Professional Documents
Culture Documents
They arise along the neural tube starting around 27 hours and are migratory along specific paths. Two movies show the fluorescently labeled cells moving away from the neural tube over 10-12 hrs.
Neural crest cells can be fluorescently labeled with a specific antibody (HNK-1)
Neural crest cells play a large role in vertebrate evolution because they form so many of the structures in the head and pharyngeal arches that are characteristic of a vertebrate body type. They are therefore the main cells responsible for changes in craniofacial evolution.
The avian bill is formed in part from the cranial neural crest migrating from the fore and midbrain region t th b i to the branchial arches hi l h
(A): Migration of neural crest cells (shown in red) (B) and (C): Maxillary (mx) and mandibular arches (md) (D): Beak bone (red) from NCC NCC.
Trainor, P. ( Science 299: 523 2003).
The avian bill is not entirely made from NCCs they contribute but do they determine its pattern?
A grafting experiment was done to test this. Chick neural crest cells were put in the quail embryo ( quck ) (quck) or quail neural crest cells were put in the duck embryo (duail) The ( duail ). results are on the next slide.
The duck beak of course is longer. The quail beak has a maxillary ill bump near the tip ( gg tooth). p (egg )
A. Quail NC cells transplanted in a duck embryo (a ( quck) results k) lt in a stubby quail type bill and having the egg tooth bump.
B. Duck NC cells transplanted in a quail embryo (a duail) results in a ) longer duck type bill.
The results of the reciprocal transplants indicate that it is the neural crest which forms not only the cartilage and bone but directs the overlying ectoderm and the mesoderm as well in the formation of the avian beak beak.
Cranial nerves
The sources of the neurons can be alongside the neuromeres (rhombomeres), or from ectoderm just under the epidermis (epibranchial placodes) or growth from the developing sensory organ (nose, eye, ear). The olfactory sensory nerve (I) forms axons growing from the nasal pits toward the cerebral hemispheres. The optic nerve (II) forms from the sensory retina and later axons grow back to join to the diencephalon. diencephalon The oculomotor (III) nerves are motor and later innervate the eye muscles (not yet formed). y ( y )
The glossopharyngeal (IX) and associated superior ganglion is a sensory nerve can be traced to the third arch. Epibranchial placodes and neural crest form this nerve nerve. The vagus (X) and associated jugular ganglion is a mixed nerve for the fourth arch. Epibranchial placodes contribute to the neural crest forming these neurons neurons.
Spinal cord
left
right
Yolk sac
anterior
Facial nerve
Metencephalon
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX XXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXX
Pharyngeal region
The four pharyngeal (branchial) arches are characteristically found in all vertebrates during development whether or not gills are formed. This is an example of the retention of common structures and developmental pathways in vertebrate evolution. l ti The derivatives of the endoderm and neural crest cells vary th most i l t ll the t in evolution.
XXXXXXXXX
XXXXX XXXXX
Chick embryo neural tube cells before the formation of the three neural layers.
Dividing cells can sometimes be seen close to the lumen in the ventricular zone.
anaphase
In the spinal cord or brain of the 72 hour chick embryo the thin outer marginal zone sometimes is seen (i.e rarely) as distinct from the two darker and denser inner layers. Try to find it.
In viewing sections note how the thickness of the layers varies between thi k f th l i b t brain regions.
In the next slide the adult spinal cord structure is shown with the dorsal sensory and ventral motor nerves. In the 72 hr chick the nerve axons are growing toward the targets (such as the limb bud which is very early in its development) but the staining method used for these sections does not allow nerve fibers to be easily seen.
The oculomotor nerves (cranial nerve III) can sometimes be seen as thin usually non-continuous streaks extending from the mesencephalon floor toward the internal carotid arteries. These nerves will innervate the muscles of the eyes (The eyes. oculomotor nerves may not be seen in all sets of sections sections.
Body cavities
The coelom is beginning to become divided into the pericardial cavity surrounding the heart, the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs and the peritoneal lungs, cavity around the gut.