Churchill

Liberal (President of Board of Trade 1908-1910, Home Secretary 1910-1911, Chancellor of the Exchequer 1924-1929, Prime Minister 1940-1945) 1. Background of Liberal welfare reforms - - - - 2. - - - 3. - Rising popularity of Labour socialist policies, needed their own popular policies Growing trade union movement in 1910-1912, fear of rebellion Ally with the Labour Party due to lack of majority in seats in House of Commons Foundations of the modern day welfare state in Britain Increased the number of free scholarship places in secondary schools (1907): opportunity to climb the social ladder Tax allowances for children (1909): keep more children in school Compulsory provision of free school meals (1914): improved childrens health National Insurance Act (1911): compulsory health insurance provided for low earning workers, financed through contributions from firms, government, and individuals - 4. - - - - - - - i. ii. 5. School clinics (1912): set up to provide free medical care for children in school Trade Disputes Act (1906): unions were not liable for damage caused by strikes Mines Act (1908): miners worked only 8-hour days Pension schemes (1908): means-tested and intentionally low to encourage workers to make their own provisions for the future Labour Exchanges Act (1909): set up labour exchanges to find work for the unemployed Trades Boards Act (1909): established trades boards, first minimum wage system in Britain Development Fund (1909): increasing employment during times of recession National Insurance Act (1911) Health insurance: provided for low earning workers, financed through contributions from firms, government, and individuals Unemployment insurance: benefits paid to unemployed, contributed by both workers and government The Peoples Budget - - 6. Introduction of new taxes on the wealthy for the creation of new social welfare programmes First budget in British history with the expressed intent of redistributing wealth to the British public Return to gold standard at pre-war levels - Required contractionary monetary policy, resulted in deflation and unemployment Industrial relations

Education

Health

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Coal mining industry particularly affected due to ship industry moving into oil General Strike of 1926 High unemployment led to Keynesian demand policies in the future Good relationship with Roosevelt during WWII, provided resources for Britain Strong relationship with Truman and supported him in his first days as President

Relationship with the US

Prime Minister 1951-1955 Focused on foreign and defense policy, devoted much time to international relations Relationship with the US - - - - - - - i. Attempted to maintain the special relationship with the US Tried to regain relationship with Truman, but unsuccessful due to the declining power of Britain in the international stage Made four transatlantic visits to get close to Eisenhower, but failed Refused to join the European Coal and Steel Community Shaped Britains ambivalence towards European affairs Believed Britain to still be an international power even though Britain declined in military and imperial prestige and power Tried to retain the British Empire Mau Mau rebellion (1) (2) (3) ii. Kenya African Union demanded greater representation and land reform, but demands were rejected, leading to the rebellion British troops were flown to Kenya to deal with the rebellion, moving Kenya to full-scale civil war Strategy was to use military response while implementing the concessions that Attlee had blocked Malayan Emergency (1) (2) iii. Rebellion in progress since 1948, inherited by Churchill Churchill chose to use direct military action while building an alliance with those not in the rebellion Decolonisation (1) (2) Malayan Emergency showed that a lot of colonial rule from Britain was no longer plausible Plans drawn up for independence for Malaya, Singapore, and other crown colonies in 1953 European integration

Grandeur of Great Britain