An Nhon - District Solid Waste Management Plan & Action Plan

Peoples Committee of BINH DINH Province
WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION PPMU
Project Management Unit

Improvement of Sanitation and Protection of the Environment in Tuy Hoa City, Phu Yen
AN NHON Proposal for performing Consultancy on Developing DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTfour Solid Waste Management Detailed Plans for the PLAN Districts of Hoai Nhon, Phu My, An Nhon andUP TO 2025 Tay Son (VIE 07 035 11)
EP&T
DECEMBER 2011 SEPTEMBER 2010
An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................................................................. 4 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1. PURPOSE OF THE DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN ..................................................................... 4 1.2. THE CONTENTS OF THIS DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN............................................................. 4 1.3. TARGETS FOR DISTRICT SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT .................................................................................. 4 1.3.1. Legal Documents of the Central Government ......................................................................... 4 1.3.2. The Province Solid Waste Management Plan ........................................................................ 10 1.3.3. Targets for the District Solid Waste Management ................................................................ 10 1.4. CURRENT SITUATION OF DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN AN NHON DISTRICT ..................... 12 1.4.1. Waste Composition ............................................................................................................... 12 1.4.2. Existing Equipment, Staffing and Waste Collection Service .................................................. 13 1.4.3. Current Waste Disposal Site .................................................................................................. 14 1.4.4. Current Fees and Cost Recovery ............................................................................................ 15 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................................ 16 PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WASTE TILL 2025 ........................................................................................ 16 2.1. PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF DOMESTIC WASTE TILL 2025 ........................................................................ 16 2.1.1. Definition of Domestic Solid Waste ....................................................................................... 16 2.1.2. Domestic Waste Generation Rate till 2025 ........................................................................... 16 2.1.3. Plan for Waste Management at Source 2011-2025 .............................................................. 18 2.1.4. Plan for Waste Collection 2011 - 2025 .................................................................................. 20 2.1.5. Plan for Waste Transfer and Transportation ......................................................................... 22 2.1.6. Requirements to the Waste Disposal System ........................................................................ 24 2.1.7. District Sanitary Landfill ........................................................................................................ 26 2.2. PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE TILL 2025 ....................................................................... 26 2.2.1. Definitions of Industrial/Hazardous Waste ........................................................................... 26 2.2.2. Current Situation and Plans ................................................................................................... 27 2.2.3. Possibilities for waste prevention and waste minimisation; ................................................. 28 2.2.4. Present and future quantities of Industrial Waste ................................................................ 29 2.2.5. The Management System for Industrial Waste ..................................................................... 29 2.2.6. Requirements for Capacity Development and Awareness Raising ........................................ 30 2.3. PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF HEALTHCARE RISK WASTE ............................................................................. 31 2.3.1. Definition of Healthcare Risk Waste ...................................................................................... 31 2.3.2. Current Situation ................................................................................................................... 32 2.3.3. Future Management of HCW ................................................................................................ 32 CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................................................ 33 TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS ............................................................................................................................. 33 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 REQUIREMENTS TO STREET SWEEPING EQUIPMENT ................................................................................... 33 ORGANIC WASTE TREATMENT AT SOURCE ............................................................................................... 33 DEMAND FOR WASTE COLLECTION FACILITIES .......................................................................................... 39 REQUIREMENTS FOR WASTE TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES ........................................................................... 45

3.5 REQUIREMENTS TO WASTE MANAGEMENT WORKERS, FEE AND COST RECOVERY OF DOMESTIC WASTE COLLECTION
AND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................... 47
3.5.1 Requirements to Waste Management Worker .......................................................................... 47 3.5.2 Cost of Waste Collection System ................................................................................................ 48 3.5.3 Fees and Cost Recovery for Waste Collection ............................................................................ 54 3.6 CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS FOR THE SANITARY LANDFILL ..................................................................... 56 3.6.1 Benefits of a Shared Sanitary Landfill ........................................................................................ 58 3.6.2 Summary of the Capital and Operating Costs for the Sanitary Landfill ..................................... 58 3.6.3 Procedure for Sharing a Sanitary Landfill .................................................................................. 59 3.7 COST SAVING BY TREATING ORGANIC WASTE AT SOURCE ........................................................................... 59 3.8 CLOSURE OF DUMPSITES ...................................................................................................................... 60 3.9 REQUIREMENTS FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND AWARENESS RAISING ..................................................... 60 3.9.1 Background ................................................................................................................................ 61 3.9.2 Capacity Development and Training within the district............................................................. 61 3.9.3 Basic for a Awareness Raising Programme from 2012 to 2014 ................................................. 62 3.9.4 Strategy and Objectives ............................................................................................................. 62 3.9.5 Organisation and Implementation Structure ............................................................................. 63 3.9.6 Awareness Raising through the Public Media ........................................................................... 67 3.9.7 Requirements to Improve the Waste Collection ........................................................................ 68 3.9.8 Strengthening the Recycling at Source ...................................................................................... 69 3.9.9 Capacity Development and Training within the District ............................................................ 70 3.9.10 Cost of Capacity Development and Awareness Raising Programmes 2012 2025 .............. 70 CHAPTER 4 ................................................................................................................................................ 74 IMPLEMENTATION PLANS ......................................................................................................................... 74 4.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 74 4.2 MAIN ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................................................ 74 4.2.1 Establish a District Solid Waste Management Board ................................................................ 74 4.2.2 Setting-up a Waste Resource Centre ......................................................................................... 75 4.2.3 Overall Integrated Awareness Raising Strategy ........................................................................ 76 4.2.4 Establishing organic composting at households and markets ................................................... 77 4.2.5 Establishing a Domestic Solid Waste Collection and Transportation System ............................ 77 4.2.6 Building a waste disposal site .................................................................................................... 78 4.2.7 Ensuring that all healthcare waste is collected and treated ...................................................... 78 4.2.8 Improvement of industrial waste management ........................................................................ 78 4.3 IMPLEMENTATION AND SCHEDULE .......................................................................................................... 78 ANNEX A ANNEX B ANNEX C ANNEX D TABLES OF WASTE QUANTITIES 2010 - 2025......................................................................... 82 MAP OF DISTRICT ................................................................................................................. 99 INVESTMENT COSTS AND OPERATING COSTS FOR AN NHON SANITARY LANDFILL ............ 101 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE ............................................................................................ 109
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Binh Dinh Province is located on the coast of Vietnam in the South Central Coast Region. The province had a population of 1.49 million in 2009 and has a land area of 6,025 square kilometres. Within the province, An Nhon District is located about 20 km North West of Quy Nhon. The District capital is Binh Dinh Town and the second town within the District is Dap Da. The District has a total area of 243 km2 and the population in 2009 was 178,700 people. Other than the two towns, there are 13 communes within the District.
1.1. Purpose of the District Solid Waste Management Plan

The purpose of this District Solid Waste Management Plan is to offer and overall strategy for the collection, treatment and disposal of all solid waste generated in An Nhon District. The Plan covers the years 2011 through 2025. The Plan was developed in close consultation with all stakeholders within the district through meetings, discussions and workshops.
1.2. The Contents of this District Solid Waste Management Plan

This District Solid Waste Management Plan covers the management plans for domestic waste in section 2.1, for industrial waste in section 2.2, and for healthcare risk waste in section 2.3. An overview of the related Governments laws, Decrees and Regulations on solid waste management is given is section 1.3. For each type of waste, the Plan provides a description of the current situation, where after the present waste quantities and characteristics are discussed. Hereafter the plans describes the requirements to waste collection, treatment and disposal, the capital and financial costs of the system, as well as cost recovery, requirements to institutional strengthening, capacity development and awareness raising.
1.3. Targets for District Solid Waste Management 1.3.1. Legal Documents of the Central Government The Government Decree no. 59 on Solid Waste Management
The most important national legal document regarding solid waste management is the Government Decree No. 59/2007/ND-CP issued on the 9th April 2007. The document requires four principles applied in solid waste management as follows: 1. Solid waste generators have to pay for the collection, transport and treatment of the waste 2. Solid waste has to be segregated at source, reused, and recycled. Reusable components have to be recovered into input material for production or energy. 3. Technologies which can be used for non-degradable waste treatment or for reducing the waste amount for landfill are prioritized in order to save land resource. 4. The Government encourages the socialization in the collection, segregation, transport and treatment of solid waste. The Decree also regulates the items of state management on solid waste and promulgates requirements for the planning and investment of solid waste management. In addition, it regulates in detail the activities of solid waste segregation, collection, storage, transport and
An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan treatment; as well as the costs for solid waste management. Last but not least, the decree calls for the requirement of monitoring and implementation.
The National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management

On December 12, 2009 the Prime Minister signed Decision No. 2149/QD-TTg approving the National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management till the year 2025 with vision to 2050. The strategy states the following main points:
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is a common responsibility of the whole society, in which the Government takes a leading role in order to enhance socialisation, mobilise all the possible resources, and strengthen the investment into the ISWM activities. ISWM is implemented on the base of regional and intersectional approaches in order to optimise both economic and technical aspects and ensure social and environmental safety. ISWM is one of the priorities in environmental protection, which takes part in pollution control towards sustainable development of the country. ISWM should be based on the polluter pays principle, according to which waste generators, polluters and environmental degraders are responsible to contribute finance and compensate for the losses as required by current regulations. Solid waste management should be implemented with an integrated manner in order to take the first priority for waste prevention and reduction at source and enhance reuse and recycling to reduce the quantities of waste for landfilling.
With a clear vision for the year 2050 that all the waste that is generated will be collected, reused, recycled and treated by advanced and environmentally friendly technologies and that the quantities of waste for landfilling will be minimised, the strategy has set the following target figures: By 2015: By 2020:
85% of domestic solid waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 60% should be reused, recycled, recovered into energy, or composted. 50% of construction waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 30% should be recovered for reuse or recycling. 30% of septic sludge in urban areas of class II and higher and 10% in urban areas of other classes should be collected and properly treated. Reduce 40% of plastic bag use in supermarkets and superstores compared to 2010. Waste separation at households should be implemented at 50% of urban areas, where solid waste recycling facilities exist. 80% of non-hazardous industrial solid waste should be collected and treated, within which 70% should be recovered for reuse or recycling. 60% of hazardous industrial solid waste from industrial parks should be properly treated. 85% of non-hazardous and 70% of hazardous healthcare waste should be collected and properly treated. 40% of solid waste in rural residential areas and 50% in craft villages should be collected and properly treated. 100% of seriously polluting dumpsites according to Decision No. 64/2003/QD-TTg of April 22, 2003 should be treated.
An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan By 2025: 90% of domestic solid waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 85% should be reused, recycled, recovered into energy, or composted. 80% of construction waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 50% should be recovered for reuse or recycling. 50% of septic sludge in urban areas of class II and higher and 30% in the remaining urban areas should be collected and properly treated. Reduce 65% of plastic bag use in supermarkets and superstores compared to 2010. Waste separation at households should be implemented at 80% of urban areas, where solid waste recycling facilities exist. 90% of non-hazardous industrial solid waste should be collected and treated, within which 75% should be recovered for reuse or recycling. 70% of hazardous industrial solid waste from industrial parks should be properly treated. 100% of non-hazardous and hazardous healthcare waste should be collected and properly treated. 70% of solid waste in rural residential areas and 80% in craft villages should be collected and properly treated. Waste separation at households should be implemented at 100% of urban areas, where solid waste recycling facilities exist. 100% of domestic solid waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 90% should be reused, recycled, recovered into energy, or composted. 90% of construction waste in urban areas should be collected and treated, of which 60% should be recovered for reuse or recycling. 100% of septic sludge in urban areas of class II and higher and 50% in the remaining urban areas should be collected and properly treated. Reduce 85% of plastic bag use in supermarkets and superstores compared to 2010. 100% of non-hazardous and hazardous industrial solid waste should be collected and properly treated. 90% of solid waste in rural residential areas and 100% in craft villages should be collected and properly treated.
Furthermore, in order to realise the above set goals, the strategy has pointed out the following tasks for implementation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Prevent and minimise the generation of solid waste Enhance source separation Increase the collection and transport of solid waste Strengthen the reuse and recycling of solid waste Treat solid waste Recover the surroundings of the solid waste treatment facilities.
In addition, the strategy has also pointed out the following main measures for implementation: 1. Improve the system of legal documents and policies regarding solid waste management. 2. Plan and implement the solid waste management plans for all the economic zones and provinces/cities, monitor the implementation of solid waste management plans in the planning of urban and rural residential areas, and plan and implement the
An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan plans on the construction of solid waste treatment sites to the level of wards/communes. Build a database and a solid waste data monitoring system in the whole country. Build resources for the implementation of the strategy Promote scientific research for effectively contributing to ISWM Raise awareness Strengthen international cooperation
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Last but not least, in order to ensure successful implementation, the strategy has also proposed 10 implementation programs which are summarised below:
No Programme Targets Due year & leading implementer 2020 MoNRE
01
Promoting the prevention, minimisation, reuse and recycling of solid waste Promoting solid waste separation at source Investing into the construction of solid waste treatment facilities at regional level Treating domestic solid waste in the urban areas during 2009-2020 Recovering the environment for the solid waste treatment and landfilling works Strengthening solid waste management in rural areas and craft villages Building a database and a solid waste data monitoring system Raising public awareness
02
03
- Set up and implement measures for the prevention, minimisation, reuse and recycling of solid waste - Develop recycling industry - Set up regulations and guidance on solid waste separation at source - Disseminate source separation models Construct solid waste treatment facilities for the economic zones in the whole country as approved by the Prime Minister Construct solid waste treatment facilities for the urban areas in the whole country, using technologies that limit landfilling - Strictly treat the seriously polluting dumpsites as per Decision No 64/2003/QD-TTg - Improve and upgrade all the current dumpsites in the whole country to meet the required environmental standards Strengthen integrated solid waste management in the rural areas and craft villages Build a database and a solid waste data monitoring system in the whole country in order to enhance the effectiveness of the solid waste management of both the central and local governments Gradually increase public awareness on the separation, reduction, reuse and recycling of solid waste as well as to protect hygienic conditions Improve the system of standards, regulations, technical guidance, mechanisms, policies, institutions etc. on integrated solid waste management Ensure by the year 2025 100% solid waste generated by the healthcare establishments be collected and treated properly as required by the environmental standards
2015 MONRE 2020 MoC
04
2020 MoC 2020 MoNRE
05
06
2020 MARD 2015 MoNRE
07
08
2020 MoIT 2015 MoC
09
10
Building a legal, policy and institutional system for integrated solid waste management Treating healthcare waste during 2009-2025
2025 MoH
The Inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD

The MoSTE and MoC on January 18, 2001 issued inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLTBKHCNMT-BXD guiding the regulations on environmental protection for the selection of location
An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan for and the construction and operation of solid waste burial sites. First, the circular elaborates requirements for the selection of waste burial site locations. It requires that the burial site locations must be determined on the basis of construction planning that has already been approved by the competent state management bodies. Besides, it sets minimum distances from a burial site, depending on its size, to different works including urban areas, airports, industrial parks, residential clusters, ground water exploiting works, etc. For instance, the minimum distance from a small and medium burial site to a delta or midland residential cluster (of more than 5 households) should be 1,000 m at the end of principal wind direction or 300 m to other directions. Furthermore, the document guides the procedure for selection of a model and size for a burial site. Second, the circular regulates the operating procedure of a burial site. This includes the weighing and registration of waste, covering the layers of placed waste with soil or other equal materials, closure of a site, post-closure monitoring, and ultimate (re)use of the site after closure. Third and the last, the circular guides the organisation of implementation, in which it shares the responsibilities of the MoSTE, the MoC and the PCs of provincial level in the selection of location for and operation of waste burial sites.
The Circular No. 13/2007/TT-BXD

On December 2007, the Ministry of Construction issued Circular No. 13 /2007/TT-BXD to guide some articles of the Governmental Decree 59/2007/ND-CP of April 9, 2007 on solid waste management. The document covers the following five items: 1. Planning of solid waste management The planning of solid waste management that was defined by Item 1 of Article 7 in Decree 59/2007/ND-CP is elaborated in this circular as the specific construction sectional planning, which includes surveys, projection of generation sources and quantities of both general and hazardous waste; identification of the locations and sizes of transfer stations and the area of collection and transport; selection of sites and sizes for the waste treatment facilities on the base of proper technologies; setting up plans and resources for complete collection and treatment of the solid waste. The period for planning is stated to be 10 years, 20 years or longer, depending on the period of construction planning. In addition, the circular also lists the requirements for contents and drawings to be covered in a solid waste management plan. 2. Planning of construction of solid waste management works The circular elaborates the planning of construction of solid waste management works which was regulated by Articles 8 and 9 in Decree 59/2007/ND-CP. It specifies detailed requirements for the planning of total layout of solid waste treatment facilities, including for instance location and capacity, construction area, water and electricity consumption norms, isolation from potentially polluting or explosive areas, monitoring locations, proposal of landscape recovery and ultimate use of the site after closure, etc. 3. Recovery and reuse of solid waste treatment areas after closure The document requires closure of landfills that have been filled up with waste according to the design and unsanitary landfills. It also suggests possible alternatives of reuse of the sites such as, for instance, entertainment, sports, parking areas etc. 4. Preparation and management of budget for solid waste treatment According to the circular, the budget preparation should cover all the costs including collection, transport and treatment of solid waste to ensure full recovery of the costs and development of the treatment facilities owners; as well as to encourage the socialisation of solid waste treatment. The document also requires that the prepared budget be approved by the chairman of the province PC level.
An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan 5. Organisation for implementation The circular requires the ministries and PCs of provincial level to prepare, appraise and approve solid waste management plans as regulated by Article 10 of Decree 59/2007/ND-CP. Furthermore it requires the PCs of provincial level to appraise and approve construction plans for solid waste treatment of provincial and inter-provincial regional scales. Finally it requires the PCs of provincial level to be responsible for closing unsanitary dumpsites as regulated by Decision 64/2003/QD-TTg of April 22, 2003.
The Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD

The circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD was issued by the MoC on January 27, 2011 to guide the implementation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) for construction and urban planning. The objectives of the document include not only regional, general, sub-regional and detailed planning, but also rural residential planning and specific technical infrastructural planning, which all are thereafter called construction planning. It is organised into 5 chapters and 23 articles, covering general regulations, methods of SEA, contents of SEA, report compilation and appraisal, and organisation of implementation. In general, the document requires SEA to be part of a construction planning and be conducted in parallel to the planning process. Besides the general requirements for an SEA, such as the main environmental issues to focus on and scientific basis for the methods to be used, the circular requires that the contents of an SEA should not be contradictory to or replicated of the ones shown in the plans of higher levels of the current plan. In addition, it requires that the appraisal of such SEAs be carried out in parallel to the appraisal of the plan. The requirements for SEA for specific technical infrastructural planning are elaborated in Article 16 of the document. Regarding SEA for solid waste treatment planning this article specifies the following contents: Assessing and comparing both positive and negative environmental impacts of different alternatives for collection routes, location and size of transfer stations and treatment facility, treatment technology; Composition of both general and hazardous waste; Topographical properties and the possibility of soil pollution at the site; Ground water characteristics and the possibility of ground water pollution at the treatment site; Surface water characteristics, flow direction and its distance to the treatment site; Air emission and odour from the treatment site; Adverse social impacts on the local communities in the area of the treatment site or along side the transport route.
Furthermore, Article 21 of the circular imposes the responsibilities of preparation, appraisal and approval of construction plans as follows: 1. The organisations and individuals who prepare, appraise or approve construction plans are responsible for implementing SEA for the plans as required in this Circular. 2. After the construction plan has been approved and announced, the construction planner is responsible for extracting the SEA or its summary to post on the webpage of the local government and submit a copy (formatted as a pdf or word file) to the MoCs address as bxd-vp@hn.vnn.vn
An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Last but not least, Article 23 of the document states that this circular comes into affect from March 15, 2011 and that it replaces the MoCs Circular No 10/2000/TT-BXD of August 8, 2000 guiding the preparation of EIA for construction plans. It can therefore be expected that the DSWMPs that are being developed for the for districts of Hoai Nhon, Phu My, An Nhon and Tay Son under the BTC funded project Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Binh Dinh Province do not have to follow Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD, i.e. prepare SEA, as they all started in November 2010.
1.3.2. The Province Solid Waste Management Plan

In August 2009 the Peoples Committee of Binh Dinh Province decision no. 637 approved the Province Solid Waste Master Plan (PSWMP) for the urban areas and the industrial zones in Binh Dinh area up to 2020. It should be noted that since the provincial plan was developed and subsequently approved prior to the national strategy, it could not use the national strategy as a legal basis. The plan advocates using current solid waste management methods of the advanced countries in the world and adjusting it to the suitable conditions of Viet Nam. The plan emphasises the importance of minimising the amount of solid waste that is landfilled, in order to minimise both the environmental impacts and the investment costs. The plan calls for treatment facilities in every district, city and town; where the operation radius of each solid waste treatment plant is about 20 km. By 2020, eighty percent of the domestic solid waste from urban areas outside Quy Nhon must be collected and treated. The plan basically calls for at source separation of domestic solid waste in urban areas. It foresees utilising the organic faction of the waste to produce fertilizer and to place the remaining waste in sanitary landfills. The plan has set the following target figures: By 2015: 100% of domestic solid waste in Quy Nhon and 70% of domestic solid waste in other urban areas should be collected and treated. 100% of solid waste generated from industrial parks should be collected and treated by appropriated measures.
By 2020: - 100% of domestic solid waste in Quy Nhon and 80% of domestic solid waste in other urban areas should be collected and treated. - 100% of domestic solid waste generated in urban areas should be segregated at source. The plan includes projections of the quantity of solid waste generated in the whole province for the years 2015 and 2020. In addition, it suggests a model for solid waste management in urban areas which consists of not only sanitary landfills but also composting and other recycling activities. For rural areas of the province the model only foresees the use of landfills for waste disposal. Finally, the plan has proposed 10 solid waste treatment complexes for the whole province of Binh Dinh, each of which include as one of the components, a landfill.
1.3.3. Targets for the District Solid Waste Management

In general and in accordance with the national and provincial policies, the management of solid waste should follow the following sequence of priorities: Reduction in the quantity of waste produced and to reduce its negative impacts
10
An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Recycle the waste, where the discards are separated into materials that may be incorporated into new products; Use of waste not suitable for re-use or recycling as source of energy; Disposal of waste not suitable for re-use or recycling nor for energy recovery, as well as the remains of waste from which energy has been recovered, without endangering human health and without using processes or methods which could harm the environment.
The above prioritisation is also in line with international practices. Ideally all waste generation should be avoided; where this is not possible, the quantity of waste should be minimised. Hereafter the hierarchy advocates recycling, energy recovery and final disposal in a landfill. For energy recovery, the most common solution is incineration of waste to generate steam and electricity; another possibility is to produce biogas from the biodegradable organic fraction of the waste. As can be seen from the above, placing the generated solid waste in a landfill is the least favoured option, however, by removing the waste from populated areas and placing it in a landfill, a number of health and environmental problems are solved. To reach the above-mentioned national and provincial policy goals, the solid waste management system in An Nhon District has to be improved. The percentage of waste currently collected has to be increased in order to prevent pollution through illegal dumping. The waste volumes to be disposed of should be minimised, since with the disposal of waste many useful materials are lost, for the same reason recycling and reuse should be encouraged. Since the existing dumpsites within the District have a negative impact on the quality of water, air and soil, measures must be taken to reduce the harmful environmental impact caused by these sites. Furthermore, both healthcare risk waste and industrial waste are generated within the District, and these also need to be collected, treated and disposed of correctly. Today, the majority of healthcare wastes are properly treated; only the waste arising from small sources still need to be included in the existing system. For industrial wastes, there is currently no plan in place for their management.
The objectives of this District Solid Waste Management Plan are as follows: Objective no. 1: Reduce the negative impact of uncollected or dumped domestic waste on the health of the population and on the environment
Targets aiming at a reduction in negative health and environmental impacts of domestic waste are: By the year 2020, 60% of all domestic solid waste produced in the District is recycled, composted or placed in a central landfill. All inhabitants in hamlets, villages and towns within the District shall have access to waste collection services by the year 2020. Efforts will be made to reduce the waste volume through the composting (or other treatment) of market waste, as well as the organic faction or household waste in rural areas. All waste shall be placed in the District landfill from 2015. All existing dumpsites shall be closed and covered with soil by the year 2016.
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Objective no. 2: Ensure the safe management of healthcare risk waste and minimise all forms of pollution from industrial waste
Targets aiming at the safe management of healthcare risk waste and minimising pollution from industrial waste are: By the year 2020, all waste from small, medium and large industries must be transported to landfill(s) approved by the District authorities. Hazardous waste must be separated from the non-hazardous industrial waste and treated in a dedicated hazardous waste treatment facility. By 2013 all healthcare risk waste generated within the district must be treated properly.
1.4. Current Situation of Domestic Solid Waste Management System in An Nhon District 1.4.1. Waste Composition
Domestic Waste Composition for Street and Market Waste

The domestic solid waste composition was analysed and the results can be found in the Baseline Survey for the districts and in Somers report Description and Mapping of the Biologically Treatable Waste Stream in 4 Districts: An Nhon, Tay Son, Hoai Nhon and Phu My in Binh Dinh Province. The results were used to calculate the average composition of the street waste and the market waste. The results are given in the section below. Based on the detailed analysis of almost 3 tonnes of domestic solid waste from all four districts, it was found that the average waste composition by weight is as follows:
Result streets Type organic recycleables non recycleables hazardous Total % % 60.38% 5.86% 33.60% 0.17% 100.00%
The results of these waste analyses are is very much in line with the Province Solid Waste Master Plan for Binh Dinh Province where the solid waste is found to contain 60.8% organic waste. A total of 650 kg of samples of waste from the main markets in each of the four districts was analysed by Somers. The average composition by weight was found to be as follows:
Result Markets Type organic recycleables non recycleables hazardous Total % % 76.5% 6.9% 16.6% 0.0% 100.0%
12
As could be expected, the waste from wet markets contains a higher percentage of organic waste. It is anticipated that the composition of the waste remains unchanged until the year 2025.
Agricultural/Farm Waste
Clubroot is a disease that attacks plants of the mustard family such as cabbage, collards, kale, mustard, brussel sprouts, radish, turnip, rutabaga, cauliflower, broccoli, rape, and kohlrabi. The clubroot disease causes the abnormal swelling of roots and occasionally on stems below ground, and it is very difficult to eradicate. Therefore, the prevention of the disease is essential, as an outbreak is very costly to farmers over a large area, as the disease is spread by the wind and water. A common cause of the clubroot disease is the burial of field waste, such as remains of cabbage after harvest and these can cause the growth of the clubroot fungus underground as the vegetables decompose. The practice of burying such field waste seems common is some districts within Binh Dinh province1, it is important that the farmers are made aware of the risks of infection caused by this practice and that they are trained to manage such field waste safely.
1.4.2. Existing Equipment, Staffing and Waste Collection Service

The waste collection system was established in 2006 and initially the DPC divided the services between four companies. Two of these companies failed rapidly and their service areas (and assets) were transferred to the An Nhon Urban Works Company within the Binh Dinh Cooperative, so today this company collects from both of the large towns, whereas the Dai Tin Company is responsible for waste collection in six communes (through its subsidiary the Nhon Tho Service and Development Stock Company) and for the operation of the dumpsite. Solid waste collection is provided in the two main towns (Binh Dinh and Dap Da) and from the communes located along the main roads including Nhon Hoa, Nhon Tho, Nhon Phuc, Nhon Loc, Nhon Tam, Nhon Hung and the central parts of Nhon Thanh and Nhon Hop. About 70% of the solid waste generated in the two towns is collected, as well as about 20% of the solid waste generated within the abovementioned communes. The daily waste collection by these two companies comes to about 60 to 80 cubic meters per day; estimated as 35 to 50 tonnes per day. In the two towns, the solid waste is collected from households every day; whereas in the wards the garbage is collected every two days. The solid waste collection service company that serves the two towns and two communes belongs to the Binh Dinh Cooperative and it is named An Nhon Urban Works Company. This company has three garbage compactor trucks that collect waste every day of the week. The waste is collected directly from the street; the waste is either placed in large reused bags, in smaller plastic bags or brought out to the vehicle by the citizens as the truck goes down the street. No pushcarts are used for collecting wastes from the waste generators within the District. The company has 6 administrative officers and 25 workers. Other than waste management services, the company is also responsible for street sweeping, park management, maintenance of sewers and providing burial services. The second waste collection company is owned by Dai Tin Ltd. Company. This is a small conglomerate with 90 staff in total. The companys activities focuses on construction of infrastructure, the engineering of irrigation systems, sale of cars and trucks, sale of agro-products
1
Mr. Todd Hyman
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan and provision of waste management services. The waste collection services break even and a principally seen by the Managing Director as a future opportunity and as opening for obtaining other business through the DPC. Dai Tin Ltd. Companys waste collection company is called Nhon Tho Service and Development Stock Company. This company has three 7 m3 compactor trucks that are all 15 years old. Each truck has a crew of one driver and three workers. At the dumpsite, a guard is on duty. The office staff consists of two accountants and one manager. The company collects waste from the five communes every other day. As is the case for the two towns in An Nhon District, the waste is accumulated in bags that are collected directly by the truck, there is no collection system using pushcarts or other such devices.
1.4.3. Current Waste Disposal Site

From 1992 to October 2008 the two hectare Phu Son dumpsite was in used. From the beginning of 2009 and to date, waste has been taken to the Truc Son dumpsite. This site has a total area of two hectares, of which 1 hectare was used to constructing 4 cells. At present three cells are in operation and one cell has already been closed. The landfill is very spread out, with an approximately 5 meters thick layer of waste placed in each cell. If properly managed, the dumpsite would have capacity to serve the community for some years to come.
The Truc Son dumpsite; the two bulldozers can be seen to the left. The closed cell is at the rear of the picture.
The Truc Son dumpsite is operated by Dai Tin Ltd. Company. The company receives 38,000 VND per cubic metre of solid waste delivered to the site. Hereof the waste collection company has to pay 19,000 VND/m3 of delivered waste and a further 19,000 VND/m3 subsidy is paid through the Districts budget. The Dai Tin Ltd. Company permanently has two bulldozers stationed at the dumpsite. The current plan is to close this dumpsite on 10 March 2011 and to use the new dumpsite from that date. The closure is principally due to disagreements with Trung Ai village of Nhon Hoa commune, where the villagers are located downstream of the dumpsite and complained that during heavy rains leachate is released from the dumpsite and pollutes their local stream. The solution has been to move the waste disposal operations to Nhon Tho commune and construction of this landfill2 is currently ongoing. To ensure that there are no complaints from the inhabitants along the stream, the stream has been diverted around the inhabited area.
It has been called a landfill as the design is said to include a HDPE liner. Presumably there is no leachate treatment plant or other ancillary equipment such as a weighbridge normally associated with a sanitary landfill.
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The new landfill in Nhon Tho commune under construction
The new landfill that includes a HDPE liner is being built on part of the 20 hectare site destined for the future District sanitary landfill (in Dong Binh Hamlet, Nhon Tho Commune, An Nhon District) and is expected to be put into operation from 25 June 2011.3 It is planned to construct 9 cells in this landfill, of which 1 cell will receive industrial solid wastes and other 8 cells will receive domestic solid wastes. In average, area of each cell is 10,000 m2. The first cell is now constructing by Dai Tinh Ltd. Company. In addition, it is planned to install 1 incinerator for incinerating hospital wastes in this landfill area.
1.4.4. Current Fees and Cost Recovery

The An Nhon Urban Works Company within the Binh Dinh Cooperative collects the fees from the waste generators and the rates follow the regulation of Binh Dinh Provincial People Committee (Decision No. 23/2008/QD-UBND). The company states that if there are any problems with collecting the fees, the company seeks the help of the local authorities. The Nhon Tho Service and Development Stock Company has contracts with the six communes that it serves, as well as direct contracts with larger waste generators, such as schools or government offices. The contracts with the communes are based on a percentage of the households on the main street paying the collection fee to the commune. The commune pays Nhon Tho Service and Development Stock Company a fixed monthly fee for provision of waste collection services to a designated area.
An earlier sanitary landfill site proposed in the District was located in a flood plain; this is not the case with the current proposed site, which is at no risk what so ever of flooding.
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CHAPTER 2 PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WASTE TILL 2025

2.1. Plan for Management of Domestic Waste till 2025 2.1.1. Definition of Domestic Solid Waste
In Decree No. 59/2007/N-CP issued by Vietnamese Government on April 9th 2007, it is elaborated that solid wastes means waste in a solid form, discharged from production, business, service, daily life or other activities. Solid waste includes ordinary solid waste and hazardous solid waste. Solid waste generated in daily-life activities of individuals, households or at public places is collectively referred to as daily-life solid waste. In this District Solid Waste Management Plan we will refer to domestic solid waste rather than daily-life solid waste, where domestic solid waste refers to the waste collected by the local authorities or their delegated concessionaires or contractors. Domestic solid waste is hence defines as any garbage, refuse from household kitchens, canteens, markets, residences, commerce, industries or other sources, except for solid waste generation from industrial production processes, health care activities and construction. Hence, domestic solid waste is a mixture of various waste streams and its composition will be dependent on what sources (housing, shops, industries, etc.) are provided with services by the local authorities4. Thus it must be understood that domestic solid waste is the waste collected by the local authorities or their agents and that the waste composition will be dependent on where the garbage truck collects waste.
2.1.2. Domestic Waste Generation Rate till 2025

The estimates of the quantities of domestic solid waste generated are based on the size of the population. The population in An Nhon District was 178,724 people in 2009 and is expected to grow annually by 1.16%5. This means that the population of An Nhon district will increase from 181,000 in year 2010 to around 215,000 in year 2025. Here, it is assumed that the population growth is linear and takes place with the same growth rate in the communes as for the towns. On the basis of these assumptions, the estimated population growth within the strategy period has been calculated as shown in Appendix A and as illustrated in Fig. 2.1.
This is identical to the definition generally used for Municipal Solid Waste. The term domestic solid waste is used in the Plan, to avoid the confusion that the term municipal solid waste may cause. 5 Somers: Description and Mapping of the Biologically Treatable Waste Stream in 4 Districts: An Nhon, Tay Son, Hoai Nhon and Phu My in Binh Dinh Province
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250.000
Population in An Nhon district
200.000
150.000
100.000
50.000
Year Towns Communes An Nhon district
Fig. 2.1 Increased population in An Nhon district within the strategy period. Within Binh Dinh Province as in Vietnam as a whole, the availability of reliable data on waste production is limited. Based on the Province Solid Waste Master Plan for Binh Dinh Province the waste generation rates are taken as follows: Cities of rank III & IV: Towns of rank V: 0.9 kg/person/day 0.8 kg/person/day
For communes the figure of 0.5 kg/person/day has been used, as this seems a generally accepted quantity for rural settlements. At present the collection rates for the sub-towns, as well as every commune, are based on information from the district, as well as estimates by the consultancy. Furthermore, proposed collection rates have been set up to the year 20256. At present the figures aim for a collection of 80% in 2020, based on the resolution of the Provincial Party General Meeting Nr. 17: Up to 2020: 100% of the domestic solid waste from Quy Nhon city, 80% of the domestic solid waste from other urban areas are collected and treated7. Binh Dinh is expected to become a provincial level town in 2015 and has therefore been included as such in the estimate of waste generation rates over the next 15 years. The waste generation tables can be found in Annex A. As it can also be seen from these tables, it is estimated that currently 15% of the waste in Binh Dinh and Dap Da towns and 10% of the domestic solid waste generated in the communes is sold to scavengers and recyclers. This is the cardboard, paper, bottles, cans and metals that are sorted at source by the households. It is estimated that these quantities will increase slightly over the coming years to 18% and 12% respectively. Furthermore, it is expected that increased awareness raising and encouragement from the Water Supply and Sanitation Project will lead to increased levels of composting and other forms of treatment for organic waste, eventually leading to 15% of organic waste in Binh Dinh and Dap Da towns being treated at source and 30% in the communes.
6 7
At present EP&T have set the collection rates these should be revised by the District together with the consultant during the next phase of the planning. Province Solid Waste Master Plan for Binh Dinh Province page 6
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Of the remaining waste, it is expected that by the year 2015, 70% will be collected in Binh Dinh and Dap Da towns. All other communes are expected to have a collection rate of 30% in 2015. By 2020, the collection rate will be 80% in the two towns and 40% in the communes. The collection rates are expected to further increase to 50% by 2025 in the communes. Hence the waste collection rate will gradually increase as shown in the tables and as illustrated in Fig. 2.2.
90,00 80,00 70,00 DSW Collection rate (%) 60,00 50,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 10,00 -
Towns
Year Communes
An Nhon district
Fig. 2.2 Increased domestic solid waste collection rates within the strategy period. By 2015 it is expected that approximately 109 tonnes per day of waste will be generated, of which 60.4% will receive treatment: 35.4 tonnes per day (32.6%) will be recycled at source and another 30.3 tonnes (27.9%) will be placed in a landfill. By 2020, 72% of all waste generated within the District is expected to receive some form of treatment.
2.1.3. Plan for Waste Management at Source 2011-2025

A significant percentage of the domestic solid waste generated within the District is already treated at source: homes, shops and offices all separate their waste at source and sell materials such as paper, cardboard, metals, plastics and cans to passing scavengers. It is generally estimated at least 10 to 20% of the overall waste stream is removed at the household level in South East Asia and then passed on as recyclable materials to scavengers or waste buyers. Hence many tonnes of recyclable materials are kept separate from the general waste everyday and never enter the waste stream. This not only recovers materials, but also means that less waste has to be collected and treated. There are also possibilities of reusing the organic portion of the waste. Today, a lot of food waste from restaurants and other commercial kitchens is used as pig feed. Likewise, people who raise animals are likely to use leftover food to feed their animals. There are other possibilities for reusing the organic portion of the waste stream. These are described in the following sections.
Markets
The solid wastes from the wet markets contain a high percentage of organic materials (approximately 76%). Therefore, reuse of market wastes for onsite composting is a potential option that would help to reduce amount of waste to be landfilled and produce a compost or soil amendment for farmers. In this case, the organic waste from the market stalls must be collected
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan separately, stored in the markets waste storage area until it can be taken to the composting site. One of many possible technologies, using the Toptex,8 is described in the following: This basic model, focusing on centralized collection and composting of organic waste, is seen all over the world. Materials to be composted may vary from separated organic waste from households, to wet market waste and even the solid fraction of animal manure. Sometimes organic additions such as straw may be needed to assure sufficient porosity, dry matter content and to adjust the carbon to nitrogen ratio. A Toptex fleece allows water vapour (and gases) to be released from the compost heap, yet avoiding entrance of rain water in the heap. Due to the lower gas emission, this is also the most environmentally friendly composting technique. The process of composting is fairly simple, but some experience will be needed make good quality compost. In short, organic waste is shredded, put in heaps and covered by Toptex fleece. To allow sufficient air to enter the heaps, turning is necessary. This can be done manually or by machines. After about 45 days, the compost is sieved and bagged.
Households
Households can also treat their organic waste to produce compost or other products (see below). Therefore, households should be encouraged to separate food refuse for composting, as well as separating valuable materials for selling to recycling shops. Then only non-recyclable materials will have to be collected by the waste collection company, thereby greatly reducing the waste management costs for the district, town and/or commune. Of course this option is only feasible if households are willing to do so, otherwise the waste will be a mixture of organic and other waste. Therefore, awareness raising and education will be required to make the two following technologies popular9: Mesophilic storage units are concrete or brick storage bins in which the volume and weight of organic waste is reduced by natural processes (bacteria, fungi, larvae, worms). The bins are in the first place designed to serve one households. The bins are designed to receive waste that naturally breaks down within a period of about one year (bone and shell are exceptions that will break down over a longer period). Data collected by the project from tests of the solid waste treatment model with mesophilic bins at the 4 districts resulted in the following findings: After 2 months of operation, the outcome was: The more larvae the bins had, the highly decomposed the waste was. For the bins that larvae developed a lot, the decomposition was about 80% - 90% (daily produced organic waste > 1.5kg and most of the waste was food waste, rotten fruit and vegetable ...); For the bins that larvae developed normally, the decomposition was 60% - 70% (daily produced organic waste < 1.5kg and most of the waste was food waste, rotten fruit and vegetable ...); For the bins that larvae developed just a little, the decomposition was only 40% - 50% (daily produced organic waste < 1.5kg and most of the waste was garden waste);
8 9
The description of the Toptex technology is based on Somers Phase 3 draft report. The descriptions of the Mesophilic unit and the BSF unit are based on Somers Phase 3 draft report.
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FOR THE BINS THAT THERE WERE NO LARVAE, THE DECOMPOSITION WAS ONLY 20% - 30% (MOST OF THE WASTE WAS
GARDEN WASTE AND PIG FAECES).
Mesophilic bin
Waste that can be placed in the bin includes food preparation waste, table scraps, spent bouquets of flowers and small amounts of garden waste. A household bins might receive 3 kgs of waste per day. The small lid is opened and the waste is thrown in the bin. Mesophilic bacteria and fungi require oxygen. That is why the sides of the bin have aeration holes. But these holes are not enough to keep the contents of the bin fully aerated. A certain amount of stirring is required. It is recommended to stir once a week. Without sufficient stirring, foul odours are created. Once a year, the bin needs to be cleaned out. This is the only time that the large lid needs to be opened. The contents of the storage bins can be collected, shredded and then routed to composting operations using Toptex, see the previous section for a description. A second model is operated by waste collectors or scavengers. These collect organic waste and use it for a operating a small commercial black soldier fly (BSF) larvae production. In this model, the waste collectors are encouraged to separated waste that can be fed to BSF larvae, who convert the organic waste in to growth. This could be done in their house or at a local place where a few waste collectors work together. The larvae can be sold as animals feed for chicken, frog, turtle, fish and pigs. The waste collectors are already separating a number of recyclables and make an extra income from selling these. Therefore, it seems feasible that the same person would also collect specific organic waste and sells BSF larvae. BSF larvae can eat just about any type of fresh putrescent waste, even meat and dairy products; they can consume all food waste and some parts of the non-food waste.
2.1.4. Plan for Waste Collection 2011 - 2025 Methodology for Collection of Waste Street Sweeping
Street sweeping will be applied in central areas of Binh Dinh and Dap Da towns. In rural areas of communes, it is not necessary to implement street sweeping. Street sweeping will be organised every day for main streets in administrative and central zones of the town, at parks and bus station. Workers will sweep along the sidewalk; pavement and roadside and collect garbage into the pushcart for later transfer to a transportation vehicle.
Public Areas
Public areas such as parks, the bus station and the main streets in the administrative zone are equipped with garbage bins where required. Waste from these bins is collected by garbage compactor trucks and transported to the landfill.
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Collection of Solid Waste from Households in Towns Waste collection mode for households along main roads in town/sub-town
For waste collection in towns, where the households are close to each other, door to door collection mode with stationary container system is strong recommended. Waste collectors will start with empty pushcart from the first house of a collection route to pick up waste bag/basket, empty it and return the bag/basket to the house (if necessary) and then continue doing the same at the next houses until pushcart is fully loaded. Waste collectors will push the loaded pushcart to a waste transfer point, waiting for emptying it into waste transportation vehicles. The waste collectors can either use a second pushcart to continue collecting waste from another route or they will have to wait for the transfer of waste to the transportation vehicle. This will depend on the number of pushcarts available. Waste collection mode for households located along main roads is illustrated in Fig. 2.3. In this area, waste from households will be collected every day. Time of collection will be set up depending up agreement between households and waste collectors and the time of transferring waste from the pushcarts to the transportation vehicles. House 1 Empty pushcart Pushcart location House 2 House 3 House 4 .. House n
House 1
Next collection route
Transfer point
Loaded pushcart
Fig. 2.3 Waste collection mode for households located in towns.
Waste collection mode for households located along alleys in town/sub-town

For households located along paved alleys, where pushcarts can enter easily, the same collection mode as described in Fig 3.3 is recommended. For very narrow alleys or non-paved alleys, the inhabitants have to carry their waste out of the alley to a bin/container on the main streets.
Waste collection mode for communes

In the urban areas of a commune, door to door waste collection mode as described in the case of town/sub-town is recommended Each commune must find suitable transfer points so that households can gather their wastes at these points for further collection by waste collectors using pushcarts. Thus, instead of going door to door for waste collection, collectors can pick up wastes from transfer points within the communes. This helps to save time moving among households and overcome problem of small roads. Waste collection mode for rural areas of a commune is described in Fig. 2.4. The waste collection frequency is every two days and hence sufficient bins and pushcarts are provided to hold the amount of waste generated over a two day period.
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Village transfer point 1 Empty pushcart Pushcart location Next collection route
Village transfer point 2
..
Village transfer point n
Commune/commune s transfer point
Loaded pushcart
Fig. 2.4 Waste collection mode for rural areas of a commune. For scattered settlements and isolated households, households must bring their waste to bins/containers located along the (main) roads.
Collection of Solid Waste from Markets

Every market generally has a waste storage area. Owners of shops/stores are responsible for bringing their wastes to this area. The biodegradable organic materials of the market waste will be composted using Toptex technology and treated in biopods, therefore it will be separated from the general waste as it is placed in the markets waste storage area. The organic waste can then be transported to the composting facility or released into biopods, whereas the nonbiodegradable materials will be transported directly from the market to the landfill.
Collection of Domestic Solid Waste from Hospitals

Domestic solid wastes from hospitals are segregated from hospitals infectious wastes, stored in a separate storage area and will be collected every day.
2.1.5. Plan for Waste Transfer and Transportation

Waste Transfer As it is a relatively long distance from where most of the waste collection takes place to the landfill using vehicles for transport seems the only reasonable solution. The only question is whether it is necessary to construct transfer stations for communes or whether it is better to use rendezvous point for transferring the waste to the trucks? Strengths, weakness, threats and opportunities of using transfer station and rendezvous points are analyzed and summarized in Table 2.1 and Table 2.2. Based on this analysis, it is strong recommended to use the rendezvous point option.
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 2.1 A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis for transfer station option: Strengths Have sufficient place for gathering collected domestic solid wastes of the whole town or ward Prevent scatter waste transfer points which may cause nuisance and dirty Weaknesses Need a storage area inside a residential area and it is difficult as no waste in my backyard Improper operation of transfer station will cause several problems such as nuisance, leachate, attraction of flies, rats, etc. If only one transfer station in each town or communes, waste collectors again have to walk for a long distance to reach the transfer station Opportunities One transfer station in each commune is approved in Binh Dinh Province Solid Waste Master Plan10
Threats Operational cost is required for cleaning and maintaining of the transfer station. Town and Ward PC has to find budget for that Improper operation of the transfer station will cause worse environmental problem as all wastes are gathered in one location
Table 2.2 A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis for rendezvous point option Strengths This option is already applied in the District and is operating very well. The improvement would be that the new trucks will have a hydraulic lift to empty the pushcarts mechanically. Setting new rendezvous points along main roads of communes for collection of wastes from communes to landfill would be easier as: (1) wastes are stored in pushcarts; (2) no special requirements for operation and maintenance ; (3) uploading wastes from pushcarts into transportation vehicles will be less time consuming and requires less workforce. Weaknesses It needs some time for adapting with new system. Waste collectors and transportation drivers are both required on time at the rendezvous points Opportunities Using rendezvous points for transferring of waste are applied successfully in several places in Vietnam.
Simple technique and low operational cost requirement
Threats The system is difficult to operate well: If the waste collection truck is delayed, the waste collectors must wait for the truck so that their pushcarts can be emptied.
Transportation Eight tonne garbage compactor trucks are for now proposed to collect waste11 from rendezvous points (including large waste generation sites such as markets and hospitals) and transport to
10
Province Solid Waste Master Plan (PSWMP) for the urban areas and the industrial zones in Binh Dinh area up to 2020
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan sanitary landfill for disposal. Compactor trucks are recommended rather than normal trucks for several reasons: The compactor truck will have a hydraulic lift, so that the waste can be transferred from bins, containers and pushcarts into the truck mechanically. When using a flatbed truck, the transfer of waste must be done manually and this is time consuming; The longer loading time when using a normal truck will increase the time requirement for completing 1 trip of collection and transportation of waste to the landfill. As a result fewer trips can be done by one truck in a day and therefore it is necessary to invest in a higher number of trucks; and A flatbed truck must be loaded manually, requiring more workers and exposing these to unhygienic working conditions. Transportation mode of domestic solid waste in the district is illustrated in Fig. 2.5.
Market (Rendezvous point 1) Empty compactor truck Garbage compactor truck
Hospital (Rendezvous point 2)
Ward rendezvous point 3
..
Ward rendezvous point n
Next collection route
District sanitary landfill
Loaded compactor truck
Fig. 2.5 Transportation mode of domestic solid waste in the district.
2.1.6. Requirements to the Waste Disposal System

Landfilling is accepted as a legal solution for final disposal of solid waste in Vietnam. This is regulated in the Joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment and the Ministry of Construction from January 18, 2001. The joint circular guides the regulations on environmental protection for the selection of location for, the construction and operation of, solid waste burial sites together with the Vietnamese Standard TCXD VN 261:2001 Solid Waste Landfill Design Standards promulgated by Decision No 35/2001/QD-BXD of the Ministry of Construction on January 26, 2001. Although in the hierarchy of an integrated solid waste management system, the landfill is the last choice due to its significant and negative environmental impacts, it still remains an indispensable component of the current SWM practices in Vietnam, as there is a large and rapidly increasing volume of waste has to be disposed of. The district of An Nhon within Binh Dinh Province is not an exceptional case, just similar to most of other areas in the country.
11
This can be changed to meet the Districts preferences
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Quantity of Waste to Landfill 2011 2025

The quantity of waste for landfill is calculated as follows: WLandfill = (Wtotal Wtotal * Rrecycled Wtotal * Rcomposted) * Rcollection * (1.00 - Rrecycled at LF) Where: WLandfill : Wtotal : Rrecycled: Rcomposted: Rcollection: Rrecycled at LF quantity of waste transported to landfill total quantity of waste generated rate of waste sold for recycling rate of waste treated/composted at source rate of collection, in percentage percentage recycled at the landfill
The assumptions following described in section 2.1.2 were employed when calculating the quantity of waste that has to be landfilled every year. Based on these assumptions, the calculations result in the following flows of waste, including the annual quantity of waste going to landfill as shown in table 2.3. Table 2.3 Total amount of waste to landfill 2012 - 2025
Quantity Generated Year (Kg/day ) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 102,604 103,795 104,999 106,217 107,449 108,695 109,956 111,231 112,522 113,827 115,147 116,483 117,834 119,201 120,584 121,983 (Tonnes /yr) 37,450 37,885 38,325 38,769 39,219 39,674 40,134 40,599 41,071 41,547 42,029 42,516 43,009 43,508 44,013 44,524 Percentage Recycled at source (%) 11 11 11 21 26 33 33 33 36 36 40 40 40 40 40 40 Quantity Recycled at source (Kg/day ) 11,742 11,878 12,016 22,777 28,413 35,390 35,800 36,215 40,637 41,109 46,147 46,682 47,223 47,771 48,325 48,886 (Tonnes/yr ) 4,286 4,335 4,386 8,314 10,371 12,917 13,067 13,218 14,833 15,005 16,844 17,039 17,236 17,436 17,639 17,843 Remaining after Recycled at source (Kg/day ) 90,862 91,917 92,983 83,440 79,036 73,305 74,156 75,016 71,885 72,718 69,000 69,801 70,611 71,430 72,259 73,097 (Tonnes/ yr) 33,164 33,550 33,939 30,455 28,848 26,757 27,067 27,381 26,238 26,542 25,185 25,477 25,773 26,072 26,374 26,681 Percentage Collected and Treated at Landfill (%) 20 20 32 36 41 41 41 41 42 45 52 52 52 56 56 59 Quantity Collected and Treated at Landfill (Kg/day ) 18,186 18,397 29,490 30,401 32,398 30,286 30,637 30,992 30,151 33,051 36,200 36,620 37,045 39,933 40,396 43,381 (Tonnes /yr) 6,638 6,715 10,764 11,096 11,825 11,054 11,183 11,312 11,005 12,064 13,213 13,366 13,521 14,576 14,745 15,834
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2.1.7. District Sanitary Landfill

To build a sanitary landfill for the district is in agreement with the Province Solid Waste Master Plan. The sanitary landfill will in this case will be in compliance with current national standards as required, i.e. with an impermeable bottom layer, a drainage for surface storm water runoff, a leachate collection and treatment system, a landfill gas collection and treatment system, use waste compacting and a regular soil cover, regular environmental monitoring, and so forth. This is the solution favoured by the Districts Peoples Committee. Given the financial advantages, it is proposed to be built and shared with other district(s) or parts of them, preferably with Tay Son (and/or Phu Cat, Tuy Phuoc and Van Canh). That way, it is foreseen that not only both the construction and operational can be minimised (due to the economy-of-scale principle), but also a lot of land can be saved and as partly a result, the overall environmental (negative) impacts will be reduced as a single landfill serves a large area. Furthermore, this scenario could make certain options more practicable, for example the recovery and re-use of landfill gas to make energy is only viable when large quantities of waste are available. The landfill gas recovery can reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and lead to a net income through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).12 In practice, the An Nhon District is of the opinion that it would be difficult to share a sanitary landfill with another District, due to the transportation distances and the administrative difficulties such a solution would cause. The District has stated that it is willing to share a sanitary landfill with another District, if this is based on a decision by the PPC. The possibility is included here to show the relatively lower costs of this option.
2.2. Plan for Management of Industrial Waste till 2025 2.2.1. Definitions of Industrial/Hazardous Waste
Industrial solid waste is defined in Decree No. 59/2007/N-CP issued by Vietnamese Government as solid waste generated in industrial production, craft villages, business and service activities or other activities is collectively referred to as industrial solid waste. Furthermore, hazardous solid waste is described as solid waste containing substances or compounds that exhibit any of the characteristics of radioactivity, ignitability, explosiveness, corrosiveness, infectiousness, toxicity or other hazardous characteristics. Industrial waste represents waste generated from activities in manufacturing businesses that utilises raw material and machinery to generate marketable products in their premises. A small percentage of the industrial waste will be hazardous waste, these are also discussed below. Industrial waste is generated from manufacturing businesses that use raw material and machinery to generate products within their premises. Typical categories of manufacturing industries can be found below:
12
Food processing Beverage manufacturing Wood-based products Manufacturing of chemical and chemical products Manufacturing of non-metallic mineral products Basic metals
The CDM option through landfill gas is only an option if organic waste is placed in the landfill. As mentioned elsewhere, composting activities also reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and are also eligible for CDM credits.
26
An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Manufacture of electrical machinery, apparatus, appliances and supplies Manufacture of transport equipment Textiles and garments
These categories of industries will each generate their particular industrial waste, where the waste characteristics will be dependent on the industrial production process. The wastes are often complex and heterogeneous ranging from inert inorganic waste (such as mineral, electronic and metal waste) to organic waste (such as plastics and foodstuffs). Industrial waste is the waste generated by the industrys production, as can be items such as mineral, electronic and metal waste, filter cakes, plastics, raw material wastage, off-spec products, floor sweepings, rags, packaging, etc.; so long as these do not fall under the MONREs definition of a hazardous waste In addition to the industrial waste generated, the industries will also generate a sizeable amount of general waste. This latter waste is common to all industries and includes packaging, office and canteen waste. Some of this waste (e.g. packaging) is often sold for recycling and the remained of this waste is usually handled as domestic solid waste. The term Hazardous Waste applies to toxic and hazardous waste. These are defined as wastes containing components that are toxic, radioactive, inflammable, explosive, abrasive, contagious, poisonous or harmful.13 Vietnams National Technical Regulation on Hazardous Waste Thresholds (QCVN 07:2009/BTNMT) sets the standard for hazardous waste thresholds and is used to indentify wastes that may be considered hazardous. These technical regulations clearly describe the laboratory methods that must be used for analysis of waste to determine whether it is a hazardous waste. Hazardous waste from industrial activities will include waste such as solvents, oils, PCBs, acids and plating baths. Healthcare risk waste is also defined as a hazardous waste (as it is contagious); these are discussed in section 2.3.
2.2.2. Current Situation and Plans

There are several operating Industrial Clusters to be found within An Nhon District. These consist of the following: The Go Da Trang and Da Dap Industrial clusters form a single larger industrial cluster. The 24 hectare Go Da Trang Industrial Cluster where there is some manufacturing, five aluminium recyclers, incense powder processing, plastic processing and the production of some construction material. The site was described by the local authorities as very polluting and there are certainly some environmental problems within the site, although these seem to be on a relatively modest scale. The second part is the Dap Da Industrial Cluster that covers about 11 hectares. Here activities include iron and copper casting, wood processing and laminating processes; The 2.7 hectare Nhon Hau Industrial Cluster where the main activity is wood processing. The Thanh Liem Cluster where fish sauce is manufactured; The Tan Duc Industrial Point where furniture manufacture takes place, this will be expanded to 5.4 hectares; The 18 hectare Binh Dinh Town Industrial Cluster that is close to the town and therefore planned for clean industries. The estate has garment factories, fine handicrafts producers and assembly of electronics, Nhon Hoa Industrial Cluster that occupies 10 hectares;

13
Law on Environmental Protection of 2005 that went into effect on 1 July 2006
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Go Oi Hon Lap Industrial Point that occupies 7 hectares; Go Son Nhon Tan Industrial Cluster that occupies 26 hectares Nhon Hoa Industrial Cluster that takes up 10 hectares Nhon Hoa Industrial Park that occupies 272 hectares The provincial livestock centre that occupies 154 hectares; The Nhon Tho commune livestock centre that occupies 12 hectares and is under construction; and Doi Hoa Son Industrial Cluster is under construction and will occupy 40 hectares.
Furthermore, there are some more wood processing enterprises and stone processing enterprises in operation in An Nhon outside the industrial clusters. The District also has about 25 craft villages. Finally, the Nhon Hoa Industrial Zone is under construction. This will be a large estate of approximately 200 hectares where there will be agro-forestry processing, manufacture of consumer goods and some transit warehouses. The Industrial Zone Management Board performs regular inspections of all the enterprises. At present the general waste is collected from about 40% of the industries; this consists of waste from canteens, offices and so forth. This general waste is included in the numbers for domestic solid waste in section 2.1.2. The remaining 60% of companies generally burn and bury their waste within their premises. The consultant found that the disposal of containers that have held pesticides was a problem throughout the province. Some Districts have built boxes in the fields, with the intention that the farmers should place their pesticide waste in these boxes. This system did not work, as the farmers did not use the boxes and continue to dump the containers on their land. Some Districts are interested in again trying to collect these empty pesticide containers. This is not recommended as long as there is no disposal system for the empty pesticide packaging. If these containers were collected today, the District would have to store these as a hazardous waste, as there is no disposal system for hazardous waste within the region. At a later date, when a hazardous waste treatment facility is built within the region, the collected waste would then have to be shipped for treatment at great cost to the District.14 For the empty pesticide containers, the Government of Vietnam should implement a programme in collaboration with the pesticide manufacturers, the importers and the distributers. The programme should ensure that when the farmers are supplied with new pesticides, the supplier will automatically take back empty pesticide packaging. There could be a deposit on the packaging, to ensure all packaging is returned. The pesticide distributers would then organise and implement an awareness programme, so that all farmers know how to store and return their empty pesticide containers.15 Given that the distributers transport full pesticide containers to sell to the farmers, it is easy for them to ensure that empty containers are transported back to their distribution centre or factory. The empty containers can then be reused or sent for treatment as hazardous waste.
2.2.3. Possibilities for waste prevention and waste minimisation;

Typical main waste composition from industries can include scrap metals, plastics, paper and cardboard and food scraps. Such wastes can be sold or given away for recycling.
14 15
The treatment fee would likely be in the region of 20,000 VND per kg or more. Such a programme would normally also take back and treat any obsolete pesticides that the farmer may have stored over time on his premises.
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Industries frequently have large amounts of raw materials that are wasted during the manufacturing process; likewise some industries have a significant percentage of products that do not meet the specifications. Both the wasted raw materials, as well as off-spec products are often discarded on-site, as this is an inexpensive solution. Commonly reusing these materials in the production makes good economic sense, as it reduces the companys costs for raw materials per unit product. Better utilisation of raw materials, as well as other resources such as water, should be encouraged. Some industrial hazardous waste is also recycled at the moment, this includes waste oils and waste lubricants that are currently sold to recyclers and used as a fuel, often in brick kilns. In the longer term; once there is a dedicated hazardous waste treatment facility within the region, this practice should be discontinued and the hazardous waste oils and lubricants should be treated at a specialised facility.
2.2.4. Present and future quantities of Industrial Waste

At present this waste stream is not sufficiently regulated, so there is no readily available data on the number of waste generators, the nature of the wastes, their quantity or where they are currently being disposed. The Provincials Solid Waste Management Plan does state that The industrial SW collection in the district area has not currently managed, so there has not been any specific figure on the total amount of SW generated in the district. On the other hand the plan does predict that 50 tonnes per day will be generated in 2015 and 72 tonnes per day in 2020. Of these waste streams in 2020 16 57% were recycled or reused; 29% is hazardous waste; and the remaining 14% are non-hazardous waste. Clearly, the 29% must be mostly industrial wastes. Given that there are no current figures for the waste arisings, the predictions for 2015 and 2020 must be associated with a high degree of uncertainty. It is important for the District to obtain a better knowledge of exactly how much and what types of waste are generated by the industrial clusters within the District. It is recommended that a survey be organised to better determine the current situation. Such a survey should investigate all major sources of industrial waste within the District and propose the best possible solutions. The survey should visit all industrial zones and clusters, as well as other major generators of industrial waste. The quantity of waste can then be determined through information from the waste generators, through estimates based on the number of employees and/or the quantity of product produced. The consultant will then have to determine how the waste is best treated: Some waste will be akin to domestic solid waste, just as there will be large amounts of industrial waste that can be placed in a sanitary landfill (or reused).17 There will be a small percentage of hazardous waste, where a solution will need to be found, given that there is currently no hazardous waste treatment centre within the region. Such a survey, performed by a team of international and national experts, would probably cost around 60,000 Euro, and this price would cover a survey of four Districts within the Province.
2.2.5. The Management System for Industrial Waste

The basic principle for handling industrial waste, is that the wastes from the industry are properly separated. There will be some general waste from kitchens, offices, and so forth. This will generally be collected by the local garbage company. There will also be some waste from the
16 17
The figures for 2015 in the PSWMP do not add up and have therefore been ignored.
For some of the industrial waste to be placed in a sanitary landfill requires that this waste is kept separate from hazardous waste during the manufacturing process. A frequent problem for industrial waste is that large amounts of relatively inert waste that could be reused or placed in a sanitary landfill, is contaminated with a small percentage of hazardous waste, making all the waste hazardous waste that requires very costly treatment.
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan production or manufacturing process; this can be contaminated raw materials, wastage from the production process and/or off-spec products. Other a sizeable percentage of these materials can be reused (especially if the alternative is to pay to dispose of them). Likewise, some waste can be (and is already) reused, for example wood waste and sawdust from wood manufacturing industries is often reused as a source of energy. Naturally, most industries will have some waste that is not general waste. The industry is expected to ensure that this waste is transported by a licensed transporter to an approved site where it can be treated and disposed of. Much of the manufacturing waste from industries can meet the acceptance criteria of landfills and can therefore be transported to landfills. This requires that the manufacturing waste is not contaminated with hazardous waste (in which case the whole batch of waste will often be considered as hazardous waste). Therefore, industries must have good housekeeping to keep non-hazardous and hazardous waste separate. Finally, there are some wastes that are hazardous wastes and that require special treatment. This applies to materials such as waste solvents, waste oils and spent plating baths. Here the enterprise must follow the requirements of the Law on Environmental Protection of 2005 regarding the handling, storage, transportation and treatment of these materials. If housekeeping is good, the quantity of hazardous waste will be very small for most industries. These wastes must be transported to a hazardous waste treatment facility for final treatment and disposal (unless they are treated (or pre-treated) on-site, as is generally the case with liquid wastes). To properly manage these wastes, thorough training is needed, so that managers and workers within enterprises and industries can correctly handle all the waste that is generated within their premises. This is briefly described in the following section and will be further developed over the coming months.
2.2.6. Requirements for Capacity Development and Awareness Raising

Based on the Awareness Raising Programme that is being implemented by the EPA18, there is one component about awareness raising for enterprises that has to be carried out. This programme is currently in its in pilot phase but will later be implemented on a broader scale. The target groups of this component are the enterprise owners and the managers. The topics include knowledge of industrial waste; how to distinguish between various categories of industrial waste; how to separate and store the waste; and how each category of waste should be handled and treated. The selected communication methodology is to organising a managing group to be in charge of this component at the provincial level where the EPA members are the core members together with a member of the Department of Industry and Commerce of Binh Dinh Province. The core members will cooperate with the members of the Division of Natural Resources and Environment of the District and the members of the Industrial Zone Management Board of the district to carry out the communication activities within the district. The managing group will organise the training courses for the district with the participation of the target group. They will also organise the monitoring system to measure the result of the communication activities; the indicators of this system can be based on the EIA indicators but be more simple i.e. it does not need to use specific equipment to measure the environmental parameters, these can just be visual observations. The main indicator of this activity is whether the enterprise owners organise the activities in their enterprise to inform and guide the workers
18
Note that this activity is not part of the projects awareness raising programme
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan about how to manage industrial waste. The improvements can be monitored on a month by month basis measuring the workers habits relating to the handling of industrial waste.
2.3. Plan for Management of Healthcare Risk Waste 2.3.1. Definition of Healthcare Risk Waste
There exist various definitions of Healthcare Waste in general and Healthcare Risk Waste in particular. This report, however, employs Vietnamese definitions, which are defined in the Decision No. 43/2007/QD-BYT promulgated on 30 November 2007 by the Minister of Health, and which are as follows: Healthcare Waste (HCW) is the material in either solid, liquid or gaseous form, which is discharged from healthcare facilities (HCFs) and which includes both healthcare risk waste and ordinary waste. Healthcare Risk Waste (HCRW) (also known as special healthcare waste or hazardous healthcare waste) is the waste containing hazardous elements to human health and the environment, such as infectious, toxic, radioactive, flammable, explosive, corrosive or possessing other hazardous properties, if not disposed of properly Healthcare waste management (HCWM) is the management activities of the waste generation, preliminary handling, collection, transport, storage, reduction, reuse, recycling, treatment and disposal of healthcare waste and the control and supervision of implementation. Healthcare waste reduction is the activities taken in order to minimize the generation of healthcare waste, including reduction of healthcare waste at source, use of products that can be recycled and/or reused, good management and strict control of the practical processes and correct waste segregation. Reuse is the use of a product several times until the end of life of the product or use of the product for other functions and/or purposes. Recycling is the reproduction of waste materials into new products Waste collection at source is the process of segregation, gathering, packing and temporary storage of waste at the site of waste generation in the healthcare facilities. Transport of waste is the process by which the waste is transported from the place where it was generated to the sites of preliminary treatment, storage, or disposal. Preliminary treatment is the process disinfection or sterilization of potentially infectious waste at the sites of the waste generation, before transportation to a site of storage or disposal. Treatment and disposal of waste is a technological process which aims to disable the waste in causing its potential hazards to human health and the environment.
According to Vietnamese definitions (Vietnamese Regulation on Healthcare Waste Management promulgated by Decision No. 43/2007/QD-BYT of the Minister of Health on 30 November 2007), healthcare waste is classified into five groups as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Infectious waste Hazardous chemical waste Radioactive waste Pressurized containers Ordinary waste
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2.3.2. Current Situation

An Nhon has a District Hospital with 150 beds; usually the hospital houses about 225 patients. This is the only major healthcare entity within the District. The solid waste is separated in accordance with the MOH instructions: General solid waste is collected by the garbage collection company and the healthcare risk waste is incinerated on-site in a Bidiphar incinerator from 2008. The incinerators capacity is 20 kg per batch and the hospital generates 8 to 10 kilograms per day of healthcare risk waste. One private clinic has a contract with the hospital and has small amount of infectious waste treated in the hospitals incinerator. Before the Bidiphar incinerator was operational, healthcare risk waste from the hospital was transported to Quy Nhon for treatment. The incinerator is in good condition and currently burns an average of 9 kilograms of waste per day. The healthcare risk waste from commune health stations, private clinics and other healthcare practices are not collected, these amounts represent about 30% of the total healthcare risk waste quantity. 19 Steps need to be taken so that this waste is also collected and treated in accordance with the Ministry of Healths requirements.
2.3.3. Future Management of HCW

The management of healthcare risk waste at the District Hospital is very professional and meets the Vietnamese Ministry of Health requirements. The small sources, such as commune health stations or doctors offices are not currently included in the system. A programme of capacity development and awareness raising will be developed in collaboration with the local health authorities to ensure that healthcare risk waste from small sources is also properly segregated, safely transported and then incinerated together with the healthcare risk waste from the hospital. The District Hospital incinerator has ample capacity to treat an additional 30% of waste per day.
19
Meeting with An Nhon District officials on 20 January 2011
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CHAPTER 3 TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

3.1 Requirements to Street Sweeping Equipment
Equipment required for street sweeping includes pushcarts, brooms and labour protective equipment (such as clothes, gloves, boots, comforters, hats). At least two pushcarts should be provided per town. Street in front of administrative offices and some main roads will be swept in early morning. The other areas will be cleaned in the afternoon. Each pushcart will be operated by one worker. The life time of a pushcart is approximately 4 years. Equipment demand for street sweeping is estimated and summarised in Table 3.1. Table 3.1 Estimated equipment demand for street sweeping up to 2025 Year Number of pushcarts Number of brooms* Number of labour safety clothing** Demand Investment Demand Investment Demand Investment 2011 2 0 16 16 8 8 2012 2 2 16 16 8 8 2013 2 0 16 16 8 8 2014 2 0 16 16 8 8 2015 2 0 16 16 8 8 2016 2 2 16 16 8 8 2017 2 0 16 16 8 8 2018 2 0 16 16 8 8 2019 2 0 16 16 8 8 2020 2 2 16 16 8 8 2021 2 0 16 16 8 8 2022 2 0 16 16 8 8 2023 2 0 16 16 8 8 2024 2 2 16 16 8 8 2025 2 0 16 16 8 8
* 1 workers/pushcart x 2 pushcarts/town x 2 towns x 4 brooms/worker/year = 16 brooms/year ** 1 workers/pushcart x 2 pushcarts/town x 2 towns x 2 labour safety clothing/worker/year = 8 labour safety clothing/year
3.2
Organic Waste Treatment at Source
Estimation of number of organic treatment units needed is based on the following assumptions: - 20% of the organic waste to be treated at source is from markets and the remainder is from households; - 90% of organic waste from markets will be composted using Toptex technology and the remainder will be treated in biopods which can receive 30-40 kg of organic waste/biopod/day (35 kg/biopod/day is used for calculation number of biopods). The size of a compost pile is 1 m (width) x 0,6 m (height) x 10 m (length), specific gravity of organic waste to be composted is 450 kg/m3. Thus, each compost pile can receive 1350 kg of organic waste and it has to be incubated for 45 days . Each compost pile has to be covered by approximately 14 m2 of Toptex. - Organic waste from households will be treated in mesophilic bins or in biopods with black soldier fly larvae production. 75% of organic waste from households will be treated by
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan mesophilic bins and the remains will be treated by biopods. It is planned that each bin will be shared by 2 households. Thus, amount of organic waste to be treated in each mesophilic bin or biopod at households in the town will be (0.52 kg/person/day x 5 person/household x 2 household =) 5,2 kg/bin/day. While in the communes, each mesophilic bin will receive approximately (0.325 kg/person/day x 5 persons/household x 2 households =) 3.25 kg/bin/day. Cost of Toptex material is 30,000 VND/m2; A mesophilic bin will cost 350,000 VND; A price of the biopod made of composite is 1,200,000 VND. Toptex can be used for 5 years. Mesophilic units and bipods can last for 15 years.
Total number of compost piles, mesophilic units and biopods expected to be invested for An Nhon District is estimated and summarized in Table 3.2. Distribution of these organic treatment units for towns and communes are described in Table 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6. Investment cost for organic waste treatment facilities of An Nhon is described in Table 3.7. Table 3.2 Number of units required to treat organic waste using Toptex, mesophilic units and biopods up to 202520 Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Number of market organic waste treatment units Compost piles 65 98 127 129 130 156 158 185 187 189 191 193 195 Biopods 6 9 12 12 12 15 15 17 18 18 18 18 18 Number of household organic waste treatment units Mesophilic bins 1,749 2,653 3,482 3,523 3,564 4,344 4,394 5,201 5,261 5,322 5,384 5,447 5,510 Biopods 0 583 884 1,161 1,174 1,188 1,448 1,465 1,734 1,754 1,774 1,795 1,816 1,837
20
The programme for treating organic waste at source can be started earlier if so desired.
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Table 3.3 Demand on compost piles using Toptex for An Nhon District up to 2025 Number of compost piles No. Locality 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 1 Binh Dinh 0 10 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 2 Dap Da 0 9 13 18 18 18 18 19 19 3 Nhon My 0 4 5 7 7 8 10 10 12 4 Nhon Thanh 0 5 8 10 10 10 13 13 16 5 Nhon Hanh 0 3 5 7 7 7 9 9 11 6 Nhon Hau 0 4 6 9 9 9 11 11 14 7 Nhon Phong 0 3 4 6 6 6 7 7 9 8 Nhon An 0 3 5 7 7 7 8 9 10 9 Nhon Phuc 0 3 5 7 7 7 9 9 11 10 Nhon Hung 0 4 6 8 8 8 10 11 13 11 Nhon Khanh 0 3 4 6 6 6 7 7 9 12 Nhon Loc 0 3 4 6 6 6 7 8 9 13 Nhon Hoa 0 6 9 12 12 12 15 15 19 14 Nhon Tan 0 2 4 5 5 5 7 7 8 15 Nhon Tho 0 3 4 6 6 6 7 8 9 TOTAL 65 98 127 129 130 156 158 185
2021 16 19 12 16 11 14 9 11 11 13 9 9 19 8 9 187
2022 17 19 12 17 11 14 9 11 11 13 9 9 19 8 9 189
2023 17 20 12 17 12 14 9 11 11 13 9 10 19 8 9 191
2024 17 20 12 17 12 14 9 11 11 13 9 10 20 8 10 193
2025 17 20 12 17 12 15 9 11 12 14 9 10 20 9 10 195
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Table 3.4 Demand on biopods to treat organic waste of markets for An Nhon District up to 2025 Number of biopods to treat market organic waste No. Locality 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 1 Binh Dinh 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 Dap Da 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 Nhon My 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 Nhon Thanh 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 5 Nhon Hanh 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 Nhon Hau 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 Nhon Phong 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 Nhon An 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 Nhon Phuc 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Nhon Hung 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 Nhon Khanh 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 Nhon Loc 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 Nhon Hoa 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 14 Nhon Tan 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 15 Nhon Tho 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 TOTAL 6 9 12 12 12 15 15 17 18 18
2023 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 18
2024 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 18
2025 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 18
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Table 3.5 Demand on mesophilic bins to treat organic waste of households for An Nhon District up to 2025 Number of mesophilic bins to treat household organic waste No. Locality 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 1 Binh Dinh 0 188 286 289 293 296 300 303 306 310 314 2 Dap Da 0 165 251 339 342 346 350 354 359 363 367 3 Nhon My 0 109 165 223 226 228 289 292 355 359 363 4 Nhon Thanh 0 151 228 308 312 315 399 403 490 495 501 5 Nhon Hanh 0 104 157 212 215 217 275 278 337 341 345 6 Nhon Hau 0 129 195 263 267 270 341 345 419 424 428 7 Nhon Phong 0 82 124 168 170 172 217 220 267 270 273 8 Nhon An 0 97 147 198 201 203 257 259 315 319 322 9 Nhon Phuc 0 102 155 209 212 214 271 274 332 336 340 10 Nhon Hung 0 119 181 244 247 250 316 320 388 393 398 11 Nhon Khanh 0 82 125 168 170 172 218 221 268 271 274 12 Nhon Loc 0 86 130 176 178 180 227 230 279 282 286 13 Nhon Hoa 0 174 264 356 360 364 461 466 566 572 579 14 Nhon Tan 0 75 114 153 155 157 198 201 244 247 249 15 Nhon Tho 0 85 129 174 176 178 225 228 277 280 283 TOTAL - 1,749 2,653 3,482 3,523 3,564 4,344 4,394 5,201 5,261 5,322
2023 317 371 367 507 349 433 276 326 344 402 277 289 586 252 287 5,384
2024 321 376 371 513 353 438 279 330 348 407 280 292 593 255 290 5,447
2025 325 380 376 519 357 444 283 334 352 412 284 296 599 258 293 5,510
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Table 3.6 Demand on biopods to treat organic waste of households for An Nhon District up to 2025 Number of biopods to treat organic household waste No. Locality 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 1 Binh Dinh 0 63 95 96 98 99 100 101 102 103 105 2 Dap Da 0 55 84 113 114 115 117 118 120 121 122 3 Nhon My 0 36 55 74 75 76 96 97 118 120 121 4 Nhon Thanh 0 50 76 103 104 105 133 134 163 165 167 5 Nhon Hanh 0 35 52 71 72 72 92 93 112 114 115 6 Nhon Hau 0 43 65 88 89 90 114 115 140 141 143 7 Nhon Phong 0 27 41 56 57 57 72 73 89 90 91 8 Nhon An 0 32 49 66 67 68 86 86 105 106 107 9 Nhon Phuc 0 34 52 70 71 71 90 91 111 112 113 10 Nhon Hung 0 40 60 81 82 83 105 107 129 131 133 11 Nhon Khanh 0 27 42 56 57 57 73 74 89 90 91 12 Nhon Loc 0 29 43 59 59 60 76 77 93 94 95 13 Nhon Hoa 0 58 88 119 120 121 154 155 189 191 193 14 Nhon Tan 0 25 38 51 52 52 66 67 81 82 83 15 Nhon Tho 0 28 43 58 59 59 75 76 92 93 94 TOTAL 0 583 884 1,161 1,174 1,188 1,448 1,465 1,734 1,754 1,774
2023 106 124 122 169 116 144 92 109 115 134 92 96 195 84 96 1,795
2024 107 125 124 171 118 146 93 110 116 136 93 97 198 85 97 1,816
2025 108 127 125 173 119 148 94 111 117 137 95 99 200 86 98 1,837
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.7 Total investment cost of Toptex, mesophilic units and biopods for An Nhon District up to 2025 New investment Investment cost (x 1,000 VND) Year 2 Toptex (m ) Mesophilic bins Bipods Toptex Mesophilic bins Bipods 2012 2013 905 1,749 589 27,138 612,008 706,721 2014 468 905 305 14,041 316,653 365,657 2015 408 829 279 12,228 290,162 334,896 2016 21 40 14 620 14,138 16,324 2017 21 41 14 627 14,302 16,514 2018 1,267 780 262 37,996 273,032 314,951 2019 493 50 17 14,801 17,635 20,359 2020 782 807 271 23,459 282,437 325,800 2021 51 60 20 1,519 21,116 24,374 2022 51 61 21 1,536 21,361 24,657 2023 1,297 62 21 38,916 21,609 24,943 2024 524 62 21 15,732 21,860 25,232 2025 813 63 21 24,401 22,113 25,525 TOTAL 7,100 5,510 1,855 213,015 1,928,428 2,225,953 The cost for this equipment may seem high, but investment in the treatment of organic waste at source greatly reduces the quantity of waste that has to be collected, transported and deposited in a sanitary landfill. The savings in investments in bins, pushcarts, garbage trucks and sanitary landfill far outweigh the costs of the investment in the above equipment for the treatment of organic waste at source.
3.3
Demand for Waste Collection Facilities
Selection of Waste Collection Equipment Equipment used for primary collection consists of 240 L bins located along street, 660 L containers located at central waste producers and 660 L pushcarts for collection wastes from households and other small waste producers. Estimated density of wastes contained in this equipment is summarized in Table 3.8. The proposed domestic solid waste primary collection equipment for An Nhon District is presented in Fig. 3.1.
(a) 240 L bin
(b) 660 L container
(c) 660 L pushcart
Fig. 3.1 Proposed domestic solid waste primary collection equipment for An Nhon district.
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.8 Estimated Waste Densities within Different Collection Equipment Collection equipment Density Percentage of (kg/m3) volume used when emptied Waste in 240 L container 350 60% Waste in 660 L container 350 60% Waste in 660 L pushcart 350 100%
Typical amount in container (kg) 50 140 230
Demand of primary domestic solid waste collection equipment Estimation of equipment required for primary domestic solid wastes collection in An Nhon district is conducted based on the conditions summarized in Table 3.9. Table 3.9 Characteristics of equipment required for primary collection of domestic solid waste in An Nhon district
AREA EQUIPMENT SERVICE ESTIMATED DIVISION OF
SYSTEM COVERAGE
Towns
240 L bin
Located along main streets and central areas of the towns Central waste producers as markets, administrative offices, institutions, hotels Collection of waste from residential areas Located along main streets and central areas of the towns Collection of waste from residential areas
660 L container
660 L pushcart
Communes 240 L bin
660 L pushcart
20-30% of total waste amount, typical value for estimation is 25% 10-20 of total waste amount, typical value for estimation is 10% 60-70% of total waste amount, typical value for estimation is 65% 10-15% of total waste amount, typical value for estimation is 10% 80-90% of total waste amount, typical value for estimation is 90%
On the basics of the data presented above, equipment demand for primary collection of domestic solid wastes in An Nhon district is estimated and summarized in Table 3.10 and described in detailed for different towns and communes in Table 3.11, 3.12 and 3.13.
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.10 Total demand on equipment for primary domestic waste collection in An Nhon District up to 2025 Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 240 L Bins 92 81 77 74 74 76 76 77 87 88 89 90 91 92 Towns 660 L Containers 14 13 12 11 11 11 11 11 13 13 13 14 14 14 660 L Pushcarts 52 47 44 42 43 43 43 44 49 51 51 51 52 53 Communes 240 L 660 L Bins Pushcarts 48 93 63 117 77 141 67 131 67 131 69 131 67 124 78 146 83 155 84 157 84 159 96 179 97 182 106 204
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Table 3.11 Demand for 240 L bins for An Nhon District up to 2025 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Locality Binh Dinh Dap Da Nhon My Nhon Thanh Nhon Hanh Nhon Hau Nhon Phong Nhon An Nhon Phuc Nhon Hung Nhon Khanh Nhon Loc Nhon Hoa Nhon Tan Nhon Tho TOTAL Number of 240 L bins 2012 49 43 9 6 7 5 11 5 5 140 2013 43 38 8 7 6 6 7 5 5 10 4 5 144 2014 41 36 6 8 6 7 5 5 6 6 5 5 9 4 5 154 2015 40 34 5 7 5 6 4 5 5 6 4 4 8 4 4 141 2016 40 34 5 7 5 6 4 5 5 6 4 4 8 4 4 141 2017 41 35 6 7 5 6 4 5 5 6 4 4 9 4 4 145 2018 41 35 5 7 5 6 4 5 5 6 4 4 8 4 4 143 2019 42 35 6 8 6 7 5 5 6 7 5 5 9 4 5 155 2020 48 39 6 9 6 8 5 6 6 7 5 5 10 5 5 170 2021 49 39 7 9 6 8 5 6 6 7 5 5 10 5 5 172 2022 49 40 7 9 6 8 5 6 6 7 5 5 10 5 5 173 2023 50 40 7 10 7 9 6 7 7 8 6 6 12 5 6 186 2024 50 41 8 10 7 9 6 7 7 8 6 6 12 5 6 188 2025 51 41 8 11 8 10 6 7 8 9 6 7 13 6 7 198
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Table 3.12 Demand on 660 L containers for An Nhon District up to 2025 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Locality Binh Dinh Dap Da Nhon My Nhon Thanh Nhon Hanh Nhon Hau Nhon Phong Nhon An Nhon Phuc Nhon Hung Nhon Khanh Nhon Loc Nhon Hoa Nhon Tan Nhon Tho TOTAL Number of 660 L containers 2012 7 7 14 2013 7 6 13 2014 6 6 12 2015 6 5 11 2016 6 5 11 2017 6 5 11 2018 6 5 11 2019 6 5 11 2020 7 6 13 2021 7 6 13 2022 7 6 13 2023 8 6 14 2024 8 6 14 2025 8 6 14
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Table 3.13 Demand on 660 L pushcarts for An Nhon District up to 2025 No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Locality Binh Dinh Dap Da Nhon My Nhon Thanh Nhon Hanh Nhon Hau Nhon Phong Nhon An Nhon Phuc Nhon Hung Nhon Khanh Nhon Loc Nhon Hoa Nhon Tan Nhon Tho TOTAL Number of 660 L pushcarts 2012 28 24 18 12 14 10 20 9 10 145 2013 25 22 16 14 10 11 13 9 9 18 8 9 164 2014 23 21 11 15 11 13 8 10 10 12 8 9 17 8 9 185 2015 23 19 10 14 10 12 8 9 10 11 8 8 16 7 8 173 2016 23 20 10 14 10 12 8 9 10 11 8 8 16 7 8 174 2017 23 20 10 14 10 12 8 9 10 11 8 8 16 7 8 174 2018 23 20 10 13 9 11 7 9 9 11 7 8 15 7 8 167 2019 24 20 11 16 11 13 9 10 11 12 9 9 18 8 9 190 2020 27 22 12 17 12 14 9 11 11 13 9 10 19 8 10 204 2021 28 23 12 17 12 14 9 11 12 13 9 10 19 9 10 208 2022 28 23 12 17 12 15 9 11 12 14 9 10 19 9 10 210 2023 28 23 14 19 13 16 11 13 13 15 11 11 22 10 11 230 2024 29 23 14 19 14 17 11 13 13 16 11 11 22 10 11 234 2025 29 24 16 22 15 19 12 14 15 17 12 13 25 11 13 257
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan During the following years, the waste amounts to be collected will increase. New investment needed is estimated as presented Table 3.14 with assumption that the life time of this equipment is 4 years. Table 3.14 New investment of equipment for primary domestic waste collection up to 2025 Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 240 L Bins 92 92 2 1 102 3 1 2 103 4 Towns 660 L Containers 14 14 16 1 16 660 L Pushcarts 52 53 1 58 2 1 59 3 Communes 240 L 660 L Bins Pushcarts 48 93 15 24 14 24 48 93 17 24 17 11 22 53 102 18 26 19 23 42 54 105 27 48
The An Nhon District Peoples Committee wishes to ensure that there are some spare pushcarts. At present the above calculations ensure that there will be sufficient pushcarts, as it is anticipated that each pushcarts will only complete one collection route per day.
3.4
Requirements for Waste Transportation Vehicles
Transportation Vehicles Secondary collection and transportation of domestic solid waste to landfill will be done by 8 tonne rearend loading compactor truck (called compactor truck). Secondary collection and transportation system data is described briefly in Table 3.15. Average time for 1 trip of compactor truck is estimated as presented in Table 3.16.
Fig. 3.2 Proposed type of waste transportation vehicle.
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.15 Secondary collection and transportation system data Town Average loading time per Time for emptying one container: 240 L bin 1 min Time for transport between 2 containers: 1 min Total: 2 minutes/container Average loading time per Time for emptying one container: 660 L container 2 min (more difficult access) Time for transport between 2 containers: 5 minute Total: 7 minutes/container Average loading time per Time for emptying one pushcart: 1 660 L pushcart minute Time for transport between 2 groups of 4 pushcarts: 5 minutes (It is expected that there will be an average of 4 pushcarts at a rendezvous point) Total: 2.25 minutes/pushcart Average time for transportation between communes Average distance for return trip to landfill Average transportation speed to landfill Average time at landfill n/a Commune Time for emptying one container: 1 min Time for transport between 2 containers: 1 min Total: 2 minutes/container
Time for emptying one pushcart: 1 min Time for transport between 2 groups of 4 pushcarts: 5 minutes (It is expected that there will be an average of 2 pushcarts at a rendezvous point) Total: 3.5 minutes/pushcart 20 minutes
20 km 30 km/h 20 minutes
40 km 25 km/h 20 minutes
Table 3.16 Average time per trip of compacter truck Waste collection time (minutes/trip) Average time for transportation between communes (7 communes/trip x 20 minutes/commune) Average time to transport to landfill Average time at landfill Average none-working time per trip (for maintenance, ~ 15% of working time) Total time per trip of compact truck (minutes/trip) Total time per trip of compact truck (hours/trip) Town 185 minutes 0 minutes 40 minutes 20 minutes 37 minutes 282 4.7 Commune 160 minutes 140 minutes 96 minutes 20 minutes 57 minutes 473 7.8
Based on the data presented in Table 3.15 and 3.16, number of compact truck required is estimated and summarised in Table 3.17.
46
An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.17 Number of compactor trucks required for secondary waste collection and transportation
Year Amount of waste to be collected (tonnes/day) Towns Communes 18.04 11.45 16.10 15.20 14.51 14.68 14.85 15.03 15.20 17.20 17.40 17.60 17.81 18.01 18.22 14.30 17.20 15.77 15.95 16.14 15.13 17.85 19.00 19.22 19.44 22.13 22.38 25.16 Operating time to collect waste (minutes/trip) In towns In communes 636 677 568 536 512 518 524 530 536 606 613 620 628 635 642 845 1017 932 943 954 894 1055 1123 1136 1150 1308 1324 1488 Total operating time of truck (hours/day) 22 24 26 24 24 25 24 27 29 29 30 32 33 35 Total truck needed 2.74 2.94 3.23 3.01 3.04 3.08 2.97 3.32 3.60 3.65 3.69 4.03 4.08 4.44 Total truck invested 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
As can be seen, the number the trucks is rounded to the nearest whole number, so that in some cases the collection vehicles will have to work a little more than 8 hours each day, thereby saving the cost of purchasing and operating an extra truck that would be under utilised. New investment for compactor truck is estimated and presented in Table 3.18 where life time of the truck is 10 years. Table 3.18 New investment of compact truck required for secondary collection and transportation of the district up to 2025
Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Total compact truck required 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 New investment 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1
3.5
Requirements to Waste Management Workers, Fee and Cost Recovery of Domestic Waste Collection and Transportation System
3.5.1 Requirements to Waste Management Worker

Workforce will be estimated based on the following condition: For street sweeping, one worker will operate one pushcart;
47
An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan For waste collection, one worker will operate two pushcart; For the transportation vehicle, there will be 1 driver and 2 assistants.
Workforce requirement is estimated based on the conditions mentioned above and summarised in Table 3.19. Table 3.19 Workforce required for waste collection and transportation operation Compactor Workers to operate Workers to operate pushcart Year truck drivers compactor truck Town Communes 2012 26 47 6 3 2013 24 59 6 3 2014 22 71 6 3 2015 21 66 6 3 2016 22 66 6 3 2017 22 66 6 3 2018 22 62 6 3 2019 22 73 6 3 2020 25 78 8 4 2021 26 79 8 4 2022 26 80 8 4 2023 26 90 8 4 2024 26 91 8 4 2025 27 102 10 5
3.5.2 Cost of Waste Collection System

The following unit prices are used for calculation of investments in equipment and facilities for waste collection and transportation. Table 3.20 Unit Prices for New Trucks and Equipment Item Unit price (USD) 240 L bin 24 660 L container 105 660 L container pushcart 200 8 tonnes rear end loading compactor truck 80,000
Unit Price (x 1000 VND) * 480 2,100 4,000 1,600,000
* Note: Prices on trucks and pushcarts have been collected from purchasers in Vietnam. Other prices are estimates based on purchases elsewhere in Vietnam.
On the basis of the unit prices and the number of facilities and equipment estimated above, the total investments to be made within the initial period can be calculated. The result is summarized in table 3.21. Detailed investment for towns and communes is presented in table 3.22.
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.21 Total investment cost for waste collection and transportation equipment of An Nhon
Total equipment Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 240l Bins 140 15 14 140 19 12 155 21 1 25 157 31 660l Containers 14 14 16 1 16 660l Pushcarts 145 24 24 146 24 17 23 160 28 19 43 164 51 Compact truck 3 1 3 1 240l Bins 67,200 7,200 6,720 67,200 9,120 5,760 74,400 10,080 480 12,000 75,360 14,880 Total investment (x 1,000 VND) 660l 660l Containers Pushcarts 29,400 580,000 96,000 96,000 29,400 584,000 96,000 68,000 92,000 33,600 640,000 112,000 76,000 2,100 172,000 33,600 656,000 204,000 Compact truck 4,800,000 1,600,000 4,800,000 1,600,000 Total cost (x 1,000) 5,476,600 103,200 102,720 680,600 105,120 68,000 97,760 2,348,000 122,080 4,876,480 186,100 764,960 1,818,880
49
Table 3.22 Investment cost for waste collection equipment for towns and communes in An Nhon district Year Number of new invested equipment Investment (x 1,000 VND) Towns Communes Towns Communes Compactor 240l 660l 660l 240l 660l 240l 660l 660l 240l 660l Compactor truck Bins Containers Pushcarts Bins Pushcarts Bins Containers Pushcarts Bins Pushcarts truck 2012 92 14 52 48 93 3 44,160 29,400 208,000 23,040 372,000 4,800,000 2013 15 24 - 7,200 96,000 2014 14 24 - 6,720 96,000 2015 2016 92 14 53 48 93 44,160 29,400 212,000 23,040 372,000 2017 2 17 24 960 - 8,160 96,000 2018 17 68,000 2019 1 1 11 22 480 4,000 5,280 88,000 2020 102 16 58 53 102 1 48,960 33,600 232,000 25,440 408,000 1,600,000 2021 3 2 18 26 1,440 8,000 8,640 104,000 2022 1 19 3 480 76,000 4,800,000 2023 2 1 1 23 42 960 2,100 4,000 11,040 168,000 2024 103 16 59 54 105 49,440 33,600 236,000 25,920 420,000 2025 4 3 27 48 1 1,920 12,000 12,960 192,000 1,600,000
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost of Domestic Waste Collection and Transportation System Capital, operating and maintenance costs have been estimated based on the capital investments, personnel costs, operating costs and maintenance as a percentage of the investment. For calculation of annual costs related to waste collection and transportation, the unit costs listed in Table 3.23 have been used. Table 3.23 Operation and maintenance unit cost Item
Annual Unit costs (x 1,000 VND/year)
240 L bin Cost: 480,000 VND Lifespan: 4 years Annual write down 120,000 VND Annual maintenance cost =5% of investment/year = 24,000 VND/year/container 660 L container Cost: 2,100,000 VND Lifespan: 4 years Annual write down 525,000 VND Annual maintenance cost =5% of investment/year = 105,000 VND/year/container 660 L pushcart Cost: 4,000,000 VND Lifespan: 4 years Annual write down 1,000,000 VND Annual maintenance cost =5% of investment/year = 200,000 VND/year/container 8 tonne rear-loading compactor truck Cost: 1,600,000,000 VND Lifespan: 10 years Annual write down 160,000,000 VND Annual maintenance cost =5% of investment/year = 50,000,000 VND/year/truck Fuel for compactor truck: (8 ltr./hour x 8 hours/day x 300 days/year x 21,000 VND/ltr = 403,200,000 VND/year/truck) Equipment per worker: Working clothes, brooms, shovels, gloves (per employee) Average salaries per driver of compactor truck Total salary, including bonus, compensation, social costs etc. Average salaries per waste collector and assistant of compactor truck driver Total salary including social costs etc.
144
630
1,200
210,000
403,200
300 30,000 21,600
On the basis of the unit prices and the number of facilities and equipment estimated, the total annual costs for the collection and transportation system can be calculated. The result is shown in Table 3.24.
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan As can be seen in table 3.24 the costs of the system are considerable and over 50% of the costs are labour costs. The total costs in 2015 would be around 3.41 billion VND; this would serve to collect 11,054 tonnes of domestic waste, at a time when there are approximately 191,500 inhabitants in the district. Hence the cost is about 305,850 VND per tonne or around 17,700 VND per citizen per year. If it is assumed that 50% of the population is served by the waste collection service and that the population bears 67% of the costs (the remaining third being borne by shops, institutions, industries, etc.), this amounts to a cost per citizen of 2 * 17,700 * 2/3 = 23,600 VND per year. So if an average household has five people, the monthly cost is around 9,800 VND. These costs only include waste collection and transport to the disposal site; i.e. capital and operating costs for a sanitary landfill are not included. Included in the above estimate are all costs for purchasing new compactor trucks, bins and pushcarts, as well as the maintenance of these, safety equipment for workers and fuel for the vehicles. Administration costs are not included. There are naturally means to reduce these costs: The most obvious is to minimise salary costs by reducing the necessary staff to a minimum. Contracting out the operation of pushcarts to individuals could be one way to reduce costs. At present a pushcarts only completes one collection route per day. In towns a waste collection worker can normally complete two collection routes with a pushcart per day. This means that each worker in towns could be issued with two pushcarts or that the garbage truck come to empty the pushcart twice during the day. Either way, the number of collection workers in towns will be halved, furthermore, if the pushcart is emptied twice per day, only half the number of pushcarts is needed. Finally, the trucks only operate around 8 hours per day in these estimations, and significant gains could be made if the trucks operated for longer periods every day. In some countries, for example Denmark, the garbage truck are generally operated in two shifts per day (i.e. 16 hours per day) to reduce costs as much as possible.
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Table 3.24 Total cost for operating a waste collection system within the district Total Operation and Maintenance Cots (x 1,000 VND) Towns Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 24 2,448 72 24 48 2,472 96 105 1,680 200 11,800 600 552 1,296 648 1,680 200 11,600 400 264 1,272 432 2,208 48 1,470 10,600 1,152 408 18,600 4,800 3,400 4,400 20,400 5,200 3,800 8,400 21,000 9,600 240 L Bins 2,208 660 L Containers 1,470 660 L Pushcarts 10,400 Communes 240 L Bins 1,152 360 336 660 L Pushcarts 18,600 4,800 4,800 Compactor truck Maintenance 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 250,000 Fuel 1,209,600 1,209,600 1,209,600 1,209,600 1,209,600 1,209,600 1,209,600 1,209,600 1,612,800 1,612,800 1,612,800 1,612,800 1,612,800 2,016,000 Equipment for workers 23,550 26,400 29,550 27,750 27,900 27,900 26,850 30,300 33,000 33,600 33,900 36,900 37,500 41,550 Salary drivers 90,000 90,000 90,000 90,000 90,000 90,000 90,000 90,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 120,000 150,000 Salary workers 1,630,800 1,836,000 2,062,800 1,933,200 1,944,000 1,944,000 1,868,400 2,116,800 2,289,600 2,332,800 2,354,400 2,570,400 2,613,600 2,883,600 Total 3,137,780 3,317,160 3,547,086 3,410,550 3,455,530 3,426,756 3,348,250 3,601,588 4,292,800 4,305,304 4,324,924 4,549,405 4,622,148 5,352,094
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3.5.3 Fees and Cost Recovery for Waste Collection

Decision No. 23/2008/Q-UNBD Binh Dinh regulates that all organisations, households and individuals who used waste service system have to pay fees as follows: - Households in the towns or sub-towns of the other districts (except for Quy Nhon City) located along main roads (asphalted or concrete roads) have to pay 10,000 VND/household/month; while households located along main village roads (not asphalted or concrete roads) have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month. Households located along small roads or alleys have to pay 6,000 VND/household/month; - Households in communes of other districts located along main roads, highways have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month while households located along small roads or alleys have to pay 5,000 VND/household/month; - Food selling households in districts have to pay 25,000 VND/household/month; - Other business households in districts have to pay 20,000 VND/household/month; - In the market, shop owners have to pay 10,000-20,000 VND/shop/month depending on amount of waste generated; - Offices have to pay 45,000 VND/office/month; and - Markets, hospitals and enterprises have to pay 60,000 VND/m3 of domestic solid waste that is generated and collected. The full amount of collected fees must be used to cover the costs of waste collection, transportation, treatment and fee collection activities. Full cost recovery for the waste collection system means that total cost for financing and operating a waste collection system should have to be covered through fees to be paid by the waste producers. The waste collection system is divided into a primary collection system that covers the activities from the waste generation sources such as households, markets, hospitals, etc. to the transfer points; and the secondary collection system from transfer points to the landfill or composting plant. On average every household will have five persons. If applying the fee regulated in Decision No. 23/2008/Q-UBND as follows: - In the town and sub-towns, 30% of all serviced households have to pay 10,000 VND/household/month; 20% have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month and 50% have to pay 6,000 VND/household/month; and - In the communes, 30% of households have to pay 8,000 VND/household/month and 70% have to pay 5,000 VND/household/month. The cost recovery from household fees is estimated in Table 3.25 (with the assumption that 100% of the serviced households pay collection fee) is insufficient to cover 2/3 of the total cost for operating a waste collection system in An Nhon District21. It is possible to compensate the cost for operating the secondary collection system or about 65-72% (from 2012 to 2025) of the cost for operating the primary collection system. Thus, it is obviously that in order to compensate the operational cost of the waste collection system, household fee must be higher than the present regulated fee.
21
The remaining 1/3 of the total cost for operating a waste collection system in An Nhon District will be covered by the fee collection from shops, offices, hospitals, markets, industrial zones, etc.
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.25 Cost recovery for waste collection system
Year Total cost for operating waste collection system (x 1000 VND/year) 3,137,780 3,317,160 3,547,086 3,410,550 3,455,530 3,426,756 3,348,250 3,601,588 4,292,800 4,305,304 4,324,924 4,549,405 4,622,148 5,352,094 Total cost for Total cost for operating primary operating waste collection secondary waste system (x 1000 collection system VND/year) (x 1000 VND/year) 1,688,180 1,867,560 2,097,486 1,960,950 2,005,930 1,977,156 1,898,650 2,151,988 2,360,000 2,372,504 2,392,124 2,616,605 2,689,348 2,936,094 1,449,600 1,449,600 1,449,600 1,449,600 1,449,600 1,449,600 1,449,600 1,449,600 1,932,800 1,932,800 1,932,800 1,932,800 1,932,800 2,416,000 Number of serviced households Towns 4,992 5,050 5,108 5,167 5,227 5,288 5,349 5,411 6,256 6,329 6,402 6,476 6,551 6,627 Communes 10,081 12,199 14,279 14,445 14,612 14,782 14,953 16,746 19,360 19,585 19,812 21,737 21,989 23,980 Cost recovery from household fee (x 1000 VND/year) 1,168,958 1,324,218 1,476,807 1,493,938 1,511,268 1,528,799 1,546,533 1,679,112 1,941,245 1,963,764 1,986,543 2,129,639 2,154,343 2,302,187
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
The District has to consider one of the three following options: Option 1: Apply household fee indicated in Decision No. 23/2008/QD-UBND as mentioned above. + Advantage: because this option is based on Decision of the Province, so there is no explanation requirement. + Disadvantage: if applied this collection fee for households, cost recovery from household fee can only compensate the operational cost of secondary collection system. That mean the District has to find budget to operate primary collection system and waste treatment (landfill operation and maintenance). Option 2: Increase household fee so that it could help to recover 2/3 of the cost for operating the primary waste collection system (Table 3.26) (and the remaining will be covered by the fee collection from other waste generation sources). In this case, households have to pay in average about 6,600 VND/household/month in 2012 and reduce to 5,700 VND/household/month in 2025. + Advantage: Implementation of this option would help to save the budget of the District compared to the option 1. Slightly increase in the fee in the communes and rural areas would be accepted by households. In this case, the District has to find budget to operate secondary collection system and waste treatment (landfill operation and maintenance). + Disadvantage: new fee should be approved by the Province. Option 3: Increase household fee so that it could help to recover 2/3 of the total operational cost of waste collection system (Table 3.26) (and the remaining will be covered by the fee collection from other waste generation sources). In this case, households have to pay in average about 11,200 VND/household/month in 2012 and reduce to 9,500 VND/household/month in 2025.
55
An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan + Advantage: Implementation of this option would help to save the budget of the District compared to the option 1 and 2. A little increase in the fee would be easier to convince households to pay for waste collection. In this case, the District has to find budget only for waste treatment (landfill operation and maintenance). + Disadvantage: (1) new fee should be approved by the Province; (2) it would be even more difficult to convince households to pay fee compared to the option 2. Table 3.26 Recommended household fee (VND/household/month) Year New household fee New household fee recommended option 2 recommended option 3 2012 6,600 11,214 2013 6,511 10,543 2014 6,526 10,113 2015 6,031 9,577 2016 5,996 9,501 2017 5,929 9,394 2018 5,628 9,053 2019 5,862 9,000 2020 5,446 9,066 2021 5,489 9,067 2022 5,478 9,015 2023 5,573 8,859 2024 5,604 8,853 2025 5,736 9,522 Household fee could be reduced year by year in the future if number of serviced household is increased. This is also an important point for the District to consider in setting action plan for improving solid waste management of the District in the coming years.
3.6
Capital and Operating Costs for the Sanitary Landfill
The technical and financial implications of establishing a sanitary landfill as proposed in section 2.1.6 are discussed in the following. It must be noted that, given a number of uncertainties at present, the cost estimates are all not accurate and must be revised/adjusted in the future prior to implementing the sanitary landfill. The site for the planned future sanitary landfill is where part of the existing Nhon Tho Dumpsite is located. It is suitable in term of minimum distance to National and Provincial main areas; to residential areas; to rivers and streams; to groundwater, exploitation works/structures; to airports, seaports and industrial areas.22 The landfill designed by CEEN in 2008 is sized to receive an average of 34.25 tonnes per day of waste. The waste cell will have a waste layer that is 11-12 metres thick. The bottom of the cell consists of a compacted clay layers and a HDPE layer. There is a gas collection system, as well as a leachate collection and treatment system that will discharge water to the surroundings meeting the requirements of the Standard TCVN 7733:2007 Effluent standards for leachate of solid waste landfill sites. A surface water drainage system is provided around the landfill. The sites water supply is from drilled wells. The power supply is mainly for lighting. Proposed ancillary facilities include buildings, a weighbridge, a fence, environmental monitoring, a car park, a guard house, etc. The original estimate was made by CEEN in 2008.
22
TCXDVN 261 : 2001
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan The cost estimate is based on the 2008 estimate by CEEN in 2008 and has been updated to 2011 costs; it can be found in Annex C, tables C1 and C2. As can be seen, the costs include a weighbridge, a truck wash station, a material stockpile area, an office, guard house, a fence around the entire site and the sanitary landfill cells with their impermeable membrane and leachate collection system. Also included in the costs are the leachate treatment system, the water supply and electric systems and the closure of cells that have been filled with waste. Finally observation wells are included for the monitoring of the environment round the sanitary landfill and a bulldozer to be used daily in the operation of the landfill. Excluded from the costs are the costs of land acquisition; as well as the costs for the closure of the existing dumpsites. As can be seen from the tables, the total investment costs for the sanitary landfill are 40.2 billion Dong, where the majority of the costs are for the construction of new landfill cells and the cost of machinery. The landfill proposed by CEEN is large enough to accommodate the waste generated by the district in the period 2013 2025. The landfill has been subdivided into 50,000 m3 cells; where a cell is closed when it is full. The design by CEEN proposes that all cells are built immediately, so in this scenario there will be empty cells that will remain unused for about 10 years (7 years in case of a shared landfill). This is not a recommended scenario, as the cells that are not used are difficult to preserve and they will be damaged by sunshine, vegetation and precipitation and deteriorate rapidly and therefore become unusable; thus, the initial investment may be lost to a large extend. In fact, the landfill may be planned in one design as was done by CEEN, but they may not be all fully built immediately. Thus, the dimensioning of the planned total area for the landfill site may be large enough to cover the entire planning period (say 15 years), but the construction of landfill cells should be phased, with a new cells built only after the previous cell has been filled up. The size of each cell should not be larger than necessary, so that it will be filled within say about two years; no new additional cells should be built before needed. Therefore, the construction of the landfill cells is split into phases, so that there is an initial investment, subsequent additional investments for the new landfill cells, as well as operating costs for the landfill. The costs are based on the CEEN estimate, where the costs of landfills that are subsequently build, is deducted from the initial cost estimate. The operating costs for the years 2013 through 2025 can be found in Annex C, table C3. Here the main expenses are maintenance costs and the cost of staff. As can be seen in table 3.28, the total operating costs per tonne for the sanitary landfill come to approximately 360,000 VND per tonne. The sanitary landfill staff is foreseen as follows:
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.27 Landfill Staffing Staff Category
Landfill Manager Waste Controllers / (weighbridge Operators) LTP Operator Chief Mechanic Assistant Mechanics Electrician Machine Operators Cleaners Security Guards Various unskilled workers Total Staff:
Number
1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2
5
17
3.6.1 Benefits of a Shared Sanitary Landfill

In agreement with the Technical and Financial File of the project Water Supply and Sanitation Programme In Binh Dinh Province, chapter 2.2.2.1 Solid Waste Management Plans for the districts, and reviewing the Global strategy on solid waste for Binh Dinh province on page 15, the project should review the PSWMP, in order to make sure it will lead to the definition of a coherent strategy for the Province and the targeted districts. Such a review, based on international standards, must consider grouping some districts around the same landfill, while taking into account costs efficiency, accessibility, transport distance and the target population. Given the financial advantages, it is proposed that Anh Nhon considers sharing a sanitary landfill with other district(s) or parts of them, preferably with Tay Son or Phu Cat. All the involved districts would benefit a lot, in terms of not only lower construction and operational costs, but also by minimising the negative environmental impacts. This would also allow saving a lot of land within the province, as each single landfill has to follow the requirements for safe distance (at least 300m to a residential area, applied for small landfills and located not to the windward of residential areas). Furthermore, a shared landfill could make certain options more practicable, for example the recovery and re-use of landfill gas to make energy is only viable when large quantities of waste are available. The landfill gas recovery can reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and lead to a net income through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).23 The costs for the investment and operating costs where the sanitary landfill is shared with Tay Son District can be estimated as shown in Annex C, table C4.
3.6.2 Summary of the Capital and Operating Costs for the Sanitary Landfill
The capital and operating costs for the period 2013 to 2025 for the sanitary landfill can be found in table 3.28.
23
The CDM option through landfill gas is only an option if organic waste is placed in the landfill. As mentioned elsewhere, composting activities also reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and are also eligible for CDM credits.
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.28 Summary of the capital and operating costs for the period 2013 to 2025 for the sanitary landfill; the last column gives the cost if the landfill is shared with Tay Son District Sanitary Item Unit Shared Landfill Landfill Total tonnage received Tonnes 188,911 367,727 Initial investment costs MVND 26,859 28,076 Additional investment costs MVND 12,212 34,285 Operating costs MVND 23,539 26,833 Average costs per tonne VND/tonne 331,426 242,555 As can be seen in the above table, the overall landfill costs come to about 330,000 VND per tonne of waste received. Significant savings can be made by sharing the costs of building and operating a landfill with Tay Son district. The basic infrastructure required is the same, though the operating costs are a little higher in terms of fuel consumption, chemicals for the leachate treatment costs, and so forth. In practice, sharing the landfill will reduce the costs by approximately 90,000 VND per tonne. This is a significant saving, especially given that this plan calls for 30 tonnes of waste to be collected daily within the District a few years from now. Final disposal of solid waste by landfilling, if and where needed, will have to employ environmentally safe sanitary landfills. Taking into account both economic and environmental aspects, it is obvious that sharing a landfill has significant cost advantages. The only challenge for this scenario is the possible resistance of the local residents where the shared landfill is to be located. To make this realistic, the district must design and implement an appropriate IEC and awareness raising programme for both local authorities and residents.
3.6.3 Procedure for Sharing a Sanitary Landfill

To manage a shared sanitary landfill, it is essential that the landfill operation is supervised by a strong management board that represents the interests of both (or more) Districts. The Landfill Management Board could be either lead by a Vice Chairman from the PPC or co-directed by Vice Chairmen of the involved districts. The Landfill Management Board must ensure that the sanitary landfill is built and operated to the best advantage of all parties. The Landfill Management Board should also include representatives from district sections covering Planning and Investment, Natural Resource and Environment, Agricultural and Rural Development, Urban Management , Public Health Section, as well the Commune PC where the landfill is located and the District waste management company(ies). It is important that the Landfill Management Board ensures that the sanitary landfill is managed in a transparent manner where all expenses are clearly accounted for. Given that the sanitary landfill will have a weighbridge and that all garbage trucks will be weighed upon arrival (and departure is desired) at the landfill, it will be possible to attribute the costs to each involved District based on the quantity of waste delivery to the sanitary landfill. All decisions regarding upgrades and expansion of the landfill should also be approved by the Landfill Management Board.
3.7
Cost Saving by Treating Organic Waste at Source
There are considerable savings to be made by composting the organic faction of waste at source. This District Solid Waste Management Plan has used a model where eventually 30% of the total waste stream is treated through composing (or similar processes) in communes and 15% of the waste stream is treated likewise in towns. In table 3.29 below the total costs are compared to scenarios where there is absolutely no treatment of organic waste at source and one where all
59
An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan organic waste is treated at source. In all three cases, it is assumed that the waste will be deposited in a District sanitary landfill. Table 3.29 Cost comparison for various composting scenarios Almost 100% of Current scenario organic waste is (30% in communes composted /15% in towns) Total Waste to landfill 2013 147,365 175,558 2025 (tonnes) Total Capital Costs (MVND) 36,161 40,165 Total Operating Costs 23,143 23,532 (MVND) Total Costs (MVND) 59,304 63,697
No treatment of organic waste at source 230,905 40,165 44,289 84,454
As can be seen there are significant savings in the current system, when compared to a system where there is no treatment of organic waste at source. The fact that about 55,000 tonnes less of waste are collected over the period 2013 2025, (176,000 tonnes versus 231,000 tonnes) means savings in the order of 21 billion VND. Hence, there are very strong financial incentives to minimise the flow of waste to landfill, as this significantly lowers the costs. Furthermore, waste minimisation benefits the environment.
3.8
Closure of Dumpsites
The existing dumpsites in An Nhon should sooner or later be closed in order to avoid polluting the environment and to be in compliance with the national strategy on sustainable development. It is foreseen that over the next 15 years all dumpsites should be eliminated. Assuming (and it seems most likely) that no industrial hazardous waste was received by the dumpsites, they can be closed following the guidelines given in the Joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD of January 18, 2001 guiding the regulations on environmental protection for the selection of location for, the construction and operation of, solid waste burial sites" as follows: The final cover layer should have a clay content over 30%, a standard moisture content and be properly compacted, with a thickness over 60 cm. The slope from the edge to the top should gradually increase from 3 to 5%, ensuring good draining, and thereafter: + Cover the buffer layer with a 50-60 cm thick layer of sandy soil + Covering with a 20-30 cm thick agricultural soil + Plant grass and trees Carry out a monitoring program, including the monitoring of air, water, soil and ecosystems, labour environment and local residents; health.
Once the dumpsite has been closed, the District Office of Natural Resources and Environment should develop a simple monitoring programme to ensure that the final cover layer remains intact.
3.9
Requirements for Capacity Development and Awareness Raising
This section describes the requirements capacity development and awareness raising programme from 2012 through 2025. A section is included covering the costs of these recommended activities. The programme is structured around the building of Environmental Communication
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Teams at all levels within the District whilst funds are available through the Water Supply and Sanitation Project. From 2015, when only the more limited local budgets are available to fund these activities, the operations will be maintained due to the skills acquired during the initial years.
3.9.1 Background
The Environment Protection Agency (EPA) under the provincial Department of Natural Resources and Environment is in charge of environmental communication activity in Binh Dinh Province. Regarding the administrative management, EPA delegates most of its environment management activities to the districts. District DONRE represents the district in managing and implementing environmental management and communication activities at the commune and town level.. However, these activities are generally limited to meetings on around special events (e.g. Earth Day) and therefore do not fully meet the goals of increasing community awareness for the following reasons: The budget for this activity is usually low, although every District has 1% of their yearly budget allocated for the environmental protection activities; this is called the Environment Life-work budget. However, most of this budget is used for waste collection and treatment activities. The human resources available for implementing the environmental communication activities are limited. Most of the human resources come from the District Office of Natural Resources and Environmental, as well as from Environmental and Land officers from wards and communes These officers have limited knowledge of environmental communication and waste management; this especially applies to officers at the commune level.
3.9.2 Capacity Development and Training within the district

A District Solid Waste Management (DSWM) Board and working groups will be established (see section 4.2.1: Establish a district solid waste management board). This board will be responsible for all aspects of the implementation of the District Solid Waste Management Plan. Under the DSWM board several working groups will be formed. Each working group focuses on the management of a specific area of the district SWM (e.g. industrial waste, health care waste, agricultural waste, collection & transport of domestic waste, organic waste treatment at source, landfill construction, etc.). The DSWM board coordinates and supervises the working groups. The management of a specific SWM area may cover several activities, such as awareness raising for a specific target group (for instance, the working group industrial waste management organises awareness raising for the target population industrial enterprises), funding of all activities and fee collection, specific waste collection / transport / treatment (for instance, the working group industrial waste management is responsible for ensuring industrial waste is separated, reused, recycled, collected, transported and/or treated according to the law and regulations). WSSP together with the province will support the work of the DSWM board as well as the working groups through its capacity development actions from mid 2011 until mid 2014. In the first phase (mid 2011 2012) support will be given to the start up and first tasks of these newly established board and working groups, through on-the-job-guidance from SWM experts. Especially for the working groups, guidance will be given to situation analyses, stakeholder analyses and process analyses, which will be the basis for further informed planning and budgeting in the specific SWM area of each working group.
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In a second phase (2013 mid 2014) the capacity development actions are continued coaching (but less intensive) of the change process as described in the DSWMPs, and based on what has been achieved in 2011. Furthermore, technical trainings will also be provided for the specific needs that have come up in the working groups.
3.9.3 Basic for a Awareness Raising Programme from 2012 to 2014

Under the management of the PPMU, the EPA of the Binh Dinh DONRE is contracted (hired) to carry out an Awareness Raising Programme (ARP) that includes a pilot phase in 2011. Further collaboration with EPA for the extension phase from 2012 to 2014 will be considered based on the achievement level of the pilot phase in 2011. The target group of this component include the community people and the pupils in primary and secondary schools. The awareness raising is planned in great detail in the ARP document of pilot phase, which includes the awareness raising programme for the Hoai Nhon District. Here the plan recommends that: The awareness raising should be carried out in most of the areas where the SWM system is already or will be established. The members of the communication group should be complemented by members of the waste collection group, so that these can cooperate in the communication activities regarding solid waste management at the community level. Beside the general objective of the ARP, the specific objectives should be more concrete such as: o Increasing the number of household involving the waste collection service i.e. from 10% to 50%. o Increasing the number of household paying for the waste collection service based on the baseline when programme started. o Reducing the frequency of illegal waste disposal and illegal dumpsite within communities. o As the treatment of organic waste at source is an important part of the waste management plan, the methods for progressive organic treatment at source must be part of the focus for the training course for the Environmental Communication Teams. The methods should be simple and inexpensive. o Increase the number of private clinics involved in the healthcare waste collection service. o Increase the volume of organic waste that is treated at source. The action plan of each Environmental Communication Team should be prepared at grass-root level. Each community has to identify their needs based on the community approach such as community rapid appraisal, community action plan with a participatory approach. Visual tools such as mapping community problems and problem tree should be used. Other than the monitoring and evaluating system designed by Provincial and District level, each Communication Team needs to have results of this monitoring and evaluating program to adjust their action plan every year.
3.9.4 Strategy and Objectives

To mitigate the shortages of funding and skilled staff at the District level within environmental communication, and to make full use of the resources available through the Water Supply and Sanitation Project up to the year 2014, the strategy on capacity development and communication for the period to the year 2025 is based on the following considerations:
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan To establish key Environmental Communication Teams within towns, communes and schools rapidly. These teams will be trained in environmental communication principles and solid waste management in order to be able to organise and implement these activities, with the goal that they must be able to organise solid waste management activities within their own town, ward or commune. The key groups will be trained with sufficient knowledge on environmental communication and sustainable solid waste management, solutions to reduce waste at dumpsite, skills on organising and implementing the environmental communication activity at community level. The towns, communes and schools should formulate and implement their individual communication plans on waste issues with the aim of meeting the objectives of the District Solid Waste Management Plan. The improvement of the solid waste management services within the district, towns and communes will be monitored on a quarterly, semester or yearly basis as appropriate. Here precise indicators will be used to compare the actual progress with the objectives of the District Solid Waste Management Plan, such as the percentage of households receiving waste collection service, the percentage of households that are paying waste collection fees, and the percentage of households that are treating organic waste at home. During the period 2012-2014, the budget resource will rely on the Water Supply and Sanitation Projects budget. The focus will be on capacity development for core teams. For the period from 2015 the focus will be on maintaining the existing activities, hence lowering the financial requirements. Here the resource from Environment Life-work budget should be able to cover the necessary project activities.
3.9.5 Organisation and Implementation Structure

To ensure the autonomy and self-motivation of the Environmental Communication Teams, the recommended organisational structure is as follows:
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Env. Communication core team at district level Env. Communication core team at Towns/communes level Waste collectors MB Waste collectors Env. Communic ation team at community level Households Env. Communication team at school level
EPA
DoCI Provincial level
PPMU (2012 2014)
Market MB
Pupils
HH Sellers
Note: DoCI: Department of Culture and Information (this component will implement at provincial level)
Direct relationship Indirect relationship (supporting/ advice/ broadcasting)
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan The resources and functions should as follows: Unit 1 Environmental Communication Core team at district level Responsibilities - In charge of overall management and coordinate the environmental communication activity at district level. - To approve activity plan and support budget/tools/means/documents for environmental communication activity. - To orient the precise objectives for each area, each period for the environmental communication groups at towns, communes based on the approved (or adjust during the implementation process). - To organise capacity development for key groups on SWM and communication skill. - In the period 2012 2014 PPMU and EPA will direct support budget as well as techniques. From 2015 2025 the groups will be selfmanagement and implement through the Environment Life-work budget of District and the consulting of EPA. - To participate in the capacity development organised by the district. - To cooperate with environmental communication (EC) groups at hamlets/sub-wards/cells) to formulate a yearly action plan on environmental communication and submit to the district for approval. - To provide documents / communication tools/ budget for EC activities at community - In the period from 2012 2014 will organise training on SWM, communication skills for community EC groups - To cooperate/ support with community EC groups to implement the EC activity based on the approved action plan. - To organise quarterly meeting with EC group to review the Members - Leader/Director of the Natural Resource and Environment Office - District Natural Resource and Environment Office officers. - District Womens Union officer - District Youth Association officer - District Farming Association officer. - District Educational Office staff. - (6 members)
2 Environmental Communication Core Team at Town/commune level
- Leader of PC of towns/communes, in charge of group leader - Officer who is in charge of Environment activity - WU staff. - YA staff. - Veteran Association staff. - Farming Association staff - (6 7 members)
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Unit Responsibilities Members implementation process based on the supervisory plan and detailed indicators in order to adjust the action plan accordingly To participate into capacity - Representative of school development program will be management board. organised by the district. - Teachers who in charge of To cooperate with head the movements teachers/mistress in schools to build - Teachers at primary school: a yearly EC and submit to the teaching music and fine arts. district for approval. Teachers at secondary To provide documents/ schools: teaching civics and communication tools/ budget for EC biology activities in classes. In the period from 2012 2014 will provide training on SWM, communication skills for head teachers in schools. To cooperate with and support teachers in carrying out the EC activity based on the approved action plan. To review every quarter with the head teacher on the process of the program based on the action plan and indicators in order to adjust accordingly. To participate into capacity This is a main force to work with development program on SWM, community people in environmental communication skills hamlet/sub-ward. Therefore, organised by towns/communes. the members of the team will To present the ideas/initiatives of be flexible. It is depending to the community and to cooperate the context of each area to with the key EC group at invite the ones who has free towns/communes to build the time and interested in this environmental communication environmental activity. action plan at their hamlet/subHowever, the core members ward. should be based on the existing To implement the environmental mass organisation and local communication at their hamlet/sub- authority staff such as: ward. The main communication will - Sub-ward management be: organise meeting at cells to board member. discuss with community people on - Cell leaders. the improvement of the existing - WU branch SWM at their communities; home - YA. visits to mobilise, consulting and - Farming Association explanation on the habit/attitude to branch. improve the existing SWM such as: - Veteran Association participate the collection service, branch. payment collection fee dispose the - Volunteers who are
3 Environmental Communication Core Team at school level
4 Environmental Communication Team at community level
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Unit Responsibilities waste in time, sorting waste at home, treatment organic waste at home by simple techniques. To record information/data, detail figure with the core group to supervise the implementing process of the environmental communication activities To participate into capacity development program on SWM, environmental communication skills organised by schools. To cooperate with core group to formulate the EC activity for school. To carry out the EC activity in classes. The main EC program will be: teaching the pupils on having right attitude/behaviour with the disposal of waste, organise some concrete activities for pupils participate as waste separation at school; treating food wastes, leafs at school by using simple techniques (according to the condition of each school); organise competition for pupils on the knowledge on waste To record the data/information, figures in order to cooperation with the core group to supervise the environmental communication implementation process. Members ready to participate into environmental communication activity. Waste collection workers at community.
5 Environmental Communication Team at school level
For Primary schools, the team will be included of all teachers (each teacher will in charge of one class). For secondary schools, the team will be included mistresses in order to integrate this subject into their regular meetings or organise extra-curricular activities
3.9.6 Awareness Raising through the Public Media

Public media is an important communication channel for the dissemination of information to a large population and an excellent means of attracting peoples attention. Advertising within local media aims to educate people on solid waste issues and get them to change their behaviour in line with the Districts Solid Waste Management Plans. The focus will be on promoting the treatment at source of organic waste, suitable practices for setting out waste for collection and the importance of paying the waste collection fees. The three communication channels that should be used are newspapers, radio and television. For the period 2012 2014 it is suggested that the PPMU should sign the contract with EPA to implement these activities; the EPA can then in turn sign separate contracts with some of the following media as appropriate: Binh Dinh Newspaper. Binh Dinh television station. Binh Dinh broadcasting radio station. Topic for the communication should include the following topics:
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Introducing the project activities quarterly. Introducing the organic waste treatment simple technologies such as composting and the black soldier fly larvae. Practical aspects of the solid waste collection system. The importance of paying waste collection fees. Introducing more general aspects of the solid waste management system issue in Binh Dinh.
For the communication through television it is suggested to advertising good behaviour through a few video clips that are alternated as the environmental communication programme will be implemented throughout the year. The changes in clips will keep people watching. Scenes and scripts should be developed for educational purpose but with a great sense of humour. Actors practices are representative of the local peoples practices. The EPA should sign the contract with the provincial television company to broadcast the programme at a certain time during the day when it is known that most people will be watching the local TV channel. For example, the broadcasting time can be in the evening after the news programme or during the break in a film. The produced video clips should be copied into DVDs to be distributed to motivators, towns, communes, schools and other civil organisations as supporting IEC material. These video clips can then be shown in meetings, training sessions or workshops at schools and/or for organisations. This gives a chance for a number of people who do not watch television to be approached by the programme. From 2012, the District Peoples Committee will submit proposals to the Binh Dinh Peoples Committee to assign both TV and radio stations to broadcast news relating to solid waste management as part of their responsibility for raising environment awareness. This component will in practice be formulated for the whole province by public broadcasting system of Binh Dinh province.
3.9.7 Requirements to Improve the Waste Collection

To ensure that the population makes full and correct use of an expanded waste collection system, as well as to ensure that they pay their waste collection fees, a continuous educational programme is required. Such a programme can initially be under the ARP described in section 3.9.3 but after 2014 this must be under the District authorities and financed through the Province and District budgets (or financed through the fees collected for waste management). These awareness programmes must reach all stakeholders, including households, shops, institutions and enterprises. The cornerstones of such the awareness raising programmes will be to: Under the direction of the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level, the Environmental Communication Team at community level will ensure that awareness is raised throughout the community regarding the new waste collection system, covering how waste should be placed for collection, collection hours, the payment of waste collection fees, the importance of not littering and so forth. The Environmental Communication Teams at school level will raise the childrens awareness about the importance of handling waste correctly and will help them influence their parents and other family members in making the best possible use of the new waste collection system. The provincial level broadcasting through the public media (see section 3.9.6) will raise the general populations awareness.
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3.9.8 Strengthening the Recycling at Source

This District Solid Waste Management Plan calls for 15% of the total generated domestic solid waste stream, consisting of organic waste, to be treated at source by the year 2025 in towns and likewise 30% in communes. This will call for technologies such as those described in section 2.1.3, covering the composting of market waste, the usage of Mesophilic Storage Units for households and commercial black soldier fly larvae production. Ensuring that such methodologies are successfully implemented throughout the District will require an important and continuous awareness raising and educational effort. Initially, it is very important that demonstration projects are implemented under the direction of the District Project Management Board to show that the technologies can be successfully implemented in both towns and communes. Through the demonstration projects, those responsible will learn (by trail and error, as well as through consultants) how these treatment methods can be made to work. This endeavour must include an incessant programme of capacity development and assistance to larger-scale composting or commercial black soldier fly larvae production; as well as a continued support at all administrative levels within the District to implement and uphold the operation of Mesophilic Storage Units. Steps that should be taken to insure the successful implementation and operation of Mesophilic Storage Units include: Under the direction of the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level, the Environmental Communication Team at community level will provide information and support to households making use of the mesophilic storage units. The Environmental Communication Teams at school level will raise the childrens interest in the treatment of organic waste at source and give them an understanding and interest in the proposed mesophilic storage units. The provincial level broadcasting through the public media (see section 3.9.6) will raise the general populations awareness.
A second consideration is for towns and communes to establish a small scale composting facilities at their wet market; in this case it is important to: Choose the appropriate technology with a simple operation and low cost. Separate recyclable, organic and non-organic wastes at source That the Market Management Board agrees with this idea and that they provide the land for a composting facility or a location to store the organic waste separately. They can then help organise the scavengers at market into a group; this group is then allowed to work in this area managing the waste and operating the composting facility.
Here the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level can assist the District authorities in setting up the small scale facilities. Finally, there may be plans for scavengers (or others) to operate a commercial black soldier fly larvae production; these will require support from the District authorities and the Environmental Communication Core Team at town/commune level to ensure a successful implementation: Provision of information on how to operate a commercial black soldier fly larvae production. A site to place the equipment. Assistance from the Environmental Communication Team to ensure that organic waste can be collected from households, restaurants, etc. Support on the sale of the larvae.
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3.9.9 Capacity Development and Training within the District

The District will need support in the form of technical expertise to put into operation this Solid Waste Management Plan. It is foreseen that approximately 110 man days of national expertise will be available to the District for the years 2012 to 2014. This expertise can be used to help tender for equipment, to help with demonstration project, for training of District staff and others involved in solid waste management, as well as assisting with completing the new solid waste management system.
3.9.10 Cost of Capacity Development and Awareness Raising Programmes 2012 2025
The costs of the above programmes that are described in this section are estimated in this section.
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.29 Annual Costs for District Awareness Raising Programme (in 1,000 VND)
Activity 2011 (9 towns/communes) Cost
Unit No price No price
2012 (9 towns/ communes) Cost
2013 (6 new communes) Cost

No price No
2014 Cost
price
total 2011 - 2015-2025 (Annual Costs) 2014 Cost

No price
1 Technical Expertise Support

Pool of Experts Training Materials and Course Costs Demonstration Projects days unit
50 10 1 252,200 80,000 40,000 40,000 80,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 20,000 20,000 45,000 7,200 255,600 45,000 135,000 75,600 189,000 45,000 90,000 54,000 696,800 -
45,000 5,000 40,000 -
2 Capacity building for core team at Dist. level 2.1 Training/ w orkshop at Dist. level
For core team of tow ns/communes For core team of school Time Time 0 For core team of school Time Time Time Time unit Per. Time Time Time Time Time Time
2,340,000 2,250,000 50,000 40,000 92,200 -
30 6
45,000 5,000
2 2 2 2 1 1 9 6
20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 5,000 1,200
2 2 2 2 1 1 9 6 20,000 20,000 5,000 1,200 40,000 20,000 20,000 45,000 7,200 255,600 45,000 135,000 75,600 189,000 45,000 90,000 54,000 2,876,800 1 1 6 6
20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 5,000 1,200
2.2 Sharing experience
2.3 Annual closure w orkshop

For core team of tow ns/communes For core team of school
2.4 Com m unication tools 2.5 Managem ent fee (stationary/ transportation m eans) Dist. Core team (6
per.)
1,380,000 1,350,000 30,000 237,200 80,000 40,000 40,000 80,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 20,000 20,000 30,000 7,200 291,000 75,000 90,000 126,000 225,000 75,000 60,000 90,000 2,133,200
30 45,000 6 5,000
1,380,000 1,350,000 30,000 97,200 -
5,100,000
1 30,000 1 30,000 6 5,000 6 1,200
60,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 7,200
678,800 160,000 80,000 80,000 160,000 80,000 80,000 180,000 90,000 90,000 150,000 28,800 6 1,200
7,200 -
7,200 201,000 75,000 126,000 165,000 75,000 90,000 373,200
3 Im plem enting Aw areness raising at com m unity

Formulating annual action plan Supporting community activities (tow ns/ communes) Management fee (stationary/ transportation means) tow ns/ communes Core team (7 per./ tow ns/ communes)
9 9 9
5,000 15,000 8,400
9 9 9
5,000 15,000 8,400
15 6 15 6 15 6 15
5,000 15,000 8,400
15 5,000 6 15,000 15 8,400
291,000 1,093,200 75,000 240,000 90,000 450,000 126,000 403,200 225,000 828,000 75,000 240,000 60,000 300,000 90,000 288,000 1,993,200 7,700,000
15 15
5,000 8,400
4 Im plem enting Aw areness raising at school

Formulating annual action plan Supporting school activities (tow ns/ communes) Management fee (stationary/ transportation means) Total
9 9 9
5,000 10,000 6,000
9 9 9
5,000 10,000 6,000
5,000 10,000 6,000
15 5,000 6 10,000 15 6,000
15 15
5,000 6,000
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.30 Budget Capacity Development for District Solid Waste Management (Euro) (from excel file "CD actions 2011 Total Basis for calculation 2011 - SEM2" year Establishment of 6,200 DSWMGroups & subgroups in 4 districts: Define coaching process of 8,340 sub-groups: Start up coaching processes & 34,000 follow up Total 48,540 2012 increasing input (HR+budget) from province/districts is needed coaching of sub groups 48,000 5 working (consultant fees) groups*100EUR/consultant/d*8d/m*12m coaching process 10,080 30 EUR/meeting*4 districts*1 board & 5 (meetings/workshops) working groups*12m Total 58,080 2013 increasing input (HR+budget) from province/districts is needed continued coaching (less 25,200 (1 board+6 intensive) workinggroups)*100EUR/consultant/d*3d/ m*12m possible technical trainings 12,500 technical, project management, leadership, ... 5 trainings (1 training per working group area*5 working group areas) 25 participants*5 trainings*100 EUR/p/training coaching process 10,080 30 EUR/meeting*4 districts*1 board & 5 (meetings/workshops) working groups*12m Total 47,780 2014 input (HR+budget) provided by province/districts 10,080 30 EUR/meeting*4 districts*1 board & 5 workinggroups*12m Total BUDGET (2011 2014) 164,480 The above table includes costs for: experts contracted to coach the districts on the longer term (2 years) with their planning and implementation allowances to organise meetings of the working groups study trips technical trainings for members of the working groups or other people that need training.
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 3.31 Total cost for the Public Broadcasting Programme covering four Districts (in 1,000 VND)
2012 STT Content unit time Price 400 No 10 1 90 4 4 2 2 total cost 284,000 4,000 100,000 180,000 9,600 1,600 8,000 4,800 800 4,000 50,000 348,400 No 10 1 90 4 4 2 2 10,000 10,000 2013 total cost 284,000 4,000 100,000 180,000 9,600 1,600 8,000 4,800 800 4,000 50,000 348,400 No 10 1 90 4 4 2 2 10,000 10,000 2014 total cost 284,000 4,000 100,000 180,000 9,600 1,600 8,000 4,800 800 4,000 50,000 348,400 852,000 12,000 300,000 540,000 28,800 4,800 24,000 14,400 2,400 12,000 150,000 1,045,200 Total 2012- 2014 Yearly (2015 - 2025) No 10 1 90 4 4 2 2 10,000 10,000 total cost 284,000 4,000 100,000 180,000 9,600 1,600 8,000 4,800 800 4,000 50,000 348,400
1 Television station 1.1 Television news 1.2 Video clip production 1.3 Video clip broadcast 2 Radion station 2.1 Radio news Technical article (composting, SWM 2.2 sustainability) 3 Newspaper 3.1 News page 3.2 Technical article (composting) 4 Publishement of DVD Total
video clip 100,000 time time article article article unit 2,000 400 2,000 400 2,000
5 10,000
As can be seen from the above about 5 billion VND of technical support are foreseen over the years 2012 to 2014, whilst the plan is being implemented. The costs for the awareness raising programme come to approximately 2.6 billion VND for the awareness raising programme plus about 1 billion VND for the public broadcasting programme. Hereafter the annual costs are approximately 370 million VND for the awareness raising and 350 million for the public broadcasting covering all four Districts. The Water Supply and Sanitation project does not have sufficient funds to cover these costs, so participation of the Environment Life-work budget will be required.
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CHAPTER 4 IMPLEMENTATION PLANS

4.1 Introduction
The District Action Plan describes the main activities required to implement the District Solid Waste Management Plan. The Action Plan covers a 5year period and addresses the following issues: The set-up a District Solid Waste Management Board; Setting up a Waste Resource Centre The establishment of the Environmental Communication Teams; Taking the necessary decisions by authorities and permitting activities; For the domestic solid waste management system at the source level: Ensure (1) waste generation minimisation at source by reuse and recycling, home composting, etc., (2) dispose of waste on time and in the right place, (3) polluter pays fee for collection and transportation of waste; Improve domestic solid waste collection and transportation system by investing in a sufficient number of good quality waste collection and transportation equipment to ensure a reliable waste collection from the serviced areas; Minimise environmental impacts from any dumpsite and/or use a modern sanitary landfill; For the healthcare waste management system ensure that infectious waste is collected from all sources and treated in accordance with the Ministry of Health regulations; For industrial solid waste management ensure that these are handled properly within the waste generators premises.
4.2
Main Activities
To successfully implement the District Solid Waste Management Plan, a number of activities are required over the coming years. These are discussed in the following sections.
4.2.1 Establish a District Solid Waste Management Board

A District Solid Waste Management Board will be formed under the District Peoples Committee. This Board will be responsible for all aspects of the implementation of the District Solid Waste Management Plan. It is expected that Working Groups will be formed under this Board to execute the various aspects, such as establishing composting at source and establishing a sanitary landfill. The District Solid Waste Management Board should include all stakeholders inclusive of the District Peoples Committee (chair), Office of Urban Management, Infrastructure Economics Office, Office of Natural Resources and Environment, waste management company(ies), industrial zones and clusters, District Health authorities, hospitals, Management Unit for Industrial Clusters & Handicraft Villages, town authorities, commune authorities, ward authorities, education department, Womens Union and the PPMU. The District Solid Waste Management Board will be responsible for ensuring that there are sufficient revenues and funds available to establish and subsequently operate the solid waste management systems in a sustainable manner. The District Solid Waste Management Board is the central authority that ensures that all stakeholders work smoothly together toward the common goal of improving the solid waste management system within the District. It provides the decision making whenever the various parties cannot agree on the distribution of responsibility and financial burdens. The District Solid Waste Management Board also provides the forum that can
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan ensure a close cooperation between the different actors and offers a forum for public participation. The District Solid Waste Management Board can establish working groups covering more specific topics under the District Solid Waste Management Plan. Areas that should be covered by various Working Groups include: Funding of all activities and Fee Collection Treatment of organic waste at source Waste Collection and Transport Sanitary Landfill Industrial Waste Healthcare Waste Public information, awareness raising and capacity development.
Such working groups would in turn have contact persons appointed at the town or commune level. The District Solid Waste Management Board will monitor the implementation of the waste management system. The means that it will monitor process during the implementation phase and provide subsequent follow-up during the operation of the system. The District Solid Waste Management Board will ensure that all actors are executing their activities in a timely manner. Hence each administrative unit (towns/communes) will have a group or committee at their level that reports to the District level board. The Board will receive reports from all actors, allowing it to monitor progress and to take corrective action whenever planned activities are falling behind schedule or now operating as planned. Important areas that will require close attention from the District Solid Waste Management Board include the following: Ensuring at the waste treatment at source using Toptex, mesophilic units and biopods is implanted and functioning as intended; Making sure that the waste collection equipment is purchased in the most efficient manner possible; that it is distributed equitably between communes, towns and waste managements companies; That the sanitary landfill is tendered in a transparent manner; hereafter the Board must closely monitor the construction work of the selected contractor; and finally when the sanitary landfill is ready for operation; the Board must ensure that a trustworthy management structure is put in place that can run the landfill in an efficient manner; Ensuring that the District stakeholders receive assistance from the Waste Resource Centre when needed; and Following up on all public awareness raising and information programmes, to make sure that these are efficient and have the desired impact. For example, should the treatment of organic waste at source be less successful than anticipated, this will mean that there is an acute need for further awareness raising and capacity development amongst the population and other stakeholders.
4.2.2 Setting-up a Waste Resource Centre

It is proposed that a Waste Resource Centre (WRC) be set up at the provincial level. The WRC can be established either under an existing provincial department, logically either the Department of Construction or the Department of Natural Resources and Environment. Alternatively, it could be established as and independent organisation. The WRC will be financed through a mixture of
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan donors, income generation and support from the Government of Vietnam. The Centre is to be staffed to support the provision of the core services; these shall cover the following areas within solid waste management: Technical support within waste management systems Operation as a demonstration and research centre Offer contacts between various players within the waste management domain Assisting with obtaining carbon credits (CDM) Social support and training for all workers within waste management Provision of training services
The WRC will serve as a knowledge centre providing expertise within the abovementioned fields. Rationally it should be based in Quy Nhon and serve the whole province. Furthermore, the centre will most likely endeavour to sell its services further afield. Ideally the centre should seek links to universities, research institutions and other similar organisations to strengthen its work and knowledge base.
4.2.3 Overall Integrated Awareness Raising Strategy

At provincial level, EPA is the overall supervisor of Awareness Raising for waste management. For every type of waste management (industrial waste management, health care waste management, organic waste treatment at source, collection and transport of domestic waste, landfill construction and operation, agricultural waste management) EPA guides, supports and supervises the working groups under the District Solid Waste Management Board. EPA will work together with all district working groups and with the related departments at provincial level: Awareness Raising & Training related to industrial waste: EPA works together with the provincial Department of Science and Technology (DST) and the District Working Group Industrial waste management; Awareness raising & Training related to health care waste: EPA works together with the Department of Health (DoH) and the District Working Group Health care waste management; Awareness raising & Training related to agricultural waste: EPA works together with the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD) and the District Working Group Agricultural waste management; Awareness raising & Training related to domestic solid waste management: EPA, upon positive evaluation of the pilot phase may continue the implementation of the projects awareness raising strategy 2010-2014. Therefore, EPA works together with the (already existing through the project) District Task Force who should work together with the District Working Group Organic Waste Treatment at source and with the District Working Group Domestic Waste Collection and Transport Awareness raising & Training related to the sanitary landfill construction and operation: EPA works together with the District Working Group Sanitary Landfill Construction and Operation
Such working groups would in turn have contact persons or (if relevant) awareness raising teams appointed at the town or commune level. As the above is the overall awareness raising strategy for several areas in solid waste management (health waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste, treatment of organic waste at
76
An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan source, collection and transport, landfill construction and operation), there is a need for specific awareness raising programs per area. Except for the working groups treatment of organic waste at source and collection and transport, all working groups need to develop their own awareness raising plan and implement it. The working groups treatment of organic waste at source and collection and transport deal mostly with the public in general and continue the implementation of the projects awareness raising strategy and plan for 2010-2014, which is described in detail below. To ensure the sustainability of the awareness raising program after WSSP ends, increasing input (HR + budget) from province is needed, complementary to the budget provided by WSSP. Therefore, EPA and the DPCs need to integrate the awareness raising plan and budget in the Social-Economic Development Plan of the province.
4.2.4 Establishing organic composting at households and markets

In order to increase amount of organic waste to be reused and recycled (to produce compost), the following activities should be done: For market wastes Organise demonstration models at a market to prove that it is possible, simple and profitable to reuse organic waste to produce compost even at small-scale; Finding available area and getting agreement with residents who live close to central composting area of organic wastes from market; Training workers to operate the composting system of market wastes; Starting with small amount of wastes to get experience in operation and increase capacity gradually; Expanding this model wherever possible. For households Organise demonstration models at several households to prove that it is possible, simple and profitable to reuse organic waste to produce compost even at household-scale; Organise public information and preparing guideline to instruct the technique; Organise training for households who are willing to apply this model (mesophilic storage unit); Installing mesophilic storage units at selected households, monitoring and helping the households during operation of these units; Organising public campaigns to promote this activity. Expanding this model in the other residential area wherever possible.
4.2.5 Establishing a Domestic Solid Waste Collection and Transportation System

Generally, in order to improve the domestic solid waste collection and transportation system for the District, the following activities should be done: Determine whether there is a need to modify the current waste collection fees or how they are collected; Rearrange waste collection service organisation (if necessary); Tender and purchase garbage trucks, 240 L bins, 660 L containers, 660 L pushcarts and other equipment (as indicated in the DSWMP); Organise the rendezvous points where waste is transferred from the primary to the secondary waste collection system;
77
An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Adjust waste collection and transportation routes (from transfer points to the landfill). Hire and train waste collection workers, workers and drivers operating waste transportation vehicles.
4.2.6 Building a waste disposal site

Establishing a sanitary landfill is a costly and long process, during which a number of different activities have to be carried out. Briefly summarised, these include the following main points: Getting approval of detailed design and EIA of the sanitary landfill; Organising tender for the landfill construction, equipment purchasing and landfill operation and maintenance; Construction of the landfill cells and other supporting infrastructure; Training workers who will be responsible for landfill operation and maintenance; Operating the landfill and closing the old dumpsites.
4.2.7 Ensuring that all healthcare waste is collected and treated

The improvement of the healthcare waste management system within the District is relatively simple, given that a treatment system that meets the Ministry of Healths requirements is already in place and treats infectious waste from large sources. The following activities will be needed: Determine what institutions generate infections waste that is not treated; Resolve who will pay for the treatment of the collected waste Plan a collection system and determine what equipment is required (plastic bags, bins, safety equipment, etc.); Purchase any required equipment Training of health station and clinic staff Implement the system
4.2.8 Improvement of industrial waste management

The first task will be to establish what the present situation is, as it is not fully known what types and quantities of industrial waste are generated within the district at the moment. The main proposed actions are as follows: Determine the types and characteristics of the industrial waste generated within the District. Establish a plan for the management of the identified industrial waste. Determine who will pay for the treatment of the industrial waste. Purchase any required equipment Training of all stakeholders as required Implement the industrial waste management system
4.3
Implementation and Schedule
The implementation of this Action Plan will start with the establishment of a District Solid Waste Management Board. The Board (or Working Groups set up under it) will have the necessary authority to make decision, establishing the legal and financial basis for the various activities. These groups will also oversee the implementation of all aspects of the solids waste management systems for domestic waste, healthcare waste and industrial waste. The timing of the various activities is briefly described in tables 3.1 to 3.6.
78
An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table 4.1 Authority Decisions No. Activity 1.1 Approve District Solid Waste Management Plan 1.2 Establish District Solid Waste Management Board 1.3 Approve budgets and establish financing for the solid waste management system 1.4 Decision to establish a Waste Resource Centre 1.5 Amend legislation (if or as required) 1.6 1.7 1.8 Approve solid waste management schemes as required Approve purchases Supervise the implementation of all systems
Dates January 2012 February 2012 March 2012 April 2012 January December 2012 as required as required 2011 - 2015
Table 4.2 Establishing a domestic waste collection and transportation system No. Activity 2.1 Establish a working group under the District Solid Waste Management Board that is responsible for the collection and transportation of domestic waste. 2.2 Determine whether a new tariff system is required for the different users (residents, institutions, markets etc.). 2.3 Determine exactly what equipment should be purchased 2.4 Purchase 240 l bins, 660 l containers and 660 l pushcarts 2.5 Purchase waste collection trucks. 2.6 Purchase personnel equipment for workers 2.7 Hire new staff: Additional staff will be needed in parallel with the expansion of collection services and the purchase of new equipment. 2.8 Train all waste collection staff: All staff (waste collectors, street sweepers, drivers, mechanics, etc.) must be properly trained and know what is expected of them in their job situation. 2.9 Determine the best location for bins, containers and rendezvous points. Decide where pushcarts will be stored when not in use. 2.10 Review and revise collection routes/collection schemes. New routing plans/schedules for collection trucks must be made in accordance with the increased collection coverage and rendezvous points. 2.11 Provide training for administrative and operational staff at various levels: Train administrative and operational staff in general solid waste management and in specific issues relevant for the different working areas. 2.12 Plan and undertake public awareness campaigns. Awareness campaigns must be planned and conducted in parallel with the physical improvements of the waste collection system. Table 4.3 Actions to implement composting at households and markets No. Activity 3.1 Establish a working group under the District Solid Waste Management Board that is responsible for the treatment of organic waste at source. 3.2 Carrying out demonstration project within the District (under the PPMU at present) 3.3 Prepare guideline instructing how to operate a mesophilic storage unit
Dates March 2012
February April 2012 April 2012 May July 2012 May July 2012 May July 2012 June August 2012 June August 2012 June Sept. 2012 June Dec. 2012 June - Dec. 2012
2012 2016
Dates March 2012 March Dec. 2011 October Dec. 2011
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan No. 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Activity Organise public information through the Environmental Communication Teams Implement the use of mesophilic storage units in selected areas. Provide technical and financial support to the households. Monitoring and evaluating the results of the mesophilic storage units Preparing plan to expand this composting model among residential areas Preparing project of market waste composting system and get approval Purchase any required equipment Dates 2012-2013 January 2012 December 2013 2012 2013 2014-2016 March June 2012 June Sept. 2012 October 2012 2013 - 2015
3.10 Operating market waste composting system 3.10 Expand system to other markets Table 4.4 Actions to be taken to establish a sanitary landfill for the District No. Activity 4.1 Establish a working group under the District Solid Waste Management Board that is responsible for the construction of the sanitary landfill 4.2 Tender the design of the new sanitary landfill 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Get Construction and Investment report approved Complete Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Get EIA approved Tender the construction of the new sanitary landfill Construct the sanitary landfill and ancillary systems Tender and purchase of landfill moving equipment
Dates: March 2012 January March 2012 March - June 2012 June Sept. 2012 Sept. - October 2012 October Dec. 2012 January Dec. 2013 April Dec. 2013 December 2013
Training of landfill staff in proper landfill operation and maintenance: The training should cover overall landfill aspects (proper disposal techniques, environmental monitoring etc.) and specific training in operation and maintenance of new landfill equipment and facilities 4.10 The landfill starts receiving waste 4.11 Close old dumpsites
January 2014 January June 2014
Table 4.5 Actions to be taken to ensure all healthcare waste is collected and treated No. Activity Dates: 5.1 Establish a working group under the District Solid Waste Management March 2012 Board that is responsible for healthcare waste management 5.2 Determine what institutions (private clinics, commune health stations, April 2012 etc.) generate infections waste that is not treated 5.3 Resolve who will pay for the treatment of the collected waste May - June 2012 5.4 Plan a collection system and determine what equipment is required May - June
80
An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan No. 5.5 5.6 Activity (plastic bags, bins, safety equipment, etc.) Purchase any required equipment Training of health station and clinic staff in the labelling, storage, handling and transport of infectious waste. Training in the proper use of safety equipment. Start receiving and treating infectious waste from all sources. Dates: 2012 July August 2012 September 2012 October 2012
5.7
Table 4.6 Actions to be taken to improve the management of industrial waste No. Activity 6.1 Establish a working group under the District Solid Waste Management Board that is responsible for industrial waste management 6.2 Determine the types and characteristics of the industrial waste generated within the District. Establish a plan for the management of the identified industrial waste. 6.3 If necessary, resolve who will pay for the treatment of the industrial waste 6.4 If needed, draft and have the DPC approve a new decision regarding reporting requirement, as well as the storage, handling and disposal regulations for industrial waste generators. 6.5 Purchase any required equipment (protective clothing, storage containers, etc.) 6.6 Training of District staff, industrial cluster staff and waste collection staff in the proper procedures for segregating various waste streams, as well as their storage, transportation and disposal. 6.7 Implement the industrial waste management system and provision of technical assistance to resolve any issues.
Dates: March 2012 May September 2012 October December 2012 October December 2012 January 2013 February April 2013 April September 2013
The schedule can be found as Annex D.
81
Annex A
Tables of Waste Quantities 2010 - 2025
82
Year Waste Generated per Person (kg/person) 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) 17,533 17,308 11,411 15,755 10,853 13,472 8,583 10,136 10,693 12,500 8,614 8,981 18,208 7,841 8,908 180,797 Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 15,780 13,847 5,705 7,877 5,427 6,736 4,292 5,068 5,346 6,250 4,307 4,490 9,104 3,920 4,454 102,604 Sold to Recyclers % 15% 15% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 2,367 2,077 571 788 543 674 429 507 535 625 431 449 910 392 445 11,742
2010 Treated/ Treated/ Composted Composted at Source at Source % (kg/day) 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Balance of Waste (kg/day) 13,413 11,770 5,135 7,090 4,884 6,063 3,863 4,561 4,812 5,625 3,876 4,041 8,194 3,528 4,009 90,863 Rate of collection (%) 50% 50% 0% 15% 0% 0% 0% 0% 15% 15% 0% 15% 15% 0% 15% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 6,706 5,885 1,063 722 844 606 1,229 601 18,186
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Binh Dinh Dap Da Nhon My Nhon Thanh Nhon Hanh Nhon Hau Nhon Phong Nhon An Nhon Phuc Nhon Hung Nhon Khanh Nhon Loc Nhon Hoa Nhon Tan Nhon Tho TOTAL
83
Year Waste Generated per Person (kg/person) 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) 17,736 17,509 11,543 15,937 10,979 13,629 8,683 10,254 10,817 12,645 8,714 9,085 18,419 7,932 9,011 Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 15,963 14,007 5,772 7,969 5,490 6,814 4,341 5,127 5,408 6,323 4,357 4,543 9,209 3,966 4,506 103,795 Sold to Recyclers % 15% 15% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 2,394 2,101 577 797 549 681 434 513 541 632 436 454 921 397 451 11,878
2011 Treated/ Treated/ Composted Composted at Source at Source % (kg/day) 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Balance of Waste (kg/day) 13,568 11,906 5,194 7,172 4,941 6,133 3,907 4,614 4,867 5,690 3,921 4,088 8,289 3,569 4,055 91,917 Rate of collection (%) 50% 50% 0% 15% 0% 0% 0% 0% 15% 15% 0% 15% 15% 0% 15% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 6,784 5,953 1,076 730 854 613 1,243 608 18,397
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
84
2012 Treated/ Treated/ Composted Composted at Source at Source % (kg/day) 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Balance of Waste (kg/day) 13,726 12,044 5,255 7,255 4,998 6,204 3,953 4,668 4,924 5,756 3,967 4,136 8,385 3,611 4,102 92,983 Rate of collection (%) 70% 70% 0% 30% 0% 0% 0% 0% 30% 30% 0% 30% 30% 30% 30% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 9,608 8,431 2,177 1,477 1,727 1,241 2,515 1,083 1,231 29,490
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
85
2013 Treated/ Composted at Source % 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 1,634 1,433 591 815 562 697 444 525 553 647 446 465 942 406 461 10,622 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 12,251 10,751 4,725 6,524 4,494 5,579 3,554 4,197 4,428 5,176 3,567 3,719 7,540 3,247 3,689 83,440 Rate of collection (%) 70% 70% 0% 30% 0% 30% 0% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 8,576 7,525 1,957 1,674 1,259 1,328 1,553 1,070 1,116 2,262 974 1,107 30,401
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
86
2014 Treated/ Composted at Source % 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 2,479 2,175 896 1,237 852 1,058 674 796 840 982 677 705 1,430 616 700 16,117 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 11,567 10,150 4,481 6,187 4,262 5,291 3,371 3,981 4,199 4,909 3,383 3,527 7,150 3,079 3,498 79,035 Rate of collection (%) 70% 70% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 8,097 7,105 1,344 1,856 1,279 1,587 1,011 1,194 1,260 1,473 1,015 1,058 2,145 924 1,049 32,398
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
87
Year Waste Generated per Person (kg/person) 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Population (people) 18,574 18,336 12,088 16,690 11,498 14,272 9,093 10,738 11,327 13,242 9,125 9,514 19,289 8,306 9,437 Total Waste Generated (kg/day) 16,716 14,669 6,044 8,345 5,749 7,136 4,546 5,369 5,664 6,621 4,563 4,757 9,644 4,153 4,718 108,695 Sold to Recyclers % 18% 15% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% 12% Sold to Recyclers (kg/day) 3,009 2,200 725 1,001 690 856 546 644 680 795 548 571 1,157 498 566 14,486
2015 Treated/ Composted at Source % 15% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 2,507 2,934 1,209 1,669 1,150 1,427 909 1,074 1,133 1,324 913 951 1,929 831 944 20,903 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 11,200 9,535 4,110 5,675 3,909 4,853 3,092 3,651 3,851 4,502 3,103 3,235 6,558 2,824 3,209 73,305 Rate of collection (%) 70% 70% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 7,840 6,674 1,233 1,702 1,173 1,456 927 1,095 1,155 1,351 931 970 1,967 847 963 30,286
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
88
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
89
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
90
2018 Treated/ Composted at Source % 15% 20% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 2,596 3,037 1,564 2,160 1,488 1,847 1,177 1,389 1,466 1,714 1,181 1,231 2,496 1,075 1,221 25,641 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 11,594 9,870 3,942 5,442 3,749 4,654 2,965 3,502 3,694 4,318 2,976 3,102 6,290 2,709 3,077 71,885 Rate of collection (%) 70% 70% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 8,116 6,909 1,183 1,633 1,125 1,396 890 1,050 1,108 1,295 893 931 1,887 813 923 30,151
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
91
2019 Treated/ Composted at Source % 15% 20% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 2,626 3,072 1,582 2,185 1,505 1,868 1,190 1,406 1,483 1,733 1,194 1,245 2,525 1,087 1,235 25,938 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 11,729 9,985 3,988 5,506 3,793 4,708 3,000 3,542 3,737 4,368 3,010 3,138 6,363 2,740 3,113 72,718 Rate of collection (%) 70% 70% 35% 35% 35% 35% 35% 35% 35% 35% 35% 35% 35% 35% 35% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 8,210 6,989 1,396 1,927 1,327 1,648 1,050 1,240 1,308 1,529 1,054 1,098 2,227 959 1,090 33,051
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
92
2020 Treated/ Composted at Source % 15% 20% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% Treated/ Composted at Source (kg/day) 2,656 3,108 1,921 2,652 1,827 2,268 1,445 1,706 1,800 2,104 1,450 1,512 3,065 1,320 1,500 30,334 Balance of Waste (kg/day) 11,865 9,634 3,714 5,127 3,532 4,385 2,793 3,299 3,480 4,068 2,803 2,923 5,926 2,552 2,899 69,001 Rate of collection (%) 80% 80% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% Garbage from collection (kg/day) 9,492 7,708 1,485 2,051 1,413 1,754 1,117 1,320 1,392 1,627 1,121 1,169 2,370 1,021 1,160 36,200
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
93
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
94
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
95
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
96
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
97
No.
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
98
Annex B
Map of District
99
100
Annex C Investment costs and operating costs for An Nhon Sanitary Landfill
Table C1: Total investment Cost estimate Work: Sanitary Landfill In An Nhon District Location: An Nhon District, Binh Dinh Province NR 1 2 3 4 5 6 Of which: COST ITEM Construction cost inclusive of tax Equipment cost inclusive of tax Project management cost Investment consultancy cost Other cost Contingency 10% Total Construction cost without tax Equipment cost without tax Currency: VND TOTAL 33,136,313,000 10,169,079,000 680,832,000 1,825,186,000 374,316,000 4,618,572,600 50,804,299,000 29,825,664,000 9,244,617,000
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An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Table C2 Estimation for the investment costs for An Nhon Sanitary Landfill No. A I 1 2 II 1 2 3 III 1 2 3 4 5 IV IV.1 1 2 3 4 5 IV.2 1 2 V 1 Item Construction cost before tax Access road Dirt road, width of 3.5m, sod facing on both sides of 1.5m Sign boards, stacks, transportation safety Bridge scale and car/truck washing bridge, material stockpile area Bridge scale, RC foundation Car washing bridge Material stockpile area, concrete of 4x6 crushed stone, thickness of 20cm, on compacted soil Office, guardhouse, fences Site office: Class III, bricked wall, metal sheet roof, metal roof trusses, false ceiling Guardhouse, area S = (3.6x3.6), bricked wall, RC roof Car/motorbike parking, metal roof trusses Gates, wall height of 2m built by bricks B40 net fences, RC piles Landfill cells and Bio-ponds Landfill cells Excavation, leveling and compaction of landfill cells, soil Class III Construction of cell bottom with impermeable clay, stones, sand HDPE sheet thickness of 2mm Internal roads: Compacted crushed stone, K=0.95, road width of 6m Surface drainage ditch: Wet masonry open canal, size of 600x700 Bio-ponds Excavation, leveling and compaction of Bio-ponds, soil Class II HDPE sheet thickness of 2mm Water supply and electric system Water supply networks of moisten, truck washing, pump station m3 m2 304.00 546.00 114,954 222,027 Unit Quantity Unit Price (VND) Total Amount (VND) 29,825,664,000 705,940,000 692,100,090 13,840,000 1,131,901,000 m2 m2 m2 13.20 24.20 600.00 8,108,823 34,690,904 308,908 107,036,464 839,519,877 185,344,800 1,608,528,000 m2 m2 m2 m m 98.00 12.96 120.00 100.00 520.00 4,363,319 6,564,285 4,363,319 1,505,924 810,882 427,605,262 85,073,134 523,598,280 150,592,400 421,658,640 24,579,640,000 24,423,467,344 3,008,865,340 10,062,284,445 10,228,339,836 376,095,003 747,882,720 156,172,758 34,946,016 121,226,742 271,864,000
m LS
1,445.00 1.00
478,962 13,840,000
m3 m3 m2 m m
168,545.00 247,809.00 46,068.00 487.00 1,080.00
17,852 40,605 222,027 772,269 692,484
102
An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan uPVC Pipe Dia. DN50 HDPE Pipe Dia. DN50 Water supply pump station Electric system Leachate collection system Installation and back-up 4 catchpits 800x800x800 by RC and 1 leachate collecting well by RC, Dia. 1500mm, height of 6m uPVC pipes, Dia. DN160, perforating of 20% area uPVC pipes, Dia. DN250, perforating 20% area Monitoring system and gas collection system Observation wells, Dia. 150, depth of 22m Gas collection system by uPVC pipes Dia. 150, perforating of 20% area Equipment cost before tax Water supply system and pump station Pump, capacity Q = 5m3/h, H = 35m Equipment/machinery in pump station Water supply well, Q = 4m3/day, H = 25-30m Water treatment equipment Scale station Weighbridge Car/truck washing station Car/truck washing equipment Observation wells Well, uPVC pipes Dia. 150, depth of 22m Operation equipment/machinery Caterpillar bulldozer 100CV, made in USA Dump truck, 2 wheels, 5 tonnes, made in Korea Excavator 0.4 0.6m3 made in Korea Equipments in workshop Electric equipments Copper wire OVAL, PVC insulator m 1,584.00 27,000 m m m2 LS 1,119.00 1,119.00 4.00 1.00 43,440 105,876 2,061,388 96,533,604 48,609,360 118,475,244 8,245,552 96,533,604 1,292,450,000 46,325,337 34,752,097 484,992,718 726,379,848 235,341,000 Nos m 2.00 78.20 96,533,604 540,588 193,067,208 42,273,982 9,244,617,000 100,585,000 LS LS Nos LS LS LS Nos 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 10,320,000 3,807,000 45,683,000 30,455,000 761,379,000 30,455,000 45,683,000 20,640,000 3,807,000 45,683,000 30,455,000 761,379,000 761,379,000 30,455,000 30,455,000 91,366,000 91,366,000 5,821,655,000 Nos Nos Nos LS 1.00 3,150,000,000 1.00 805,800,000 3,150,000,000 805,800,000 1,713,578,580 152,276,000 363,007,000 42,768,000
2 VI
1 2 3 VII 1 2 B I 1 2 3 4 II III IV
LS m m
1.00 742.00 558.00
34,752,097 653,629 1,301,756
V 1 2 3 4 VI 1
1.00 1,713,578,580 1.00 152,276,000
103
An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan 2 3 4 Light poles Generator KDE 12STA, diesel engine driven; 9,5 KVA LS Nos 14.00 1.00 1.00 11,878,000 96,747,000 57,200,000 166,292,000 96,747,000 57,200,000 2,076,170,000 2.00 1.00 35,420,000 5,330,000 70,840,000 5,330,000 2,000,000,000 39,070,281,000
Transformer 25 KVA LS Leachate treatment system VII (Q= 50 m3/day.night) 1 Leachate pump Nos Equipment/machinery for pump 2 LS station Leachate treatment system and 3 LS pump well at the collection well Total construction and equipment cost before tax
1.00 2,000,000,000
104
Table C3 Estimation for the operating costs for the An Nhon Sanitary Landfill
Year Nr Item Investment phasing (Construction cost before tax) Daily average of waste Density of waste in dumpsite Daily average volume of waste Soil cover, (1m of waste/20cm of soil cover) Final soil cover and top soil for plantation (60cm of soil cover + 30cm of top soil) Annual volume of landfill Cumulative volume of landfill Unit 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
MVND
12,212
14,647
6,106
6,106
1 2 3 4
tonnes/day tonnes/m3 m3/day m3
18.186 0.80 22.73
18.397 0.80 23.00 4.60
29.490 0.80 36.86 7.37
30.401 0.80 38.00 7.60
32.398 0.80 40.50 8.10
30.286 0.80 37.86 7.57
30.637 0.80 38.30 7.66
30.992 0.80 38.74 7.75
30.151 0.80 37.69 7.54
33.051 0.80 41.31 8.26
36.200 0.80 45.25 9.05
36.620 0.80 45.78 9.16
37.045 0.80 46.31 9.26
39.933 0.80 49.92 9.98
40.396 0.80 50.50 10.10
43.381 0.80 54.23 10.85
m3
2.07
3.32
3.42
3.64
3.41
3.45
3.49
3.39
3.72
4.07
4.12
4.17
4.49
4.54
4.88
6 7
m3 m3
17,357
17,893 17,893 Build cell # 1 and cell # 2
19,068 36,961
17,825 54,786
18,032 72,818
18,241 91,059
17,746 108,805
19,453 128,257
21,306 149,563
21,553 171,116
21,803 192,920
23,503 216,423
23,776 240,198
25,532 265,731
Cell construction time
Build other items Close cell # 1
Build cell # 3
Build cell # 4
9 II
Cell closure time Operating cost MVND 1,733 1,739 1,733
Close cell # 2 1,735 1,733 1,952 1,750 1,751
Close cell # 3 1,963 1,761 1,762
Close cell # 4 1,981
1,945
105
Shifts of bulldozer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diesel oil Closure of landfill cells Maintenance of access road Maintenance of vehicles Maintenance of equipment and facility Electricity Chemicals for leachate treatment plant Salary for landfill staff
Shift/year MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND
86.00 85.00
92.00 91.00
86.00 85.00
87.00 86.00 211.25
88.00 87.00
86.00 85.00
94.00 93.00 211.25
103.00 102.00
104.00 103.00
105.00 104.00 211.25
114.00 113.00
115.00 114.00
123.00 122.00 211.25
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
11.00 408.00 209.00 40.00 50.00 930.00
106
Table C4 Cost estimation for the operating costs for the An Nhon Sanitary Landfill when it is shared with Tay Son District
Year No. Item Investment phasing (Construction cost before tax) Daily average of waste Density of waste in dumpsite Daily average volume of waste Soil cover, (1m of waste/20cm of soil cover) Final soil cover and top soil for plantation (60cm of soil cover + 30cm of top soil) Annual volume of landfill Cumulative volume of landfill Unit 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
MVND
11,429
16,647
11,429
11,429
11,429
1 2 3 4
tonnes/day tonnes/m3 m3/day m3
40.532 0.80 50.67
41.002 0.80 51.25 10.25
56.375 0.80 70.47 14.09
56.921 0.80 71.15 14.23
59.447 0.80 74.31 14.86
59.177 0.80 73.97 14.79
60.341 0.80 75.43 15.09
61.212 0.80 76.52 15.30
60.061 0.80 75.08 15.02
64.914 0.80 81.14 16.23
69.633 0.80 87.04 17.41
70.805 0.80 88.51 17.70
71.908 0.80 89.89 17.98
76.284 0.80 95.36 19.07
77.169 0.80 96.46 19.29
81.690 0.80 102.11 20.42
m3
4.61
6.34
6.40
6.69
6.66
6.79
6.89
6.76
7.30
7.83
7.97
8.09
8.58
8.68
9.19
6 7
m3 m3
33,180
33,502
34,988
34,829
35,514
36,027
35,350
38,206
40,983
41,673
42,322
44,898
45,419
48,080
33,502 Build cell # 1 and cell # 2
68,490
103,319
138,834 Build cell # 3 and cell #4 Close cell # 2
174,861
210,210 Build cell # 5 and cell #6
248,416
289,400
331,073 Build cell # 7 and cell #8
373,395
418,293
463,712
511,792
Cell construction time
Build other items Close cell # 1
9 II
Cell closure time Operating cost MVND 1,905
Close cell # 3 2,129 1,915
Close cell # 4 2,140 1,942
Close cell # 6 2,159 1,961
2,124
1,912
2,126
107
Shifts of bulldozer 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diesel oil Closure of landfill cells Maintenance of access road Maintenance of vehicles Maintenance of equipment and facility Electricity Chemicals for leachate treatment plant Salary for landfill staff
Shift/year MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND MVND
161.00 159.00
169.00 167.00 211.25
168.00 166.00
171.00 169.00 211.25
174.00 172.00 211.25 19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
171.00 169.00
185.00 183.00 211.25
198.00 196.00
201.00 199.00 211.25
204.00 202.00 211.25 19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
217.00 215.00
220.00 218.00 211.25
232.00 230.00 211.25 19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
19.00 408.00 209.00 80.00 100.00 930.00
108
Annex D
Implementation Schedule
109
An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan Implementation Schedule

Activities 2011 Sep. OctDec. JanMar 2012 Apr- JulyJune Sep. OctDec. JanMar 2013 Apr- JulyJune Sep. OctDec. JanMar 2014 Apr- JulyJune Sep. OctDec. JanMar 2015 Apr- JulyJune Sep. OctDec. JanMar 2016 Apr- JulyJune Sep. OctDec.
Authority Decisions
Establish District Solid Waste Management Board Approve District Solid Waste Management Plan Approve budgets and establish financing Decision to establish a provincial WRC Amend legislation Supervise implementation Establish working group Determine whether a new tariff system is required for the different users Determine equipment to be purchased Purchase bins and containers Purchase waste collection trucks *
* *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Establishing a domestic waste collection and transportation system

*
***
* *** *** *** ***
110

Purchase personnel equipment for workers Hire new staff Train all waste collection staff Determine the best location for equipment Revise collection routes Provide training for administrative and operational staff Plan and undertake public awareness campaigns *** ** ** *** *** * * ***
**
***
**
**
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**
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111

Activities 2011 2012 Sep. Oct- Jan- Apr- July- Oct- JanDec Mar June Sept Dec. Mar Actions to implement composting at households and markets
Establish a working group Carrying out demonstration projects Prepare guideline for mesophilic storage unit Organise public information through the Environmental Communication Teams Implement the use of mesophilic storage units in selected areas Monitoring and evaluating the results Preparing plan to expand this composting model among residential areas Preparing project of market waste composting system and get approval Purchase any required equipment *
2013 Apr- JulyJune Sept
OctDec
JanMar
OctDec
JanMar
OctDec
JanMar
OctDec
***
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*** *
112

Operating market waste composting system Expand system to other markets Establish a working group Tender the design of the new sanitary landfill Get Construction and Investment report approved Complete Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Get EIA approved *
***
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Actions to be taken to establish a sanitary landfill for the District
***
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113

Activities 2011 Sept OctDec. 2012 Apr- JulyJune Sep. 2013 AprJulyJune Sep. 2014 Apr- JulyJune Sep. 2015 Apr- JulyJune Sep. 2016 Apr- JulyJune Sep.
JanMar
OctDec.
***
JanMar
OctDec.
JanMar
OctDec.
JanMar
OctDec.
JanMar
OctDec.
Tender the construction of the new sanitary landfill Construct the sanitary landfill
***
***
***
***
Purchase of landfill *** moving equipment Training of landfill staff The landfill starts receiving waste Close old dumpsites Actions to be taken to ensure all healthcare waste is collected & treated
Establish a working group Determine what institutions generate waste that is not treated Resolve who will pay for the *
***
***
***
***
**
114

treatment of the collected waste Plan a collection system and determine what equipment is required Purchase any required equipment Training of health station and clinic staff Start receiving and treating infectious waste
**
**
115
2011 2012 Sept Oct- Jan- Apr- July- Oct- JanDec. Mar June Sep. Dec. Mar Actions to be taken to improve the management of industrial waste Activities
Establish a working group Determine the characteristics of the industrial waste and establish a plan If necessary, resolve who will pay If needed, draft and have the DPC approve a new decision Purchase any required equipment Training of District staff, industrial cluster staff and waste collection staff Implement the industrial waste management system *
2013 Apr- JulyJune Sep.
OctDec.
JanMar
OctDec.
JanMar
OctDec.
JanMar
OctDec.
**
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116

An Nhon - District Solid Waste Management Plan &amp; Action Plan

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Peoples Committee of BINH DINH Province

WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION PPMU

Project Management Unit

An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

AND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................... 47

An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

1.1. Purpose of the District Solid Waste Management Plan

1.2. The Contents of this District Solid Waste Management Plan

The National Strategy on Integrated Solid Waste Management

2015 MONRE 2020 MoC

2020 MoC 2020 MoNRE

2020 MARD 2015 MoNRE

2020 MoIT 2015 MoC

The Inter-ministerial joint circular No. 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD

The Circular No. 13/2007/TT-BXD

The Circular No. 01/2011/TT-BXD

1.3.2. The Province Solid Waste Management Plan

1.3.3. Targets for the District Solid Waste Management

Domestic Waste Composition for Street and Market Waste

An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

1.4.2. Existing Equipment, Staffing and Waste Collection Service

Mr. Todd Hyman

1.4.3. Current Waste Disposal Site

An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

The new landfill in Nhon Tho commune under construction

1.4.4. Current Fees and Cost Recovery

An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

CHAPTER 2 PLAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF WASTE TILL 2025

2.1.2. Domestic Waste Generation Rate till 2025

An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

Population in An Nhon district

Year Towns Communes An Nhon district

2.1.3. Plan for Waste Management at Source 2011-2025

An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

GARDEN WASTE AND PIG FAECES).

An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

Next collection route

Fig. 2.3 Waste collection mode for households located in towns.

Waste collection mode for households located along alleys in town/sub-town

Waste collection mode for communes

An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

Village transfer point 2

Village transfer point n

Commune/commune s transfer point

Collection of Solid Waste from Markets

Collection of Domestic Solid Waste from Hospitals

2.1.5. Plan for Waste Transfer and Transportation

Simple technique and low operational cost requirement

Market (Rendezvous point 1) Empty compactor truck Garbage compactor truck

Hospital (Rendezvous point 2)

Ward rendezvous point 3

Ward rendezvous point n

Next collection route

District sanitary landfill

Loaded compactor truck

Fig. 2.5 Transportation mode of domestic solid waste in the district.

2.1.6. Requirements to the Waste Disposal System

This can be changed to meet the Districts preferences

An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

Quantity of Waste to Landfill 2011 2025

An Nhon District Solid Waste Management Plan

2.1.7. District Sanitary Landfill

An Nhon - District Solid Waste Management Plan & Action Plan

An Nhon - District Solid Waste Management Plan & Action Plan