Session 1: Introduction (ENG 6705)

INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS USING COMPUTERS

Tamer B. Sabrah
Ph.D. Candidate - Civil Engineering Dept. Faculty of Engineering & Applied Science 1

SESSION 1 OUTLINE
1. Structural Analysis Using Computers 2. Brief on Finite Element Method 3. Introduction to S-Frame 4. Overview of Modeling Environment 5. Example: 2D Model Continuous Beam
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WHATS REQUIRED FROM STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ?

Select Material Design Sections/members. Check stability/serviceability

Normal Forces Shear Forces Bending Moments Torsion Statically Determinate

Deflections Rotations Displacements

Statically In-Determinate 3

Q: After your graduation; assume - for some reason - that your boss ask you to work in a special project to reanalyze, and re-design the Eiffel Tower in Paris!
How much time you will take to do that?! What is the degree of indeterminacy?! How much effort is needed to calculate BMD, NFD, SFD, deflections, rotations, etc.? Do you think that Eiffel did an efficient analysis and design in the 19th century? Assuming you succeeded to do that and he told you that the loads on the tower will be higher that he gave to you in the beginning?!! What you are going to do ?!!!!!!!! 4

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS USING COMPUTERS?

ACCURATE ANALYSIS SAVE TIME SAVE EFFORT CAN REANALYSIS ANY TIME AND FOR UNLIMITED NUMBER CAN DO MORE COMPLEX STRUCTURES CAN ANALYZE FOR INFINITE NUMBER OF LOADING CASES AND COMBINATIONS ANALYSIS CAN BE LINEAR, NONLINEAR, STATIC AND/OR DYNAMIC.

Structural Analysis Using Computers

(Theories) Structural analysis using computers are mainly based on so many theories. The most popular is the Finite Element Method. The F.E. method is based on one of two general approaches: force (flexibility) method, and/or the displacement (stiffness) method.
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Structural Analysis Using Computers

(History) The F.E. method has become a practical one for solving engineering problems only in the past 40 years (parallel to the development of modern high speed computers). The modern development of the F.E. method began in the 1940s in the field of structural engineering by Hrennikoff (1941), McHenry (1943), and R. Courant (1943), and then followed by so many others.
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Whats F.E. Method?

The F.E. method is a numerical method for solving problems of engineering and mathematical physics. Simply, the F.E. method is based on dividing the structures into smaller elements (pieces/ elements) and solve for each element individually. Then, assemble the solutions together for the whole structures. The F.E. analysis utilize matrices calculations. And its based on the laws of equilibrium, strain compatibility and idealization of the materials stress-strain relations.

Computer Programs
There are so many programs in the market, such as SAP, SAFE, ALGOR, COSMOS, STAAD, S-FRAME, STARDYNE, and other general-purpose programs such as ANSYS, ABAQUS. The selection of the software will depend on the resources, structure type, complexity, computer capacity,etc.
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THE GENERAL MAIN STEPS IN ANY COMPUTER ANALYSIS SOFTWARE 1.Building model geometry (member geometry, nodes, meshing, etc). 2.Define supports (constraints/restraints..) 3.Defining member properties, sections. 4.Assigning loads (load cases, combinations..) 5.Defining analysis type, printouts in the out-put results. 6.Defining design requirements. 7.Plotting of deformed geometry/ stressesetc. 8.Check and view results 10

BASIC TECHNICAL POINTS

1. Discretization
Divide the structure into number of nodes and elements (truss/beam elements, shell elements, solid elements).
1 1 2 2 3 3 4

4 3

Nodes should be defined at supports locations, concentrated loads, any discontinuity in loads, sections.

1 5 4 1 5

Beam elements are connecting between nodes (numbers > one) 11

BASIC TECHNICAL POINTS

Y X Z 2 (12,0,0) 3 3 (18,0,0) 4

2. Coordinates
Global Coordinate System
(0,0,0) 1 1 (5,0,0) 2

2 (0,6,0)

3 (5,6,0) Each Node should has unique 3 certain coordinates related to the global coordinate system (x, y, z) 4 Also, loads should be defined relative to the coordinate system. (5,0,0) 12

1 5

(0,0,0)

Session 1: S -Frame

S-FRAME
An interactive structural analysis program

www.sframe.com
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Structural Office Programs Advanced structural analysis with integrated RC and steelwork design. P-Frame 2D structural analysis S-Frame 3D structural analysis S-Steel: B-Sect: Steel design Concrete beam section design

C-Sect t : Concrete column section design W-Sect t: Concrete wall section design

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Overview of Modeling Procedure

1. General Modeling Environmental Settings Open Structure Dialog

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Project Description Dialog

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Click Input Units Make the settings require and then click OK to return to the Project Description Dialog. Similarly, the Result Units.

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Model Generation Options Dialog

You use this dialog to tell the S-Frame whether you want to create a blank model, or use various wizards to create generic model types. Select and then click OK.

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S-Frame Windows If you cascade the windows your screen should look like this

Numerical Results Graphical Results Loads Geometry

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Geometry Window

Edit toolbar

Data Bar Aerial Window Views and Grids Toolbar

Geometry Tools toolbox

Status Line

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S-Frame Example 1
ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS BEAM

6.0 kN/m 3.0 kN/m 1.5 kN/m

5m (0,0) (5,0)

6m (11,0)

4m (15,0)

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There are so many ways to build the geometry of this beam, one of them is to create the joints (nodes) first and then connect in between. 1. Enter the nodes (node by node) according to their coordinates

Data Bar Joint tool

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2. Now, we have created the four main nodes defining the supports of the beam.

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3. If you want to see the nodes numbers Click on View/Geometric Labels.

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Here you go !

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4. Connect in between joints by members (beam elements). Click on the Member definition tool then you can use the mouse (double click) on each joint and then connect it to the next. Or use the data bar (and enter the joints numbers)

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BASIC TECHNICAL POINTS DEGREES OF FREEDOM (2D)

Z Hinged ( pinned ) Fixed in X-dir. Fixed in Y-dir. D.o.F. = 1 Roller

Y X

D.o.F. = 2 Fixed in Y-dir. Fixed from rotation about Z-dir.

Fixed Fixed in X-dir.

D.o.F. = 0

Fixed in Y-dir.

5. Assign the restraints (supports) Click on the Support Tool. Degrees of freedom ( 1= free , 0 = fix) for example: 0,1,1 = restrained only in the x-direction. 0,0,1 = restrained in x- and y-directions

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Change the Degrees of freedom according to the support type, and then double click on the joints.

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6. Select sections dimension Click on Section Properties Tool

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Data Base: Steel Section Properties

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Custom Sections

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Note: If you created only one section it will be defined to all members.

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 Assigning Loads
Change to the LOADS window

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Define Load Case (dead load for example)

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 Assigning Loads
Assign uniform load in the Y-global. (-ve direction of Y)

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 S-Frame Finite Element Solver Window

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 In the Graphical Results Window:

Ex.: Bending Moment Diagrams

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 In the Graphical Results Window:

Ex.: Shear Forces Diagrams

Support Reactions

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Questions ? Thank you...

This presentation can be downloaded from the following link :

www.engr.mun.ca/~sabrah/
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Session 2: Introduction to S -Frame

S-FRAME
An interactive structural analysis program
Tamer B. Sabrah
Ph.D. Candidate - Civil Engineering Dept. Faculty of Engineering & Applied Science 41

SESSION 2 OUTLINE
1. Revise some concepts from session 1 2. Concept of discretization (meshing) 3. Example 2: 2D Frame Analysis - Exercise (2-3 mins). - Review geometry modeling. - Assigning loads. - View Results
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1. Review of Some Concepts

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Structural Analysis Using Computers

(Theories) Structural analysis using computers are mainly based on so many theories. The most popular is the Finite Element Method.

Force (Flexibility) method

Displacement (Stiffness) method

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Finite Element Method

Laws of Equilibrium

Laws of Strain Computability

MATRICES MATHEMATICS

Relations define the stress-strain response of the materials

THE GENERAL MAIN STEPS IN ANY COMPUTER ANALYSIS SOFTWARE 1.Building model geometry (member geometry, nodes, meshing, etc). 2.Define supports (constraints/restraints..) 3.Defining member properties, sections. 4.Assigning loads (load cases, combinations..) 5.Defining analysis type, printouts in the out-put results. 6.Defining design requirements. 7.Plotting of deformed geometry/ stressesetc. 8.Check and view results 46

BASIC TECHNICAL POINTS

Y X Z 2 (12,0,0) 3 3 (18,0,0) 4

2. Coordinates
Global Coordinate System
(0,0,0) 1 1 (5,0,0) 2

2 (0,6,0)

3 (5,6,0) Each Node should has unique 3 certain coordinates related to the global coordinate system (x, y, z) 4 Also, loads should be defined relative to the coordinate system. (5,0,0) 47

1 5

(0,0,0)

BASIC TECHNICAL POINTS 3. DEGREES OF FREEDOM (2D) In the 2D plane we have 3 D.o.F. in total
Z Hinged ( pinned ) Fixed in X-dir. Fixed in Y-dir. D.o.F. = 1 Roller

Y X

D.o.F. = 2 Fixed in Y-dir. Fixed from rotation about Z-dir.

Fixed Fixed in X-dir.

D.o.F. = 0

Fixed in Y-dir.

2. Concept of Discretization (Meshing)

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BASIC TECHNICAL POINTS

1. Discretization
Divide the structure into number of nodes and elements (truss/beam elements, shell elements, solid elements).
1 1 2 2 3 3 4

4 3

Nodes should be defined at supports locations, concentrated loads, any discontinuity in loads, sections.

1 5 4 1 5

Beam elements are connecting between nodes (numbers > one) 50

MESHING CONCEPT Each Node should has unique certain coordinates related to the global coordinate system (x, y, z). For instances, nodes are required at locations of: 1. Concentrated loads. 2. Discontinuity in loads. 3. Abrupt changes in sections geometry. 4. Abrupt changes in materials properties. 5. Other natural subdivisions at corners. The software calculates the displacements ONLY at the nodes. This means that without enough number of nodes, we will not be able to get the deflection values.
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MESHING CONCEPT In any structure it should be divided into nodes (loosely speaking: main nodes/mesh nodes!) At each node there are certain numbers of degrees of freedom. As the number of nodes within the structure increases, the number of degrees of freedom increases. This enhances the accuracy of the solution. A computer facilitates the solution for large number of degrees-of-freedom. However, as the number of nodes becomes very large, the model will become slow for being solved in a reasonable time. So, optimizing the meshing step needs to be wisely done.

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So, Reasonable Number of Nodes and Elements are Required Displacement

Exact solution

Number of elements

Compatible displacement formulation

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S-Frame Example 1
(From Session 1) ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS BEAM
6.0 kN/m 3.0 kN/m 1.5 kN/m

5m (0,0) (5,0)

6m (11,0)

4m (15,0)

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S-Frame Subdividing Option

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The average beam spans varied from 4 m to 6 m so, dividing each span into 10 elements is reasonable. The element length is ~ 0.50 m.

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Deformed Shape Before Meshing

Deformed Shape After Meshing

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Note that we have now more numbers of sections the shear calculated on. so, dividing each span into finite elements give us the opportunity to have more accurate results.

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2. Example 2: 2D Frame Analysis

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EXERCISE : DEFINE THE REQUIRED MAIN NODES FOR THIS FRAME USING THE PRINCIPLES OF DISCRETIZATION (MESHING)
5 kN/m 3 kN/m 1 kN/m 4 kN/m

1m

3m 5m

1m

3m 6m

3m 4m

4m 7m 10 kN

5m 8m 8m

4m

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Review of Modeling Procedure

General Modeling Environmental Settings Open Structure Dialog

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Project Description Dialog

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Click Input Units Make the settings require and then click OK to return to the Project Description Dialog. Similarly, the Result Units.

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Model Generation Options Dialog

You use this dialog to tell the S-Frame whether you want to create a blank model, or use various wizards to create generic model types. Select and then click OK.

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Geometry Window

Edit toolbar

Data Bar Aerial Window Views and Grids Toolbar

Geometry Tools toolbox

Status Line

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There are so many ways to build the geometry of this beam, one of them is to create the joints (nodes) first and then connect in between. 1. Enter the nodes (node by node) according to their coordinates. 2. There is an option in the S-Frame called (Grids). You create a grid and define nodes at the intersections of this grid, and then connect in between. 3. Draw the frame in AutoCAD. Save the file as ( . DXF) file type. From inside the S-Frame Import that file.

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Using whatever option, we can create the main elements as shown below.

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While, activating the Member Definition Tool, double click on the member. The left menu will open. Divide the member at mid point. And at % distance.

Here, we only defined the required essential nodes

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DEFINE THE INTERMEDIATE HINGE

Using Release tool , we can create the intermediate hinge at the end of the member

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DEFINE THE SUPPORTS

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DEFINE THE SECTIONS

Click on Section Properties Tool

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Custom Sections

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Note: If you created only one section it will be defined to all members.

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DEFINE THE LOADS

Assigning Loads
Change to the LOADS window

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Define Load Cases (Dead load and Live Load)

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DEFINE THE LOAD COMBINATIONS Assume we have a load combination 1.25 X D.L. + 1.4 X L.L

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DEFINE THE UNIFORM LOAD AT THE MID SPAN Refer to Session 1

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DEFINE THE UNIFORM LOAD AT THE MID SPAN Refer to Session 1

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DEFINE THE TRAPEZOID LOAD AT THE FIRST SPAN

Part 1: Triangular load

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Part 2: Uniform load

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Part 3: Triangular load

Typically we can define the triangular load at the end span

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DEFINE THE CONCENTRATED LOAD ON THE COLUMN

Note this load is the L.L.

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SELECT THE ANALYSIS TYPE

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 S-Frame Finite Element Solver Window

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 In the Graphical Results Window:

Dead Load

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 In the Graphical Results Window:

Dead Load

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 In the Graphical Results Window:

Ultimate Load

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NUMERICAL RESULTS MENU

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 Displacements

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 Reactions

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Any Questions ? Thank you...

This presentation can be downloaded from the following link :

www.engr.mun.ca/~sabrah/
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