AENG 24630: Aircraft Operations

2010, AcOp L1, No.
AENG 24630 AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS

Lecture 1: Introduction & History!
Unit Director: Prof. I.P.Bond

University of Bristol, 2010
Prof.I.P.Bond, AcOp L1, No. 2
Aims
The unit provides an understanding of the way that aircraft are used by their operators; Gives a focus for some of the issues arising in other units studied during the Aeronautical Engineering degree course, e.g. Aeronautics, Design Project, etc. Content approximately 20 lectures
Industrial Visit: Airline Maintenance Facility (TBC?) Assessment 75% 2 hour examination in May/June 25% assessed assignment, submission: week 19
Prof.I.P.Bond, AcOp L1, No. 3
Learning Objectives
After successful completion of this unit, students will be able to:
participate constructively in discussions on the Airline Industry:

commercial and economic regulatory matters covering airline operations including issues affecting operators (deregulation, alliances, etc.) and manufacturers (large-versus-small aircraft etc.);
estimate direct operating costs for commercial aircraft; participate in traffic forecasting studies, product planning and fare structuring; appreciate the fundamental differences between military and civil operations; understand the engineering implications of noise and emissions environmental issues; develop simple maintenance schedules, based on an understanding of failure and of reliability-centred maintenance.
AcOp L1, No. 4
Course Material
The basic course material will be provided via Blackboard The structure of the Unit is such as to require a significant amount of SELF-STUDY by the participants: The lectures will highlight key points. It is up to you to rationalise & prioritise the large amount of information & data you will receive.
2010, AcOp L1, No. 5
Airline Perspective
The major focus of the 1st part is on airline economics:

introductory historical survey of the industry development general features of airline operations airline costs, and the influence of aircraft type and patterns of operation industry regulation and deregulation; marketing and passenger demand, traffic forecasts; product planning, airline scheduling and pricing (fare) policies; the rise of the Low Cost Airlines; airline safety; The emphasis is on scheduled operations but charter and freight operations will be mentioned covered.
2010, AcOp L1, No. 6
Historical Overview
Since about the 1950s, the Airline Industry has:

undergone an unrivalled expansion; with exceptional technological development; falling costs and fares; a rapid growth in demand and, much of the industry has been protected from competition. Been through several boom and bust episodes
Has this led to massive profits?
No!
Despite high growth, the industry as a whole has been only marginally profitable over the years; This impacts on the suppliers to the airline industry including the airframe, engine and equipment manufacturers.
2010, AcOp L1, No. 7
The Early Beginnings
DH4 military aircraft converted to a 3 Seat Executive Transport for delegates Post First World War Peace Conference.
US mail being University of Bristol, 2010
carried by converted DH 4s
2010, AcOp L1, No. 8
Imperial Airways Aircraft - 1930s
2010, AcOp L1, No. 9
.no need for a hotel?
2010, AcOp L1, No. 10
The European Airline Network 1932
2010, AcOp L1, No. 11
DC-3 Aircraft
- The most widely used airline in the 1930s
DC-3 Aircraft of TWA
2010, AcOp L1, No. 12
Overwater Routes
2010, AcOp L1, No. 13
World Airline Network prior to WW2
2010, AcOp L1, No. 14
Post-War - Long Range Aircraft Piston-Engined
Intercontinental Travel - Early 1950 s

2010, AcOp L1, No. 15
No leisure travel (except for mega-rich) Virtually no business travel Large scale emigration
Types of transport systems:

Ship Air
- transatlantic/transpacific
small domestic US market
- very small transatlantic - negligible transpacific
Rail
- transcontinental, local
Reference: H I H Saravanamuttoo ICAS 2002
2010, AcOp L1, No. 16
Transatlantic by Sea
Queen Elizabeth and Queen Mary

London - New York Typical cruise Passengers Crew Fuel per passenger 4.5 days 30 kts 2200 2000 4080 lb
Queen Elizabeth 1938 83676 tons
2010, AcOp L1, No. 17
Lockheed Constellation
London - New York Typical Cruise Passengers Flight Crew Fuel per Passenger
275 kts 74 5 520 lb
2010, AcOp L1, No. 18
Ship versus Air
Jet Transatlantic Service started Oct. 4, 1958 with BOAC, Comet 4 In 1958 for the first time transatlantic passengers by air exceeded those by ship 1967 QE2 launched 1968 QE withdrawn from service 1975 United States withdrawn Ship Traffic killed by Jet Powered Airliners
2010, AcOp L1, No. 19
2010, AcOp L1, No. 20
Early Jet Transport Aircraft
Boeing 707
De Havilland Comet
2010, AcOp L1, No. 21
2010, AcOp L1, No. 22
The Age of Mass Transport
- Short-range
2010, AcOp L1, No. 23
Development - High by-pass ratio turbofans
GE TF39
Lockheed C5A
2010, AcOp L1, No. 24
The Age of Mass Transport
- Long-range
Douglas DC10 Boeing 747

The First High By-pass Ratio Turbo-Fans
P&W JT9D 43,500 lbs B747(1970), DC-10(1973) GE CF6 40,000 lbs DC-10(1971), B747(1974)
Lockheed 1011
RB211-22B 42,000 lbs L1011 Tristar(1972)
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Speed & Noise
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2010, AcOp L1, No. 28
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2010, AcOp L1, No. 30
The 150 Seat Aircraft THE Largest Market!
Airbus A320
Boeing 737-800
New Aircraft required for entry into service 2015 2020? A320neo vs B737-MAX
2010, AcOp L1, No. 31
Commercial Transport Aircraft
2010, AcOp L1, No. 32
Aircraft productivity
Aircraft productivity vs time
Productivity tonne.km/hr, thousands
60
A380
50 40
B747-100
B747-300
30
DC 10
20 10 0 1930
DC3 Constellation Britannia
DC8-63 Boeing 720 Caravelle Viscount
A300 Concorde
A340-300
DC 3
Constellation
A320-100
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year of introduction
2010, AcOp L1, No. 33
Future Long-range Aircraft

- Hub & Spoke vs. City Pairs
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Where Next?
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Lessons from History

Airlines are sources of national pride and governments tend to interfere; Governments negotiate traffic rights with other countries; Governments provide navigation aids, airports and other essential infrastructure; Airlines may get into owning hotels and other trappings of tourism; Profit from government contracts to carry mail or service personnel; Must offer a service with passenger appeal (aircraft and general services).
2010, AcOp L1, No. 36
Airline Needs
Need aircraft with high productivity to get low operating costs BUT:

must maintain aircraft safety; must match aircraft productivity on a given route to traffic demand to maintain economic service; are sensitive to world economy (level of traffic); are sensitive to fuel price and availability; are sensitive to competition from low fare/no frills carriers such as charter companies and low-cost internet airlines; are sensitive to government rules regulating their operations (or not, as the case may be); are sensitive to noise and general environment regulations.
2010, AcOp L1, No. 37
Air Transport Issues in 21st Century

Global warming, Noise & Pollution; Safety & Regulation; Public perception of air travel; Carbon Trading; Inter government agreements ~ Open Skies; Air Traffic Control; Low fare airlines; Air Freight; First Class Travel v Business jets; Supersonic Airliners; Pilotless Transport Aircraft.
AcOp L1, No. 38
but it still takes longer to fly?
In spite of increased aircraft speed capabilities, block times (flying times in segments between takeoff and landing) have increased due to;
increased traffic inadequate growth in air traffic control capabilities
Average Monthly Actual Block Time 12 Month Moving Average
116
114
112
Block Time (mins)
110
108
106
104
102
100 Jan 84 Jan 85 Jan 86 Jan 87 Jan 88 Jan 89 Jan 90 Jan 91 Jan 92 Jan 93 Jan 94 Jan 95 Jan 96 Jan 97 Jan 98 Jan 99 Jan 00 Jan 01

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2010, AcOp L1, No.

AENG 24630 AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS

Unit Director: Prof. I.P.Bond

Prof.I.P.Bond, AcOp L1, No. 2

University of Bristol, 2010

Prof.I.P.Bond, AcOp L1, No. 3

participate constructively in discussions on the Airline Industry:

AcOp L1, No. 4

University of Bristol, 2010

2010, AcOp L1, No. 5

University of Bristol, 2010

2010, AcOp L1, No. 6

Has this led to massive profits?

2010, AcOp L1, No. 7

The Early Beginnings

US mail being University of Bristol, 2010

2010, AcOp L1, No. 8

Imperial Airways Aircraft - 1930s

University of Bristol, 2010

2010, AcOp L1, No. 9

.no need for a hotel?

University of Bristol, 2010

2010, AcOp L1, No. 10

The European Airline Network 1932

University of Bristol, 2010

2010, AcOp L1, No. 11

DC-3 Aircraft of TWA

University of Bristol, 2010

2010, AcOp L1, No. 12

University of Bristol, 2010

2010, AcOp L1, No. 13

World Airline Network prior to WW2

University of Bristol, 2010

2010, AcOp L1, No. 14

Post-War - Long Range Aircraft Piston-Engined

University of Bristol, 2010

Intercontinental Travel - Early 1950 s

2010, AcOp L1, No. 15

Types of transport systems:

small domestic US market

- very small transatlantic - negligible transpacific

University of Bristol, 2010

2010, AcOp L1, No. 16

Queen Elizabeth and Queen Mary

Queen Elizabeth 1938 83676 tons

University of Bristol, 2010

2010, AcOp L1, No. 17

275 kts 74 5 520 lb

University of Bristol, 2010

2010, AcOp L1, No. 18

Ship versus Air

University of Bristol, 2010

2010, AcOp L1, No. 19

University of Bristol, 2010

2010, AcOp L1, No. 20

Early Jet Transport Aircraft

University of Bristol, 2010

2010, AcOp L1, No. 21

University of Bristol, 2010

2010, AcOp L1, No. 22

The Age of Mass Transport

University of Bristol, 2010