between 5.979 and 8.328 units.

(iii) (iv)

The Procedure: We will analyze the differences between the two dependent samples (pre-test and post-test).The differences are: PRT-POT [3 11 8 7 3 4 4 7 6 6 7 9 13 6 8 7 7 9 8 11 5 2 8 12 4 11]. Also, the sample mean of the differences is 7.15 and the sample standard deviation of the difference is 2.907814. We used the qqnorm(POT-PRT) and qqline(POT-PRT) to analyze the sample differences in quantile-quantile plot form. See FIGURE. Based on the figure, it is not immediately clear that the distribution of differences is normal due to the outliers in the bottom left corner, however, for a sample size of the 30, the results show that it is not unreasonable to assume the distribution of differences between PRT and POT follow a normal distribution. To statistically test the spread of the data, we used variance and constructed a 95% confidence interval for the ratio of population variances. After running the variance test, we are 95% certain that the ratio of variances falls in [.16, .78], which indicates that a pooled variance could be justified for confidence interval calculations regarding the means. Therefore, now we know the data is normal, and since standard deviation as a measure of spread is dependent on whether the mean and standard deviation are from a normal distribution, we can conclude our calculations for mean and standard deviation are correct. I also ran a Shapiro.Wilk normality test for relatively small samples because our sample size is thirty and found that P=.54 and the test statistic was clearly significant at P = 0.05; therefore, .54>.05 and this accepts the null hypothesis that these data are from a normal distribution. Now, that we have established the data is normally distributed, we can run a Paired T-Test. This test shows that the 95% confidence interval is 5.979 to 8.328. This is implies that we are confident that the sample mean of differences lies in [5.979, 8.328] test scores, which we found was 7.15 and 7.15 clearly lies in that confidence interval. Therefore, we are 95% confident that the true sample mean of differences between POT and PRT populations is between 5.98 and 8.33 units. Since the confidence interval does not contain zero we know that the data is significantly different; which implies that the post test score reflects new learning and is greater than the pre-test score. This data ensures that the students learned new information during chapter 4.