A SEMINAR REPORT ON

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIONS

PRESENTED BY : VIPUL A.PATEL

GUIDED BY: Mr. KINNAR VAGHELA

4G WIRELESS SYSTEM:
Definition
Fourth generation wireless system is a packet switched wireless system with wide area coverage and high throughput. It is designed to be cost effective and to provide high spectral efficiency. The 4g wireless uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Ultra Wide Radio Band (UWB), and Millimeter wireless. Data rate of 20mbps is employed. Mobile speed will be up to 200km/hr. The high performance is achieved by the use of long term channel prediction, in both time and frequency, scheduling among users and smart antennas combined with adaptive modulation and power control. Frequency band is 2-8 GHz. it gives the ability for world wide roaming to access cell anywhere.

Wireless mobile communications systems are uniquely identified by "generation designations. Introduced in the early 1980s, first generation (1G) systems were marked by analog frequency modulation and used primarily for voice communications. Second generation (2G) wireless communications systems, which made their appearance in the late 1980s, were also used mainly for voice transmission and reception The wireless system in widespread use today goes by the name of 2.5G-an "in between " service that serves as a stepping stone to 3G. Whereby 2G communications is generally associated with Global System for Mobile (GSM) service, 2.5G is usually identified as being "fueled " by General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) along with GSM. In 3G systems, making their appearance in late 2002 and in 2003, are designed for voice and paging services, as well as interactive media use such as teleconferencing, Internet access, and other services. The problem with 3G wireless systems is bandwidth-these systems provide only WAN coverage ranging from 144 kbps (for vehicle mobility applications) to 2 Mbps (for indoor static applications). Segue to 4G, the "next dimension" of wireless communication. The 4g wireless uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Ultra Wide Radio Band (UWB), and Millimeter wireless and smart antenna.

Data rate of 20mbps is employed. Mobile speed will be up to 200km/hr. Frequency band is 28 GHz. it gives the ability for world wide roaming to access cell anywhere.

Features:
Support for interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet, and other broadband services IP based mobile system High speed, high capacity, and low cost per bit Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services Seamless switching, and a variety of Quality of Service driven services Better scheduling and call admission control techniques Ad hoc and multi hop networks (the strict delay requirements of voice make multi hop network service a difficult problem) Better spectral efficiency Seamless network of multiple protocols and air interfaces (since 4G will be all ?]IP, look for 4G systems to be compatible with all common network technologies, including802.11, WCDMA, Blue tooth, and Hyper LAN). An infrastructure to handle pre existing 3G systems along with other wireless technologies, some of which are currently under development.

Principles of techniques:
While compare to 3g it mainly provide the base band techniques. Are: 1. OFDM - To exploit the frequency selective channel property. 2. MIMO:-To attain ultra high spectral efficiency.

3 .Turbo principle:-To minimize the required SNR at the reception side 4. Adaptive radio interface. 5. Modulation, spatial processing including multi-antenna and multi-user MIMO.

Orthogonally Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM):

Essentially identical to Coded OFDM (COFDM) and Discrete multi-tone modulation (DMT) is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme utilized as a digital multi-carrier modulation method. A large number of closely-spaced orthogonal sub-carriers are used to carry data. The data is divided into several parallel data streams or channels, one for each sub-carrier. Each sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme (such as quadrature amplitude modulation or phase shift keying) at a low symbol rate, maintaining total data rates similar to conventional singlecarrier modulation schemes in the same bandwidth. The primary advantage of OFDM over single-carrier schemes is its ability to cope with severe channel conditions for example, attenuation of high frequencies in a long copper wire, narrowband interference and frequency-selective fading due to multipath without complex equalization filters. Channel equalization is simplified because OFDM may be viewed as using many slowly-modulated narrowband signals rather than one rapidlymodulated wideband signal. The low symbol rate makes the use of a guard interval between symbols affordable, making it possible to handle time-spreading and eliminate intersymbol interference (ISI). This mechanism also facilitates the design of single-frequency networks, where several adjacent transmitters send the same signal simultaneously at the same frequency, as the signals from multiple distant transmitters may be combined constructively, rather than interfering as would typically occur in a traditional single-carrier system.

IDEALISED SYSTEM MODEL:

This section describes a simple idealized OFDM system model suitable for a timeinvariant AWGN channel.

Transmitter:

An OFDM carrier signal is the sum of a number of orthogonal sub-carriers, with baseband data on each sub-carrier being independently modulated commonly using some type of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) or phase-shift keying (PSK). This composite baseband signal is typically used to modulate a main RF carrier. s[n] is a serial stream of binary digits. By inverse multiplexing, these are first demultiplexed into N parallel streams, and each one mapped to a (possibly complex) symbol stream using some modulation constellation (QAM, PSK,

etc.). Note that the constellations may be different, so some streams may carry a higher bit-rate than others. An inverse FFT is computed on each set of symbols, giving a set of complex timedomain samples.These samples are then quadrature-mixed to passband in the standard way. The real and imaginary components are first converted to the analogue domain using digital-to-analogue converters (DACs); the analogue signals are then used to modulate cosine and sine waves at the carrier frequency, fc, respectively. These signals are then summed to give the transmission signal

RECEIVER:

CONCLUSION:
We presented an architecture for supporting end-to-end QoS. This QoS architecture is able to support multi-service, multi-operator environments, handling complex multimedia services, with per user and per service differentiation, and integrating mobility and AAAC aspects. The main elements in our architecture are the MT, the AR and the QoS Brokers. We discussed the simple interoperation between these elements and depicted the overall QoS concept. With our approach, very little restrictions are imposed on the service offering. This architecture is currently being evolved for large testing in field trials across Madrid and Stuttgart. Being an architecture specially targeted to support real time communications over packet networks, the network elements configuration must be well dissected. The simulation study summarized in the paper was a valuable input to the QoS Broker implementation and policies design, providing simple heuristics to properly configure the access routers to achieve the best possible performance. The schedulers configuration on the core routers was also determined through the results of this simulation study. This architecture still has some shortcomings, though, mostly due to its diffserv orientation. Each domain has to implement its own plan for mapping between network service and a DSCP, and thus, for inter domain service provision, it is essential a service/DSCP mapping between neighbouring domains. Furthermore, an adequate middleware function is required in the MT, to optimally mark the packets generated by the applications and issue the proper service requests, which requires extensions in current protocol stacks.