THE GLOBE

March - April 2012

Student Writings from IEI

WRITING TWO
Money and Happiness By Ibrahim (Saudi Arabia) I will talk about the people who are happy with money. Some people are happy. Some people are not happy. First, the people are happy because they have money. The money is the best for life. If I do not have money, I cannot have life. Some people have a lot of money. Can you give anything? I do not worry about money. You can help any people. Do you need help? You can help. Second, the people who have money are not happy because health is number one. If their health is good, then happiness comes. The money is nothing for their health, but first happiness. Do you have money? All people like them. Finally, the poor people are happy because they do not care about the money. Their happiness is with their families. The life with money can make you happy, but the family is happy. They are happy. Some families are sad, but they have money. The money is not life. Their mother and father dont live together. The families are not happy. First, my number one is health. After that, I live with other people. All people need to be happy, but happiness does not have money. The poor people are happy in their lives. My Father By Ahmed (Saudi Arabia) I learned a lot of things from my father. My father always takes me anywhere he goes. For example, every day, I go to his work showroom because he wanted me to learn the job. Now I know everything about cars. Also, he taught me to drive all the cars. My mother taught me some things in the kitchen, like how to cook. Also, she always bought me stories in English because she wanted me to learn the English language, but I never read the stories. Most People Would Like to be Rich By Nawaf (Saudi Arabia) Most people would like to be rich because they need help. Some people are looking for a job in the company of the rich. I think this is normal. These 1 people live between them. Some people are liars with the rich. He laughs with him at anything he says. The rich are supposed to help the poor. We know advice that this money or food for God on the people. But, some rich people are different. Some rich people do not buy themselves new clothes or a new car. He does not give gifts to his family. Some rich are opposite to this man. They support the poor. My Father and Mother By Emad (Saudi Arabia) My father and mother taught me more information and my good education. After six years old, I started school. I studied six years. After that, I started middle school. I study in middle school for three years. After that, I went to high school. My father agreed for me to study high school in Yanbuo City. After three years, I finished high school. Wow! At that time, I was very happy. My father told me that today is a special party. After that, I started to study in university. After five years when I finished studying at university, I needed to study the English language. I am here in the U.S. to study English. After that, I am going to TTU university and study masters. Rich People are Happy By Ahmad (Saudi Arabia) I think the rich people are happy in their lives because they have everything. They can buy huge houses, hotels, high buildings, and even an island. They can travel to many places in the world. Also, they have their own plane and yacht. They can do whatever they want to do with their own money, like Bill Gates. He was the first richest man in the world. He has the Microsoft company. It is a computer company. He looks like he is very happy. Opal Jewel Workshop By Murtadha (Saudi Arabia) The Opal Jewel Workshop is a small factory. It is located in west Dammam. It was built in 2000 and began production between 2000 and 2001. The OJW has production for different kinds of gold. The product kinds of gold are "necklaces, rings, earrings"

and different colors: "yellow gold and white gold." It has 20 workers, 5 wholesale men. In addition, there is a product manager, an accountant, and staff. My Parents Taught Me By Reem (Saudi Arabia) My parents taught me at home every day. I was a child. They taught me to eat and drink. My

father taught me to talk and the boat ride to fish. My mother taught me more. She taught me to cook or clean at home and talk. I loved my parents. I went to college with my father by car. My parents preferred to teach me chemistry and work on lab experiments. My mother preferred to teach me to go to mosque. My parents enjoyed to teach me to visit my family.

WRITING THREE
An Important Family By Mohammed (Saudi Arabia) There was a man and his name was John. He was very poor. He even slept in the alley. John couldn't buy food to eat. John was living in a nice neighborhood. The people in this neighborhood were very friendly. Every day the people gave John food and money, too. On day John was in the street. He was looking for food in the trash. Suddenly, he found a lottery ticket. It was a new ticket. He scratched the ticket and he won $2,000,000. He was happy. He bought a new house and a new car. John became a rich man and he was traveling a lot. But John didn't feel happy. He told himself there is something missing. He found that he forgot the first happiness in life - the family. John didn't have a family but he has one. They are the people in the neighborhood. He visited them and gave each one money. And he visits them every week. John found that the family is more important than money. International Lunch By Mio (Japan) I love International Lunch because I love to eat food that comes from many countries and homes. There were a lot of dishes that I had never seen before, so I was interested in the variety of food. I forgot the name but I was curious about Mexican food. It looks like salad in soup. I took some Korean food three times! I heard from Ji Hyun that her mother made it. I want to eat that again someday. My Dream By Ekab (Saudi Arabia) Im studying English now and after finishing that I will go to the university. Then I will get a Masters Degree in Criminal Justice. After that, I will go back to my country and start my dream! My dream is to help the poor anywhere in the world. I will also 2 open an association that is interested in children who do not have a family. After that half of my dream has been achieved. These are two and a half years of my future. During another two and a half years I will take a vacation. I will go to Spain, Italy, and the best island in the world with my family. I hope my dream will be achieved. Because when my dream is achieved I will help people. I pray to my God that my dream will come true. Everyone read my dream and please pray for me. Thank you. The Hunger Games By Faris (Saudi Arabia) Ill write about last weekend. Last Friday I decided to catch a film, but I didnt know which movie I was going to see. Then on my way I looked at the Fandango application on my I-phone. This application shows you all of the new movies, the time of movies, and which theaters are near you. So, I saw the new movie, The Hunger Games. The story of this movie is about some force that chooses by lot two youth to share in a fight to the death contest with other guys from many places in America. After they chose them, they took them to a huge jungle and they fought each other. There must be one who is still alive, but something unusual happened. The two who were chosen by the force fell in love. So, they couldnt leave each other to die, but thats the way it should be. Then the boy decided to kill himself to allow the girl to win. After that while he wanted to kill himself the leader took the microphone and said, No, dont do that. You won together. That was the first exception in this game for the lovers. Then they hugged and kissed and they went back to their village together. They lived in happiness forever. That was a good movie and a wonderful weekend.

My Best Teacher By Abdullah (Saudi Arabia) I think my father is my best teacher because he taught me a lot of things I need to use in my life. He taught me how to respect people older than me. For example, I remember what he said when I was angry and talked with him. He told me to think before speaking. I think my father is my best teacher in the world. My First Trip to the U.S.A. By Ji Hyun (South Korea) First, I came to Nashville two year ago. Second, I felt happy because I met my three aunts. We hadnt met for ten years. Third, I stayed in Nashville for two months. I also traveled to Washington, D.C. with my youngest aunt, her boyfriend, and my cousins sister, Emily. Next, we stayed for four days. I visited the White House and many museums. Washington D.C. was much hotter than Nashville. There were many people, stores, and cars. Then, I thought that Washington, D.C. was a big city. Also, the city was very complicated. Finally, sometimes I remember my trip to Washington D.C. and I wish to travel to other local places.

IEI International Lunch By Shaher (Saudi Arabia) First of all, I am a new student at IEI and I had a good time yesterday with my teachers and friends. There was something special. It was an International Lunch. So, the idea for the International Lunch is for everyone to bring in some kind of food. Then some teachers and students bring some food, sweets, donuts, and cake. It was good food. I brought a cake, but it was not my choice because I gave my friend some money and he bought this. Finally, I ate lunch with my friends: Ahmad, Habeeb, and Ahmad F. and we had a nice time. The Future Direction By Eric (Taiwan) In today's society money is very important and can help us do more things. For example, we can use money to buy food, clothes, a house, etc. Why did I come to IEI to study English? The reason is I want to be a successful businessman. So, the first important thing is to develop my language skills. It can help me to talk with people from other countries. I think, if I can communicate with them, I can get more orders. So, I hope I can get better during these two years. In fact, it's a little hard for me because I don't have a lot of time to keep on studying. I need to go back to Taiwan to work. But, anyway, learning English is my only goal now.

WRITING FOUR
The War in Syria By Ahmed (Saudi Arabia) The war in Syria is not between one country and another one its within itself. However, all of them say we are the right way. What makes this war more harder is all of them have different religious sect, there is no way to make the leader stop that has a different religion than his people or citizens. Bashar al-Assad with a small group have the same religion struggling to still be the leader. With all these problems that currently occur, and murder, they cant stop him.People want to solve this problem, and they dont want more bloodshed and injuries, Now they hate him more than previouly because there more bloodshed and more injuries.They have to find a solution for this problem. Why did the people turned against the Syrian ruler? Because for a long time until now they have tried to get their freedom, and another problem is the cost of living ,and they have a lot of unemployment, so they have to make this war with him. With all these 3 problems that occur inside his country, and pressure from other states, he still does not give up. First, in anywhere in this world the human has to have freedom, but in Syria there is no freedom who have different religious sects than the leader. That is not justice. The Syria people say" thats enough" and everyone agrees with them because everyone knows about that. To prove that ,he killed only people from different religion, and made all the world disagree with him. Second, the most important thing every day in human life is food, and it is too expensive in Syria. What can do to live without it they chose to start the war against him, to live like human people in the world. They chose to war ,and that is better than living with rising food costs. Third, we all need jobs to have money, but if we cant find a job ,how can buy food ,clothes, pay the rent of the house, etc?.In Syria a lot of people dont have jobs. They live a hard life and they are poor, so This war is for their lives, and for the next generation.

In short, All the world looks to what they have ,and it is still warring. Hopefully Bashar assad will leave.People in Syria dont want more bloodshed and more injuries. If it isnt good with him, maybe it will be better with someone else. The Differences Between Real Friends and Unreal Friends By Binh (Vietnam) In life, we need many feelings, such as love, family, and devotion, but the most important and popular is friendship. Vietnamese people have a saying: wealth is thanks to friend; high-rolling is thanks to wife. That means friendship is a chief part in our life and everybody even needs to have friends. However, we dont always meet good friends. So how can we know who is a real friend and who is an unreal friend? This essay will explore this question based on where you meet your friend, affinity and sharing and lastly time and ordeal. First, we talk about who is false friend? An unreal friend is a friend whom you meet at some unwholesome place such as: evil bar, club or group. Sometimes you meet unreal friends and you are actually a benefit to them. This is very easy to understand; if someone wants to be your friend because they need something from you, that person is not a real friend. You also cant deem someone a friend if they dont care and share with you when youre fun, sad or pain. Because friendship needs affinity and sharing to understand more about each other. You wont be a good friend if you dont understand anything about your friend. The last one is time and ordeal, you and your friend havent been real friends yet if your friendship ends in short time and there hasnt been any ordeal to prove your amity. For example, in the movie we usually watch two friends love the same girl or the work of their job and they have to fight each other. In some case they cant pass that ordeal. So they lost their amity and they become each others enemy. Second, what do you think about real friendship? Follow Childhood is the best time to get a friend because at that time, you and your friend are nave and unaffected. You dont have to compete to get money, find a job or worry for your life future. So you and your friend become friend for no any reason except to have fun. When you grow-up, you also can meet real friends at sound places such as church, school, work, gym or park. Sometimes real friends even appear in special cases like when you meet some hard problem and they volunteer to help you like when your car breaks down or youre sad that you want someone to share your burden with you. If you are in an arduous situation they dont laugh at you, but are ready to help you. That proves they are very courteous, helpful and kind-hearted. So I sure they will be a good friend. 4

Another factor to make a real friend is affinity and sharing. If you are a real friend, for sure when your friend is sad, joyful or pain you have to inquire after them. Because when you talk a lot, you share your feelings with your friend and your friend shares with you too. So you and him can understand each other more and will be nearer and dearer together. Finally, the most important quality of friendship is time and trial. Time means how long your friendship can be continue? With the real friend you always have friendship in a long long time or maybe forever. And ordeal is an aspect that clarifies who is a real friend. Anyway, if you really respect your friendship, surely you can pass any ordeal. For example, I took a most difficult situation: what will you do when you and your friend loves the same girl? Will you fight with your friend to dispute the love or will you give up that person to your friend? If you are a real friend you cant have a choice between love amity. So the best way is to let it naturally solve itself, dont do anything, just hear the answer of the girl. If she has chosen your friend, you shouldnt be angry or hate them. Because if you really love that person and are a good friend, when your friend and the person whom you love are happy, you will also be happy. And if she has chosen you, you should comfort your friend and make them understand you. I am an international student. I try to learn English very hard every day. Because I want to talk with any people from anywhere in the world and get a lot of friends. However, I know finding a simple friend is easy but finding a real friend is very hard. So if you still didnt meet a good friend, dont be despondent and keep going to find one. Your life will be more interesting and easygoing when you have a good friend. And if you have gotten a good friend, dont do anything wrong to lose them; let respect them and do anything good for them, and you will be certain to be happy. Passion By Ali (Saudi Arabia) What does passion mean? Its a feeling that keeps us connected with everything we like, such as when we are impulsive with no reason, or when we spend a lot of time thinking about something we love. The passion might be love, desire, strong emotion, or all of the above. The first one is love. Its like unseen strings connect the person with the things that he loves. Love creates poems. Its a peaceful feeling. The child loves his toys; the father loves his family; the religious loves his God. Love makes value in the life. Next one is desire. Its a feeling that keeps you linked with the future. The carrier pigeon was converted to cell phones, the horses were converted to cars. Our life is developed because we desire a better life. It makes you extract all your power to

reach your goals. Its creative for competition and innovation. The last one is strong emotion. Its a feeling that is strong and barely controllable. Sometimes makes you cry. Causes you jump when you are happy and gives you a sensation that you are the happiest creature on the earth even if you are not. Now do you think love, desire and strong emotion can describe the passion? I think even the three words that I use to describe the passion they need tomes for each one let alone passion. Loyalty By Mohammad (Saudi Arabia) Loyalty means to love something until you feel this is a part of you, and do everything for that love. Also,It means to present what you can for that, and you must sacrifice for what you are loyal to.We have three things we must be loyalty to: our religion, our country , and our families. First, you need loyalty for your religion and your doctrine.This does not mean you are the enemy for other religions,but rather that you should respect them, and at the same time your responsibility is to do everything that you can for your religion.For example, you can give everybody a prefect image about your religion by how you deal with them. Second, if you have a good country to keep you, make a good life for you, care about you, give you all of your righghts,support you, and care about justice within the community, you need to give this country all your loyalty from all your heart, and you must cling to them. Morever,The once who deserve your loyalty the most are your family.They keep you, care about you, love you, and help you when you need, especially your parents especially aid you, because they think about you all the time,were there to care for you all the time, were there staying up next to you all the night when you were sick, and they deserve your respect and sacrifice, also. Finally, we have many things which deserve respect and loyalty, and we must not be late to applaud for this or give them love from deep within our hearts. In conclusion, when you give loyalty to the most important people in your life, you are doing what is right and better for your life and for your heart. Loyalty and Disloyalty By Patricia (Colombia) Loyalty is a feeling of affection that lets you choose the right thing and stand up for what you believe and in whom we believe. True loyalty is the value of faith; disloyalty is defined as treason. First, loyalty is the key to bring friendship and any other relationship to a serious and deep place. We all have a true friend which means commitment 5

and that company accompanies the good and bad times are unconditional. In addition, at school, work, or in our own homes, the largest value loyalty. It is the way to authentic respect and faith. Also, loyalty is essential. Loyalty is love in action, caring attitudes and thoughts. Loyalty carries feelings of gratitude and conscience by all who have it. Furthermore, loyalty is related to the sense of belonging, responsibility, respect and prudence; it is the value that helps a person act with respect to their word and with consistency of action. Last of all loyalty is the base of what want to build, such as a marriage, a better country, and true friendship. Some examples such as a marriage based on honesty and respect; love, respect and care for historic heritage or just a friendship with solid bases. First disloyalty does not recognize a commitment or belief in someone or something. It is characterized by feelings of envy, falsehood, treachery and deceit. Now disloyalty is rationale is based on the main interests of material, monetary, personal and sentimental desires but is never sincere or real. Disloyalty is characterized by a deep frustration and a constant competition to have and want what others have. Finally disloyalty means treason towards others. A traitor cannot believe in what you do or be trust worthy it. In addition, we all need true friends loyal and sincere relationships. This is the most precious treasure we have and a person who does not build true loyalty in relationships is a poor person in soul, heart, and spirit. Finally, loyalty is the greatest virtue that we have. It is the essence of friendship the oxygen of a real relationship. Without it a person will always be unfair and will not build real relationships. In conclusion, loyalty shows a genuine interest for others while being true to yourself. It is the only way to show loyalty to others; a disloyal person only finds failure and treason on the way. Two Leaders By Rakan (Saudi Arabia) Every one in the world knows the king of Saudi Arabia. His name is Abdullah. He is the best leader in Saudi Arabia. When he becomes king, he swears to fix and improve Saudi Arabia such as education, health care, infrastructure, the development of society, and economy. First, Abdullah makes a decision to send a lot of students to the U.S. to get a good education. Each year he offers millions to help students who study in the U.S. He wants the students to develop the country. In addition, he has opened a lot of hospitals in Saudi Arabia and special hospitals to treat cancer. Some of the hospitals are free. Each person can go to treat himself. Also, he opened special companies to fix and extended the roads. Now the roads are better than before. Furthermore, he helps a lot of men that cannot get married by paying for their

wedding. The people lovehim so much. He uses the oil to fortify his country. He always listens to the public. He did that his brothers could not do. Second, everyone knows Adolph Hitler. He was a criminal. He did not open a lot of schools, but he destroyed them. He did not care about health care. He was famous for killing children and women. He crushed the streets by tanks and spread fear in the people' hearts. He made an army to spill the blood in Germany. A lot of presidents convicted him. He made a flood of blood in Germany. In conclusion, some leaders want to improve their countries to be great countries in the world, but others do not want to develop their nations. They want to steal and destroy their countries' worth. Hero By Sultan (Saudi Arabia) What does hero mean? Several times you want to be like someone you look up to. That person or that thing is called a hero, so you follow your hero. My hero has always been and will be my dad. He has a great personality, job, and hobbies. The first aspect is a hero's personality. My dad is spontaneous. Most of the time he does what

he feels without negotiating with anybody. For example, sometimes when problems happen, he always gets angry, so we are almost scared of him. He is reliable to everyone at anytime, so if he wants some help he gets it. And he is observant at all his plans for every day. In fact, I think anyone who gets a job like my dad is a lucky person, because he is a supervisor at the airport. Dad is always responsible about his job, and never sleeps late or does something to result in any negative consequences. Thirdly, his hobbies are interesting. He was a good player on a famous team in my country. Actually, he is till a great player! Dad got a lot of gold medals at races, and boxing. I think he loves Mohammed Ali Klai. In conclusion, I hope everyone will be like my dad or better than him. Also, I wish everybody gets his hero.

WRITING FIVE
What Happens If People Do Not Recycle By Paulo Leme Lopes (Brazil) In todays world, one of the most discussed issues is environmental matters and they exist all over the world. Its no wonder if you think how we, human beings, are using our natural resources. Year after year, we are increasing the use of those resources that someday will end. We have the tendency to blame the politicians, and indeed, they have the power to change a lot of things but so far they havent. Therefore, they are guilty. But we have our own burden of guilt, and we also have the power to change things. How? Just by recycling. And what do you think could happen if we dont start to recycle immediately? According to the website environmentgreen.com, about 60% of our everyday waste could be recycled. But here in the United States, for example, only 28% of our trash gets recycled, that means, we could recycle 72% more waste. Can you image how much trash that is? How much waste is contaminating our soil, rivers and oceans? Its a lot that is for sure. We can do much better than this. All this is happening just because we dont care, we are lazy or sometimes we think somebody else will do it for us. We assume we have people who are paid to do this. 6 However, there is no excuse for us not to be concerned. The street sweepers have a lot work to do already and they dont need us to give them more work. Its so easy, in fact. All we have to do is separate our garbage, and the government will actually take care of the recycling. If we dont start right now, we will suffer the consequences, living in a world more polluted than ever and that will result in several effects. First of all, not recycling will generate tons of unnecessary trash. According to the website greenwaste.com, every person produces an average of 4.5 pounds of garbage per day and that leads us to 1.5 tons per person per year. In the whole world, we produce 21.5 million tons of food remains each year. If we put all of this garbage on a compost instead of just throwing away, can you think in how little gas emission we would have? And that is just one aspect. Think about paper. We have the tendency to think that paper disappears fast in the nature, and that there is no problem. Still, according to greenwaste.com, every ton of recycled paper can save 3.5 cubic yards of landfill, 17 trees, 7,000 gallons of water, 380 gallons of oil and 4100 kilowatt hours of energy. In addition, what about plastic? The website reuseit.com claims that there are an average of 46,000 plastic pieces per square mile in our oceans. And all those are just some examples.

Another consequence of all this unnecessary trash is that our cities are getting dirtier. How many times have you seen someone throw a bottle of some beverage outside the window of a car? Or maybe, how many times have you done it? Some people might think, thats not my problem, but that is such a selfish way of thinking. Second, not recycling will increase the pollution rates and so choosing not to recycle directly affects our health. Think about all the unnecessary gas emission in our atmosphere from which you can catch many types of diseases, from a simple irritation in your eyes to, through a long exposure, lung cancer, a heart or brain disease and not to mention other kinds of lung related diseases as asthma, bronchitis and pneumonia. Another vital health issue is we should be more careful on how we use our drinkable water resources. According to the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), freshwater makes up around 2.5% of the total volume of water. Of this about 70% is ice and snow, and almost 30% is on underground. Lakes and rivers constitute only about 0.3% of freshwater. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and UNWater claim that in the last century, the use of freshwater has increased more than twice due to our population growth. That is simple math, just dont work. You might say that the industries are guilty of this, and you may be right, but are we doing our part? I dont think so. What do you think will happen with that plastic bottle that you threw out your cars window? Probably, after some time it will rain and your bottle will end up in some river. Now, add billions of people doing the same every minute. The result is catastrophic. What about that simple sheet of paper that you left in the middle of the street? You might think that there is no problem and that it will be dissolved really quickly by Mother Nature. But have you ever thought what is going to happen with all of those chemical elements? They will be absorbed by the soil and will pollute our underground water. In conclusion, our world is in danger, and our future is being threatened by us. The solution is in our hands, and is our obligation to do something about it. Its easy! Be careful with your garbage and, put it in an appropriate place. It wont take too long, and you wont lose a lot of time. Think about it. What kind of world do you want to leave for our children? Do you think is fare leaving a messed up world for them? Indeed, politicians and industries are the biggest villains, and we should protest against what they do. But we can start to do something right now too. What? Once again, just recycle.

Smoking By Abdulrahman (Saudi Arabia) Smoking is one of bad habits that a lot of people have. According to quitsmoking.com, cigarette smoke contains over 4.000 chemicals, including 43 known cancer causing (carcinogenic) compounds and 400 other toxins. These include nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide, as well as formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide and arsenic! Due to these, smoking causes many diseases and a lot of bad things that the smoker will receive. Every year hundreds of thousands of people die from diseases caused by smoking cigarettes and so I would like to talk about the reasons and consequences of smoking with some examples that I saw in my life. Teenagers are always curious about everything. They want to try out everything, especially things that are not allowed to them, like smoking, driving and drinking. When I was in high school, I saw my friends smoking cigarettes. I tried to keep them away from me, because I wasn't a smoker, but I couldn't because all my friends were smoking. When I finished my first year of high school, I started smoking. Friends and a persons age always have an effect on someones behavior, just like what happened to me. The majority of smokers who I have met started smoking in their teens. The government, schools and parents should teach children how they can protect themselves from bad habits, especially smoking cigarettes, because smoking might bring many bad things afterwards. Another reason is that four years ago, one of my friends stayed with his father in a hospital, because his father had a disease. He had a lot of stress and free time and after two weeks he started smoking cigarettes. People who have stress due to daily life, smoke to try to relax or kill time. According to arabbab.com, 1.1 billion people in the world smoke! The majority of smokers buy one box every day that cost on average $5.00! That means five billion dollars are spent every day for buying cigarettes! A lot of money is spent on cigarettes, but on the other hand, little is paid for organizations for the poor or for education. We should review this situation and put some rules for companies that sell cigarettes because it is a waste of money and a way to get diseases. Diseases are the main result for people who smoke. According to inforeseachlab.com, around 5.4 million deaths every yeas are caused by smoking: Smoking is said to kill 6.5 million people in 2015 and 8.3 million humans in 2030, with the biggest rise in low-and middle income countries. Over 443.000 Americans (over 18 percent of all deaths) die because of smoking each year. 1.2 million people in China die because smoking. Thats 2.000 people a day! I would like call smoking a world war, because we lose a lot of people every day. 7

Warning, smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and may complicate pregnancy. We see this sign on the cigarette box and some commercials, but smoker don't understand it or rather they don't want understand it. We have to teach our children the good way to keep themselves safe. Smoking killing a lot, so we should fight is habit to live in healthy life. Seeing models in the media creates and spreads a body image that is harmful to young women By Heidi (Germany) Many children have idols and some of these idols are models. Children would love to be like models: skinny, tall and beautiful but know children the effects? I want to explain why children shouldnt have the plan to be models. The first reason is that it could be dangerous. In young years, children should eat healthy food and not think about being skinny. At this age, they need all the vitamins and minerals and it can only be achieved from the right nutrition. If you miss this at this young age it can have negative effects in their future, like an underdevelopment of their organs or deformity of the bones. Many parents think that if their child eats fruit and vegetables it can only be healthy and that its good to have no fat on their body. But a balanced nutrition should also contains fat and chance it in energy. When children eat too little they are tired and have no power. The next important factor is the psychological pressure that starts too early. Some parents push their children already at a young age. They go to castings when the child is only three years old. They must learn how to walk like a model and to make movements like a model. Little children dont know whether they want it, but the parents only see the material purpose, what they can earn in the future and the hope of having no more financial worries. So parents push and push the child until they win a casting, whether there are tears or not, they dont care. Some parents might say, my child love to be well dressed and stylish. However, they force the child to be in a good mood, to laugh and promise to give gifts after the casting. Where is the dignity of the child? It has a right to play and to be a child. The last point is that children focus on pictures in magazines where they see beautiful models without any flaws. Children dont know what tricks they work with on the computer. You can turn an ugly swan into a beautiful swan. That is what children dont know and what parents wont tell their child. Many models are not beautiful from nature. They get bigger breasts, the nose or the whole face changed. Parents have the opinion and say it is good if children look after their personal appearance. Anyway, the children lose their childhood, their personality then the whole day is only one thought to 8

be a model and forget that there are other interesting things in their life. So, I appeal to the parents to think about not to take their childrens childhood and let a child be a child. When the child is old enough to make his or her own decision, they can become a model. The parents must know how dangerous it can be and help their children to get away from the crazy plan to be a model. The decline of the newspaper By Simone (Brazil) The newspaper has been the most important way of communicating for decades. But after seven decades, the circulation of American newspapers has been declining gradually. According to Frank Ahrens, the Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC) estimates that 30.4 million American now to pay a newspaper Monday through Saturday, on average, and about 40 million do so on Sunday. These figures come from 379 of the nations largest newspaper. In comparison in 1940, 41.1 million Americans bought a daily newspaper, according to the Newspaper Association of America. The first fact that contributed to the decline of the newspaper has been the news on TV that became very popular. People prefer to stay in front of the TV in their comfortable chair in their living room with their family and watch all news in there. However, with the development of the Internet, the decline of the newspaper increased and people really started to prefer to read their news on the Internet. And that maybe the real cause that newspaper has declined. But what are other reasons why people prefer the Internet over the newspaper? We have a lot of motives but certainly the convenience of the Internet is the biggest reason. Through the Internet, people can search for exactly what they want to read and they can choose which way they want. For example, they can read about any topic they want and can access a wide range of national and international newspapers. On the Internet, news get updated more regularly, while most newspapers are only printed once a day. Another interesting point of the Internet is that the news come from a wider range of sources, including newspapers, because many newspapers have their own websites where people can read the newspaper online and get more up to date news. On other hand, we have people that support the idea that because of decline of the newspaper, the employees have lost their jobs and that this is a bad development. However, I think it is not a real effect because while the Internet has grown, the number of employees working for online sources has probably increased too. I think when we buy fewer printed newspaper this can cause a good effect for the environment

because to print the newspaper they use a lot of paper and for to make paper they use a lot of trees and it harms the environment. For this motive when we buy less print newspaper we can help to save the planet. In the end, we can conclude that the decline of newspaper is part of the process of natural evolution of the communication and one day its might not exist any more. Recycling By Roberson (Brazil) Recycling wasnt an issue discussed in the past, but it is extremely necessary today. In several UN meetings in which the main world leaders participated, the issue has been discussed due to the effects of global warming and the exhaustion of natural recourses. Now, many countries have started to worry about recycling. According to recent research by Evans, the United States produce on average 228 million tons of waste per year and that is the equivalent of 40% of the world waste and the worlds population of 5%. However, the US in the past ten years recycling has double and an increased amount of US municipal waste is recycled. There are countries, like Austria and Germany that are models in organized recycling system and other countries are worse. For example, Bulgaria isnt recycling waste and sends all waste to landfills (Evans). It shows that people in the world is worried about environmental problems. Probably, the prejudices that are caused by use incorrect of natural recourses are starting. If the worlds countries start to recycle now, it will have benefits to health and environment. We dont need to spend money, but we need to think about the best way to save ourselves of environmental issue in the future. A few of the main consequences of a lack of recycling on the environment are: low air and water quality, toxic waste disposal, depletion of natural resources, endangered species, and the increasing threat of global warming. Another problem is material decomposing time. For example, glass is an easily reusable or recyclable material, but it is almost indestructible taking about 4,000 years to decompose (Evans). So, the way that waste is being disposed is important. For example, landfill and incineration which are ways of treating the waste are inappropriate to the environment and cause contamination in air, soil, and groundwater and for people that work there. These issues have to be revalued by world governments, because it brings devastating consequences to soil and to water. However, recycling can be a way of reducing some of these environment issues. Some countries like China, arent working a lot on this problem because they have an economic interest in product to grow. Otherwise, there are many benefits of recycling and it can be one way of saving money too. 9

The first environment effect of recycling is of course the reduction of waste. Each year, the world population grows a lot and current research has shown that the worlds population has a tendency to grow until 2050, thus this is signal that the amount of trash will increase more. In the process there is selection of waste. The recyclable waste is sent to a dump that separates all waste and reuses it in a process of recycling. This facility sends the recovered materials to be sorted and prepared into factory for manufacturing, so the other dumps receive only a part of the waste. Therefore, this will decrease the amount of waste we produce and improve our quality of life. A second environmental effect is saving money. There are some ways of reusing the recycled waste and saving money at home. Three years ago, a Brazilian man invented a heater built with recycled products. The heater is able to heat water to 40 degrees Celsius and can be used for supplying a shower with water. Another example is that people use recycled products to make handcrafts and sell them at high cost. Also, you can reuse recycled packaging at home for other domestic use. At a large scale, some companies can reuse tires, which are triturated and dissolved along with pitch, in manufacturing of asphalt. There are many ways and examples of using recycled waste and people that save money with this resource. In addition, we can save natural resources by recycling. If we reuse paper, we can save many trees. So as a comparison Evans shows that On average everyone uses up to two pine trees worth of paper each year and it is estimated that half a million trees must be cut down to produce the paper for each weeks newspapers (Evans). The number of tree cut down every year is high and can be avoided. Plastic also is a natural recourse that is used in large quantities and is responsible for many prejudices to environment, because the manufacturing of plastic emits CO, uses much water and pollutes the waters and soil. In some cases, the use of natural resources is increasing and the environmental issues are appearing. Thats why reusing recycled products helps reducing the scarcity of natural resources. Recycling is easy to do at home and takes little time. The benefits that the habit of separating trash has on environment are more. The reduction of waste and preservation of natural recourses are important consequences to the future of children and of humanity. In consequently, it can save money and improve the quality of air and water. If the population continues growing until 2050, the research indicates that there will be many environmental consequences, thus the attitude to eliminate environmental issue must start now or we will see severe consequences in the future. Source: Evans, Michael. Recycling. Publication. Michael Evans, 20 May 2011. Web. 17 Apr. 2012.

Smoking By Yanlin (China) Today more and more people start smoking because of various reasons, such as stress, fatigue, or just because of peer pressure. But I think all reasons are not real reasons, since smoking cigarettes is nothing but consuming poison. The following paragraphs will show some effects of smoking. First of all, I think smoking can damage the environment. The smoke of cigarette pollutes the air that people breathe every day. Also, some smokers throw their cigarette ends everywhere and these cause not only damage to the environment, but also increases work for cleaners. Furthermore, they might cause a big fire. I can still remember the big fire that happened in my hometown in 1995 which was caused by a small cigarette end and lots of people were injured in that fire. In addition, smoking can affect people's appearance, such as teeth, skin, hair, and nails. Recently, I read a report about the effects of smoking on people's appearance. All in all, the result of chronic smoking might be yellow teeth, bad smell of mouth, bad skin condition, dry hair and easily breaking nails. In worse cases, smoking can also cause more serious diseases, such respiratory disease, and cardiovascular disease, even cancer or death. According to official statistics, almost 5,000,000 people die of smoking each year, and this number will be increase to about 10,000,000 people in the following 25 years. It means more than 10,000,000 people will die of smoking for 25 years, and those will also include people who are smoking today! Furthermore, many smokers think smoking just hurt themselve, but actually they don't know about the fact that their smoke can also damage other people who are not smoking. They don't know that passive smoking causes more harm to nonsmokers. However, who is the most common victim of passive smoking? It is your dear family who lives with you every day!! In conclusion, I want to say that if you just want to stay healthy for yourself or for other people, please stop smoking, and if you don't smoke, please do not start. And if you smoke, please stop it as soon as possible!!! Should be prohibited the use of cell phones while driving? By Paulo Moraes (Brazil) For many centuries, people have tried to introduce new things to facilitate our lives. We are in constant development and over the years our lives have gotten busier. We have more and more things to do and, unfortunately, we don't have enough time to do them all, so we use tools that we have 10

invented to help us. The problem is when we don't use these things correctly. One of the best examples that we can use is the use of cell phones while driving. Every year, we see statistics showing numbers about this, but where is the real problem? Some people say that it must be prohibited and others say the opposite. The point is, people need to learn how to use their phones and they need to do it correctly. Nowadays, our lives are not easy. We need to take care of the family, work all day, sometimes we need to study too, and we need to do all this in one day. So we start doing two things at the same time and it happens when we drive and talk on the cell phone. We spend a lot of time driving and we solve a lot of problems talking on the cell phone, thats why we always do these two things together. So we need to remember the statistics: 28% of cars accidents involve talking or texting on cell phones. The problem is that people don't have rules. We know that is difficult not to use the cell phone but people abuse it and use them all the time, and a lot of times texting. So it is true, we really need to use them and therefore we need rules to follow and the government must create these rules. We already know that isn't easy stay without our cell phone. We need to drive daily, and of course, we will do these things together. Now, the government needs to do their job. It means that the government needs to create laws for drivers and they need to make sure that this laws will be followed, They could create a law to compel drivers to use the hand-free headset. With this, the drivers would have the hands free only to drive all the time and they wouldn't text anymore. Some studies say that laws and rules don't work, and they suggest that cell phones must be completely prohibited while driving. They argue that the reason for car accidents involving cell phones is because the drivers were distracted on the cell phone. However, the point here is that a lot of things can distract the drivers and it is not only the cell phone. We can argue that changing the station radio, talking to others sitting in the car with us or something on the road could distract the driver. So the cell phone is not a principal distraction, and the most important point is, that drivers need to keep their hands free only to drive. All the time we see people driving and talking on the cell phone, but worse than this is to see people eating or shaving while driving a lot of times. This is a real reason causing cars accidents. Drivers always want to do something more than just drive, these things cause distraction and in consequence they cause accidents. Seeing all this things we can imagine that the cell phone is not the only problem. We can think, that its not the only problem but it is yet another problem. It is true, so the government need to create laws to prohibit what really need to be prohibited and to create rules to make it safer to use what we really need to use.

These two things, cell phones and driving, have become important parts of our lives and for a lot of people living without their cell phone makes them feel like being naked. It seems funny but some people just can't work without these things. They make our lives easier and now we can't live without them anymore. So we need to acknowledge that to live in harmony with both things and with all the people we need to follow certain rules to be good for everyone and like all rules and laws, the government needs to be working together to make this happen. A great invention By Maureen (Chile) If you could invent something new, what product would you develop? I would like to invent a tree that produces extra money. You can plant this kind of tree in your garden house. In the beginning, you will receive small amounts, like $1, $5 and $10, but after twenty years, you may receive $20 and $50, and when you retire you may receive $100. The restriction is only one tree per family and the amount of money that you collect only depends on how you take care of it. One reason why I would like to invent this tree is because I would like to get rid of the power of money and make it less important. If we imagine having money growing in our houses, maybe it would be something more common and nothing so important. Another reason is because that way you dont need to live worrying about money. You could live safer than we live now. I think its great to dream about this invention. It would be the solution for so many problems that people have. I would like to believe in a world that doesnt run day by day just to get money, money and only money. I would prefer to go to my garden and cut some trees for a better life. Illiteracy By Yu Jin (South Korea) Illiteracy - the definition of illiteracy is a lack of the ability to read. There are many illiterate people in the world. Most of them cannot voice their opinion, and often they are even treated very badly in many

situations. Why are they illiterate? And what are the effects of illiteracy? The first cause of illiteracy is the economic condition of the people - in other words poverty. This is the most realistic thing. So, children need to work and cant be spared for school. Also, if children want to go to school, they have to pay their textbook, school uniform, and some school activity fee. However, often parents cannot pay for their children education and so the children cannot benefit from the benefits of school. The second reason is that some cultures dont offer the same opportunities for men and women because they believe that men and women have different roles in their society. For example, men have to go to school and then they have to get a job. On the other hand, women have to do house work and take care of their babies. It looks like it is very unfair, but actually this situation still exists in many countries. In my country, we also had very strictly separated roles between men and women in the past. Especially rural areas are not affected by the implementation of educational programs. Illiteracy has two different effects. One is related to the house or family life and the other is related to the view of society. First of all, if people become illiterate, their economic condition is very poor because it is very difficult to get a job. Moreover, they dont get a job that gives them a high salary or treats them very good. Finally, the other view on illiteracy is caused by society. Nowadays, in this advanced, competitive world people have a very cold viewpoint about illiterate people. People even ignore such people, treat then badly and are not interested in them. Also, illiterate people cant stand up to their boss or the government, fight for their rights or against their treatment easily because they cannot read the important laws and regulations. So they get very daunt feeling and dont have confidence in themselves. In conclusion, many illiterate people cannot take advantage their opportunities and rights. It is a very serious problem confronting us. Governments should find the best way to help them. Also the most important thing is we should find a way to correct the perception of society and create continued interest for them!

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WRITING SIX
Increase Cognitive Ability By Mandana Azhdarinassab (Iran) Introduction Your brain is much better than you think Brain function and mind issues have always been examined by mankind. The mind and brain are the most vital things in our body. Humans were created by two parts: physical and spirit. People have been living based on willingness and ambitions. It is believed the world is a mind and a dream. People think and then they act. We follow what the brain and mind order us to do. Actually, it is obvious society has been thinking, planning, and experimenting on highly functioning minds for many years. In fact, they have tried hard and we can use these facilities very easily. Therefore, everything initially comes from our ideas and mind. It is not feasible to do our daily jobs without thinking and the brain functioning. In contemporary life being smart and increasing IQ is one of the most important and interesting issues, especially for businessman, teachers, scientists and researchers. Having a better and more secure life is effected by being smart and developing intelligence. In my opinion, being smarter at any age is possible but not easy. However, there are so many ways to do this and obtain them and depends on many things including family, environment, food, and education. What is brain function? The brain is one of the most vital and complex parts of human body. The weight of this important part is almost three pounds and is the center of intelligence and senses. The brain is called the crown jewel of human body. However, the most important thing which has been studied by human beings is the brain's functions. How does it work, how to keep it healthy, and what happens when the brain is diseased or dysfunctional? (National Institute of Health 2-7). The brain works completely as one organism. However, it is composed of three parts: 1. fore brain 2. mid brain 3. hind brain 1. The fore brain is the largest and most highly developed part of human brain. 2. The mid brain controls some reflex action and controls eye movement and other voluntary movements. 3. The hindbrain controls the bodys vital functions such as respiration and heart rate. This part motivates in learning, playing music (piano) or playing tennis (National Institute of Health 2-7). What is intelligence? One should not pursue goals that are easily achieved. One must develop an instinct for what one can just barely achieve through ones greatest efforts. -Albert Einstein When we talk about intelligent people, do you think intelligence means people who are smart by biological factors, or people who know math, doctors, and educated people? However, this is not always true. Intelligence means, increasing your fluid intelligence or your capacity to learn new information or actually use new ideas in order to solve problems or difficulties (Kuzewski 2-8). A good working memory is pretty important so make the most your thinking to improve your working. Increasing your Intelligence There are five ways to increase your intelligence: 1. Seek novelty. One interesting hobby for people has been seeking novelty. When you seek novelty so many things are going on. First, you are creating new synaptic connections with every new activity you are going to engage. These connections are built in each other by increasing your neural activity and creating more connection and finally learning takes place. Novel activity triggers dopamine which creates a higher motivation state and then fuels engagement and primes neurons while neurogesis takes place which increases in synaptic plasticity. 2. Challenge yourself. There are many things that train our brain to get smarter such as sudoku which they tell you to do in your free time. However, the important point is individual brain training games dont make us smarter. Actually, they make you more proficient at the brain training game. 3. Do things the hard way. For example, using the GPS for finding the road but finding a new address without your GPS and just with concentration on the map and geography. This will help you find new places as soon as possible. 12

4.

Networking. Your brain gets more efficient and really good at it. But unfortunately it got lazy. It didnt need to work in order to play the game well, so the cognitive energy and glucose went somewhere else instead. But it is not your useful when it comes to cognitive growth. In order to keep your brain active and improve your cognitive functions you need to keep moving onto another challenging activity. 5. Think creatively. Thinking creatively will help you achieve neural growth. This does not mean painting a picture or doing something artsy. When we talk about thinking creatively it means creative cognition itself. For thinking creatively we need both sides of the brain the right and left, switching back and forth, between conventional and unconventional thinking. You should find novel ideas that are also appropriate to the activity you are doing. In order to get the best result you need both sides of your brains hemispheres to connect with each other (Kusewski 3-8). Biological Influences, Gender, and Culture It has been shown in a few studies where pre-schoolers in two Guatemalan villages (where under nourishment is common) where given protein nutrition supplements for several years and even in lowest economic family those children showed an increase in performance on intelligence test. This means cognitive abilities are influenced by biological factors (Science and Society 58). In addition, it has been shown the black females are twice as likely to have IQ scores of about 120 as black males, for finding this reason there is not a possible genetic explanation (Science and Society 58). According to Harvard sociologist Robert Samson, growing up in a well-off economic family can make a 25-point difference in IQ. Just as second generation Asian Americans are taller than their parents because of a better diet, IQ can improve with better schooling and medical care (Nisbett 57-59). Conclusion Brain development is a process seen mostly active in a childs beginning years. The brain is functioning the most in the early months. With this process, understanding how the brain can improve cognition is not impossible. Human beings are always interested in learning more and more about how they can enhance IQ and improve the ability of learning. Based on concepts in this paper, it is helpful to listen to classical music, do exercises like aerobics, and choose healthy food in order to be smarter. However, genetics and being raised in a well-off economic family is not our choice but there are lots of chances to improve cognitive functions. Works Cited
Demorest, S. and Morrison, S. Does Music Make You Smarter. Special Focus Music and the Brain. September, 2000: 11-17. Farewell-Kingsley, Kathy. Smart stuff: eating the right food can boost your brain power. Vegetarian Times. May, 1997: 92. Hillman, C, Erickson, K and Kramer, A. Prospectives. Nature Publishing group. 2008: 58-60. Kirp, David. Getting Smarter About IQ. The American Prospect. May 2009: 57-59. Kuszewski, Andrea. Scientific American. Science in Action Award. March 7, 2011: 11-13. Schllenberg. G. Psycological Science. Music Lessons Enhance IQ. 2004: 511-512.The Original

13

The Meaning of The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution By Natalia Sedykh (Russia) Introduction The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution is the most disputable provision of the Bill of Rights. The Second Amendment states: A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Supporters of individuals right believe the second amendment allows individuals to defend themselves and their property from outlaws of all kinds: ordinary criminals and government officials who exceeded their authority. Representatives of a state's right consider that the second amendment guarantees nothing to the people and protects only the states' right to muster and arm military units. The Second Amendment is regarded by some people as not answering today's needs of regulation of firearms, as a threat to the public safety, and as a provision with no relevance to modern problems. We will research the second amendment's original meaning created by developers of the Constitution and also some debatable questions of the possibility of using the second amendment in real life. For this purpose, we turn to the classical philosophy of the 15th 18th centuries which generated the idea of the armed citizen in the republican theory, analyze the historical process of creation of the Bill of rights, and consider some questions of adequacy of the second amendment to vital realities. Historical process of the creation of the Bill of Rights James Madison and his colleagues drafted the Bill of Rights at a time when Americans thought strongly about protecting individual rights from a potentially dangerous central government. So, the drafters firmly believed in two principles: (1) Individuals had the right to possess arms to defend themselves and their property; and (2) states retained the right to maintain militias composed of these individually armed citizens. The drafters also believed that professional armies should exist only in wartime and that, in any event, the military should always be subordinate to civilian control. State bills of rights and the amendments to the Constitution proposed by the various state Principles about individual's right to possess arms and state's right to maintain militias had been articulated in the several state bills of rights as well as in the amendments to the Constitution proposed by the various state ratifying conventions. Article 13 of Virginia's Declaration of Rights, adopted on June 12, 1776, declared, "That a well regulated Militia, composed of the body of the people, trained to arms, is the proper, natural, and safe defense of a free State" (Cress 70). Two months later, Pennsylvania declared that "the people have a right to bear arms for the defense of themselves and the state." Both documents linked the citizen's responsibility for the defense of the state to the threat of standing armies: standing armies were "dangerous to liberty" and must be kept "under strict subordination" to the civil government (Reynolds 480). Delaware, Maryland, and North Carolina adopted similar declarations during the first year of independence. Delaware and Maryland borrowed language from Virginia's Article 13; North Carolina, following Pennsylvania's lead, declared that "the people have a right to bear arms, for the defense of the State." Vermont, though not to become a state until 1792, quoted verbatim Pennsylvania's Article 13 in its 1777 Declaration of Rights (Cress 72). New Yorkers, who suggested over fifty amendments to the Federal Constitution, observed: "People have a right to keep and bear Arms; a well regulated Militia, including the body of the People capable of bearing Arms, is the proper, natural and safe defense of a free state" (Reynolds 482). Influential Americans clearly differentiated individual possession of arms from service in the militia. Samuel Adams offered an amendment at his state's convention that read: "And that the said Constitution be never construed to authorize Congress to infringe the just liberty of the press or the rights of conscience; or to prevent the people of the United States who are peaceable citizens from keeping their own arms" (Cress, 72). Thomas Jefferson was a vigorous advocate of gun ownership because he believed that it fostered both personal and societal virtue; 32 a model constitution that he drafted for Virginia in 1776 included a provision guaranteeing that "No freeman shall be debarred of the use of arms within his own lands or tenements."65. Similarly, Anti-Federalist Patrick Henry agreed, stating that, "The great object is that every man be armed... Every one who is able may have a gun" (Reynolds 490). Thus, the right to keep and bear arms was considered an essential form of protection not just for home and hearth, but also against government tyranny. Drafting the Bill of Rights Having buttressed the corporate nature of society with the Constitution, Madison and others set out to protect the individual from the potentially overweening power of the community. Significantly, Madison's own proposal for integrating the Bill of Rights into the Constitution was not to add them at the end (as they have been) but to interlineate them into the portions of the original Constitution they affected or to which they related. He did not separate the right to bear arms from other individual rights designed to protect the individual. When preparing notes for an address supporting the amendments, Madison reminded himself: "They relate first to private rights" 14

(Cress, 73); and when he consulted with Edmund Pendleton, Madison emphasized that "amendments may be employed to quiet the fears of many by supplying those further guards for private rights" (Cress 73). Others assumed the same stance. Madison's confidant, Joseph Jones, believed the proposed articles were "calculated to secure the personal rights of the people so far as declarations on paper can affect the purpose" (Shalhope 130). Tench Coxe, writing as "the Pennsylvanian," discussed individual guarantees and then, in reference to the second amendment, maintained that, "the people are confirmed by the next article in their right to keep and bear their private arms" (Shalhope 131). When Madison and his select committee drafted the Bill of Rights, they did their best to combine briefly the essential elements of the various state bills of rights as well as the many suggestions made by state ratifying conventions. The effort resulted in a good deal of cutting, revising, and synthesizing. This drafting approach was certainly used with the second amendment, as the committee incorporated two distinct, yet related, rights into a single amendment (Shalhope 132). While congressmen firmly believed in the right of individual citizens to possess arms, no consensus existed regarding whether or not these people should be required to bear arms in the militia. However Madison, George Washington, Dwight, and Joseph Story considered these rights inseparable and provided excellent insight into why it was so natural to combine these two rights into a single amendment (Reynolds 495). Madison observed that in the case of oppressed Europeans: something beyond individual possession of weapons was necessary. But were the people to possess the additional advantages of local governments chosen by themselves, who could collect the national will, and direct the national force; and of officers appointed out of the militia, it may be affirmed with the greatest assurance, that the throne of every tyranny in Europe would be speedily overturned, in spite of the legions which surround it (Shalhope 132). Similarly, Washington declared: "To be prepared for war, is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace. A free people ought not only to be armed, but disciplined; to which end, a uniform and well-digested plan is requisite" (Shalhope 133). The militia remained equally important to the drafters, because militia laws insured that American citizens would remain armed and, consequently, retain their vigorous republican character. Beyond that, the militia provided the vehicle whereby the collective force of individually armed citizens might become most effectively manifest. Thus, the armed citizen and the militia existed as distinct, yet dynamically interrelated elements within American thought; it was perfectly reasonable to provide for both within the same amendment to the Constitution (Cress 79). Conclusion The Second Amendment helps to protect both political freedom and the most fundamental individual right, the right of self-defense. The Founders intended to balance individual rights with communal responsibilities. The right to keep and bear arms allowed individuals to defend themselves from ordinary criminals and government officials who exceeded their authority. The right to organize Militia is defense from government tyranny and the power of a standing army. It may be partly true that neither the militia nor the armed citizen is not absolutely adequate to modern society, but people can make it work if good will and both corresponding political and economic conditions are framed. In any event, today's needs of regulation of firearms is compatible with the language and intent of the Second Amendment. A proper interpretation of the Second Amendment would protect the legitimate uses of firearms without making the possession of guns a sacrosanct and inviolable privilege. Work Cited
Cress, Lawrence Delbert. An Armed Community: The Origins and Meaning of the Right to Bear Arms. Journal of American History 71.1 (1984): 58 88. Print Gardiner, Richard E. To preserve libertya look at the right to keep and bare arms. Northern Kentucky Law Review l.10 (1982): 63-96. Print Henigan, Dennis A. Arms, anarchy and the second amendment. Valparaiso University Law Review 26.1 (1991): 107-129. Print Halbrook, Stephen P. The right of the people or the power of the state: bearing arms, arming militias, and the second amendment. Valparaiso University Law Review 26.1 (1991): 131-207. Print Hardy, David T. Armed citizens, citizen armies: toward a jurisprudence of the second amendment. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 9 (1986): 559-638. Print Kates, Don B. Jr. Handgun prohibition and the original meaning of the second amendment. Michigan Law Review 82 (1983): 204-273. Print Kates, Don B. JR. The second amendment: a dialogue. Law and Contemporary Problems 49 (1986): 143-150. Print Kates, Don B., Reynolds, Glenn H. The Second Amendment and States' Rights: a thought experiment William and Mary Law Review 36.5 (1986): 60-99. Print Lund, Nelson. The second amendment, political liberty, and the right to self-preservation, Alabama Law Review 39 (1987): 103-130. Print Malcolm, Joyce L. The right of the people to keep and bear arms: the common law tradition. Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 10 (1983): 285-314. Print Reynolds, Glenn Harlan. A critical guide to the second amendment Tennessee Law Review (1995): 461-511. Print Shalhope, Robert E. The armed citizen in the early republic, law & Contemprerary problems 49 (1986): 125-141. Print

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Earth & Mars in Comparison By Ahmed Aladamawai (Saudi Arabia) Introduction The Solar System is the name of the planets that consist of the sun and all the planets around the sun. There are also other solar system objects, and these are smaller than the planets; we call them dwarf planets, asteroids, meteorites, and comets. There is another kind of small planet, which follows most of the planets which we call moons. There are 240 moons in the solar system. One of them that we can see is from the earth. We have eight planets in our solar system, and they are in the order from the sun including Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Basically, I will write about two planets of the solar system which are our planet, Earth, and the most known planet and closest one to us, Mars. The Earth Our first plant is Earth. Earth is the third planet closest to the sun. The earth is the only planet in the universe that has life on it, because its location is perfectly from the sun, and it has water that is necessary for life, which covers most of the surface. The earth has only one moon. Its diameter is 12,756 km. The year in the earth is 365 days, and 24 hours for one day. Our earth has good ground and it is covered by air. There are clouds, winds and lightning as well, and some other weather phenomena. The proportion of gases in the air is 20% oxygen, 78% nitrogen and 2% different kinds of gases. Some scientists said that if the proportion of the oxygen gets high, than that will make us unable to stop the fire if it gets started it in the building. On the other hand, this fact made it perfect for approximately 7,000,000,000 people to live on its lands which Mars never had, at last until this moment. The earth features the magnetosphere that protects it, and also makes it different for other plants. As humans see pictures from space, earth is known by the color blue and that gives it another name beside the earth, which is the Blue Planet as people say. The explanation for that is because of the large amount of water on the surface of the earth which is 70.8% and that is equal to 361,132,000 square kilometers (139,387,000 square miles). As a mater of fact, The oceans contain 97% of our planet's available water. The other 3% is found in the atmosphere, on the Earth's terrestrial surface, or in the Earth's lithosphere in various forms and stores (Pidwirny). Conversely, land consists of 29.2% of the earths surface and that is exactly 148,940,000 square kilometers (57,491,000 square miles). As I mentioned earlier, the surface of the earth is covered by land and water, and each of them are made of parts or big areas. For land it is called continents, and for water it is called oceans. The continents by the arrangement of size are: Asia, 43,820,000 square km. Africa, 30,370,000 square km. North America, 24,490,000 square km. South America, 17,840,000 square km. Antarctica, 13,720,000 square km. Europe, 10,180,000 square km. Australia, 9,008,500 square km. For oceans, the Earth has five oceans around the world and they are arranged by the size of the area that they cover: The Pacific Ocean covers 155,557,000 square km. According to Pidwirny, The pacific ocean is the largest ocean region covering about 30% of the Earths surface area (about 15 times the size of the United States). The Atlantic Ocean covers 76,762,000 square km. By another word, it's 20.8% of the earths total size. The Indian Ocean covers exactly 68,556,000 square km. and 14.4% as a rate to earth. The Southern Ocean equals 20,327,000 square km and 4.0% of the earths surface. The Arctic Ocean equals 14,056,000 square km. The Arctic Ocean is the smallest ocean in the earth which equals 2.8% to land and water. Mars The other planet that I want to talk about is Mars. It is the fourth closest planet to the sun, and the famous neighbor of the earth. Some scientists say that Mars has life on it! They said there are strong indications that the water was flowing one day on the surface of Mars, making the same effects, such as canals and valleys. However, they still discuss if it has life or not. Although the atmosphere is lower than what we have, it is enough to make clouds, winds, and make storms as well as on its surface. Mars also has two frozen poles just like the earth. Its diameter is 6,794 km, and its equal to half the diameter of the earth. One year on Mars is 687 days of our days, and that is because of the time that it needs to complete the revolution around the sun. Therefore, on Mars, the day is longer than the day on the earth by half an hour. Mars air consists of 95% carbon, 3% nitrogen, 1.6% of argon, and 0.4% of oxygen and water. All this makes the scientists believe that there is life on this planet, so that makes a lot of movie producers make a lot of movie talk about aliens coming from it. Mars has two moons, Phobos and 16

Deimos. Eventually, they dont look like the earth's moon; they are much smaller than it and they have irregular forms. Mars also has the biggest volcano in the solar system called Olympus. Conclusion After all, do you know that those two planets are nothing in size compared to the other plants in the solar system, and the solar system is nothing but a point in Milky Way, and the Milky Way is less than a point in the space or the universe. So that makes us think about how all those spaces were created, and what there is still left to explore after what we have already explored. It makes us thirsty to know more about the universe, doesn't it? Works Cited
Earth Matter. Earth Observatory Nasa. 11 April2012. <http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/> Mars vs Earth. Science esa. 07 Aug 2006. <http://sci.esa.int> Pidwirny, M. (2006). "Introduction to the Oceans". Fundamentals of Physical Geography, 2nd Edition. Strange seas; Earth isn't the only place in the solar system to have large oceans Australian Geographic 1 Jan. 2011. Academic OneFile. Web. 4 Apr. 2012

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