9.2.3 Explain the process of mineral ion absorption from the soil into roots by active transport.

Outline the adaptations of plant roots for absorption of mineral ions from the soil. Monday 17 May 2010 - afternoon 5 marks mineral ions are absorbed by active transport; large surface area; branching (increases surface area); root hairs; root hair cells have carrier protein/ion pumps (in their plasma membrane); (many) mitochondria in root (hair) cells; to provide ATP for active transport; connections with fungi in the soil/fungal hyphae;

11.1.1 Describe the process of blood clotting. Describe the processes involved in blood clotting. Wednesday 6 May 2009 afternoon 6 marks cells/tissue is damaged/cut/bruised; damaged cells/platelets release clotting factors; (clotting factors cause the) production of thrombin; blood plasma contains soluble fibrinogen; fibrinogen converted into fibrin; by thrombin; forms a net of fibres trapping blood cells; forming a clot / prevents blood loss / entry of bacteria/pathogens; cascade of reactions/series of stages prevent accidental clotting/speed up clotting;

11.3.3 Annotate a diagram of a glomerulus and associated nephron to show the function of each part. Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a glomerulus and associated nephron. Monday 14 May 2007 afternoon 4 marks loop of Henle; ascending and descending; proximal convoluted tubule; (shown with convolutions) Bowmans capsule; (shown as a continuation of proximal convoluted tubule) afferent arteriole; efferent arteriole; (with smaller diameter than afferent) distal convoluted tubule; (shown with convolutions) collecting duct; (shown with branches) fenestrated capillaries; (shown as an enlarged diagram)

11.4.7 Outline the role of the epididymis, seminal vesicle and prostate gland in the production of semen. Outline the process of fertilization in humans. Wednesday 7 May 2003 - afternoon 6 marks sperm enters oviduct (fallopian tube) / sperm swims towards egg / (secondary) oocyte / ovum; sperm attracted to egg / sperm attach to receptors in zona pellucida / chemotaxis; acrosome reaction / release of (hydrolytic) enzymes from acrosome; penetration of zona pellucida / jelly coat; membranes of egg and sperm fuse / sperm (head) penetrates egg membrane; cortical reaction / granules released to the outside of egg; zona pellucida hardens / fertilization membrane forms to prevent polyspermy; nucleus of secondary oocyte completes meiosis II;

 fusion of nuclei / (diploid) zygote forms;