Chapter 8 1. The molecular structure of ice is a six sided (hexagonal) very spacious crystalline structure.

Less dense than its liquid counterpart. Water molecules in the liquid phase are arranged in a more compact manner. Temperature affects water molecules. As temperature rises water molecules expand and increase in speed. As temperature drops or cools water molecules contract and begin to slow in speed. As pressure is applied to ice the bonds of the ring structure begin to collapse and the ice begins to melt. 2. As water evaporates it takes its kinetic energy with it lowering the total kinetic energy of where it was causing that substance to cool. As water vapor condenses it adds heat to what its condensing on therefore heating up that substance. 3. Evaporation is when the surface molecules of a liquid become a gas. Boiling is evaporation throughout the entire liquid. As pressure increases so does the boiling point of water. As pressure decreases so does the boiling point of water. 4. Specific heat is the amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of material 10c.

Chapter 17 1. Pressure is the average force of the molecules colliding against one another and their container. When the volume decreases the pressure increases because the chance of molecules colliding becomes more likely. Gasses take up more space when temperature increases because as this happens the molecules begin to move faster and expand ergo taking up more space.

 When the number of particles increases it takes up more space because there are more particles. 6. An ideal gas is to have no volume or electrical attractions or repulsions. Unfortunately this is not possible because an actual gas has volume and electrical attractions. How does this still help approximate the behavior of gasses? For this chapter know how to calculate Boyless law, Charles law, and the ideal gas law.

Chapter 9 1. 1C(s) + 102(g) ==> 1CO2(g) Reactants on the left Products on the right Arrow means equals The letters in parenthesis are its physical state(solid, liquid, gas)

2. Coefficients are numbers representing individual atoms or molecules. Subscripts should not be changed when balancing equations and are the amount of atoms of an element there are. 3. An equation needs to be balanced so it abides by the Law of Conservation of Mass which states: mass is neither created nor destroyed just rearranged to form a product. A chemical equation is balanced by changing its coefficients. Be able to balance equations.

4. Mole = 6.02 * 1023 which is Avagadros number. 5. A reaction rate is how quickly the concentration of products increases or decreases. For a reaction to occur reactant molecules have to collide and break their bonds. 6. Temperature increases the rate at which molecules move. This increase of speed increases the force of the collisions which increases the reaction rate.

More concentrated means more molecules therefore collisions are more likely to occur.

7. Activation energy is the minimum energy required to overcome the energy barrier and break the molecules bonds. The lower the activation energy the faster the reaction. The greater the activation energy the slower the reaction.

8. A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reation. 9. Entropy is the natural spreading of energy. Used to see if two materials will react with one another. 10. Not sure what this answer is. 11. Exothermic is a chemical reaction that has a net release of energy. Endothermic is a chemical reaction that has a net gain of energy.

Chapter 10 1. Bronsted Lowry acid is a chemical that donates a hydrogen ion. Bronsted Lowry base is a chemical that accepts a hydrogen ion. 2. Neutralization reaction is a reaction b/t an acid & base. When a strong acid or base is added to water little acid or base will remain. When a weak acid or base is added to water a lot of acid or base will remain.

3. A strong acid has more hydronium ions. A strong base has more hydroxide ions. A strong acid is more likely to donate hydrogen ions than a weak acid. A strong base is more likely to accept hydrogen ions than a weak base. 4. Acidic: hydronium > hydroxide Basic: hydroxide > hydronium Neutral: hydroxide = hydronium

Chapter 11 1. Oxidation is the loss of 1 or more electrons. Reduction is the gaining of 1 or more elections. Oxidation & reduction always happen together because when a reactant is oxidized its electrons dont just float around in space, but are gained by something else which is now reduced.

2. A reducing agent is a reactant that is oxidized allowing something else to be reduced. An oxidizing agent is a reactant that is reduced allowing for something else to be oxidized. Flow of electrons: As something is reduced it receives electrons and something else losses electrons when oxidized. Oxidation: -sign to + sign Reduction: +sign to sign