IRP 4 2009 Well Testing and Fluid Handling

WELL TESTING AND FLUID HANDLING
AN INDUSTRY RECOMMENDED PRACTICE (IRP) FOR THE CANADIAN OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY VOLUME 4 2009 SANCTIONED
Edition Sanction Date
3.1 October 2009
COPYRIGHT/RIGHT TO REPRODUCE Copyright for this Industry Recommended Practice is held by Enform, 2009. All rights reserved. No part of this IRP may be reproduced, republished, redistributed, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted unless the user references the copyright ownership of Enform. DISCLAIMER This IRP is a set of best practices and guidelines compiled by knowledgeable and experienced industry and government personnel. It is intended to provide the operator with advice regarding the specific topic. It was developed under the auspices of the Drilling and Completions Committee (DACC). The recommendations set out in this IRP are meant to allow flexibility and must be used in conjunction with competent technical judgment. It remains the responsibility of the user of the IRP to judge its suitability for a particular application. If there is any inconsistency or conflict between any of the recommended practices contained in the IRP and the applicable legislative requirement, the legislative requirement shall prevail. Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data and recommendations contained in the IRP. However, DACC, its subcommittees, and individual contributors make no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with the publication of the contents of any IRP recommendation, and hereby disclaim liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from the use of this IRP, or for any violation of any legislative requirements. AVAILABILITY This document, as well as future revisions and additions, is available from Enform Canada 5055 11 Street NE Calgary, AB T2E 8N4 Phone: 403.516.8000 Fax: 403.516.8166 Website: www.enform.ca
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Well Testing and Fluid Handling
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents ..................................................................... i List of Tables .......................................................................... iv List of Figures.......................................................................... v 4.0 Scope and Contents ....................................................... vi
4.0.1 4.0.2 4.0.3 4.0.4 4.0.5 4.0.6 4.0.7 4.0.8 4.0.9 4.0.10 4.0.11 4.0.12 4.0.13 Purpose ....................................................................................... vi Audience ..................................................................................... vi Scope and Limitations ................................................................... vi Revision Process ........................................................................... vi Revision History .......................................................................... vii Sanction .................................................................................... viii Acknowledgement ....................................................................... viii Copyright Permissions .................................................................... x Scope ........................................................................................... x Introduction .................................................................................. x Symbols and Abbreviations ............................................................ xi Abbreviations and Definitions ........................................................ xii Common Terms of Reference and IRPs For All Operations In This Volume xix
Appendix I .............................................................................. lii

Atmospheric Fluid Scrubber Selection Guidelines ........................................ lii
Appendix II ........................................................................... liii

Pressure Rating Formula for Seamless Pipe ............................................... liii
4.1
Drill Stem Testing ........................................................... 1

4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.5 Scope ...........................................................................................1 Planning a Drill Stem Test ...............................................................1 On-Site Pre-Test Guidelines ............................................................2 Drill Stem Testing Guidelines...........................................................3 Sour Drill Stem Test Guidelines .......................................................6
Appendix III............................................................................ 9
Recommended Drill Stem Testing Services Inspection Checklist .....................9
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4.2
Well Testing .................................................................. 13

4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.2.6 4.2.7 4.2.8 4.2.9 Wellhead Control ......................................................................... 13 Well Testing Equipment Capacities and Pressure Ratings .................. 16 H2S Service Equipment Requirements ............................................ 21 Well Testing Equipment Material Conformance ................................ 23 Equipment Inspections ................................................................. 24 Well Testing Equipment Spacing .................................................... 25 Pre Test Equipment Check and Pressure Test................................ 28 Operational Safety ....................................................................... 30 Well Testing Workers ................................................................... 33
Appendix IV .......................................................................... 39
Lease Layout Schematics ........................................................................ 39 Sweet Wells .......................................................................................... 40 Frac Flowback with Pressure Tank Minimum Spacing Requirements .............. 40 Cold Separators Minimum Spacing Requirements ....................................... 41 Heated Test Unit Minimum Spacing Requirements...................................... 42 Sour Wells ............................................................................................ 43 Frac Flowback with Pressure Tank Minimum Spacing Requirements .............. 43 Heated Test Unit, Pressure Tank and Closed Pressure Storage Tanks Minimum Spacing Requirements ..................................................................... 44 Heated Test Unit and Pressure Tank Minimum Spacing Requirements ........... 46
Appendix V ............................................................................ 47
Production Testing Services Inspection Checklist ....................................... 47
Appendix VI .......................................................................... 53
FLARESTACK MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM FLARE RATES ...................................... 53 Gas Exit Velocity of 50.8 mm (2) Pipe ..................................................... 54 Gas Exit Velocity of 76.2 mm (3) Pipe ..................................................... 55 Gas Exit Velocity of 101.6 mm (4) Pipe ................................................... 56 Gas Exit Velocity of 152.4 mm (6) Pipe ................................................... 57 Gas Exit Velocity from 203.2 mm (8) Pipe ............................................... 58 Gas Exit Velocity from 254 mm (10) Pipe ................................................ 59
Appendix VII ......................................................................... 60

Hydrate Charts ...................................................................................... 60
4.3
Other Flowbacks ........................................................... 63

4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.8 Flowing to Open Top Tank............................................................. 63 Pumping or Circulating a Well to an Open Tank System .................... 65 Wellhead Control ......................................................................... 67 Location of The Rig Pump ............................................................. 67 Well Killing Operations ................................................................. 67 Snubbing Operations .................................................................... 70 High Reid Vapour Fluid Recovery and Handling ................................ 73 Well Site Workers Competency ...................................................... 78
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4.4
Loading, Unloading and Transportation of Fluids .......... 79

4.4.1 Fluid Hauling Company Procedures ................................................ 79 4.4.2 Fluid Characteristics ..................................................................... 80 4.4.3 Loading, Unloading and Transportation Practices ............................. 80 4.4.4 Fluid Hauling Company Worker Qualifications .................................. 84 4.4.5 Hydrocarbon Transportation: Class & Packing Group (Boiling Point, Flash Point & Vapour Pressure) .................................................................. 85
Appendix VIII ....................................................................... 86

BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... 86
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LIST OF TABLES
Well Testing Review Committee Members .................................................. ix Table 1: Flammable Limits .................................................................. xxviii Table 2: Pressure Rating of Seamless Pipe ................................................. lv Table 2: IRP 15.3.1.5 Reserve Circulation Sand Cleanout Equipment ............ 72
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Figure Figure Figure 1: 2: 3: 4: Code for Electrical Installations at Oil and Gas Facilities ................ 28 Propane Saturation Curve ......................................................... 75 Propane - Heat of Vaporization Volume Basis ............................... 76 Liquid Vapour Chart.................................................................. 77
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4.0 SCOPE AND CONTENTS

4.0.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this document is to ensure that guidelines for well testing and fluid handling operations are in place and readily available for all personnel. Industry Recommended Practice (IRP) 4 is intended to supplement existing standards and regulations. It is also intended to establish guidelines in areas where none existed previously.
4.0.2
AUDIENCE
The intended audience of this document includes oil and gas company engineers, field consultants, well testing and fluid hauling personnel, other specialized well services personnel, and regulatory bodies.
4.0.3
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
This IRP includes pertinent information about well testing, including the following: Personnel Requirements Drill Stem Testing Loading, Unloading, and Transportation of Fluids Operational Procedures IRP 4 supplements existing standards and regulations, and provides guidelines and recommendations where none existed previously. It also refers to other pertinent standards where appropriate, and provides information on how to access them. A full list of the documents referred to in this IRP plus other useful reference material is provided in APPENDIX VIII.
4.0.4
REVISION PROCESS
Industry recommended practices (IRPs) are developed by Enform with the involvement of both the upstream petroleum industry and relevant regulators. IRPs provide a unique resource outside of direct regulatory intervention. This is the second revision to IRP 4. Those who have been familiar with the first two editions of IRP 4 should take the time to review this edition thoroughly, as it has been
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completely redeveloped to address issues brought forward since the last edition by industry and government stakeholders. Technical issues brought forward to the Drilling and Completions Committee (DACC) as well as scheduled review dates can trigger a re-evaluation and review of this IRP, in whole or in part. For details on the specific process for the creation and revision of IRPs, visit the Enform website at www.enform.ca.
4.0.5
REVISION HISTORY
In 1988 a Well Testing and Fluid Handling Subcommittee (WTFHSC) consisting of representatives from CAODC, CAPP, PSAC, Alberta OH&S, and the Alberta ERCB were formed. Under the auspices of the Drilling and Completion Committee (DACC), the WTFHSC mandate was to investigate and develop minimum recommended practices respecting equipment, procedures and workers for the safe testing of wells and handling of fluids. The Recommended Practice (ARP) documents were developed during well testing and fluids handling operations at wells in Alberta; and were fully supported by the Alberta ERCB and Alberta OH&S. In 1999, the scope and breath of recommended practices encompasses many more issues, companies, associations and governments. The reference to Alberta in the title of these practices is changed to industry (IRP ) to better reflect the broader scope. Where industry has grown to other regions of western Canada, these IRPs continue to assist companies in their daily operations; These IRPs are intended to follow the user to any site, anywhere in the world, as a minimum operating practice. In 2005 IRP 4 needed a review and update to reflect the changes in industry and legislation. With approval from DACC a new committee was formed to address the need for a complete review and update of the document. In 2009 IRP 4 added a new section 4.3.7 High Reid Vapour Fluid Recovery and Handling Hyperlinks were updated on all other sections.
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4.0.6
SANCTION
The following organizations have sanctioned this document: British Columbia Workers Compensation Board (WorkSafeBC) Canadian Association of Oilwell Drilling Contractors Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers Employment, Immigration and Industry, Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board, Alberta International Intervention and Coil Tubing Association (Canada) National Energy Board Oil and Gas Commission, British Columbia Petroleum Services Association of Canada Saskatchewan Energy Resources Saskatchewan Labour
4.0.7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This IRP under the auspices of the Drilling and Completions Committee (DACC), was originally developed as an Alberta Recommended Practice (ARP) by the Well Testing and Fluid Handling subcommittee, and subsequently updated by the Well Testing Committee in 1999. Acknowledgments of the following individuals is in recognition of their time and effort in any and all of the meeting and work sessions, and acknowledgement of the corporate entities that allowed these individuals to take time away from their busy desks to help complete this project.
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Well Testing Review Committee Members Name Craig Marshall, Chair Nicole Axelson Frank A Barlow Glenn Berry Dustin Brodner Lonnie Campbell Bruce Cazes Lyle Gallant Robert Knowles Kevin Kostrub Manuel Macias Lyle Nelson Greg Onushko Don Pack Matthew Ritchie Colby Ruff Garth Sampson David W Smith Jack W Thacker Emerson Vokes Company Canadian Sub-Surface Energy Services Inc Petroleum Services Association of Canada Conoco Phillips Canada Enseco Petro-Canada Concord Well Servicing Ltd BC Oil and Gas Commission Weatherford Canada Partnership Weatherford Canada Partnership Alberta Energy Utilities Board Enform Grant Production Testing Services Ltd Grant Production Testing Services Ltd Precision Drilling Corporation Enseco Alberta Energy Utilities Board Weatherford Canada Partnership Am-Gas Scrubbing Systems (1989) Ltd Husky Energy Inc Lonkar Well Testing Ltd PSAC PSAC CAPP PSAC PSAC PSAC CAODC PSAC PSAC PSAC Organization Represented PSAC PSAC CAPP PSAC CAPP CAODC
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4.0.8
COPYRIGHT PERMISSIONS
This IRP includes documents or excerpts of documents as follows, for which permission to reproduce has been obtained:
Copyrighted Information Used In Page 28 Permission from Safety Code Council of Alberta
Figure 1
4.0.9
SCOPE
The purpose of this series of IRPs is to enhance safety during well testing and fluid handling operations of gas and oil wells. 4.1 Drill Stem Testing contains recommended practices for DST operations including: test planning, as well as pre-test, post-test, and sour testing guidelines. 4.2 Well Testing details recommended practices for Well Testing operations, including: equipment design and operation, worker requirements and qualifications, purging and pressure testing, operational safety, and safety equipment. 4.3 Other Flowbacks addresses recommended practices for service rig operations involving the flowback of fluids from the well. Matters addressed include: produced fluids, venting, well control, equipment, procedures, and well site workers. 4.4 Loading, Unloading, and Transportation of Fluids provides recommended procedures for the safe transfer of fluids from temporary and permanent production facility tanks to trucks. The procedures emphasize sour fluids and high vapour pressure hydrocarbon mixtures. The IRP also addresses transportation. The practices described in the IRPs should be considered in conjunction with other industry recommended practices, individual operators well testing and fluid handling practices, and site specific considerations. It is recognized that other procedures and practices as well as new technological developments may be equally effective in promoting safety and efficiency.
4.0.10
INTRODUCTION
An integral part of the exploration and development of oil and gas resources is reservoir evaluation. Evaluation methods with the greatest inherent environmental and safety concerns are those which remove reservoir fluids by means of drill stem testing, well testing or any other methods of flowback.
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The avoidance of developing a combustible hydrocarbon gas/air mixture, and the safe handling of highly volatile reservoir or stimulation fluids, and corrosive or toxic fluids are of concern when evaluating a well. The environmental, safety, and health risks associated with well testing and fluid handling can be minimized by properly trained workers implementing prudent procedures and using properly designed equipment.
4.0.11
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM: American Society of Testing and Materials API: American Petroleum Institute ERCB: Energy Resource Conservation Board (formerly AEUB) CAPP: Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers CBM: Coalbed Mehane CAODC: Canadian Association of Oilwell Drilling Contractors CPA: Canadian Petroleum Association CSA: Canadian Standards Association CRN: Canadian Registration Number CTU: Coil Tubing Units DACC: Drilling and Completions Committee DST: Drill Stem Test ESD: Emergency Shut Down (valve) IRP: Industry Recommended Practice JSA: Job Safety Analysis LEL: Lower Explosive Limit
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MAWP: Maximum Allowable Working Pressure MSDS: Materials Safety Data Sheet NACE: National Association of Corrosion Engineers NORM: Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material OEL: Occupational Exposure Limit OH&S: Occupational Health & Safety OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer PSV: Pressure Relief Valve PSAC: Petroleum Services Association of Canada PPE: Personal Protective Equipment SABA: Supplied Air Breathing Apparatus SCBA: Self-contained Breathing Apparatus SITHP: Shut In Tubing Head Pressure SICHP: Shut In Casing Head Pressure TDG: Transportation of Dangerous Goods UEL: Upper Explosive Limit WHMIS: Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
4.0.12
ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS
Adequate: For the purposes of this IRP adequate is defined as the result of conducting a hazard assessment and mitigating risks associated with the job to be performed. Adequate Lighting: The visibility must be such that the worker will be able to exit the worksite to a secure area in the event of an emergency. Flashlights, rig lights, and vehicle lights can be considered as emergency back-up lighting. (Waiting on IRP 23 Lease Lighting Standards adequate lighting exists when the
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site is illuminated sufficiently to ensure that the worker is able to perform routine duties safely.) References/Links Workers Compensation Board of British Columbia Saskatchewan Dept of Labour, Occupational Health and Safety NOTE: Regulations in the provinces of British Columbia and Saskatchewan define lighting with specific measurement criteria. This should be referred to when operating in these provinces Consideration must be given to additional lighting on complex operations.
NOTE:
Bleed Off: Where pressure is present in the well, or piping systems, and separating systems and needs depressurizing is required before work can commence. Caution: Caution must be exercised on wells known to contain lower levels of H2S or have harmful or toxic substances, have severe abrasives (e.g., frac sand), have other unusual hazards, and are high pressure. The term caution does not categorize a well outside of Sweet or Sour. It is intended to alert owners, employers, and workers to dangers that may exceed those of routine sweet wells and wells with minimal H2S concentration where prescriptive equipment requirements are not provided. Certified Pressurized Vessel: A pressurized vessel which has been constructed following a program of quality control, designed for the application, and is registered with the provincial agency that applies a stamp of certification on the vessel nameplate. All vessels must have a Canadian Registration Number (CRN) registered in all provinces of intended use. Closed System: A closed system refers to a handling system in which the odours or emissions from the wellbore effluent are either flared or vented to atmosphere through an H2S scrubber, in a controlled manner. Coiled Tubing Unit Operations: Coiled tubing units (CTU) are commonly used in other flowbacks to recover wellbore effluent. Nitrogen, carbon dioxide or air is used to move and lift proppant, produced sand or stimulation fluids such as acid, chemicals or hydraulic fracture treatment fluids from the wellbore. Coiled tubing unit operations may also be undertaken to evaluate well production capability. Confined Space: A space which is enclosed or partially enclosed. Has limited or restricted means for entry/exit. Is not designed or intended for continuous human
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occupancy. Is or may become partially hazardous to a worker entering or that may complicate the provision of first aid, evacuation, rescue or other emergency response services. Refer to applicable OHS Regulations Drilling Company: An individual or company that enters into a contract with an owner of a wellsite to drill for oil and gas. Drill Stem Test: A method of determining the producing potential of a formation. This is done by removing the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling fluid column and allowing formation fluids or gas to flow into an evacuated or partially evacuated drill string or production string. This allows the formation pressures to be monitored and measured to calculate flow and depletion rates. A drill stem tester represents the company responsible for the downhole and surface equipment used in identifying the content and production capability of the formations to be tested. Employer: Means a person, firm, association or body that has, in connection with the operation of a place of employment, one or more workers in the service of the person, firm, association or body. Emergency Shutdown Devise Valve: It is a hydraulically or pneumatically operated, high-pressure valve installed on the wellhead with remote or automatic shutdowns. Its purpose is to provide a means to remotely shut in the well in an emergency. An ESD is required on wells to be flowed having a surface pressure greater than 1379 kPa and a H2S content greater than 1% or release of one tonne of sulfphur per day. Flowback: Where pressure on a well is bled off and the well continues to flow, and is allowed to flow to establish a rate of gas and fluid from the well. High Vapour Pressure Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbon mixtures with a Reid vapour pressure greater than 14 kPa or an API gravity greater than 50O are considered to be high vapour pressure hydrocarbons. NOTE: Reid Vapour Pressure is determined in a laboratory test. API gravity can be readily measured in the field. C1-C7 content can also be indicative of a fluids flammability. Flammability increases with increasing C1-C7 content. Fluid analyses, if available should be reviewed. Fluid and ambient temperatures should be considered.
Inline Test: An inline test is closed when well effluents measured at the test separator are diverted to the pipeline in some occasions fluids are produced to storage. Mud Can: A device used to contain fluids and direct them away from the drill pipe when breaking connections.
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Non - Certified Pressurized Vessel: A vessel that does not require certification for use in pressure applications. The vessel must have some form of pressure relief valve (PSV). If the tank is to be used as the primary vessel, the tank must have been constructed under a quality control program. Construction, design, and material specification data must be available when requested by the well owner. Government departments may also request this data. Caution: The vessel must be designed for its intended use. Example: A vessel designed to operate below 103.4 kPa (15 psi) working pressure does not require provincial certification from local jurisdictions but is required to be constructed under a registered quality control program in this IRP. Occupational Exposure Limits Worker Safety Consideration The Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL of H2S is, eight hour OEL: 10 ppm) In most cases when well testing, workers are in open-air environments and work shifts longer than eight hours. Therefore planning consideration must review situations when workers are exposed to short-term levels of H2S greater than 10ppm and longer-term levels less than 10ppm. The ceiling limits vary through the various regulatory authorities. The two most common ceiling limits are 10 ppm and 15ppm. Refer to your local and federal Occupational Exposure Limits for Chemical Substances for more information on exposure limits to other chemicals. References/Links Alberta Occupational Health and Safety Act Chemical Hazards Saskatchewan Occupational Health and Safety Act Workers Compensation Board of British Columbia OHS & Regulation Open System: An open system refers to a handling system, such as a rig tank, in which any gas vapours produced from fluids are vented to atmosphere in an uncontrolled manner. This type of system requires constant monitoring to ensure transient vapours/gas are maintained below 20% of LEL and 10 ppm H2S. Other Flowbacks: Other flowbacks refers to operations, other than production testing and drill stem testing, in which gas or fluids are flowed or induced to flow from the wellbore. This includes well killing operations and the recovery of well stimulation fluids and solids by flowing, pumping, swabbing or by the circulation of fluids (i.e., coiled tubing.) Refer to Section 4.3 Other Flowbacks for information specific to testing.
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Owner: A person, partnership, company or group of persons who, under contract and agreement of ownership, direct the activities of one or more employers involved at a worksite. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Equipment designed and used to protect workers. Positive Pressure: Positive pressure refers to a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure (0 kPa gauge). Pressurized Truck Tank: A pressurized truck tank must comply with all the CSA B620 requirements as determined by CSA B621. If the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) is greater than 101.3 kPa (15 psi) then ABSA/ASME certification is also required. The MAWP is specified on the nameplate of most oilfield production equipment such as all transport and pressure vessel equipment. Purge: Where a vessel, container or piping system is evacuated of its gas and/or fluid contents and replaced with another gas and/or fluid. The general purpose of purging is to remove explosive and/or flammable fluids and gases from a closed piping system prior to opening the system to atmosphere or prior to entry of the system by workers. The practice of purging usually entails replacing the explosive/flammable contents with a product that is non-explosive/flammable or to create an atmosphere with an acceptable Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) and Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) for workers. Purging is also used to aid the removal hazardous gases and fluids from vessels and piping systems prior to shipment of equipment or transportation of fluids. Qualified Well Testing Person: An individual who has had a minimum of three months previous experience with a service company or well owner and understands the concept of gas and liquid separation using pressure equipment and flaring. Without this prior experience, the individual is considered in training. The individual must be able to provide documented evidence, when requested, of this experience. The individual must have all certifications required by provincial regulatory agencies and/or listed in this IRP. Section 4.2.9 of this IRP identifies the qualifications required for a well testing worker to handle various levels of responsibility. Supplied Air Breathing Apparatus (SABA): It consists of a small air cylinder (less than 5 minutes of breathing air) and air mask intended to be carried on the hip of a worker with the ability to connect, by hose, to numerous larger air cylinders. This type of configuration is used for extended work periods where a worker is exposed to an H2S or other hazardous breathing environment. Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA): It consists of an air cylinder and mask intended to be carried on the back of the worker and has (+)(-) 30 minutes of breathing air contained in the cylinder. This device is used for short work periods where a worker is in an H2S or other hazardous breathing
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environment. Also used for emergency situations to aid in the rescue of injured personnel. Safety Service Company: A company that provides one or more of the following: equipment, workers, training, and neutralising chemicals to reduce the risk to onsite workers and equipment during various well operations. Safety Standby Method: Where a person outside of the hazardous area monitors the work of persons inside the hazardous area, with no other purpose than to monitor personnel and their safety equipment, and implement rescue procedures when necessary. Service Company: Means a person, corporation or association who is contracted to supply, sell, offer or expose for sale, lease, distribute or install a product or service to another company, usually the owner of the worksite. Shut In Tubing Head Pressure (SITHP): The pressure at surface on the tubing in the well. Shut In Casing Head Pressure (SICHP): The pressure at surface on the casing in the well. Stimulations: Stimulations are operations designed to improve well production capability or, in the case of injection or disposal wells, to improve the ability of a well to accept fluid. These operations may include the use of hydrocarbon and water based fracturing fluids, acids, various chemicals, and proppants. Swabbing: Swabbing is an operation conducted to reduce the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid in the wellbore to initiate flow from a formation. Swivel Joint (Chiksan): A series of short steel pipe sections that are joined by swivel couplings. The unit functions as a flexible flow line that provides a flow path between the control head and the floor manifold. Test Line: A flow line from the drill stem tester's floor manifold to move fluid or gas to flare, test separator or storage. Stabbing Valve: A full opening safety valve that can be installed to the top of any joint of pipe being pulled out of or inserted into the well to prevent flow up the pipe and out to atmosphere. Well Killing Operations: Well killing operations are operations in which well effluent is circulated from the wellbore using a fluid of sufficient density to prevent further influx of reservoir fluids. The process is continued until the well is incapable of flow.
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Well Testing: Well Testing is an operation where a company supplies equipment and the continuous presence of qualified test workers for the purpose of measuring and handling wellbore effluents through production equipment. Such operations include, but are not limited to: Flowing a well to production equipment or tank Flow measurement with chokes, flow provers or other devices Initiating flow by swabbing, coiled tubing or any such artificial lift method Flowing a well while drilling operations are in progress, known as Underbalanced Drilling
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References/Links Section IRP 4.2 Well Testing IRP 6.0 Critical Sour Underbalanced Drilling Worker: Means a person who is engaged in an occupation in the service of an employer. Underbalanced Drilling: Entails allowing a well to flow oil, gas, and formation fluids to surface as it is being drilled as opposed to conventional or overbalanced drilling where one of the prime considerations is in preventing hydrocarbons from flowing during the drilling process. References/Links IRP 6.0 Critical Sour Underbalanced Drilling Alberta Energy and Utilities Board Interim Directive ID94-3 and Directive 36, Section 10, 20, 23, 24
4.0.13
4.0.13.1
IRP
COMMON TERMS OF REFERENCE AND IRPS FOR ALL OPERATIONS IN THIS VOLUME
Responsibilities of Owners and Service Contractors
The wellsite owner is responsible for all activities on a lease. The safety of on-site workers and environmental protection take precedence over well testing data requirements. Owners shall maintain general health and safety at the well site by coordinating all activities and ensuring proper equipment, materials, and workers are provided to accomplish the program and to satisfy all applicable regulatory requirements. The well site owner shall ensure the following breathing equipment is provided as a minimum:
IRP
On all wells, regardless of designation, two Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) must be on location at all times. (Additional SCBA may be required as per local authorities). When well testing wells where the H2S concentration is greater than 100 ppm, the owner must provide supplied air breathing apparatus (SABAs) in addition to the self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). As a minimum this package must contain an adequate air supply system
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complete with air cylinders, manifold, work lines and egress packs (SABAs) and a minimum of two back packs (SCBAs). On simple well-servicing operations (such as rod jobs, tubing changes, bleed-offs, plug retrieval, abandonments, swab cleanouts) where the H2S concentration is greater than 10 ppm and where the venting of gas to atmosphere is minimal and the bleed-off period is short in duration and where more than two workers are present at the same time, an additional two back packs would be adequate instead of a supplied air system. (This does not apply to well testing.) Therefore a minimum of four back packs are required on the well site. Two of the back packs must be designated for emergency use only. The other packs are for use by workers where breathing equipment is necessary to complete operational tasks. Protection for the workers on the site and nearby residents, from over-exposure to H2S, must be maintained when considering this option. IRP Refer to CSA standard CSA-Z94.4-02 Selection, care and use of respiratory equipment. Where an owner representative is assigned to the site, the representative shall be present during all operations where gas will be vented from open tank systems. Where an owner representative is not assigned to the site, the contractor assigned to flow the well to open tank systems must have a supervisor present during the operation. The owner shall ensure a gas detection meter is available to the site workers and that they are properly trained in the use and operation of the meter. The owners representative shall have a trained and competent person onsite in the operation of an LEL meter. The owners representative shall ensure availability of an LEL meter on all sites. (Reference IRP 7 Standards for Wellsite Supervision of Drilling, Completions and Workovers, Alberta ERCB BM 033, CAPP Flammable Environments Guidelines and IRP 18 Upstream Petroleum Fire and Explosion Hazard Management)
IRP
IRP
IRP
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IRP
The owner shall or instruct the service contracting company to: Provide signage ordering vehicles to stop at the lease entrance on all sites where gas is being vented to atmosphere Ensure there are an adequate number of qualified workers on the well site at all times to conduct operations safely Provide fluid hauling companies with shipping documents such as a waste manifest that describes the properties and potential hazards associated with fluids to be transported in appropriate Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) terms
References/Links Transport Canada TDG Act, Sections 5, 6, 8 & 14. Transport Canada TDG Regulations, Part 3. Transport Canada TDG Act, Section 40(Clear language). Ensure fluid hauling workers are oriented to site-specific procedures Ensure sour fluids are transported during normal hours of operations unless special arrangements and precautions have been made between the owner and the truck operator. This may include standby workers, equipment, and monitoring devices Ensure appropriate safety equipment (i.e., H2S monitor, explosive mixture monitor, and respiratory protective equipment) is available Maintain a contingency plan including procedures for truck loading, unloading, and transportation-related spills. IRP The owners representative is responsible for conducting an on-site prejob equipment inspection to ensure the equipment is operational and as ordered. Owners shall prepare a program of operations. The program should include but not be limited to: The purpose of the operation Relevant well data Identify any potential hazards
IRP
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Equipment requirements and layout having regard for pressures and flows expected Environmental and safety considerations, relative to on-site workers and the public Special procedures to be employed Emergency contacts Minimum worker requirements and qualifications Test objectives Test sequence in appropriate detail Technical contact in case of unexpected program deviations Emergency response plan, contacts and procedures Shall ensure the program is available for viewing by all participating contractors prior to job commencement.
IRP
The prime contractor shall ensure that their representative is able to provide competent and effective supervision of the operations being carried out. The owners representative shall have the following: For well site supervision of drilling completions and workovers, the prime contractors representative must be certified in IRP 7 Standards for Wellsite Supervision of Drilling, Completions and Workovers First Aid Certificate If well servicing, an appropriate blow-out prevention (BOP) certificate If drilling, an appropriate blow-out prevention (BOP) certificate H2S Training and Certification for sour wells ( > 10 ppm) Transportation of Dangerous Goods Certificate where hazardous materials will be shipped WHMIS training Complete awareness of IRP 4Well Testing and Fluids Handling as they pertain to the operation being carried out and a full
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understanding of the hazards related to the physical properties of the fluid being handled, prior to conducting the operation Shall make available and be competent in the operation of equipment used to detect hazardous or explosive mixtures An understanding of section 8.110 of the ERCB Regulations when hydrocarbon mixtures with a Reid vapour pressure greater than 14 kPa or with an API gravity exceeding 50 degrees, are encountered
4.0.13.2
IRP
Drilling Service Company Responsibilities

The drilling service company shall ensure that all required rig workers are available during operation and that the workers are physically capable and have been properly trained to carry out their designated responsibilities. The drilling service company shall ensure that the equipment and facilities it is contracted to supply are available during operation and it is designed for the parameters of the project. Pressure test certification, material inspections, and sour service specifications shall be made available when requested.
4.0.13.3
IRP
Drill Stem Testing Company Responsibilities

The drill stem testing company shall ensure that the workers it provides are available during the drill stem test, the workers are physically capable, and have been properly trained to carry out their designated responsibilities during the drill stem test at the worksite. The drill stem testing company shall ensure that the equipment and facilities it is contracted to supply are available during the drill stem test, are in good working order and is designed for the parameters of the project. Pressure test certification, material inspections, and sour service specifications shall be made available when requested.
4.0.13.4
IRP
Safety Service Company Responsibilities

The safety service company shall ensure that the workers it provides are available during operations, the workers are physically capable, and have been properly trained to carry out their designated responsibilities. The safety service company shall ensure that the equipment it is contracted to supply is available during the operation, is in good working order, and is designed for the parameters of the project. The safety service company must ensure proper equipment for respiratory protection, H2S gas detection, breathing-air supply, determining
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explosive limits, and neutralising chemicals is in sufficient quantities at the worksite. Consideration should be given to having spare H2S and LEL meter. The safety service company must provide training of all workers on the worksite in the specific use of this equipment as required.
4.0.13.5
IRP
Well Testing Company Responsibilities

The well testing company shall ensure their employees are physically capable to carry out their designated responsibilities during the operation. Well testing personnel must carry certificates of training with them. The well testing company shall ensure the equipment and facilities it is contracted to supply are designed and suited for the application. Pressure test certification, material inspections, and sour service specifications shall be made available when requested.
4.0.13.6
IRP
Fluid Hauling Company Responsibilities

Fluid hauling companies shall ensure the workers it provides are available during the operations, the workers are physically capable to carry out their designated responsibilities, and the workers carry certificates of training with them. The fluid hauling company shall ensure that the equipment and facilities it is contracted to supply are available during the operation, are in good working order, and are designed for the parameters of the project. Pressure test certification, material inspections, and sour service specifications shall be made available when requested.
4.0.13.7
IRP
Well Designation for Worker Safety in H2S Environments

Sweet and Sour designations are used by industry and legislative bodies as a reference for administrative purposes. For technical purposes specific concentrations of hydrogen sulphide will dictate appropriate equipment requirements to conduct a task safely, maintaining the health and safety of the worker while ensuring the integrity of the equipment. The well designations of this IRP are centred on hydrogen sulphide (H2S) content, which through inhalation, is the most frequently encountered hazardous substance by well testing workers. There may be other substances as onerous for maintaining worker safety and must be considered when planning work programs. Provincial Occupational Health and Safety Acts define the exposure limits for numerous substances. Those documents should be referred to when substances
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other than hydrogen sulphide (H2S) are known to be present at the well site. The well designations in this IRP are designed for worker safety when working in hydrogen sulphide (H2S) environments.Sweet Well 10 ppm hydrogen sulphide content or less: Designated as sweet. A well with a hydrogen sulphide (H2S) content of 0.01 moles / kilomole (10 ppm) or less is designated as sweet. The hazards of sweet gas to the worker, from exposure or inhalation, are less than those imposed by sour gas and therefore require a minimum of two SCBAs on all wells to aid in protecting the worker. Other requirements are detailed throughout these IRPs. Material specifications relative to metallurgy for equipment used to flow wells containing zero H2S content are not as stringent as those required for wells containing H2S. References/Links Section 4.2 Well Testing NACE (National Association of Corrosion Engineers) ASME B31.3
4.0.13.7.1.
Sour Well
More than 10 ppm hydrogen sulphide content: Designated as sour. Any well with a hydrogen sulphide (H2S) concentration greater than 0.01 moles/ kilomole (10ppm) is designated as sour. Sour gas hazards relative to worker safety requires specific equipment to protect the worker. Prescriptive guidelines for the quantity and use of breathing equipment to protect the worker are outlined in this IRP and other provincial regulations. Additionally, gas, containing H2S, is more corrosive to metals and thus, requires precautions when selecting equipment to perform well testing operations. Section 4.2.3 H2S Service Equipment Requirements of this IRP provides guidelines relating to equipment selection for use in H2S environments.
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References/Links Section 4.2 Well Testing Provincial Occupation Health and Safety Acts Alberta Chemical Hazards Regulation Sections 2 & 9 NACE MR 01-75 LATEST EDITION ASME B31.3
4.0.13.7.2.
Critical Sour Well

Critical Sour Wells are defined by appropriate Provincial Regulatory Agencies. They generally include all the elements of a sour well plus an amplified concern for residents in close proximity to the well site along with environmental issues. In Alberta Directive 071: Emergency Preparedness and Response Requirements for the Petroleum Industry
4.0.13.8
Metallurgy considerations for H2S environments

H2S affects the integrity of metals not designed for use in H2S environments. Other elements such as CO2 also have corrosive affects on metals. The requirement for special metallurgy in equipment is not related to a sour designation of a well. It is related to H2S Partial Pressure and Sulphide Stress Cracking as defined by the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE).
References/Links Section 4.2.3 H2S Service Equipment Requirements NACE MR 01-75 LATEST EDITION specifications
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4.0.13.9
Gas Detection Monitoring for Explosive and Flammable Limits (Further information see IRP 18- Fire and Explosion Hazard
Management)
IRP The owners site representative must be trained and competent in the use of gas detection meters. The site representative must possess or make available at the wellsite, a gas detection meter capable of measuring LEL. Where the owner does not have a site representative, the owner shall ensure a gas detection meter is available to the site workers. One person per shift must be trained and competent in the use of gas detection meters where gas vapours will be vented to atmosphere or there is a potential of gas vapours to be released to the atmosphere. All users must be properly trained and competent. No worker shall enter the 50 metre safety zone around an open tank system where gas vapours have been vented to atmosphere until cleared to do so by the owners site representative or the worker who is responsible for monitoring the area with a gas detection meter. Refer to Section 4.3 Other Flowbacks, for more detail on the requirement of gas detection and flowing wells to open tank systems.
IRP
IRP
IRP
NOTE:
Introduction: Gas detectors have become an everyday part of equipment requirements on an oil and gas site. There must be accurate methods of detecting the absence or presence of various gases, so the workplace can be maintained safe and productive. Explosive or Flammability Limits: The term limits of flammability or explosive limits, refers to the percentage by volume of a fuel in a fuel/air mixture which will burn. The flammable range spreads between the lower flammable limit and the upper flammable limit. Fuel /air mixtures outside the flammable range will not burn or explode.
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Flammable limits for some common flammable gases and vapours are in listed below.
Table 1: Flammable Limits Explosive Limits (% by vol. In air) LEL Ammonia Butane Carbon Monoxide Diesel Ethane Hydrogen Sulphide Ethyl Alcohol Methanol Methane Propane Toluene Common Frac Oils Gasoline 15.0 1.8 12.5 0.3 3.0 4.0 3.3 6 5.0 2.2 1.3 1.0 1.3 Flash Point Degrees Celsius Gas Gas Gas 52 Gas Gas +13 16c Gas Gas +4 Vapour Density Air = 1.0 0.58 2.0 0.97 > 3.0 1.0 1.19 1.59 1.1 0.55 1.5 3.14 (less than 1.0) 3.2 Ignition Temp. Degrees Celsius 630 410 570 < 171 472 260 365 464 538 450 535 200
UEL 28.0 9.0 74.0 10.0 12.5 45.0 19.0 7.6 15.0 10.0 7.0 7.0 8.0
NOTE:
To caution about methanol vapours affecting sensors. Please refer to your MSDS for all chemicals
A flammable gas is considered to be a gas that will burn when there is a concentration of oxygen in the air. Flammable mixtures cannot be ignited and continue to maintain a flame, unless the concentration of fuel is greater than the LEL and lower than the UEL. A methane/air mixture must contain more than 5% methane by volume for the mixture to burn. If the mixture contains more than 15% methane by volume, it is considered to be too rich and will not burn. The concentration must be within the flammable range to ignite or sustain a fire. Oxygen The normal concentration of oxygen in ambient air is 20.9%. Abnormal circumstances can cause this level to be increased or decreased. Oxygen deficiency refers to abnormally low oxygen levels that can be serious and is often
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an undetected risk to human life. Reduction of oxygen levels is usually caused by the consumption of oxygen by some chemical reaction or combustion within a confined area or by displacement by other gases. Oxygen enrichment refers to abnormally high concentrations of oxygen that can be dangerous because of its tendency to increase the flammability and explosiveness of materials and fuels. The leaking of compressed oxygen containers in confined areas usually causes enrichment. For safe entry, oxygen levels must be between 19.5% and 23.0%. Flammable and Explosive Gases Explosions occur when a flammable mixture of gas comes into contact with a heat source that exceeds the ignition temperature of the gas mixture. Not all concentrations of flammable gases will explode. The Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) determines the minimum concentration of the flammable gas in air that will burn. Concentrations below the LEL and above the Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) will not burn. Unfortunately, gas/air mixtures are seldom uniform so it is likely that if any amount of combustible gas is detected then at some point in the system or container, the concentration may be explosive. Flammable liquids normally have a low flash point. This refers to the temperature at which the liquid releases vapours at a rate sufficient to form an explosive mixture with air. Liquids with flash points below ambient temperature will immediately release dangerous concentrations of gas. Liquid leaks can be as hazardous as gas leaks. Vapour Density When monitoring for the presence of gases or vapours, it is important to understand vapour density, which provides valuable clues as to where to locate gas sensors. Density is a characteristic of materials and is similar to weight. For gases and vapours, air is considered to be the standard reference and its density is set at 1.0. Gases and vapours lighter than air have densities less than 1.0 while those heavier than air have densities greater than 1.0. Assuming that air currents are negligible, it can be said that gases and vapours with densities less than 1.0, such as methane, will tend to rise from the point of escape and subsequently disperse into the atmosphere or accumulate in spaces under roof structures of buildings. Heavier-than-air gases such as propane and H2S tend to fall from the point of escape, perhaps to floor level where some mixing with air occurs thus creating pockets of mixtures, some explosive, others not. If there are sub-floor spaces such as drain channels, pipe and cableways, and storage pits, then these heavier
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than air gases tend to accumulate there. A suitable source of ignition in such areas will surely result in explosion and fire. Refer to Flammable limits for some common flammable gases and vapours table above. Ignition Temperature Ignition temperature is the temperature that will cause a combustible mixture of gas vapour to explode or burst into flame. Various fuels mixed in a variety of concentrations can be explosive when ignited by the presence of a spark, flame or hot surface that exceeds the ignition temperature. Variables such as concentrations, pressure, and temperature all have an effect on ignition temperature. Pyrophoric Iron Sulphides Pyrophoric Iron Sulphides are created when rust and H2S combine in an oxygen free environment Pyrophoric meaning they can spontaneously ignite when exposed to oxygen. They are created in oxygen free environments such as piping systems, reservoirs, wellbore, and vessels where H2S has been present without oxygen. Essentially rust (or Iron Oxide) is converted in Iron Sulphide, when these Iron Sulphides are exposed to oxygen; an oxidation process begins that eventually turns the iron sulphides back into iron oxide form. This process creates an enormous amount of heat causing (in some cases) the iron particles to illuminate and possibly glow. This is when nearby fuel sources such as propane from a purge or other hydrocarbons can be ignited. There is no set H2S content at which Pyrophoric Iron Sulphides will form or be present, however there are some heavily researched indicators to the presence of Iron Sulphides. They include Scaling Asphaltines Sludge Rust Solids
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The age of a sour well, and long periods of time with equipment on sour operations such as multizone sour completions can also be factors in determining whether or not Iron Sulphides may be present With an auto ignition temperature below that of room temperature, they pose a definite hazard. IRP A hazard assessment should be completed on iron sulphides for sour locations. The operating companys site representative must be present. The above mentioned indicators should be addressed if applicable. Previous well analysis information if applicable, or operating company technical/physical judgment of possible Iron Sulphides should be addressed.These hazard assessments may be able to identify a operating company or your companys Pyrophoric Iron Sulphide procedures and safety guidelines. Local or federal legislation may also be valid.
Location of Gas Sensors Location of the gas sensor is very important. In general, lighter than air gases requires the sensor to be positioned near the ceiling and heavier than air gases require sensors positioned at low levels or in pits or trenches. Some things to consider include: Hydrogen sulphide mixed with methane in a process stream may follow the same migration patterns as methane during a gas leak Temperature, humidity, and air ventilation patterns Mounting detectors close to the entrance of buildings, on the outside wall. Gas Detectors Measuring Percent LEL Some gas detectors have two scales; the 100% scale measuring the % of a flammable gas in a mixture, and the 4% scale for measuring the % of the LEL Assume that the meter has been designed to measure hydrogen in a mixture. The LEL of hydrogen is 4%. If a reading taken on the 100% scale indicates 10%, then the mixture is 10% hydrogen and is above the LEL of hydrogen. If a reading on the 4% range indicates 10%, then the mixture contains 10% of the hydrogen necessary to produce a flammable mixture. The mixture actually contains 4% x 0.1 = 0.4% hydrogen by volume. The equipment operator must understand the difference between measuring the % LEL and the % of flammable gas.
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Always consult the manufacturers operating instructions and procedures prior to interpreting the results. Caution: No person shall remain in or enter into an area containing more than 20% LEL, unless it is for an emergency or rescue situation by trained and competent individual(s) When testing gas for LEL remember that the H2S concentration is important relative to the safety of the worker conducting the LEL test. The LEL of hydrogen sulphide is 4% gas by volume, which equates to 40,000 parts per million H2S. Anytime the H2S exceeds 10 ppm special safety precautions must be implemented.
At 40,000 ppm H2S, a worker would be immediately overcome while testing for LEL. These devices must not be used for continuous monitoring or for testing H2S concentration in the gas Preparing the Meter Be sure to follow the directions supplied by the manufacturer of your gas detector. Testing the atmospheres for the safety of workers requires that the gas detection equipment be in perfect condition, properly calibrated, and will be operated by trained and competent people. Some portable equipment is designed to test for a combination of any of the following: oxygen, hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, and flammable levels. NOTE: Refer to CAPP Flammable Environments Guideline and IRP 18 - Fire and Explosion Hazard Management
4.0.13.10
IRP
Monitoring for Explosive Mixtures

Monitoring for explosive mixtures with a suitable calibrated monitoring device in the vicinity of potential ignition sources (e.g., pump) during pumping/flowback operations is recommended. The monitoring device must be calibrated using an appropriate calibration gas. The operations
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must be suspended or an alternate method of flowback initiated to eliminate an explosion risk around potential ignition sources. IRP NOTE: Wind direction devices must be strategically located around the lease. Monitoring for explosive mixtures with a suitable device is the only practical method of determining safe operating conditions. Judging conditions based on sight, smell, wind directions, etc., may be very deceiving in that explosive mixture levels can change rapidly during a flow back situation. Portable monitoring devices are available that give direct readout of combustible gas explosive limits. A fixed sensor could be located in an enclosed area such as rig pump house, separator building etc.
4.0.13.11
IRP
Calibration of Explosive Mixture Monitors

Explosive mixture monitors must be calibrated regularly by a qualified individual (see IRP 18). Monitoring devices must be calibrated using an appropriate calibration gas. Defective devices must be replaced or serviced prior to commencing a flow back operation where monitoring for explosive mixture will be required. The owners representative must be aware of the limitations of the monitor for the gases and fluids expected. As with any safety device, the degree of dependability of a gas detector is directly proportional to the care it receives. All explosive mixture monitors require routine maintenance on a regular basis, which includes cleaning the device and its sampling system, checking voltage supply to the unit and performing regular calibrations. Some of this servicing may require the services of a qualified technician.
NOTE:
4.0.13.12
Hydrates: Awareness and Handling
Gas hydrates are crystalline compounds formed, by the chemical combination of natural gas and water, under pressure at temperatures considerably above the freezing point of water. In the presence of free water, hydrates will form when the temperature of the gas is below a certain temperature, called the hydrate temperature. Hydrate formation is often confused with condensation and the difference between the two must be clearly understood. Condensation of water from natural gas under pressure occurs when the temperature is at or below the dew point at that pressure. Hence, the hydrate temperature would be below and perhaps the same as, but never above the dew point temperature. (Dew point is the state of a system characterized by the coexistence of a vapour phase with an
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infinitesimal quantity of liquid phase in equilibrium. Dew point pressure is the fluid pressure in a system at its dew point.) While conducting tests, it becomes necessary to define, and thereby avoid, conditions that promote the formation of hydrates. This is essential to the proper field conduct of tests since hydrates may choke the flow string, surface lines, and the well testing equipment. Hydrate formation in the flow string would result in a lower value for measured wellhead pressures. In a flowrate-measuring device, hydrate formation could result in a lower or higher gas flow rate. Excessive hydrate formation may also completely block flowlines and surface equipment. In summary, conditions promoting hydrate formation are: Primary conditions: Gas must be at or below its water dew point with free water present Low temperature High pressure Secondary conditions: High velocities Pressure pulsations Any type of agitation Presence of H2S and C02 Introduction of a small hydrate crystal High specific gas gravity For the purpose of well testing it is convenient to divide hydrate formation into two categories: 1) Hydrate formation due to decrease in temperature, with no sudden drop in pressure, such as in flow string or surface lines. 2) Hydrate formation where a sudden expansion occurs and/or pressure drops such as in flow provers, orifices, backpressure regulators, and chokes. If ambient temperature is low enough, ice build up may occur on the inside of pipe when left idle, after flowing, due to condensation residue left on the inside walls of piping systems. This is not a hydrate although it could lead to the formation of a hydrate by the introduction of a hydrate crystal to the flow stream.
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IRP
For the awareness and prevention of hydrates: Programs supplied by the well owner should identify potential hydrate problems by way of bottomhole temperatures, presence of free water, H2S and CO2 content, gas gravity, and downhole restrictions Pre job safety meetings should reference the possibility of hydrates Incorporate the primary and secondary conditions listed above Provision for the injection of methanol should be planned prior to flowing of the well Consideration should be given to batching or injecting methanol down the tubing and/or the annulus, if applicable, prior to flowing Methanol should be batched or injected into the wellhead flowline before opening the well to flow and during any future shutdown periods so as to prevent ice build up on the inside walls of piping systems Flowlines should be purged with a gas medium (propane/N2), where available and when extended shut down periods are anticipated, especially during cold weather operations The introduction of surface heating facilities, such as line heaters, will assist in the prevention of hydrates in surface equipment Staging pressure drops will assist in the prevention of hydrates in surface equipment. Hydrate charts/tables must be available on the well site. The well test supervisor must be trained and competent on the use of these charts and tables.
IRP
Where hydrate formation or ice build up is suspected in surface flow lines, the lines must be proven to be clear by purging with methanol or a warm gas or fluid before the lines are broken apart. During the pressure testing procedure and start up, all non-essential workers must vacate the surrounding area of the testing equipment, flow lines, and wellhead.
IRP
See Appendix VII for hydrate graphs Caution: Hydrates travelling through pipes have a high potential for plugging, overpressuring, or rupturing lines. NOTE: Sour gas more readily forms a hydrate than sweet gas
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4.0.13.13
IRP
Worker Safety
Before commencing any operation a pre-job safety meeting must be held and hazard assessment performed and communicated. Suggested topics are: Scope of work Procedures to be followed Pertinent well and fluid characteristics Responsibilities of each person involved in the operation Emergency procedures, special hazards, and safe briefing areas
NOTE:
Equipment must be routinely serviced and tested by qualified/competent workers as per the manufacturer's specifications or regulatory requirements. The owners representative is responsible to ensure an onsite pre-job safety equipment inspection is completed (see Appendix V Production Testing Services Inspection Checklist). All applicable federal and provincial regulations must be adhered to, such as TDG, WHMIS and Occupational Health and Safety, and WCB.
IRP
4.0.13.14
IRP
Minimum Worker Wear Requirements

A written protective clothing policy must be available onsite. The following minimum work wear requirements must be followed: A hardhat must be worn in the work area Safety (steel toed) footwear must be worn in the work area Safety goggles, safety glasses or safety prescription glasses with side shields must be worn Where hazardous chemicals exists, consult MSDS Hearing protection where over exposure to noise may occur Gloves must be worn as required, (e.g., specialty gloves for chemicals, leather gloves for handling pipe, etc) Un-torn, fitted clothing must be worn in the work area Outer or covering apparel must be fire retardant where the potential for fires exists
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Natural fibres for innerwear is preferred over synthetic fibres as synthetic fibres do not provide adequate protection from heat related exposure and they contribute to static electricity generation All clothing that becomes contaminated with hazardous chemicals or flammable fluids must be removed and replaced Minimum safe standards for hard hats, footwear, eye wear, and ear protection should be determined by the well testing company. The following standards are appropriate: Hardhats: CSA Z94.1 Footwear: CSA Z195 Grade 1 Eyewear, Goggles: CSA Z94.3 Hearing Protection: CSA Z94.2
4.0.13.15
IRP
Minimum General Safety Standards

The following minimum standards must be followed: No smoking within 50 m of potentially flammable vapours Facial hair must not impede the sealing of respiratory equipment Intoxicating substances and intoxicated persons are not allowed on location General fatigue management Firearms are not allowed on location except for emergency ignition of uncontrolled gases. An adequate supply of potable water must be on location (i.e., for drinking, and emergency washing) Good housekeeping practice is required for all of the location The requirements of Workplace Hazardous Material Information System and TDG must be followed A form of wind direction indicators must be present on location (e.g., windsocks, flagging tape, etc.) An operational field phone must be present on location A list of emergency contacts must be conspicuously posted on location
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A means of transport for injured persons must be on location in accordance with local jurisdictions An unobstructed exit path must be available The safety standby method must be employed for all hazardous work A properly calibrated gas detection apparatus must be on location. Personnel must be properly trained in the use of this apparatus H2S determinations must be performed while wearing breathing apparatus. A minimum of two positive pressure type apparatus must be at location and maintained in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications and regulatory requirements On sour well sites where the H2S concentration is greater than 10 ppm, the owner must provide SABAs in addition to SCBA. When a significant volume of wellhead gas is produced, either to an orifice device, or through a separator, notification should be given as required by the local provincial authority. See Section 4.0.13.18 Gas Flares First Aid equipment and/or attendants must be supplied as specified by the provincial OH&S authority Appropriate fire fighting equipment must be available as determined by the Hazard Assessment, Fire and Explosion Control Plan, and applicable regulations. Cold separator or pressure tank rig-up: Minimum 2 Class ABC, 9 kg Heated Unit and flare stack or line heater, pressure tank and flare stack: Minimum 3 Class ABC, 9 kg Heated unit or line heater/pressure tank combination with second stage separation or more than one item of auxiliary flow equipment: Minimum 4 Class ABC, 9 kg Wellsite illumination must be sufficient to safely perform the job (Refer to IRP 23 Lease Lighting Standards currently under construction) Safety stairs (or equivalent devices that would allow a rescue at the top of a tank other than by ladder access) are required whenever breathing apparatus is required at the top of a tank Fall arrest equipment and a fall protection plan must be available as required by OH&S regulations
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An ESD valve must be installed on wells with more than 1379 kPa pressure and an H2S content greater than 1% or one tone of sulphur per day. Additional considerations for use of an ESD valve are wells that: NOTE: have harmful or toxic substances have severe abrasives (i.e., frac sand) have high operating pressure have other unusual hazards.
These points are by no means all of the general safety standards that should be followed. The points are listed as having special relevance to well testing. Provided that it does not contradict the well owners policy, well testing companies may use a fixed period to orientate and train newer employees while on the job, provided that such persons are adequately protected by other certified workers on location. These points are minimum standards and contractors should determine whether the well owner has additional standards.
NOTE:
4.0.13.16
IRP
Pre-Job Safety Meeting

A pre-job safety meeting must be held involving all workers who will be on location during operations. The meeting should be recorded and the agenda should include the following: A list of personnel on location Responsibilities and work programs Safety procedures, general, and specific to the job Safety equipment location and operation Emergency response plan Hazard Assessment
NOTE:
Holding the safety meeting prior to purging could be appropriate depending on workers present and the time between purging and well opening. The contractors daily shift change is considered, in part, a safety meeting. The agenda should include a complete de-briefing of the previous shift and the noting of any new hazards. It is appropriate to hold interim safety meetings at any time when conditions or job
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scope have changed from initial expectations. The flare permit, if applicable, must be reviewed and conspicuously posted.
4.0.13.17
Opening a Closed Tank System after Flowing or after Purging with a Flammable or Inert Medium
It is recognized that it is not always practical to have an inert purge medium for all operations. Flammable purge mediums, such as propane, are successfully used throughout the industry as long as workers follow special precautions and procedures. An inert medium also presents its own hazard; lack of oxygen and non-breathable. The following is meant to assist the worker in assessing the hazards: IRP Closed tanks must be depressurized and not be on vacuum before opening the system. If available on site, purge the system with inert gas. Evacuate as much fluid (and solid) as possible before opening the system. A confined space entry permit must be completed prior to opening of a system that allows for the entry or partial entry of a person Prior to opening a closed tank system to check its contents, a hazard assessment must be conducted by the systems owner representative on shift. The assessment must be documented and signed by both the systems owner representative and, if present, the well owner representative. The individual who completes the confined space entry permit must have Confined Space Entry Training. Eliminate all potential ignition sources Remove all non-essential people from the immediate area Ensure individuals involved in opening the closed system have proper personal protective equipment such as fire retardant coveralls and breathing apparatus Where workers are preparing to enter a closed system, confined space legislation must be followed
IRP
IRP
IRP
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References/Links Confined space legislation in the jurisdiction you are working in. Consideration should be given to the use of purge mediums such as N2, CO2, and water flood. The use of combination flush/vacuum pump trucks will help to clean out the system as much as possible prior to opening for inspection.
4.0.13.18
Gas Flares
Well Test Supervisors must confirm with the operator the presence of a flare permit or ensure that proper notification has been done, if required. Gas flares must be designed with the following considerations: H2S / SO2 hazards. Owners are required to define flare stack diameters and height to prevent H2S emissions and reduce SO2 fallout, within regulatory requirements. Flare Permits are required for Critical Sour Wells, and when H2S content exceeds 50 mole / kilomole (5%). From 10 to 50 moles / kilomole (1 - 5%), a minimum flare stack height of 12 metres is required Nearby combustible material. Flare stacks should be designed to prevent combustion of vegetation Flare stacks must be adequately anchored. Maximum velocity of the gas from the flare stack on sweet gas and sour wells less than 1% H2S must not exceed 331.4 metres per second. Velocity of the gas from the flare stack on sour gas greater than 1% H2S should not exceed 95.4 metres per second or be less tan 10.6 metres per second. It is recognized that velocities on sour gas above 1% H2S may exceed 95.4 m for a short term. Flame arrestors within the flare line are not required under a manned operation while flowing and other forms of flashback control are acceptable. See ERCB Directive 060: Upstream Petroleum Industry Flaring, Incinerating, and Venting, Section 7.7 See Appendix VI on pipe size versus velocity graphs NOTE: Optimal combustion and plume dispersion modelling as outlined in ERCB Directive 060 dictates velocities between 10.6 and 95.4 m/second
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4.0.13.19
NOTE:
Venting Gas to Atmosphere

Venting of gas vapours while flowing, circulating, or pumping to open tank systems is covered in Section 4.3 Other Flowbacks.
4.0.13.20
IRP
Flare Pits
Flare pits may only be used in an emergency.
4.0.13.21
IRP
H2S Scrubbers
Where H2S scrubbers are used, the scrubber must be sized such that the concentrations and volume of H2S vapour present are adequately handled. The frequency of chemical change-out is dependent on the H2S concentration and gas volume flowing through the scrubbing system. Periodic checks as per suppliers recommendation of the vent gas and chemical properties are required to ensure no H2S is released to atmosphere. Fluid pH and liquid level must be maintained at all times. It is recommended that ammonia be changed out if the pH drops below 10.5. It is also recommended that potassium hydroxide based fluids be changed out when the Ph drops below 9.5 SulfatreatTM systems must have vent gas checked for the presence of H2S Use appropriate breathing apparatus when checking for Ph or H2S. A Hazard Assessment must be done for all flammable gases leaving the scrubber See Appendix I Atmospheric Fluid Scrubber Selection Guidelines
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4.0.13.22
Produced Fluids General Fluids

Where fluid is produced, steps must be taken to ensure the safety of site workers from vapours allowed to escape to atmosphere from the fluid.
4.0.13.22.1.
IRP
4.0.13.22.2.
IRP
Fluid Properties and Characteristics

The properties of any produced fluids or solids should be evaluated to:
Identify any potential hazards Select appropriate fluid handling procedures, see MSDS on fluids Establish criteria for shutdown when using an open tank system Establish disposal methods Toxic effects Radioactive material Environmental impact of escaped fluids Corrosive effects Possible degradation of elastomers Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM)
4.0.13.22.3.
IRP
Oils
The properties of the produced oils should be evaluated for the following hazards:
Flammability; ignition of oil, and oil vapours Solid deposition problems (e.g., paraffin) NOTE: There is a general relationship between flammability and the C1-C7 content of a hydrocarbon fluid. Flammability increases with C1-C7. Also Reid vapour pressure increases with increasing C1-C7 content.
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4.0.13.22.4.
IRP
Gas
The properties of the produced gases should be evaluated for the following hazards:
Ignition of contained and escaped vapours Solid deposition problems (e.g., sulphur) Hydrate potential H2S content
4.0.13.22.5.
IRP
Water
The properties of the produced water should be evaluated for possible gas entrainment and ignition potential. If it is necessary to locate tanks next to the lease road exit, for example on small leases or remote locations, to comply with other spacing requirements, ensure adequate transportation for workers is available in the event of an emergency. This transportation should be off the lease when no other means of egress are available.
NOTE:
4.0.13.23
Tanks Rig Tanks

Where gas vapours are vented to atmosphere from an open tank system, the tank must be a minimum of 50 metres from the wellhead (shallow wells, coalbed methane (CBM) 35 metres from wellhead) Where a degasser is used to separate gases and liquids, it should be located in a separate compartment of the rig tank. The degasser should be configured such that a sufficient head of fluid in the tank is maintained for efficient gas separation Flowback operations must be discontinued if liquid carry over from the degasser vent line occurs, and an appropriately sized separator or pressurized tank must be employed IRP 1 Critical Sour Drilling; 1.7 Mud Gas Separators, provides an overview of degasser design factors including vent line sizing.
4.0.13.23.1.
IRP
IRP
IRP
NOTE:
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IRP4
NOTE:
See Section 4.3 Other Flowbacks for flowing to open top tanks.
4.0.13.23.2.
IRP
Atmospheric Tanks (64m3 style)

Atmospheric tanks are predominantly used for storage of fluids and are not considered capable of containing pressure. Most atmospheric tanks are designed with 7 kPa (16oz) hatches and the roof is typically designed to shear at 14 kPa (2 psi). When producing sour fluids, atmospheric tanks must be equipped with a suitable vapour gathering, flaring or scrubbing system to ensure that H2S vapours are not released to atmosphere. The system may also include a pressurized tank Fluid storage tanks require an external fluid level indicator that can be used for level measurement. The tops/lids of atmospheric storage tanks are not designed to serve as a work platform. Any maintenance/work required on top of these tanks must be conducted while the tank is in a horizontal position.
IRP
IRP
IRP
4.0.13.23.3.
IRP
Certified Pressurized Flowback Tanks

Pressurized tanks used for flowback or storage of fluids produced from a sour well must be manufactured under a quality program to ensure conformance with design specifications utilizing materials meeting the requirements of NACE MR 01-75 LATEST EDITION.
4.0.13.23.4.
IRP
Non certified Pressurized Storage Tanks

If using a non-certified tank or vessel for primary separation and storage of fluids while swabbing, flowing to establish a rate, circulating, pumping or bleeding off rather than using a certified tank or vessel, the non-certified tank or vessel must be constructed under a quality control program. Construction, design, and material specification data must be available when requested by the well owner. Government departments may also request this data.
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4.0.13.23.5.
IRP
Other Tanks
Owners must have regard for the volume of the various fluids to be utilized and where possible, provide sufficient tank storage to provide for a suitable retention time or provide for other measures such as heating or agitation to allow for separation of entrained gas, prior to transportation. Pressurized tanks or a closed system should be used for flowbacks, storing, producing, pumping, swabbing or killing wells with high vapour pressure hydrocarbons (see Abbreviations and Definitions). When flow testing from a sour well (>10 ppm) during servicing, drilling or testing operations, a closed system must be used to prevent the escape of sour gas to the atmosphere. Flowback duration, proximity to, and notification of area residents must be considered. H2S scrubbers must be operated within the manufacturers operating parameters and chemical used in that scrubbing system monitored and changed accordingly. Hydrometers are readily available to determine the density of hydrocarbons to be pumped as well as fluids subsequently returned during the flowback. ERCB inspection policies regarding the handling of sour effluents are included in ERCB Directive 037 Service Rig Inspection Manual.
IRP
IRP
NOTE:
IRP 2 Completing and Servicing Critical Sour Wells; 2.5 Fluids and Circulating System, contains additional information regarding necessary fluid handling equipment for critical sour wells. Section 2.10 Quality Programs for Pressure Containing Equipment includes basic information regarding quality programs. NACE MR 01-75 LATEST EDITION, Sulphide Stress Cracking Resistant Metallic Materials for Oilfield Equipment has a 350 kPa pressure limit below which the requirements do not apply.
4.0.13.24
Location of Tanks Location of Rig Tanks

The rig tank(s) must be 50 metres from the wellhead and any open flame and it is only S.E. Alberta shallow gas wells where the rig tank can be 35 meters from the well.
4.0.13.24.1.
IRP
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4.0.13.24.2.
IRP
Location of Atmospheric Tanks (64m3 style)

Where gas vapours are anticipated, or the tank is rigged with a venting/scrubbing system, atmospheric tank(s) must be 50 metres from the wellhead and any open flame.
4.0.13.24.3.
IRP
Location of Certified Pressurized Flowback Tanks

It is recommended to place certified pressurized flowback tanks 25 metres from the wellhead even though there is no regulated distance requirement. Where the tank is preceded by a flame arrested line heater, the line heater and tank must be a minimum of 25 metres from the wellhead.
4.0.13.24.4.
IRP
Location of Non-certified Pressurized Storage Tanks

Non-certified pressurized tanks must be 50 metres from the wellhead. The tank must be designed for its intended use. If the tank is to be used as the primary vessel, the tank must have been constructed under a quality control program. Construction, design, and material specification data must be available when requested by the well owner. Government departments may also request this data.
4.0.13.25
Air Entrainment and Purging General

Owners and service contractors must understand and attempt to eliminate or mitigate explosive hazards due to air entrainment in pipes, vessels, and tanks, etc. Air entrainment explosions occur upstream of the flowline choke and downstream of the flowline choke (usually in storage tanks). The fuel source is the well product, or it can be the purge medium if propane or natural gas is used to purge. Ignition sources are not always identifiable, but possibilities include: Flashbacks from flares Static electricity Friction heat (from valve operation or high velocity debris) Localized hot spots in partially open (unbalanced) valves
4.0.13.25.1.
IRP
NOTE:
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Spontaneous combustion at critical pressures and temperatures Spontaneous combustion of compounds such as sulphides Electrical currents from lightning and power sources (including cathodic protection). Air sources upstream of the choke include: Air from dry run tubing (i.e., for under balanced perforating) Coiled tubing unit operations using air Swabbing, when the well goes on vacuum Reaction productions (i.e., hydrogen peroxide washes) Air sources downstream of the choke include: Initial air, as the equipment arrived Air re-introduced from the wellhead side Air pulled into production tanks through open or leaking hatches when a vacuum condition exists. The vacuum can be caused by fluid withdrawal and by excessive venturi action at flare stacks when tanks are vented to flare.
4.0.13.25.2.
IRP
Purging the Well String and Wellhead

Dry tubing should be displaced by N2 or CO2 or alternatively the procedures of Section 4.0.13.26 should be employed. When dry tubing with air is opened to the formation, a fluid cushion should be run in the string. If the well has enough energy, the cushion can be brought back to a tank. The returning cushion purges the tubing string. Wellhead pressure should not be allowed to build up prior to the cushion return. It is recognized that it is not always practical to displace tubing air prior to operations such as under balanced perforating or drill stem testing. Owners and well testing companies must assess the planned procedure when air exists in the well string.
NOTE:
NOTE:
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4.0.13.25.3.
IRP
Purge Mediums for Purging Surface Equipment

Purging should be performed by a purge medium vapour displacing air. Non-flammable vapours are preferred. Propane or sweet gas is acceptable with extra precautions, recognizing that the purge medium will create explosive mixtures before air purging is complete.
4.0.13.25.4.
IRP
Pre Purging Procedures and Checks

The following pre-purging procedures and checks are required:
Production tanks should be clean Production tanks must have hatch seals and pre-set pressure thief hatches All system elements must be electrically bonded to each other, with the wellhead or ground rods as ground or common A wellhead may be used a grounding device
4.0.13.25.5.
IRP NOTE:
Purge Vapour Measurement

The purge vapour should be measured. Liquid-volume-to-vapour or mass-to-vapour conversions are allowed if the liquid-volume or mass vaporized is measured accurately, and if it is ensured that all of the liquid is vaporized. Numerous measurement devices are available.
4.0.13.25.6.
IRP
Purge Amounts
The volume to be purged must be calculated prior to purging. For purge mediums heavier than air, purging should be a minimum of 1.5 times calculated volume, and purging should be from the bottom up. For purge mediums lighter than air, purging should be a minimum of 2.5 times calculated volume, and purging should be from the top down. Top down purging is impractical in some situations. If bottom up purging is employed with purge mediums lighter than air, a minimum of five times calculated volume should be displaced. Small lines and vessels may be purged for a number of minutes instead of rigorous
NOTE:
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IRP4
calculations if it is certain that the time chosen would exceed the overpurge guidelines.
4.0.13.25.7.
Purging With Wellhead Gas (Sweet or Low
Concentration of H2S)
IRP The well should be flowed slowly to the separator unit, then to the flareline, then to downstream vessels/tanks. Downstream vessels/ tanks must be isolated and purged one at a time. Production tanks that will not be vented to flare do not require purging.
NOTE:
4.0.13.25.8.
IRP
Purging Sequence
Purging should be in a downstream sequence, flow line, and heater, if present, then separator, then flare line, then to downstream vessels/ tanks. Downstream vessels/tanks must be isolated and purged one at a time. The flow line would be purged from the wellhead to the separator unit, if the vapour was introduced at the wellhead. It is also acceptable to use the separator as a point of origin for the purge vapour. In that case, the flow line would be purged back to the wellhead (with the line disconnected at the wellhead).
NOTE:
4.0.13.25.9.
IRP
Ending the Purge

Where practical, oxygen meters are recommended for large vessel/tanks, regardless of the calculated over purge. The sensing should be performed at points other than the purge exit of the component (in case of air bypassing instead of displacement). Oxygen content must be such that the gas mixture is below its lower explosive limit.
4.0.13.25.10.
IRP
Intermediate Purging
Vessels/tanks should be re-purged whenever air is accidentally or operationally introduced during the test.
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4.0.13.26
IRP
Opening a Well with Air in the Flow string

It is recognized that, sometimes, wells are required to be opened when there is air behind the wing valve. Owners and well testing companies should consider some or all of the following procedures: All non-essential workers should be removed from the test area Manifolding should exist so that all vessels/tanks can be bypassed It is not necessary to purge an open tank system where gas is vented to atmosphere It is important that the tubing be flow-purged of explosive mixtures as soon as possible after operations such as tubing conveyed perforating. The well should not be shut-in for buildup until the purge is completed because pressuring up the volatile mixture increases the danger of an in-line explosion On sour wells, the well can initially be flowed through a choke to a bypass directly to a flare until the air is displaced from the tubing and the flare is burning steadily. This will contain possible fires in open-ended pipe. The well can then be shut-in or directed to pre-purged vessels prior to liquids arriving at surface. An operator could also obtain permission from the local authority for short term flow to an unlit flare to displace air from the tubing. The flow should be sampled with an LEL or gas detector to verify the mixture is out of the explosive limits The wing or master valve should be balanced by downstream pressure (N2, CO2 or H2O) prior to opening, to reduce friction and initial inrush Where a well could go on vacuum during swabbing, a check valve must be inserted in the flowline system. A manual valve should also be in the system. The saver-sub should be tightened. A regulated purge vapour to follow the swab cups back down the hole should be considered All suspect lines/vessels/tanks must be repurged when the wellstring air is eliminated.
NOTE:
Owners should notify nearby residents before commencing operations respecting the potential for short-term odours that may occur during start up. This must not include H2S (see ERCB Directive 064 section 14) odour emissions)
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APPENDIX I
Atm o s p h e ric Flu id S c ru b b e r S e le c tio n Guid e lin e s
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APPENDIX II
P re s s u re Ra tin g Fo rm u la fo r S e a m le s s P ip e
The standard is ANSI/ASME B31.3, "Chemical Plant & Petroleum Refinery Piping". From Section 304.12 (3b): P=2SEt / D-2Yt Where: P is a maximum allowable working pressure, in psi, S is the basic allowable stress, in psi, for a given material, as defined in ANSI / ASME B31.3 Table A-1, NOTE: For the common piping materials A 53 Gr. B, A106 Gr. B, A 333 Gr. 6, A 334 Gr. 6, and API 5L Gr. B, the allowable stress below 204 Celsius (400 Fahrenheit) is 20,000 psi
E is the basic quality factor for longitudinal welds, as defined in ANSI / ASME B31.3 Table A 1B, NOTE: For seamless pipe, forgings and fittings E = 1.00, and for electric resistance welded pipe, E = 0.850
t is the minimum pipe wall thickness, in inches. t = (tnominal x 0.875) - H, where: tnominal is the nominal wall thickness, in inches, of the pipe as defined in ASME B36.10M (see attached table for common pipe sizes, thicknesses and diameters). 0.875 - represents the manufacturers allowable under tolerance of 12.5% for seamless pipe. H - is thread depth. For NPT threads, H = 0.07531 "up to 50.8 mm (2in) pipe , and
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H = 0.10825 "above 50.8 mm (2in) pipe. D is the outside diameter, in inches (see attached table for common pipe sizes, thicknesses and diameters) , NOTE: The above calculation does not include corrosion allowance. If a corrosion allowance is required to be added:
t (tnominal x 0.875) H c, where c is the required corrosion allowance, in inches. Y = 0.4 Coefficient as per table (304.1.1 ) Tables Pressure Rating Of Seamless Pipe The attached tables do not include a corrosion allowance. In well testing, sudden and violent erosion is certain to destroy well test pipe before corrosion. The values for welded 4130 HRC in the following table have been rounded up to the nearest 50 psi. This table is for reference only.
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Table 2: Pressure Rating of Seamless Pipe

Welded Carbon Steel Pipe Size Inches Actual O.D. Inches Pipe Schedule Nominal Wall Inches Nominal I.D. Inches P=2SEt / D-2Yt Psi 0.84 40 (STD) 80 (XH) 160 XXH 1 1.315 40 (STD) 80 (XH) 160 XXH 1 1/2 1.9 40 (STD) 80 (XH) 160 XXH 2 2.375 40 (STD) 80 (XH) 160 XXH 2 1/2 2.375 40 (STD) 80 (XH) 160 XXH XXXH 3 3.5 40 (STD) --80 (XH) --160 XXH ----3 1/2 4 40 (STD) 80 (XH) --XXH ------0.109 0.147 0.187 0.294 0.133 0.179 0.250 0.358 0.145 0.200 0.281 0.400 0.154 0.218 0.344 0.436 0.203 0.276 0.375 0.552 0.750 0.216 0.254 0.300 0.375 0.438 0.600 0.750 1.000 0.226 0.318 0.500 0.636 0.750 1.000 1.250 0.622 0.546 0.466 0.252 1.049 0.957 0.815 0.599 1.610 1.500 1.338 1.100 2.067 1.939 1.689 1.530 2.469 2.323 2.125 1.771 1.375 3.068 2.992 2.900 2.750 2.624 2.300 2.000 1.500 3.548 3.364 3.000 2.728 2.500 2.000 1.500 4995 6980 9230 16225 3810 5266 7675 11772 2822 3977 5774 8642 2377 3433 5641 7373 3182 4428 6213 9715 14189 2258 2676 3191 4054 4801 6818 8824 12500 2059 2946 4795 6262 7554 10606 14000 Mpa 34.44 48.13 63.64 111.87 26.27 36.31 52.92 81.17 19.46 27.42 39.81 59.59 16.39 23.67 38.90 50.83 21.94 30.53 42.84 66.99 97.83 15.57 18.45 22.01 27.95 33.10 47.01 60.84 86.19 14.20 20.32 33.06 43.18 52.08 73.13 96.53 NPT Threaded Carbon Steel IRP recommends max. 17.24 Mpa on threaded pipe 33mm or larger Psi 974 2675 4592 10480 1281 2602 4780 8463 1110 2191 3869 6539 1022 2023 4114 5750 1196 2350 3999 7223 11319 940 1338 1827 2646 3354 5264 7160 10625 911 1760 3525 4924 6155 9056 12274 Mpa 6.72 18.44 31.66 72.26 8.83 17.94 32.96 58.35 7.65 15.10 26.67 45.09 7.04 13.95 28.36 39.65 8.25 16.20 27.58 49.81 78.04 6.48 9.22 12.60 18.24 23.12 36.30 49.37 73.26 6.28 12.13 24.30 33.95 42.44 62.44 84.63 (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (5000*) (5000*) 3400 4900 8000 10450 3700 5100 7100 11000 15400 3200 3800 4500 5750 6800 9700 12400 17000 2900 4200 6800 8850 10700 14700 18700 23.44 33.79 55.16 72.05 25.51 35.16 48.95 75.85 106.18 22.06 26.20 31.03 39.65 46.89 66.88 85.50 117.22 20.00 28.96 46.89 61.02 73.78 101.36 128.94 (5000*) Limited By API 6A Psi Welded 4130 HRC 1822 Max Rounded to nearest 50 Psi Psi Mpa
Welded Carbon Steel Pipe Size Inches Actual O.D. Inches Pipe Schedule Nominal Wall Inches Nominal I.D. Inches P=2SEt / D-2Yt Psi 4 4.5 40 (STD) ----80(XH) --120 --160 XXH --------4 1/2 5 40 (STD) --80(XH) ----XXH --------5 5.563 40 (STD) 80(XH) 120 160 XXH --6 6.625 0.237 0.250 0.312 0.337 0.364 0.438 0.500 0.531 0.674 0.750 1.000 1.250 1.500 0.247 0.250 0.355 0.375 0.500 0.710 0.750 1.000 1.250 1.500 0.258 0.375 0.500 0.625 0.750 1.000 0.250 0.280 0.312 0.375 0.432 0.500 0.562 0.719 0.864 1.000 1.125 1.250 4.026 4.000 3.875 3.826 3.772 3.624 3.500 3.458 3.152 3.000 2.500 2.000 1.500 4.506 4.500 4.290 4.250 4.000 3.580 3.500 3.000 2.500 2.000 5.047 4.813 4.563 4.313 4.063 3.563 6.125 6.065 6.001 5.875 5.761 5.625 5.501 5.189 4.897 4.625 4.375 4.125 1914 2023 2550 2766 3001 3656 4217 4502 5856 6604 9211 12069 15217 1791 1813 2615 2770 3763 5519 5866 8140 10606 13291 1678 2476 3357 4268 5210 7197 1357 1524 1704 2063 2391 2789 3156 4111 5023 5907 6745 7609 Mpa 13.20 13.95 17.59 19.07 20.69 25.21 29.08 31.04 40.38 45.53 63.51 83.22 104.92 12.35 12.50 18.03 19.10 25.95 38.05 40.45 56.12 73.13 91.64 11.57 17.07 23.15 29.43 35.93 49.62 9.35 10.51 11.75 14.22 16.49 19.23 21.76 28.34 34.63 40.73 46.51 52.46
NPT Threaded Carbon Steel IRP recommends max. 17.24 Mpa on threaded pipe 33mm or larger Psi 897 1002 1509 1716 1941 2570 3109 3382 4681 5397 7891 10621 13620 878 900 1673 1823 2780 4471 4805 6992 9360 11933 859 1633 2485 3366 4277 6196 676 840 1015 1364 1684 2070 2428 3356 4243 5102 5916 6754 Mpa 6.18 6.91 10.40 11.83 13.39 17.72 21.43 23.32 32.27 37.21 54.41 73.23 93.91 6.05 6.20 11.54 12.57 19.17 30.83 33.13 48.21 64.54 82.28 5.93 11.26 17.13 23.21 29.49 42.72 4.66 5.79 7.00 9.40 11.61 14.27 16.74 23.14 29.25 35.18 40.79 46.57 (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) (3000*) Limited By API 6A Psi
Welded 4130 HRC 1822 Max Rounded to nearest 50 Psi Psi 2700 2850 3600 3900 4250 5200 6000 6400 8300 9350 12900 16500 19950 2550 2550 3700 3900 5350 7800 8300 11500 14700 17900 2400 3500 4750 6050 7400 11900 1900 2150 2400 2900 3400 3950 4450 5800 7100 8350 9600 10800 Mpa 18.62 19.65 24.82 26.89 29.30 35.85 41.37 44.13 57.23 64.47 88.95 113.77 137.56 17.58 17.58 25.51 26.89 36.89 53.78 57.23 79.29 101.36 123.42 16.55 24.13 32.75 41.71 51.02 82.05 13.10 14.82 16.55 20.00 23.44 27.24 30.68 39.99 48.95 57.57 66.19 74.47
IRP4
IRP
Also refer to entire Section 4.2.2.2 Pressure Rating on maximum allowable pressure rating for line pipe
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4.1 DRILL STEM TESTING

4.1.1 SCOPE
Normal drilling procedures, control formation pressures and fluids through the use of a hydrostatic head. Drill stem testing brings these formation pressures and fluids to the surface, thereby presenting a unique set of conditions since pressure control is then maintained by mechanical systems. Safe work guidelines, such as those set out in this IRP, minimize the probability of either the mechanical or human systems failing during a test, as well as establishing minimum health and operating standards. This IRP is intended to supplement existing standards and regulations rather than replace them, and is directed mostly towards drill stem tests that are to be run on onshore wells.
4.1.2
4.1.2.1
IRP
PLANNING A DRILL STEM TEST

Drill Stem Test
Owners shall provide a plan for all drill stem tests. This plan shall include at least: the zones to be tested, the depths of tests, the method of testing, the type of equipment to be used, the duration of the test, and a reference to an emergency response plan, where applicable. The emergency response plan shall be discussed with all employers and workers involved with the drill stem test.
4.1.2.2
IRP
Lithological and Reservoir Information

Operators shall provide litho logical and reservoir information on the zones to be tested. This shall include potential H2S zones, possible well problems, anticipated recovery, anticipated flow rates, H2S rates, and anticipated pressures. This information shall be discussed with all employers and workers involved with the drill stem test.
4.1.2.3
IRP
Qualifications
Workers conducting drill stem testing operations shall have the minimum qualifications required by legislation and the industry.
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4.1.3
4.1.3.1
IRP
ON-SITE PRE-TEST GUIDELINES

Pre-test Safety Meeting
The worksite owner or designated representative shall hold a pre-test safety meeting with all workers on the site who may be involved with the drill stem test. This meeting shall review the testing plan, testing procedures, test prognosis, operation of surface equipment, and assign specific worker responsibilities. The pre-test safety meeting shall be recorded, along with a record of those who attended the meeting. The pre-test safety meeting will include a discussion of the emergency response plan where applicable, including any revisions or recommendations to accommodate the specific well environment.
4.1.3.2
IRP
Pre-Test Inspection
The worksite owner or designated representative shall visually inspect all equipment and facilities that may be used during the drill stem test including: The drilling floor and hoisting equipment Safety equipment Surface equipment and lines Drill stem test tools including test head and floor manifold Drill pipe, drill collars, drilling fluid, and additives Blow-out prevention equipment Fluid containment or storage equipment
The inspection shall ensure proper distances are used in placing the equipment on the worksite. IRP Swivel joints and flow lines upstream of the choke manifold shall be subjected, prior to the drill stem test, to a pressure test. The lines shall be visually inspected for leaks at both low pressures and high pressures. The high pressure test shall be to the maximum anticipated surface pressure. Lines downstream of the manifold should be secured to restrict them from movement.
Reference: Safety Checklist - see Appendix V
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4.1.3.3
IRP
Pre-test Training
The worksite owner or designated representative shall ensure that all workers involved with a drill stem test are properly trained in the operation of drill stem testing equipment, safety equipment, and personal safety equipment.
4.1.4
4.1.4.1
IRP
DRILL STEM TESTING GUIDELINES

DST Tool Retrieval during Daylight
Liquids recovered during drill stem tests should be reverse circulated from the drill pipe. Prior to reversing out, drill pipe may be pulled from the hole until fluids are encountered at surface. Test plugs should be utilized if liquid recovery is expected. When using test plugs, they should be used from the very first stand pulled, then continuously throughout trip. If reverse circulation is not possible, the trip may be continued using test plugs and mud can with extreme caution. When testing sour wells a certified pressurized tank and flare stack should be used to ensure efficient separation and burn of all gases. A flare permit from the local authority may be required.
IRP
Cautions: A pump-out-sub or downhole circulating device should be run in the test string to reverse. Reverse circulation requires proper disposal of the contents of the drill string. Pump to a tank truck or a vacuum truck. Ensure that all lines are secured so as to restrict their movement, engines are off, and the receiving vessel is properly grounded and vented. Refer to Section IRP 4.1.5 if the recovery is sour. See IRP 4.2 Well Testing and IRP 4.3 Other Flowbacks for other information. Extra care must be taken once the pump-out-sub has reached the rig floor since hydrocarbons may be present below the pump-out-sub.
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Reverse circulation may not always be possible if a pump-out-sub fails to operate, or the owner chooses not to reverse circulate liquid recoveries in order to obtain better quality formation fluid samples. Owners may choose to reverse circulate prior to encountering fluids depending on the fluid recovery expected. The use of telemetry for surface readout will indicate potential fluid recovery. Monitoring the flare through final shut-in may also show indications of fluid in the drill pipe.
4.1.4.2
IRP
DST Tool Retrieval during Darkness

Drill stem tests may be conducted during darkness until liquid recovery is encountered, if IRP 4 is followed. Special emphasis will be placed on lighting requirements referenced to in Abbreviations and Definitions At this point the recovery must be reverse circulated. If reverse circulation is not possible, pulling drill pipe shall not be continued until daylight Extra care must be taken once the pump-out-sub has reached the rig floor since hydrocarbons may be present below the pump-out sub.
NOTE:
4.1.4.3
IRP
Annulus Fluid Level

The fluid level in the annulus shall be monitored at all times. Should the packer seat fail and the level of fluid in the annulus drop, a method for filling the hole shall be in place at all times. A drop in the fluid level would reduce hydrostatic pressure and could allow zones above the packers to kick. Such a loss could be caused by a packer seat failure or fluid loss to an upper formation.
NOTE:
4.1.4.4
IRP
Workers on Rig Floor

All workers shall be fully aware of their responsibilities during the test including what to do in an emergency. Clear all non-essential workers from the rig floor during the drill stem test.
IRP
4.1.4.5
IRP
Test Line
A separate drill stem test line shall be rigged up to the floor manifold and run to the flare pit or other area to dispose of or to store the fluid. The flare line must be adequately secured and the igniter lit prior to the
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start of the test, if applicable. Do not use the BOP blow down line as the test line. When testing sour wells, a certified pressurized tank and flare stack should be used to ensure efficient separation and to burn of all gases. NOTE: If a hydrate or sulphur plug is suspected in the drill pipe, be very cautious before disconnecting any of the pipe. Plugging can be monitored best by the use of telemetry, surface readout system. Monitoring the flare through the final shut-in may also aid in identifying plugging.
4.1.4.6
IRP
Floor Manifold
The line of flow shall be directed through a floor manifold to allow for control and measurement of flow. The manifold shall have a pressure rating which exceeds that of the maximum anticipated surface pressure to be encountered. A floor manifold may also be referred to as a choke manifold on the rig floor. The floor manifold must be secured so as to restrict it from movement in the event of a break in the piping system.
4.1.4.7
IRP
Swivel Joints and Flexible Pipe

All swivel joints and flexible pipe shall be secured with a safety cable. The integrity of flexible piping should be ensured through pressure testing.
4.1.4.8
IRP
Fire Prevention
Non-essential electrical systems, motors and engines within 25 m of the wellhead shall be shut down. Any essential diesel motor within 25 m of the wellbore should be equipped with an exhaust extension and emergency shut-off system. The rig floor and sub area shall be well ventilated. This may include opening man-doors in pre-fabs during winter operations.
4.1.4.9
IRP
Pipe Tally
A pipe tally shall be taken while pulling out of the hole for the drill stem test and a tally shall be taken while running the test to depth. This tally shall be reviewed and checked by the well site owner before starting the test.
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4.1.4.10
IRP
Flow Checks
After completion of the drill stem test, flow checks should be done prior to starting the test string out of the hole and should be done at appropriate intervals while pulling out of the hole. A flow check is when the pulling of pipe is stopped and a waiting period is used to see if there is any inflow into the annulus. Ensure the test string is pulled slowly to avoid a swabbing effect. Follow rigorous hole filling procedures. Appropriate intervals for flow checks are: After pulling the first 3-5 stands When half way out of the hole When the test tools are at the casing shoe At any warning sign When the drill collars are reached When totally out of the hole Flow checks should be 10-15 minutes in length, with flow temporarily diverted to the trip tank
4.1.5
4.1.5.1
IRP
SOUR DRILL STEM TEST GUIDELINES

Safety Guidelines
The safety of the worker and equipment takes precedence over any test information to be collected. Prior to starting a sour drill stem test, it is essential that all workers on the lease understand the dangers of H2S. They should be fully informed of and trained in appropriate safety procedures, including the use of safety equipment and breathing apparatus. A safety company representative must be on-site during the testing of any well that has the potential of producing sour gas.
IRP
Caution: Hydrogen sulphide gas is colourless, heavier than air, and is extremely toxic. It is explosive when mixed with air in the range of 4.0% to 45%, and it is soluble in fluids.
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The principal danger to the worker is poisoning by inhalation. Tubular and metals in an H2S environment can be very susceptible to hydrogen embitterment and sulphide stress cracking.
4.1.5.2
IRP
Sour Drill Stem Testing Equipment

A drill stem test that may encounter H2S shall have sour service surface equipment meeting the requirements of NACE MR 01-75 latest edition, Sulphide Stress Cracking Resistant Metallic Materials for Oilfield Equipment. A certified pressurized tank and flare stack for efficient separation and handling of sour gas or fluids must be used. Hydrogen embitterment and sulphide stress cracking are influenced by a complex interaction of parameters, including: Metal chemical composition, strength, heat treatment, and microstructure Type and pH of the drilling fluid H2S concentration and total pressure Total tensile stress Temperature of the interval being tested Length of time tools are exposed to H2S Other factors
NOTE:
The decision on which surface equipment, downhole equipment and testing tubular to run for a sour drill stem test should include an evaluation of the above parameters to best combat the corrosive effects of hydrogen sulphide. The selection of tubular is especially critical, and consideration should be given to using sour service tubing instead of drill pipe. Numerous charts and graphs are available to demonstrate, both theoretically and empirically, conditions where drill pipe may potentially be used safely for sour drill stem testing. An in-depth examination of using drill pipe in a sour gas environment can be found in Section 1.2 of IRP 1 Critical Sour Drilling
4.1.5.3
IRP
Corrosion Inhibition While Sour Drill Stem Testing

Inhibit water based drilling fluids by maintaining a pH above 10. Inhibit oil based muds with the addition of commercially available scavengers.
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IRP
Use a filming amine inhibitor to protect the interior of the test string when running a sour drill stem test. If no water cushion is used, the inhibitor should be dumped down the test string. If a water cushion is used, mix the inhibitor with the cushion, and also put inhibitor on top of the cushion. Both water soluble and oil soluble inhibitors are available from safety service companies.
4.1.5.4
IRP
Limitations of Sour Drill Stem Testing

Drill stem tests that produce sour fluids to surface shall be shut-in immediately unless equipment used in the hole and at surface is adequate for the conditions. A closed chamber drill stem test will prevent fluid flow at surface during a sour test. IRP 4.2 Well Testing, provides additional recommendations about handling sour fluids using surface well testing equipment.
NOTE:
4.1.5.5
IRP
Sour Hydrocarbon Recovery

All sour gas shall be flared. Install a constant pilot light or ignition device in the flare stack to ensure combustion of all gas sent to the flare stack. Refer to Provincial Regulations regarding flaring. Sour liquid recovery shall be reversed to a certified pressurized tank with a flare stack.
IRP
4.1.5.6
IRP
Neutralizing H2S during Trip out Hole

When pulling drill stem test tools out of the hole, use a mixture of aquaammonia and water to neutralize any H2S in vapour phase. Use caution when putting the mixture down the test string. A small amount of fluid may unload due to displacement from the ammonia. Ammonia is available from safety service companies.
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APPENDIX III
Re c o m m e n d e d Drill S te m Te s tin g S e rvic e s In s p e c tio n Ch e c klis t
Worksite Owner Lease Location and LSD DST Service Company Inspected By Drilling Company Critical Sour Well(Y/N) Service Company Rep Date 20
Yr Mo Day
Time:
24 hrs Clock
Hrs
Well Activity Mark A Check If "Adequate or Inadequate" or ' - ' If Not Applicable (NOTE: Any Inadequate Must have an Explanation and be Corrected) Adeq A. 01 02 03 04 05 B. 06 07 08 SIGNS No Smoking Designated Smoking Area No Vehicles or Unauthorised Persons Danger High Pressure H2S (if required) PERSONAL SAFETY Emergency Response Plan complete Pre-start up Safety Meeting Hard hats (CSA approved) ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ Inadeq
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09 10 11 12 13
Safety footwear Eye Protection Ear Protection First Aid supplies Certificates a) H2S b) WHMIS c) First Aid d) Transportation of Dangerous Goods
____ ____ ____ ____
____ ____ ____ ____
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
14 15 16 17 18 19 C. 20 21 22 23 24
Fire retardant clothing Facial hair Fire Extinguishers H2S gas detector (manual) Back packs checked Air supply checked GENERAL Motor kills checked Motor exhaust water manifolds operational Safety valve connection checked Control valve actuated Flowline including lead to manifold to flare line, pressure
____ ____ ____ ____
____ ____ ____ ____
tested 25 26 B.O.P. operation tests Well kill fluid adequate
____ ____ ____
____ ____ ____
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27
Pumping/tripping practices observed according to ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
Government regulations 28 29 30 31 32 33 Emergency lighting Rig floor ventilation system Equipment integrity for H2S Manifold valves set for flow Flare pit properly dug 50 m from wellbore Flare ignition system
COMMENTS / EXPLANATIONS
NOTE: If separation equipment and oil storage is used, refer to production testing inspection list in Section 4.2 Well Testing. For rig safety, refer to drilling rig inspection checklist in IRP 2.0 Completing and Servicing Critical Sour Wells Signature Signature Signature
Owner Representative Drilling Company Rep. DST Service Company Rep.
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4.2 WELL TESTING

4.2.1
4.2.1.1
IRP
WELLHEAD CONTROL
General
Well testing operations should be conducted with a wellhead installed or with a temporary wellhead as per IRP 4.2.1.3.6 Temporary Wellheads
4.2.1.2
IRP
Standard
Wellheads should be selected, designed, and manufactured in accordance with the applicable portions of: Personnel on location should confirm compliance.
IRP
API 6A, Specification for Wellhead and Christmas Tree Equipment or the relevant parts of the ASME/ANSI Series: B16.4, Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings B16.9, Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings B16.11, Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded B16.34, Valves-Flanged, Threaded and Welded End or Registered Fittings as defined in the Provincial Regulatory Agency or IRP 5 Minimum Wellhead Requirements or A combination of the above, so that wellhead components meet recognized standards. NOTE: Auxiliary documents should be applied where applicable: NACE MR 01-75 MR0175/ISO 15156-1 LATEST EDITION - Sulphide Stress Cracking Resistance Metallic Materials for Oilfield Equipment.
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IRP 2.0 Completing and Servicing Critical Sour Wells Provincial/federal regulations Wellhead components must be manufactured by suppliers with an appropriate quality program. Shop and field welding quality programs are also required to ensure that welding meets the requirements of ASME Section IX, Welding and Brazing Qualifications.
4.2.1.3 4.2.1.3.1.
IRP
Wellhead Minimum Requirements Pressure Rating

All wellhead components must have a working pressure rating that is equal to or greater than the maximum bottomhole pressure in the wellbore In Alberta, ERCB Regulation 7.050 calls for wellhead components not to be less than the bottom hole pressure of the producing formation for wells with greater than 50 moles / kmol H2S (5%). In British Columbia (WCB Regulation 23.69(7)): when flow piping exceeds 3500kPa (500 psi), connections must be welded, flanged or hammer unions. If there is only a threaded connection available at the wellhead, special precautions must be taken.
NOTE:
NOTE:
4.2.1.3.2.
IRP
Master Valves
Where practical, all well tests must be performed using wellheads with a master valve. Master valves should be of the full bore, round opening type. Wells where the H2S content of the wellbore effluent is 50 moles/kilomole (5%) or greater require two master valves. Master valves for critical sour wells must be API 6A flanged. Master valves are used to allow the servicing of the wing valve and to allow the connection of treatment lines, lubricators and other temporary connections. Master valves are used to isolate other components, and should not be used to initiate or shut off flow. On dual master valved wellheads the upper master valve must be used as the working valve for operations
NOTE:
NOTE:
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4.2.1.3.3.
IRP
Flow Tee and Flow Cross

All wells must be provided with a flow tee or cross above the master valve, to connect wing valves to the master valve(s). Sour and critical sour wells must be provided with an API 6A flanged flow tee. A top connector should be considered where applicable.
4.2.1.3.4.
IRP
Wing Valve
A wing valve must be attached to the flow or cross tee. Sour and critical sour wells must have API 6A flanged wing valves. The wing valve is used to initiate or shut off flow. The flow sequence is always: open the lower master valve (if applicable), then the upper master valve, then the wing valve. The shut off sequence is the reverse. Consideration must be given to the use of Emergency Shutdown Valves (ESDs) on all wells classed as sour (above 10 ppm). In Alberta, all wells to be flowed having a surface pressure greater than 1379 kPa and an H2S content greater than 1% requires an ESD.
NOTE:
NOTE:
4.2.1.3.5.
IRP
Pressure Testing
All primary and secondary seals in the wellhead must be hydrostatically tested upon installation. All wellhead components should be pressure tested to a pressure that is at least equal to the bottomhole pressure of the producing zone or 1.3 x SITHP. Check with the wellhead manufacturer for maximum test values between the primary and secondary seals (limited to the collapse value of the casing.) This pressure test must be documented and recorded. The minimum stabilization criteria is detailed in API 6A Appendix F, which is a change rate of no more than 5% of the testing pressure per hour (10 minute minimum) or 3500 kPa/hour (500 Psig/hour) whichever is less.
IRP NOTE:
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4.2.1.3.6.
IRP
Temporary Wellheads
Temporary wellheads used in well testing, such as drilling or servicing Blowout Preventers, Tree Savers and Frac Heads must be designed with control systems that are essentially as outlined in that of IRP 4.2.1.3.1 through 4.2.1.3.4. BOP rams are not considered to be master valves and should not be used for securing or controlling the well (except in case of emergency).
4.2.2
4.2.2.1 4.2.2.1.1.
IRP
WELL TESTING EQUIPMENT CAPACITIES AND PRESSURE RATINGS

Capacities General
Equipment flow capacities should be sized for the flow rates of the program, and need not be sized for the maximum capacity of the well. Flow capacities may be derived from detailed calculations, nomographs, and experience. Pop or Pressure safety valves (PSV) and burst heads must be piped to a system to take discharged product away from the vessel and workers in the immediate area. On critical sour wells, PSV must be piped with a separate line to a flare stack that has a separate line for that PSV on the flare stack. At no point can the line pipe from the PSV be smaller than the outlet on the PSV. A hazard assessment must be completed with the client to determine when the PSV must be piped with a separate line to a flare stack Piping downstream of the PSV must comply with ASME Section VIII Div. I. Unrestricted access to the wellhead wing valve and master valve must be ensured. Pressure vessels and piping systems must be protected by pressure relief safety devices, as defined by the provincial regulatory agency must protect pressure vessels and piping.
IRP
IRP
IRP
IRP
IRP
IRP
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NOTE:
Conventional pressure safety valves are designed for block- in pressure protection and to operate without allowing the relieving pressure to rise greater than 10% over the set pressure of the PSV. ASME Section VIII Division 1 requirements are that the safety valve cannot be set greater than the vessels Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) and must have adequate capacity to ensure that the maximum rise of pressure after the valve opens is limited to 10% of the MAWP. Backpressure on a safety valve is not a function of its operation to relieve pressure but is a function of any external produced pressures on the outlet side of the safety valve. If this backpressure is constant then the conventional safety valve can be cold set at a lower pressure, set to compensate for the backpressure. If the backpressure is variable, a pilot or balanced bellows pressure safety valve is required to maintain constant pop pressure.
If the pressure safety valve is installed to prevent overpressure due to thermal (fire) exposure only and there is no source of external pressure that would cause the vessel to exceed its MAWP, a thermal relief valve can be installed. This safety valve can be set at 110% of the vessel MAWP and pressure rise to maximum 25% over the MAWP is allowed. A pressure shutdown device is not an acceptable means of overpressure protection for pressure vessels a safety relief valve is required.
4.2.2.1.2.
IRP
Separator Systems
Separator capacities should be at planned operating pressures and should be sized for all well effluent phases.
4.2.2.1.3.
IRP
Heat Requirements
Heat requirements address the hazards that can be encountered during flowbacks such as (but not limited to);should consider hydrate inhibition, CO2 content, inhibition of solid deposition, and the reduction of solution gas and foam at the separation and liquid storage stage, and ambient temperatures.
4.2.2.1.4.
IRP
Liquid Storage
The upstream system and the liquid storage stage must be designed to reduce, eliminate or control the escape of vapours to the environment.
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4.2.2.2 4.2.2.2.1.
NOTE:
Pressure Ratings Pressure Vessels

Refer to the Definitions section in this IRP for clarification on certified versus non-certified vessels. Pressure vessels are defined by the Provincial Regulatory Agency. All pressure vessels must be designed and registered to their requirements. All certified vessels must have a CRN registered for the province where the vessel is used. Pressure vessels or pressurized tanks used for flow back or storage of fluids produced from a sour well must be manufactured under a quality program to ensure conformance with design specifications utilizing materials meeting the requirements of NACE MR 01-750175/ISO 15156-1 LATEST EDITION.
IRP
4.2.2.2.2.
IRP
Pressure Piping Appendix II

ASME B31.3 Pressure Piping should be used as the design pressure standard for pressure piping. Appendix II summarizes the maximum allowable working pressure calculation and nominal dimensions of common carbon and low alloy steels. Section 4.2.5 Equipment Inspections must be considered for the inspection of all pressure retaining equipment. Also see Section 4.2.2.2.7 Pipe and Fitting Threading Table 2: Pressure Rating of Seamless Pipe in Appendix II has no corrosion allowance. It is the well testing companys responsibility to ensure that piping systems are de-rated or replaced when pipe wall thickness is reduced below 0.875 multiplied by the nominal pipe thickness. In Alberta (OHS Code, Part 37 Section 783(1)): The Manufacturers specifications or the certified specifications of a professional engineer must be followed. In British Columbia (WCB Regulation 23.69(7)): when flow piping exceeds 3500 kPa (500 psi), pipe terminations connections must be welded, (flanged or hammer unions) must be either welded to OEM specs or integral connections. If there is only a threaded connection
NOTE:
NOTE:
NOTE:
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IRP4
available at the wellhead, special precautions must be taken a hazard assessment must be completed. IRP All wells to be flowed having a surface pressure greater than 1379kPa and a H2S content greater than 1% requires an ESD.
4.2.2.2.3.
IRP
Flanges
ASME flanges have the pressure rating defined in ASME B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings. Also refer to CSA Z245.12. Unless higher temperatures are encountered, the nominal pressure rating is that at 38 degrees C (100 degrees F). API flanges have the pressure rating stamped on the flange. API 6H fitting use the same class designation as ANSI B16.5 however the pressure / temperature ratings are different.
4.2.2.2.4.
IRP
Other Connections
Other connections that are not defined by standards such as ASME, API, CSA, etc. may be acceptable (e.g., hammer unions, Unibolt connections, etc.) provided that: The Working Pressure Temperature rating is clearly stated by the manufacturer The manufacturer has established the Working Pressure according to proper engineering standards Materials shall be as listed in ASME, API or CSA Fabricated components shall be welded using welding procedures qualified per ASME Section IX. Inspection and testing shall be per ASME B31.3 normal (sweet) or severe cyclic (sour) requirements.
NOTE:
In British Columbia, documentation regarding working pressure must be available on site.
4.2.2.2.5.
IRP
Flexible Piping
Non-certified flexible pressure piping (e.g., swivel joints, pressure hose, etc.) should not be used where well effluent internal pressure could exceed 103.4 kPa (15 Psig) in well testing operations. Certified flexible pressure piping can be used where well effluent internal pressure could exceed 103.4 kPa (15 Psig) but not the maximum
IRP
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IRP4
certified pressure in well testing operations(certified to the weakest point that can be exposed to the given pressure).
IRP
Where lines of 33 mm O.D. (1" nominal) or less are normally filled with a stable fluid (e.g., pressure gauge lines filled with methanol), flexible lines are acceptable as long as they are rated for that fluid and do not exceed the maximum working pressure of that line. All flexible piping must be secure at the ends in the event of connection failure to prevent whipping of the line. Consideration should be given to the use of steel lines where flexible piping could be subject to excessive heat such as flare stacks, incinerators, and vapourizers. A hazard assessment must be conducted when using flexible piping near heat producing devices. Refer to Section 4.3.6.4 Through Tubing Clean Outs With Snubbing Units when 50.8 mm (2) hose is acceptable for pressures above 103.4 kPa (15 Psig)
IRP
IRP
NOTE:
4.2.2.2.6.
IRP
Welding of Pipe and Fittings

Pipe and fitting welding should be to the meet requirements of ASME Section IX. Post-weld stress relieving is required for H2S service systems (as defined in Section 4.2.3.1.2 Welding of Carbon and Low Alloy Steels) unless special hardness control procedures as defined in NACE MR 01-75 0175/ISO 15156-1 LATEST EDITION are observed. Radiography to ASME B31.3 is recommended.
4.2.2.2.7.
IRP
Pipe and Fitting Threading

Line pipe threading should not be used above 17.24 MPa (2500 Psig), for pipe sizes above 33 mm (1" nominal).
At a maximum, the line pipe threading ratings of API 6A shall apply, provided that the thread depth ratings of Table 2 Pressure Rating of Seamless Pipe in Appendix II are not exceeded. Pipe / Fitting Size To 21 mm (") Working Pressure 68.9 MPa (10,000 psig)
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27 mm (") - 60 mm (2") 73 mm (2 ") - 168 mm (6") EUE Tubing Threads
34.5 MPa (5,000 psig) 20.7 MPa (3,000 psig) 34.5 MPa (5,000 psig)
Refer to the formula for pressure rating seamless pipe on Appendix II, Pressure Rating Formula for Seamless Pipe
4.2.3
4.2.3.1 4.2.3.1.1.
IRP
H2S SERVICE EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS

Metallic Materials General
Metallic equipment in H2S service must be designed to prevent Sulphide Stress Cracking (SSC). NACE MR 01-75 0175/ISO 15156-1LATEST EDITION, Sulphide Stress Cracking Resistant Metallic Materials for Oilfield Equipment, defines the requirements as a minimum standard. The "Sour Gas" definition outlined in NACE of an H2S environment is encouraged (although Sour Oil and Multiphases may be used where applicable). A H2S environment exists when the H2S partial pressure exceeds 0.35 kPa (0.05 Psia), and the total pressure exceeds 448 kPa (65 psia). H2S Partial Pressure = Mole Fraction H2S x Maximum Operating Pressure. Owners and service companies should note that this definition of partial pressure is not related to definitions of sour by any provincial regulatory body and that partial pressure introduces an additional planning consideration.
NOTE:
4.2.3.1.2.
IRP
Welding of Carbon and Low Alloy Steels

Post weld stress relieving is mandatory for low alloy steel and mandatory for carbon steels unless a weld procedure qualification ensures HRC 22 maximum throughout the weld. Radiography to ASME B31.3 is recommended where applicable.
4.2.3.1.3.
IRP
ExceptionsProduction lines to non-certified storage tanks, flare lines and vent lines may be exempted from complete conformance to NACE MR 01750175/ISO15156-1 LATEST EDITION if:
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IRP4
The lines will not normally be exposed to pressures in excess of 448 kPa (65 psia), and the lines have an adequate pressure rating for short term abnormal service.
4.2.3.2
IRP
Elastomers
Elastomers for H2S service must be chosen by a combination of manufacturers' recommendations and industry experience, with regard for other products in the well effluent that may degrade elastomers. Elastomers are not addressed by NACE MR 01-750175/ISO 15156-1 LATEST EDITION, but are required to be chosen carefully to contain well effluents. A reference for elastomer selection is IRP 2.11 Guidelines for Selecting Elastomeric Seals or NACE TM 0187-87 (Standard Method for Evaluating Elastomeric Materials in Sour Gas Environments).
NOTE:
4.2.3.3
IRP
Internal Trims of Valves, Controllers, Ect.

Valves, controllers, etc. should be examined to analyze the possibility of H2S sulphide stress cracking (SSC) (i.e., components in tension are generally subject to SSC, components in compression are generally not). Secondly, the consequences of an SSC failure should be analyzed for the item. If an SSC failure would compromise workers or environmental safety, replacement trims should meet the requirements of NACE MR 01-750175/ISO 15156-1, LATEST EDITION. The following equipment items must have internal trims that meet the requirements of NACE MR 0175/ISO 15156-101-75, LATEST EDITION, regardless: Wellhead Emergency Shut Down Valves (ESD's) Pressure Vessel Pressure Relief Devices Sleeve or Disc-type Chokes.
NOTE:
The internal trims of some components exposed to H2S have a much higher possibility of compromising safety and control when they are subject to erosive well products. These components include level control valves, meters, and block / bypass valves. Contractors should carefully consider the practical details of the equipment service.
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4.2.4
4.2.4.1
IRP
WELL TESTING EQUIPMENT MATERIAL CONFORMANCE

General
Equipment fabrication standards must be sufficient to ensure conformance to Sections 4.2.2 and Section 4.2.3 (when used in sour service) Per Section 4.0.13.5 Well Testing Company Responsibilities, it is the well testing companys responsibility to meet pressure ratings and H2S requirements when the owner has given the proper information; therefore, the well testing company warrants material conformance to the owner. IRPs 4.2.2 through 4.2.5 are minimum standards for material identification. More rigid identification systems are appropriate, and are sometimes specified by the owner.
NOTE:
4.2.4.2
IRP
Pressure Vessels
The manufacturer's tag must be affixed to the pressure vessel. The Manufacturer's Data Report shall be on file along with the latest Provincial Regulatory Agency inspection certificate and latest pressure safety valve record.
4.2.4.3
IRP
Pipe, Forging, and Fittings

Forgings and fittings should be identifiable by API, ANSI, CSA, and Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) markings. Pipe should be identifiable by fabrication standards, drawings, or purchase orders. Pipe marking by low stress dies is discretionary.
4.2.4.4
IRP
Valves, Controllers Meters, Etc.

Such components should be identifiable through API, ANSI, CSA, and OEM markings, or catalogues of OEM products if such catalogues uniquely identify and are traceable to the component.
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IRP4
4.2.4.5
IRP
Connections (Hammer Unions, Flanges, Etc.)

Such components should be identifiable through OEM markings or catalogues of OEM products if such catalogues uniquely identify and are traceable to the component. All 50.8 mm (2) unions of the following design must be identifiable through a unique colour coded as listed below. RAL Colour Code 3020 5002 9010
IRP
Union Figure Number or Name 602 1502 Guiberson / 607 NOTE:
Colour
Red Blue White
RAL is a colour space system developed in 1927 by Reichsausschu fr Lieferbedingungen (und Gtesicherung)German for Commission for Delivery Terms and Quality Assurance, nowadays called Deutsches Institut fr Gtesicherung und Kennzeichnung e.V. RAL started off with only 40 colours, but has since expanded to cover over 1,900. That colour system is mainly used to describe paint colours.
4.2.5
4.2.5.1
IRP
EQUIPMENT INSPECTIONS
General
Well testing companies should establish a routine equipment inspection program, structured to reject or repair service related defects and improper field replacements. The following should be replaced or repaired: Components severely worn or damaged (so that they cannot safely perform their operating function) Welds weakened by fatigue cracking or sulphide stress cracking Components subjected to uncontrolled field repairs Components that compromise the pressure rating Components that compromise the H2S service rating.
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4.2.5.2
IRP
Inspection Guidelines
Annual or regularly scheduled equipment inspection should consist of the following: Detailed visual internal and external inspection, where possible Random thickness tests on pressure vessels and piping components focused on areas most likely to erode, corrode or deteriorate Repair / replacement of rejected components Hydrostatic testing of each pressure component to 1.5 times maximum working pressure
NOTE:
Several inspection frequency processes are available, for example on a calendar or usage basis. Well testing work can subject equipment to exceptional short term corrosion and erosion, which may necessitate additional inspection. Exceptional corrosion can be caused by acids, solvents, high chloride content, and CO2 with H2S. Where exceptional corrosion could be expected, programs should be modified to eliminate as many system elements as possible (without compromising safety).
Exceptional erosion can be caused by any well debris, and is common with frac sand returns. Programs in high erosive situations should be modified to include elements of the following: Reduce the rate to minimize erosion Direct well flow to a 2-choke manifold, followed by a combination separator / storage vessel with large cleanout openings: extra methanol injection may be required for hydrate inhibition Direct well flow to a solids separator or filter Equipment should be designed, fabricated, inspected, and tested to the intended most severe service to minimize the effects of corrosion, erosion, and stress cracking, etc. Use of treated (cobalt cased) or coated components should be evaluated to minimize the effects of erosion.
4.2.6
IRP
WELL TESTING EQUIPMENT SPACING

The schematics of the Appendix IV Lease Layout Schematics should be used as general guidelines to meet spacing requirements and provincial regulations. If the spacing cannot be met, it is the owners responsibility
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IRP4
to obtain permission from the local authority for changes. Some spacing requirements are listed below. NOTE: The water tank solution gas hazard should be evaluated before reducing the distances. The appendices are intended to specify minimum spacing and not equipment layout or piping details. IRP 4.3 Other Flowbacks must be referenced when well testing is combined with other flow back operations. refer to IRP 20 Wellsite Design Recommendations
NOTE:
4.2.6.1
IRP
Equipment Spacing For Propane Tanks

Distances for placement of skid mounted or free standing propane storage vessels should not be located within 25 metres of the flare stack. The following also shall be considered before placing this equipment.
When in use with a vaporizer the equipment placement distance must meet the minimum distance requirement of the local authority for open flame equipment from the wellhead. Consideration must be given to all other potential sources of vapour when selecting a site to position the vaporizer to prevent a fire or explosion. Propane tanks must not be located within any tank dyke The vaporizer must be a minimum eight metres from the propane storage tank(s) The interconnecting pipe from the propane storage tanks to the vaporizer should be hard-piped and the interconnecting material must be manufactured to maintain integrity for short periods in a fire. The vaporizer should be inspected and cleaned regularly by a certified propane equipment supplier. Filling of propane tanks above 80% capacity is not allowed Position of supply and filling lines to be outside of high traffic areas( i.e., foot and vehicular) Tarping propane vessels for use with external heat sources to vapourize liquid propane during cold weather operations are only allowed with equipment that has been manufactured and certified for that application. It must also meet all equipment spacing requirements.
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Valved ports on the propane storage tanks should be plugged prior to transport. Propane tanks should have clearly visible certification labels. Consideration should be given to the pressure safety valve (psv) on the propane storage vessel as to the direction of discharge if triggered. NOTE: Reference the appropriate provincial department of transport for guidance when transporting oilfield skid mounted propane tanks with product in the tanks.
4.2.6.2
Equipment Spacing For More Than One Certified Pressurized Tank
IRP
Where two or more certified pressurized tanks are used as either a primary flow vessel or for storage of fluids, the tanks must be a minimum of 25 metres from the wellhead and can be placed side-byside. Provincial jurisdictions may vary in the distance requirement. Refer to the appropriate regulatory agency for clarification.
NOTE:
4.2.6.3
Equipment Spacing for Non Certified, Non Registered Vessels or Pressure Tanks
IRP
All non-registered non-certified vessels or pressure tanks must be at least 50 metres from the wellhead and 50 metres from the flare stack or any open flame and 25 m from flame arrested equipment (i.e., line heater).
4.2.6.4
IRP
Electrical and Electronic Area Classification

The following diagrams are from the Code for Electrical Installations at Oil and Gas Facilities published by The Safety Code Council of Alberta.
October 2009
27
IRP4
Figure 1: Code for Electrical Installations at Oil and Gas Facilities
NOTE:
Further consideration must also be given to the temperature classification of any electrical or electronic device within the classified area in regards to the auto-ignition point of the gases or chemical vapours that may be present.
4.2.7
IRP
PRE TEST EQUIPMENT CHECK AND PRESSURE TEST

The following pre-test checks should be performed: Ensure that an inspection check list is followed Ensure that all connections are tightened Ensure the wellhead flowline is adequately secured to restrict movement of the line in the event of failure
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October 2009
IRP4
Ensure gas flaring lines and fluid production lines are adequately secured Ensure the wellhead ESD (if applicable) is function tested Ensure the purging is completed per 4.0.13.25 Ensure the safety meeting has been completed per 4.0.13.12. NOTE: A Production Testing Services Inspection Check List is included in Appendix V. Applicable details of the checklist are recommended.
4.2.7.1
IRP
Pressure Testing in Daylight/Darkness

Following the rig in of test equipment and associated flowlines, pressure testing of the lines and equipment using a gaseous medium must be conducted in daylight hours only. If the integrity of the piping system has been broken at anytime after the initial pressure test, subsequent pressure tests using a gaseous medium must be done in daylight hours only. Hydraulic pressure testing may be conducted at night provided the conditions of Section 4.2.8 are met. The pressure test must be documented. See Section 4.2.8 Operational Safety, for night time start up procedures. In British Columbia hydraulic pressure testing is a requirement on all high pressure piping systems up to the first pressure control choke. The pressure test must be not less than 10% above the maximum anticipated operating pressure as determined by the well owner. When nitrogen is used in well stimulation, the piping system may be pressure tested with nitrogen. See British Columbia WCB regulation Section 23.72 for more detail.
IRP
IRP NOTE:
NOTE:
4.2.7.2
IRP
Wellhead to Choke
It is the owners responsibility to specify the pressure test medium. Hydraulic testing is recommended over the use of wellhead gas or pressurized vapour (e.g., CO2 or N2). The test must be to the maximum expected wellhead shut-in pressure. No leaks are to be tolerated. Pressure testing with a gaseous medium must be conducted in daylight hours only.
October 2009
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IRP4
4.2.7.3
IRP
Pressure Testing on Critical Sour Wells

On wells defined as critical sour, the flow line from the wellhead to the choke must be hydraulically pressure tested to the maximum expected Shut in Tubing Head Pressure (SITHP).
4.2.7.4
IRP
Downstream of Choke
An inert medium or wellhead gas should be used to pressure test vessels to a minimum of planned operating pressure and a maximum of 90% of pressure relief device set pressure. Any interconnecting piping must be included. No leaks are to be tolerated. Where water is used for a hydrotest, ensure a product to negate ice build up is used in sub-zero operations.
4.2.7.5
IRP
Open Ended Piping and Production Tanks

Open ended piping (e.g., flare lines, vent lines) and production tanks should not be isolated by valves and pressured tested. Closed valves should not be in the system. Instead, leak tests of open ended piping and production tanks must be part of initial operational checks after start up. Visual inspection of connections is an alternative.
4.2.8
4.2.8.1
IRP
OPERATIONAL SAFETY
Start Up at Night
If required through necessity to start up at night, after a daylight pressure test was conducted, or a night time hydraulic pressure test was conducted, the following conditions must be met: Provisions are in place for lease lighting of a capacity to maintain safety of the site workers, allow the worker to perform his routine duties safely and to ensure visibility for the worker to safely exit an area in an emergency A hazard assessment has been conducted and documented The hazard assessment deems the start up safe for the worker All non-essential workers are vacated from the immediate area of the testing equipment, flowlines and wellhead. These workers shall not return to the area until cleared to do so by the owners wellsite
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October 2009
IRP4
representative after consultation with the well testing supervisor/ manager The crew is well rested NOTE: IRP 23 Lease Lighting Standards currently under development
4.2.8.2
IRP
General Start Up Procedure

The following generalized start up sequence should be performed: All non-essential workers must vacate the surrounding area of the testing equipment, flowlines and wellhead. These workers shall not return to the area until cleared to do so by the owners wellsite representative after consultation with the well test supervisor/ manager The use of an ESD valve has been considered. In Alberta, all wells with a pressure greater than 1379 kPa and an H2S content greater than 1% require an ESD valve on the wellhead With wing valve closed, open the master valve and record pressures Close the choke (if applicable) and open the wing valve to the choke. Perform a detailed leak check Open the choke slowly to the pressure vessel. Set operating pressures immediately, and set liquid levels as soon as possible Begin vessel leak checks immediately, closely followed by downstream checks. For sour wells, those performing detailed leak checks must wear respiratory equipment Check H2S concentration as soon as possible, and at regular intervals thereafter. Shut in the well if additional equipment or workers are required Check equipment capacities. If pressures or rates exceed capacity, decrease the rate or shut in the well
NOTE:
A rate preceding the actual test is appropriate to cleanup the well and to re-evaluate the programmed well performance.
4.2.8.3
IRP
Test Performance
The test should be performed according to the following generalized guidelines:
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IRP4
Perform and record measurements according to the program and provincial guidelines Continuously monitor safety systems and equipment Continuously monitor air entrainment in tanks connected to a flare stack (per 4.0.13.25 Air Entertainment and Purging) Utilize the Safety Standby Method for all hazardous operations, and utilize a second back-up worker during sour hazardous operations Monitor flare rates and volumes according to the flare permit (if applicable) Monitor, assess, and act on new or unanticipated hazards Hold complete de-briefing/safety meetings sessions at shift changes per 4.0.13.12 Pre-job Safety Meeting IRP If the equipment or the procedure cannot safely accommodate the flow, the well testing companys supervisor of the shift has the ultimate authority to reduce the flow or shut in the well, after consultation with the well owners representative. If the representative is not available, the well testing supervisor will assume the responsibility to reduce the flow or shut the well in.
4.2.8.4
IRP
Shut In and Post Test Procedures

The following generalized procedures should be followed: Shut in by closing the choke followed by the wing valve Monitor shut in wellhead pressures per the program Shut in master valve(s) Displace all produced fluids to storage (or pipeline) For sour or toxic wells, purge the sour or toxic vapours to flare Shut down flares Rig out and remove equipment from location Chain and lock wellhead valves It is recommended all solid bullplugs in the wellhead be replaced with tapped plugs with a needle valve to check for pressure leakage past all
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October 2009
IRP4
wellhead valves. Ensure the pressure rating of the fittings meet or exceed the maximum wellhead shut in pressure Inform well operator of status of stored fluids still on location Remove debris and garbage from location.
4.2.9
IRP
WELL TESTING WORKERS

The owner of the well must ensure there are an adequate number of qualified well testing workers on the wellsite at all times to conduct operations safely. The following identifies key situations and recommends a minimum number of workers required to conduct the operation safely and efficiently.
4.2.9.1
Recommended Minimum Well Testing Workers on a Wellsite during Testing Operations
IRP
All owners and well testing companies must exercise caution and good safety judgement in the selection of well testing equipment components and the number of qualified well testing workers. Gas/liquid deliverability, pressure, and toxic vapours such as H2S must be considered. Test equipment should be selected which reduces the risk of workers being exposed to toxic vapours. Pressurized storage for the liquid phase is one method of significantly reducing the toxic vapour hazard. Per 4.2.2.2 Pressure Rating, vessels for pressurized storage must meet the requirements of Provincial Regulatory Agencies. Unregistered non-certified All vessels must have adequately sized pressure relief devices to prevent bursting overpressure. For well testing, a minimum of two (working) qualified test workers per shift are recommended. If an owner chooses to conduct a continuously manned testing operation without the services of a well testing company, the minimum worker recommendations still apply.
IRP
4.2.9.2
One Qualified Well Testing Worker per Shift
One qualified well testing person per shift may be used on sweet or sour wells in the following circumstances: A Hazard Assessment/JSA has been completed to define all workers roles and responsibilities and the chain of command
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IRP4
The individual has the knowledge and qualifications to perform as required The individual is in a well test supervisory capacity only, supervising two other workers at the site, in non-flowing operations such as swabbing, circulating, venting or bleeding off a well directly to a certified registered pressurized tank The workers at the site assigned to the well testing supervisor are willing and capable of operating well testing equipment as instructed The well is not flowed continuously to establish gas or fluid rates Where equipment rigged in a sour inline mode is automated and remotely controlled, the well owner may summon one qualified representative from the well testing company to the location for consultation or calibration of equipment as long as a qualified owning operating company representative is present on the location at the same time Where the well tester is installing electronic data gathering equipment on existing facilities and is in contact with the operators representative.
4.2.9.3
IRP
Two Qualified Well Testing Workers per Shift

Regardless of well parameters, consideration must be given to the amount of equipment the crew is expected to operate effectively and safely. The workers ability to maintain a safe work environment and efficient operations is the prime consideration.
A minimum of two qualified well testing workers per shift are recommended required in the following circumstances: All sweet wells flowed through test equipment The operation is a sour inline test, with all measured well effluents at the separator diverted back to the pipeline A sour operation with essentially no inflow from the producing zone, such as the servicing of a hydraulically killed well, or where the formation is mechanically isolated A sour operation where the final sour liquid storage stage for produced fluids is a certified registered pressurized vessel or tank and the pressure vessel or tank is not preceded by more than one separation stage
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A sour operation where the final liquid storage vessel is a non-registered non-certified vessel preceded by a certified registered vessel or tank, provided the operating pressure of the non-certified non-registered vessel or tank does not exceed 50% of the design pressure A sour operation where the final sour liquid storage stage is an atmospheric tank system where; the tank(s) and thief hatches are designed for a maximum of 7 kPa working pressure, and there is a maximum of two atmospheric tanks The operating pressure at the atmospheric tank system does not exceed 50% of the design pressure The atmospheric tank system is not preceded by more than two one (21) separation stages including a gas boot The atmospheric tank system is gauged only by gauge boards or electronic system at shift changes where more than two workers are present The H2S concentration does not exceed 5% (50 moles per kilomole)
4.2.9.4
IRP
Three Qualified Well Testing Workers per Shift

Regardless of well parameters, consideration must be given to the amount of equipment the crew is expected to operate effectively and safely. The workers ability to maintain a safe work environment and efficient operations is the prime consideration. Additional procedures such as tank gauging flare enrichment, circulating fluids, operating line heaters, use of tank-farms, and operation of choke manifolds in erosive environments will require additional personnel. Consideration must be given having an adequate number of workers to effectively respond to any emergencies that may arise.
If the conditions in Section 4.2.8.3 cannot be met, a minimum of three qualified well testing workers per shift are recommended. NOTE: On wells having shut-in pressures over 35 mPa, consideration should be given to the number of personnel required. If maintaining the atmospheric tank pressure below 50% of the thief hatch operating pressure becomes a problem, excess solution gas may be reduced by some or all of the following methods: Use of pressurized tanks
NOTE:
October 2009
35
IRP4
Reducing the well effluent flow rate (i.e., reduce choke) Reducing the operating pressure of the separation stage(s) upstream of the tanks Adding heat upstream of the last separation stage Increasing the tank vent line and tank vent line flame arrestor size. IRP If such operation cannot rapidly eliminate excess toxic vapours, the well must be shut in and additional equipment and/or workers called out. When storage stage gas is flared, additional precautions to prevent air entrainment are required, per Section 4.0.13.25.
NOTE:
4.2.9.5
Minimum Well Testing Workers Qualifications
The following is the minimum qualifications well testing workers must possess in training, certification and competence. Petroleum Services Standards of Competence (PSAC) have been developed for supervisory job classifications. These standards are registered with Enform and are recognized by the Petroleum Services Association of Canada (PSAC). Well testing companies should consider these Standards of Competence when qualifying their workers. IRP Workers must have the listed minimum qualifications.
Assistant Operator (Reports to Shift Leader): Individual Must Have: H2S Alive (or equivalent) IRP Volume 16 Basic Safety Awareness Training compliance training (PST) IRP Volume 18 Upstream Petroleum Fire and Explosion Hazard Management basic or advanced training WHMIS TDG Within a reasonable amount of time after initial hire be trained in the following: Standard First Aid Certificates and C.P.R training Company-specific training
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October 2009
IRP4
Be qualified to drive Be able to and perform routine maintenance repairs on service vehicles Have basic knowledge of employers safety policies and emergency procedures Have knowledge of understand IRP 4 Well Testing and Fluid Handling, as it applies to the individual's job function Have basic knowledge of equipment functions Have basic knowledge of safety equipment Shift Foreman/Operator/Shift Supervisor (Leads One Shift and Reports to Test or Job Supervisor/ Project Manager) (In addition to Assistant Operator qualification) Individual Must: Command of basic testing skills (in order to be able to lead a shift with minimum supervision) IRP 18 Upstream Petroleum Fire and Explosive Hazard Management advanced training Be qualified in confined space entry/rescue training Have thorough knowledge of employers safety policies and emergency procedures Know pressure ratings of system elements Be thoroughly trained in use of safety equipment Be able to identify and assess hazardous conditions and act accordingly Understand safety responsibilities of assistants Be able to train subordinates Have basic knowledge of local, provincial, and federal regulations Test or Job Supervisor/ Project Manager (Well Testing Companys Overall Supervisor) (In addition to Shift Foreman/Operator/Shift Supervisor qualifications):
October 2009
37
IRP4
Individual Must be able to: Command entire test with no direct supervision Coordinate test with well owner or owners representative Train assistants subordinates , and monitor progress/ deficiencies Be knowledgeable in local, provincial, and federal regulations NOTE: Petroleum Competency Program (PCP) Standards of Competence have been developed for supervisory job classifications. Well testing companies should consider these Standards of Competence when qualifying their workers.
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October 2009
IRP4
APPENDIX IV
Le a s e La yo u t S c h e m a tic s
October 2009
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IRP4
S we e t We lls Fra c Flowb a c k with P re s s u re Ta n k Min im um S p a c in g Re q u ire m e n ts
40
October 2009
IRP4
Co ld S e p a ra to rs Min im u m S p a c in g Re q u ire m e n ts
October 2009
41
IRP4
He a te d Te s t Un it Min im u m S p a c in g Re q u ire m e n ts
42
October 2009
IRP4
S o u r We lls Fra c Flowb a c k with P re s s u re Ta n k Min im um S p a c in g Re q u ire m e n ts
October 2009
43
IRP4
He a te d Te s t Un it, P re s s u re Ta n k a n d Clo s e d P re s s u re S to ra g e Ta n ks Min im u m S p a c in g Re q u ire m e nts
44
October 2009
IRP4
He a te d Te s t Un it Min im u m S p a c in g Re q uire m e n ts
October 2009
45
IRP4
He a te d Te s t Un it a n d P re s s u re Ta nk Min im u m S p a c in g Re q u ire m e n ts
46
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APPENDIX V
P ro d u c tio n Te s tin g S e rvic e s In s p e c tio n Ch e c klis t Contractor: Lease Location and LSD: Service Company: Inspected By: Operator: Critical Sour Well (Y/N) Service Company Rep: Date: 20___ ____ ____
Yr. Mo. Day
Time: _______ (24 hr clock) Well Activity:
October 2009
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IRP4
Mark a check if adequate or inadequate or if not applicable (NOTE:

A 01 02 03 04 05 06 B 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 Signs No Smoking Designated Smoking Area No Vehicles or Unauthorized Persons Danger High Pressure H2S (if required) Signs with Operator name or phone # Personal Safety Emergency Response Plan completed Pre-start up Safety meeting Hard hats (CSA approved) Safety footwear Ear protection Eye protection First aid supplies
Any INADEQUATE must have an explanation and be corrected)

Adeq. Inadeq B 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 C 26 27 28 29 Personal Safety con Fire Extinguishers # Floor lights # H2S gas detector (manual) Work masks worn outside Side packs checked Back Packs checked Air Supply checked Two air lines reach tanks Wind direction indicators Wellhead Clean Working pressure MPA All valves seal ESD Valve Working Pressure MPA Remote Shutdowns (OST) Gage in place Adeq. Inadeq
14
Certificate: a) H2S b) first aid c) WHMIS d) TDG
30 31
15 16
Fire retardant clothing Facial Hair
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October 2009
IRP4
D 32
Flowline Pipe schedule
Adeq.
Inadeq
H 51
Other cond Flame arrestor in.
Adeq.
Inadeq
33 34
Working pressure ____ MPA Pressure Tested (Hydro) Blocked Level
52 53
Flame arrestor checked Purge system in place for tank trucks H2S scrubber in place for 400bbl tanks H2S scrubber in place on tank trucks Tank lines checked Tank manifold checked Tank manifold Bonded to tanks Shipping Line Bonded to Tank Length m
35
54
Deadweight Line
55
36 37 38 39 40 F 41 42 G 43 44 45 46 47 H 48 49 50
Pipe Schedule Working pressure ____MPA Pressure tested (hydro) Secured Blocked valve Gas, Oil and Waterline Secured Blocked level Pop line Pipe size __ Secured Blocked Level Pop riser pilot in place Riser secured Other Check valve in place on pipeline Plant operators notified of procedure Flame arrestors in place
56 57 58 I 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 J 66 67 68 K 69 70
Blocked Level Dip Pail Valve Truck Bonding Fore Extinguisher Propane Line Hard pipe to vaporizer Bloked level Bonded Tanks Bonded to wellhead On planks
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IRP4
K 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
Tanks Cond Level Valves work Valves set Tank stairs Thief hatch Gas Blanket Tanks Purged
Adeq.
Inadeq
L 92 93 94 95 96 97 98
Stack (Dia. mm. X m. cond Igniter checked No. guy wires 0 15 meters wires (3) 15 35 meters wires (3 min.) 35 60 meters wires (6 min.) Correct angels flagged 3 clamps/cable (1 apart)
Adeq.
Inadeq
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 L 88 89
Vertical line
in. in.
99 100 101 102 M 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110
Camps correct posirion Shackles straight Stack straight Fire hazard checked Spacing Wellhead to Separator 25m Separator to Tank 25m Min Separator to Stack 25m Min Wellhead to tanks 50m Tanks to Flare 50m Flare to Wellhead 50m Certified Ptank to Wellhead 25m Non-certified Ptank to wellhead 50m Vaporizer to Propane tanks 25m
Flames arrestor
Flame arrestor checked Block valve Vertical line secured Drain at low point Stack line clear Vertical line bonded Berm checked Pressure alarm Stack (Dia. m. Lines clear Pilot checked mm. X
90 91
Shooter tube checked Flare catcher
111
50
October 2009
IRP4
N 112
Circulating Punp and System Check valve working press. MPA
Adeq.
Inadeq
P 132
Separator Cond Instrument supply system checked
Adeq.
Inadeq
113
Storm chokes working press. MPA
133
BP valve stroked and ser
114 115 116 O 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 P 127 128 129 130 131
Reservoir full Flowlines blocked Heater checked Heater Upper coil schedule Upper coil working prs. MPA Stack gasket checked Bath full Choke inspected Supply gas checked Pilot checked Main burner checked Flame arrestor checked Heater preheated Separator Separator working prs. MPA Relief valve checked Pressure tested Valves Operational Lines clear
134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 Q 143 144 145 146 147 149 150 151 152 153
Front manifold set Inside valve set Deadweight manifold set Deadweight line full Methanol barrel safe Liquid meters bypassed Floats checked Dump controllers set Hi-lows checked Lease Trailer light plant Safety board Portable water Safety binder WHMIS labelling Safety meeting posted Flare permit posted Fire extinguisher Fire blanker Furnace lit Office area clean
October 2009
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IRP4
Q 154 155 156 157
Lease Trailer light plant Cond Lockers clean Bench area clean Floor clean Step level
Adeq.
Inadeq
R 158 159 160 161
General Flash lights C1-D1 Test program available Chemical clothing Mobile phone good working order Test kits checked Purging completed Government notified Flaring permit obtained Area residents notified
Adeq.
Inadeq
162 163 164 165 166
S. Comments / Explanations:
Owner Representative: Contractor: Representative Service Company: Representative
Signature Signature
Signature
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October 2009
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APPENDIX VI
F LARES TACK MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM F LARE R ATES
October 2009
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IRP4
Ga s Exit Ve lo c ity o f 50.8 m m (2) P ip e
Gas Exit Velocity of 50.8 mm (2") Pipe

450
400
350
300
Velocity m/sec
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Gas Rate 103 M 3

Velocity m/sec >1% H2S Gas Max Exit Velocity Speed of sound @ 0 oC >1% H2S Gas Min Exit Velocity
54
October 2009
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IRP4
Gas Exit Velocity of 76.2 mm (3") Pipe

450
400
350
300
Velocity m/sec
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Gas Rate 103 M 3

Velocity m/sec Speed of sound @ 0 oC >1% H2S Gas Max Exit Velocity >1% H2S Gas Min Exit Velocity
October 2009
150
55
IRP4
Gas Exit Velocity of 101.6mm (4") Pipe

400 350 300
Gas Velocity m/sec
250 200 150 100 50 0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
3 3 Gas Rate 10 M
Velocity m/sec >1% H2S Gas Max Exit Velocity
Speed of Sound @ 0 oC >1% H2S Gas Min Exit Velocity
56
October 2009
250
IRP4
Ga s Exit Ve lo c ity o f 152.4 m m (6) P ipe
Gas Exit Velocity from 152.4mm (6") Pipe

450 400 350
Gas Velocity m/sec
300 250 200 150 100 50 0

0 100 200 300 400 500
Gas Rate 103 M3 Gas Velocity m/sec >1% H2S Gas Max Exit Velocity Speed of sound @ 0 oC >1% H2S Gas Min Exit Velocity
October 2009
600
57
IRP4
Ga s Exit Ve lo c ity fro m 203.2 m m (8) P ip e
Gas Velocity From 203.2mm (8") Pipe

450
400
350
300
Gas Velocity m/sec
250
200
150
100
50
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Gas Rate 103 M

Gas Velocity m/sec >1% H2S Gas Max Exit Velocity
Speed of sound @ 0 oC >1% H2S Gas Min Exit Velocity
58
October 2009
1100
IRP4
Ga s Exit Ve lo c ity fro m 254 m m (10) P ip e
Gas Exit Velocity from 254mm (10") Pipe

400
350
300
250
Gas Velocity m/sec
200
150
100
50
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Gas Rate 103 M3 Gas Velocity m/sec >1% H2S Gas Max Exit Velocity Speed of sound @ 0 oC >1% H2S Gas Min Exit Velocity
October 2009
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IRP4
APPENDIX VII
Hyd ra te Ch a rts
Natural Gas Hydrate Chart

100000
In hydrate zone
10000
Pressure (Kpa)
1000
Out of hydrate zone
100 0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
0 Temparture ( C)
20.00
25.00
30.00
Gas Gravity 0.9 Gas Gravity 0.8
Gas Gravity 0.6 Gas Gravity 1.0
Gas Gravity 0.7
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October 2009
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October 2009
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IRP4
4.3 OTHER FLOWBACKS

4.3.1
IRP
FLOWING TO OPEN TOP TANK

At no time must flowing to an open top tank be undertaken if one or more of the following criteria exists: Operators must burn all nonconserved volumes of gas if volumes and flow rates are sufficient to support stable combustion. BC H2S exceeds 10 ppb (parts per billion) AB H2S exceeds 10 ppm, or as otherwise specified The gas or vapours have a toxic effect that is above the occupational exposure limit The vapours or gasses from the well effluent are heavier than air (Fluid API greater than 50 or Gas has a gravity of over 1.0) There are human residents within 500 metres There are other human activities 200 metres downwind of location May adversely affect the environment. Hydrocarbon gas cumulative volume to atmosphere exceeds 2.0 103 m3 total in a 24 hour period The actual flowing duration is more than 24 hours. Flowing or startup after dark is permitted only where absolutely necessary. Adequate lighting must be available (refer to IRP 23 Lease Lighting Standards, under development at time of publication). NOTE: Refer to Alberta ERCB Directive 60 Upstream Petroleum Industry Flaring, Incinerating, and Venting and ERCB Directive 64 Section 14 for off site odour emissions.
4.3.1.1
IRP
Open Top Tank Design

The open top tank must be designed with an inlet diffuser and a device to prevent splashing and misting of the fluid. There should also be a device for indicating the fluid level in the tank that can be read from over 50 metres away.
IRP
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IRP4
4.3.1.2
IRP
Safety Equipment
The following additional safety equipment must be on location prior to flow: LEL metre with bump gas Spill containment kit A highly visible device to prevent flow of traffic onto location advising of Gas Vapours are Venting To Atmosphere Wind direction indicators ( Wellhead, Open Top Tank, Lease Entrance, and Safety Areas)
4.3.1.3
Tank Placement
IRP
Placement of the open top tank must conform to the following: 50 metres from the lease site primary access point 50 metres from the wellhead (shallow wells, coalbed methane (CBM) 35 metres from wellhead) 25 metres from any other equipment in use 50 metres from safety meeting and muster areas 50 metres from any potential ignition source 60 metres from any road or right of way not owned by primary operator Prevent any possible spill from the tank from migrating off location When possible, on down wind side of location
4.3.1.4
IRP
Well Control to Open Top Tanks

Well control must conform to the following: A choke with a bypass must be installed on the wellhead to initiate, control and shut in flow to the open top tank at a safe distance of 35 metres.
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October 2009
IRP4
There should be a pressure gauge, temperature reading device, and a methanol injection point installed upstream and a pressure gauge installed downstream of the choke. The line to the tank must be hard piped and no hoses shall be used. The line must have restraining devices to prevent movement of the line in case of failure. No personnel shall enter the hazard zone around the tank that is to be 25 metres while flowing to the tank. After the flow to the tank has been shut down, an appropriate wait time must be allowed to let any gas or vapours dissipate before the area is swept with an LEL metre When abrasives are present the additional hazard of flow line washing must be considered
4.3.2
NOTE:
PUMPING OR CIRCULATING A WELL TO AN OPEN TANK SYSTEM

See Section 4.2.9 for IRPs on Monitoring and Supervision of Open Tank Systems. Circulating or pumping to open tank systems after dark is not recommended. However, if required, adequate lighting must be available (refer to IRP 23 Lease Lighting Standards, under development at time of publication). In operations where well site personnel or nearby residents have the potential to be exposed to sour gas or fluids (AB greater than 10 ppm, BC greater than 10 ppb (parts per billion), or otherwise specified by jurisdiction), the fluids must be contained in a closed system. In operations where gas vapours are expected from produced fluid, the hazards to on-site workers, equipment, and the public must be assessed and deemed safe before proceeding. Hold and document a hazard assessment/JSA meeting on the site with all personnel prior to beginning operations. The meeting should include discussion of procedures, sources of ignition, personal protective equipment, and identification of hazardous atmospheres. The report must be posted on the site. The Canadian Association of Oilwell Drilling Contractors (CAODC) has a standard hazard assessment form for use in daily operations.
IRP
IRP
IRP
NOTE:
October 2009
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IRP
All open tanks shall be positioned a minimum of 35 meters from the wellhead, 25 metres from any flame arrested equipment and 50 metres from any open flame sources. A hazard zone of 25 metres in all directions from the open tank must be established and relayed to all persons on the site, when circulating or pumping to an open tank system. No worker(s) shall enter the hazard zone while, circulating or pumping to an open tank system, the only exception being the pump operator or person monitoring the tank who must be in the zone to operate the pump if fluid transfer or circulation is required. Precautions must be taken to ensure the safety of the personnel working within the hazardous zone, such as wind direction flags and H2S/LEL monitoring. The use of an external gauge on the tank will aid in monitoring tank levels from outside the, hazard zone Personnel responsible for monitoring the atmosphere for hazardous gases must be trained in the selection, use, and care of detection devices All workers involved with circulating or pumping operations to open tank systems shall wear the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) All sources of ignition must be eliminated and locked out where possible. Smoking is only allowed in designated areas. The operation shall be shutdown before fluids are splashed or flowed over the sides of the open tank system. All flows must be controlled using a device other than the wellhead wing valve. The piping system must be designed to accommodate pressure, H2S, erosion, and any other products that may compromise the integrity of the piping system. The piping system must be properly secured to restrict movement of the line. Physical gauging of open tank systems will only be done after the area is proven safe by the gas detection device.
IRP
IRP
NOTE:
IRP
IRP
IRP IRP IRP
IRP
IRP
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IRP
Any loading/unloading of fluids from open tank systems shall be done with the well shut in and there is no flow to the open-top tank and can only be done after the area is proven safe by the gas detection device.
4.3.3
IRP
WELLHEAD CONTROL
Well control equipment should be selected having regard for Section 4.2 Well Testing.
4.3.4
IRP
LOCATION OF THE RIG PUMP

Refer to ERCB Directive 037 Service Rig Inspection Manual.
4.3.5
IRP
WELL KILLING OPERATIONS

During well killing operations, where possible, the well should be flowed into the facility pipeline, or production facility or pressurized vessel. If the facility pipeline is utilized, the backpressure imposed by the line-pac should be considered. If production facilities or pressurized vessels are used, the pump rate should not create a pressure exceeding the burst rating of the system. The use of pipelines, production facilities or pressurized vessels are alternatives to reduce explosion hazards. Flowlines, pressurized vessels or atmospheric tanks equipped with suitable vapour gathering flaring/scrubbing systems are alternatives to eliminate any H2S releases to atmosphere (nuisance odours and public or personal safety).
NOTE:
In Alberta, ERCB inspection policies regarding the handling of sour effluent are included in ERCB Directive 037 Service Rig Inspection Manual. NOTE: In British Columbia, the Oil and Gas Waste Regulation of the Waste Management Act, Section 3 states, The owner or operator of a piece of equipment or a facility referred to in section 4 or 6 (1) must ensure that the one hour average ambient ground level concentration of hydrogen sulphide due to the discharge of air contaminants from that equipment or facility does not, at the perimeter property on which the equipment or facility is located, exceed 10 parts per billion by volume. The Oil and Gas Waste Regulation also in section 4 (g) authorizes discharges to the air of contaminants by owners or operators of equipment or facilities that vent to the air, for the purpose of maintenance of the equipment or facilities, (i) natural gas that contains less than 230 milligrams of total sulphur per cubic meter of natural gas, or (ii) natural gas that contains
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at least 230 milligrams of total sulphur per cubic meter of natural gas if the natural gas is combusted in a flare or equivalent.
4.3.5.1
Coiled Tubing Unit (CTU) Operations Using Air
CAUTION: The use of air with coiled tubing operations is NOT RECOMMENDED. Extreme hazard exists with this operation. Nitrogen gas is recommended. Air is sometimes used in coiled tubing clean outs in shallow gas wells with low formation pressure, where no condensate or H2S is present in the formation fluid, and there is a low flow rate expectation from the well. NOTE: IRP Nitrogen gas is recommended for higher risk wells. A safe operating procedure should be followed. A written procedure including a hazard assessment/JSA should be available on-site with consideration given to the following: Wind direction Proper grounding of equipment Safe and effective control and handling of well effluent Ensure that all the air has been displaced from the well, after the job, before shutting in or producing the well IRP Coil Tubing Operations with air can only be performed to an open top tank. Air and well effluent must not be flowed into a pressure vessel. It can only be directed to a pressure vessel after all the air is out of the system and the well effluent has been checked for any oxygen content. This can be done with a gas monitor. Refer to IRP Section 4.3.1 Flowing to Open Top Tank Refer to IRP 18 Fire and Explosion Hazard Management
IRP
NOTE: NOTE:
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4.3.5.2
IRP
Operations at Night
Where possible, flowback, swabbing, and coiled tubing operations should be conducted during daylight hours. Adequate lighting must be provided if it is necessary to continue operations into the night. Operations that will involve the bleeding of gas to open systems under the cover of darkness must proceed only where absolutely necessary. This will include flowback, swabbing, and coiled tubing operations. IRP 23 Lease Lighting Standards is currently under development and should be referenced once complete. Refer to Section 4.2.8.1 Start Up at Night
IRP
NOTE:
NOTE:
4.3.5.3
IRP
Swabbing
A check valve and an additional shut-off valve must be installed on the flow line. The shut-off valve must be closed while running in the hole if the hole is on vacuum. Consideration should be given to using a purge medium to follow swab cups while running in the hole. Check valves do not always seal 100%. The manual shut-off valve is a backup for the check valve.
NOTE:
The purpose of this procedure is to prevent drawing air or the flame from the flare into the production tank or into the tubing when running the swab cup back into the well. The introduction of air into the system can lead to a combustible mixture. Section 4.0.13.25 details other considerations for the prevention of air entrainment. Where gases produced are being flared, appropriate backflash control measures must be taken. Refer to ERCB Directive 060 Section 7.7 Backflash Control.
4.3.5.4
IRP
Control of Potential Ignition Sources

Shut down of potential ignition sources on location, for example the rig pump, boiler, heaters, and vaporizers, if not required for the operation, must be considered during the swabbing of hydrocarbons. Review and/or create a JSA/Hazard Assessment for the proper procedure to be performed.
IRP
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IRP
While swabbing to an open tank system where gas vapours are vented to atmosphere a highly visible device must be used to prevent flow of traffic onto location advising of Gas Vapours Are Venting to Atmosphere. Refer to Section 4.3.1 Flowing to Open Top Tank Refer to IRP 18 Fire and Explosion Hazard Management
NOTE: NOTE:
4.3.6
4.3.6.1
IRP
SNUBBING OPERATIONS
Handling Bleed Offs From the Snubbing Unit
The bleed off line from the snubbing unit to the separator must be equipped with a choke manifold in case of loss of control of the remote control valve on the snubbing stack. The line upstream of this choke manifold must be pressure tested to the anticipated maximum well pressure.
IRP
4.3.6.2
IRP
Flowing Casing While Snubbing

The flowline must be an independent line from the casing to a choke or choke manifold and must be pressure tested for the maximum wellhead pressure. Refer to Section 4.2.7 No other line can be connected to this line except for the line that was used for the pressure test. The pressure testing line should be disconnected during flowing operations and the connection point plugged. The flowline must have a temperature and pressure data acquisition points to mitigate the hazard of down-hole and surface hydrate conditions. This must be discussed during the pre-job safety meeting.
IRP
IRP
4.3.6.3
IRP
Handling Bleed off Snubbing Unit While Flowing Casing

The bleed off line from the snubbing unit must not be connected to the same choke/manifold or separator as the flowline from the casing. The bleed off line can be piped to a second separator such as a low stage downstream of the primary separator provided its operational pressure is reduced to near atmospheric conditions and will not have the
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condition impeded by the primary separator that is handling the flow from the casing. IRP If only one separator is on location or the secondary separator cannot meet the condition as laid out in this document, then the bleed off can be directed to an independent vent line on the flare stack and must have a choke manifold in the flowline and the upstream side of this choke manifold pressure tested to the maximum wellhead pressure. A Flapper style check valve that has been tested shall be installed in this line. There also must be an evaluation of the possibility of liquids being produced to this line and if the possibility exists, this procedure must not be done. The possibility of running the bleed off line to a rig tank can be considered if it meets the requirements as laid out in Section 4.3.1 Flowing to Open Top Tank.
IRP
4.3.6.4
IRP
Through Tubing Clean Outs With Snubbing Units

This operation must only be conducted during daylight hours taking into account environmental weather conditions All involved services must attend a documented safety meeting to review procedures and communications protocol.
IRP
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Table 2: IRP 15.3.1.5 Reserve Circulation Sand Cleanout Equipment
Flow back lines from the tubing and the snubbing unit bleed off line must be rigged in, in such a way that if the upper snubbing BOP needs to be opened at any time, the snubbing stack can be bled off to zero before opening the upper snubbing BOP. Sources of pressure include back pressure from the test vessel, or line pressure from the flowing tubing. The lines must terminate according to oil company policy or applicable jurisdictional regulation.
Typical surface sand cleanout equipment consists of the following equipment, which must have a working pressure equal to or greater than the bottomhole pressure:

A 15 m by 50 mm double- or triple-braided hose An emergency shutdown (ESD) valve Several slim hole valves A tubing swivel A Chiksan or heavy-walled elbow
All the surface equipment used for sand cleanouts must be dedicated solely for that purpose. This equipment must be an addition to normal rig inventory. The valves must be lubricated and pressure tested after each use. When leaks are detected, they must be sent for repair and recertification to OEM specifications. Hose ends must be integral crimped unit style To help predict when repair or replacement will be needed, the equipment owner must maintain a logbook detailing the following:

Each valves serial number Date of use Volume of sand flowed through the valve body The working pressure it was exposed to
Hoses will typically bubble before failing and must be replaced, not repaired, when this is noticed. The swivel and Chiksan must be monitored for erosion wear after each use and repaired as needed. All components of the sand cleanout system must be hydraulically pressure tested to at least 10% above the maximum anticipated operating pressure.
For reverse sand cleanouts, a remote-activated fail-close shut-off must be installed on a valve upstream of all flow back equipment at the top of the tubing string. This device must be function tested before use
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4.3.7
HIGH REID VAPOUR FLUID RECOVERY AND HANDLING

High Vapour Pressure Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbon mixtures with a Reid Vapour Pressure (RVP) greater than 14 KPa. IRP For all field estimates with a Hydrometer an API gravity greater than 50 are considered to be High Reid Vapour Pressure hydrocarbons. Unless a current MSDS of the fluid injected into the well documents it does not have a High Reid Pressure value. Fluid recovered after injected into the well must be monitored for change in properties to determine if the Reid Vapour Pressure is increasing. Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) is determined in a laboratory test. American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity (Hydrometer reading) can be readily measured in the field. C1-C7 content can also be indicative of a fluids flammability. Flammability increases with increasing C1-C7 content. Fluid analyses, if available must be reviewed. Fluid and ambient temperatures should be considered. An increasing API gravity (Hydrometer) reading of the produced fluid is an acceptable indication of an increasing Reid Vapour Pressure. Not all HRVP Fluid are flammable. Some non-flammable fluids are liquid carbon dioxide, liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen. Handling of liquids with high RVP values must be conducted in compliance with established safe work procedures. Safe work procedures must be reviewed prior to commencing work.
IRP
Note.
Note.
Note.
IRP
4.3.7.1
Recovering Flammable High Reid Vapour Pressure Fracturing Fluids
Note. IRP
High RVP fracturing fluids include: propane, butane, isobutene, etc. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for fracturing fluids must be on location and reviewed. An ESD meets or exceeds the wellhead design criteria must be installed on the wellhead.
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IRP
Separator capacities should be at planned operating pressures and should be sized for all well effluent phases. Fluid from the primary vessel must be handled in one of the following ways: Produced to a pressurized storage vessel with a minimum working pressure of 1379 KPa for recovery/conservation Diverted to pipeline Vapourized to flare
IRP
IRP
When vapourizing fluid for flaring, minimum heat requirements must be met. Refer to Figure 3: Propane - Heat of Vaporization Volume Basis for heat required for proper vapourization A minimum temperature of the fluid in the vessel is required to maintain vapourization of the high RVP fluids. Refer to Figure 2: Propane Saturation Curve and Figure 4: Liquid Vapour Chart for other high RVP fluids. For storage or transportation of fluid off location, in a non pressurized tank a fluid sample must be taken from the pressurized vessel and tested for stability. The fluid must have an Air Pollutant Index (API) reading of less than 50o C at 15.6o C
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Figure 2: Propane Saturation Curve
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Figure 3: Propane - Heat of Vaporization Volume Basis
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Figure 4: Liquid Vapour Chart
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Note.
General Information
General Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Properties:

Critical Pressure Critical Temperature Boiling Point at Atm. Pressure Freezing Point Specific Gravity of Liquid Specific Gravity of Vapour 1.0 M liquid 1.0 M liquid 1.0 kg
3 3
= = = = = = = = =
4247.66 96.675 -44 -188 0.51 1.53 510 272 0.534
kPa
o o o
C C C
(water = 1.00) (air = 1.00) Kg m3 vapour m3 vapour
Above factors are based upon atmospheric pressure, 101.3 kPa, and at ambient temperature, 15o C, as applicable. Physical properties of LPG will vary little within the allowed HD5 composition. LPG Composition: Frac typically utilizes LPG provided to a specification denoted as HD5. A summary of the HD5 LPG composition specification is as follows (vol%):
Propane Propylene Butane Iso-Butane Methane C3H 8 C4H 10 CH4 90% 5% 2% 1.5% 1.5% minimum maximum maximum maximum maximum
4.3.8
WELL SITE WORKERS COMPETENCY

Refer to IRP 7 Standards for Well Site Supervision of Drilling Completions and Workovers
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4.4 LOADING, UNLOADING AND TRANSPORTATION OF FLUIDS

4.4.1
IRP
FLUID HAULING COMPANY PROCEDURES

Fluid Hauling companies must adhere to the following procedures and practices. Stop at the entrance to all sites, put on the appropriate PPE, do a hazard assessment then report to the onsite supervisor if available, and/or assigned representative before entering work area. Ensure the consignor (shipper/owner) has provided appropriately completed shipping documents and that the transport company vehicle has the appropriate placarding as required by law Ensure that tank specification is acceptable for fluid characteristics defined in shipping documents. The design and construction of the tank must be capable of handling the sour fluid to be hauled, if applicable Ensure drivers are properly trained and educated on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) and Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) and fluid they are expected to haul Provide proper PPE as designated for the job to be performed All trucks should be equipped with a 30 minute SCBA Treat sweet fluids being hauled immediately after a sour load as a sour load with respect to worker safety List all necessary H2S equipment on a pre-trip check list Maintain all equipment valves, fittings, hoses, and hatch seals in good working order Ensure trucks with diesel engines have intake air shut-offs Maintain a contingency plan including procedures for trucking-related spills. All drivers should be trained in the selection, use and care of gas detection equipment Drivers should be competent to their company standards
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Prior to loading fluid ensure all equipment has a bonding device in place (grounding) and is used
4.4.2
IRP
FLUID CHARACTERISTICS
The properties of any fluids to be loaded, unloaded or transported are to be evaluated for the following hazards from information in the shipping documents: IRP Toxicity Flammability Corrosive effects Environmental impact of escaped fluids Flash point and auto ignition Solid deposition
Well Owners and transporters of fluid must make or have available Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) to workers. Refer to Section 4.0.13.22 for more information. Current MSDS and TDG information may provide valuable information to assess any toxicological or flammability hazards.
NOTE:
Other sources of produced fluid properties information includes well testing and reservoir fluid analysis, regulatory production reports or custody transfer (point of sale) measurements.
4.4.3
4.4.3.1
LOADING, UNLOADING AND TRANSPORTATION PRACTICES

Closed Systems
The use of a closed system (pressurized tanks or atmospheric tanks equipped with suitable vapour gathering flaring / scrubbing systems) may be necessary to eliminate any H2S releases to atmosphere (nuisance odorous and public or personal safety). The duration of operation, proximity to, and notification of area residents, should be considered. Inspection policies regarding the handling of sour effluent in Alberta are included in ERCB Directive 037, Service Rig Inspection Manual.
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Closed systems can also be utilized to enhance the safe handling of high vapour pressure hydrocarbons on the well site.
4.4.3.2
Tank Truck Loading and Unloading Temporary Production Testing Operations Sweet and Sour Fluids
IRP
Atmospheric tank trucks should only be used to haul sweet and sour fluids where the fluid is non-gaseous and there is minimal possibility of vapour breakout due to agitation or ambient temperature increases. An H2S scrubber must be used while loading, unloading and transporting sour fluids where an atmospheric tank truck is used to haul sour fluids. Operators of trucks equipped with on-board scrubbers must ensure that their units are maintained as per manufacturer recommendations. Refer to Section 4.0.13.17. Where there is the possibility of vapour breakout and pressure build up on the tank truck due to agitation or increased ambient temperature, the sour fluid must be transported in a certified tank truck.
IRP
IRP
4.4.3.3
IRP IRP
Using Atmospheric or Pressure Certified Tank Trucks

A well must not be flowed directly to a tank truck. To haul sour gaseous fluids the pressurized tank truck must arrive at the well site with a purge in the tank or be equipped to be purged at the well site. All vents must be closed and all fluid transfer lines capped while transporting the fluid Tank trucks may be vented to a flare stack only when: Proper procedures are in place and documented (pre-job hazard assessment/JSA) The tank has been purged and been tested with an LEL meter to determine the oxygen content in the tank The tank truck is able to maintain the purge in a sealed tank There is a positive flow of gas to the flare stack to produce a venturi on the vent line from the tank truck There is a back flash control mechanism in the vent line to the stack
IRP
IRP
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The system, including the tank truck and the tanks being emptied will not allow air into the system
IRP
The facility where the fluids will be off-loaded should be equipped with a purge gas make-up system so as to purge the tank while fluid is being pumped off, allowing the tank truck to have a purge on board when returning to the well site. When loading and unloading fluids from pressurized flowback or atmospheric storage tanks, precautions must be taken in the placement of the truck relative to the tank(s) location on the well site. When loading and unloading fluids from a pressurized flowback or storage tank that a live well is flowing to, the following precautions must be taken: The tank truck to be loaded or unloaded must be parked 25 meters from the pressurized flowback or storage tank A fluid head must be maintained in the pressurized flowback or storage tank at all times gas must not be allowed to escape to the tank truck being loaded or unloaded The pressure of the pressurized flowback or storage tank system must be reduced to the minimum pressure required to transfer the fluid to the tank truck The pressure capabilities of the piping and hose system to the tank truck must meet the operating pressure of the shipping vessel Where a certified pressurized tank truck is used, the pressure capabilities of the tank on the truck must not be exceeded.
IRP
IRP
NOTE:
Where possible, shut-off the truck while loading. The pressure on the flowback or storage tank will transfer the fluid to the tank truck. The use of a pump will also agitate fluids resulting in additional gas vapour from the fluid. When loading fluids produced from a sour well where testing operations are in progress the following procedures must be adhered to:
IRP
1) Where an atmospheric tank truck is used, connect the trucks atmospheric tank vent line to an adequately sized H2S scrubber. The scrubber may be truck mounted or a stand alone skid mounted unit.
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2) Where a truck equipped with a pressurized tank is used, ensure the tank specification including pressure rating is sufficient for the nature of the fluids being loaded. See Venting Tanks to Flare Stacks below. IRP The tank to be filled or unloaded should be separated (blocked) from any other tanks being used while the tank truck is loading or unloading. A gas blanket (positive pressure) must be maintained on closed system production tanks. Tank trucks must be a minimum of 7 metres from the atmospheric tank to be filled or unloaded. Tank trucks must be electrically bonded to the tank to be filled or unloaded prior to and during fluid transfers. The wheels must be chocked while transferring the liquids and must be equipped with a minimum of 25 metres of bonding cable.
IRP
IRP
4.4.3.4
IRP IRP
Permanent Production Facilities Sweet or Sour Fluids

A well must not be flowed directly into a tank truck. When loading sour fluids, tank truck vapours may be directed into a flare system as long as the trucks tank contains no oxygen, otherwise tank truck vapours should be scrubbed through an H2S scrubber and vented to atmosphere. Eliminating oxygen can be achieved by the following: An adequate positive pressure is maintained on the production tanks at a closed system multi-well facility where the fluid is to be unloaded Ensure the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) of the truck tank is not less than the MAWP of the production facility components being connected to properly sized vent lines should be provided at the multi-well facility where the fluid is to be unloaded; this will allow the void left in the tank truck after unloading to be replaced with adequate gas vapours from the positive pressure production tanks Thief hatches on trucks must be in good working condition.
IRP
A gas blanket (positive pressure) must be maintained on closed system production tanks.
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IRP
Tank trucks must be a minimum of 7 metres from the tank to be filled or unloaded (25 metres from pressurized vessel). Tank trucks must be electrically bonded to the tank to be filled or unloaded prior to and during fluid transfers. The wheels must be chocked while transferring the liquids and must be equipped with a minimum of 25 metres of bonding cable.
IRP
4.4.3.5
IRP
Transportation Sour Fluids

Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) legislation must be consulted for selecting equipment to transport sour fluids. Refer to the definitions in this IRP for information relative to TDG legislation and tank construction. Trucks transporting sour fluid must be equipped with a functional H2S scrubber to adequately control odour emissions or be a sealed tank. The tank vent must be sealed during storage and during transport when the truck is empty.
NOTE:
IRP
IRP
4.4.4
IRP
FLUID HAULING COMPANY WORKER QUALIFICATIONS

Workers transporting sour fluids shall have valid H2S Alive, WHMIS, and TDG certificates. Workers operating fluid hauling trucks must have a valid operators license and a permit for the province/territory of operation. Workers must be trained in proper procedures and practices for operating vehicles while transporting fluids. Workers must be properly trained in loading and unloading procedures and practices. Workers must be properly trained in the use of safety equipment used in the course of the operation, including breathing equipment, gas detection, and explosive monitoring devices.
IRP
IRP
IRP
IRP
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4.4.5
HYDROCARBON TRANSPORTATION: CLASS & PACKING GROUP (BOILING POINT, FLASH POINT & VAPOUR PRESSURE)
TDG Class 3, Flammable Liquids, Packing Group I: Hydrocarbon mixtures with an initial boiling point of 37.8 o C (100o F) or less at an absolute pressure of 101.325 kPa (14.7 psi) are a Class 3, Packing Group I, and flammable liquid for the purposes of transportation. TDG Class 2, Gasses Hydrocarbon mixtures with a Reid Vapour Pressure of 275 kPa (40 psi) or greater at 37.8o C (100o F) are gasses for the purposes of transportation. NOTE: Reid Vapour Pressure is determined in a laboratory test. API gravity can be readily measured in the field. C1-C7 content can also be indicative of flammability. Flammability increases with increasing C1-C7 content. Fluid analyses, if available, should be reviewed. Fluid and ambient temperatures should also be considered.
References/Links Transport Canada TDG Regs, Part 3 Transport Canada TDG Regs, Schedule VI, Part I (Class 3, Flammable Liquids, Packing Group Test Methods) Transport Canada TDG Regs, Schedule VI, Part III (Class 2, Gases, Reid Vapour Pressure, Test Methods) CSA B621, Selection & Use for TDG Transport Canada TDG Regs, 7.33.1 (GrandFathering) Alberta Safety Codes Act Boilers & Pressure Vessel Exemption Order ASME Section VIII ASME B31.3
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APPENDIX VIII
B IBLIOGRAP HY
American Petroleum Institute (API), Recommended Practices for Drill Stem Design and Operating Limits, Thirteenth Edition, April 1, 1989, RP7G, Dallas, Texas API, Recommended Practices for Occupational Safety and Health for Oil and Gas Well Drilling and Servicing Operations First Edition, January, 1981, RP54, Dallas, Texas. API, Specification for Wellhead and Christmas Tree Equipment, Spec. 6A Edition, Dallas, Texas American Society Of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Code for Pressure Piping, B31, Chemical and Petroleum Refinery Piping, ASME B31.3, 1990 Edition, 345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017. ASME, B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, 1988 Edition, 345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017. ASME, Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Div I, 345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017. American Society of Testing And Materials (ASTM), Standard Test Method for Vapour Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method), Philadelphia, PA. ASTM, D56-79: Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester, Philadelphia, PA. ASTM, D93-80: Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Penski-Martens Closed Tester, Philadelphia, P.A. ASTM, D3278-82: Standard Test Method for Flash Point of Liquids by Setaflash Closed Tester, Philadelphia, P.A. Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP) Publication #1994-0002 Guideline for Prevention and Safe Handling of Hydrates (1994).
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CAPP Publication #1999-0002 Occupational Health and Safety of Light Hydrocarbons. CAPP Publication #1999-0005 Consumer Guideline for the Selection of Fire Resistant Workwear for Protection Against Hydrocarbon Flash Fires. CAPP Publication #1999-0014 Recommended Practices for Flaring of Associated and Solution Gas at Oil Production Facilities. CAPP Publication #1999-0015 CAPP Safety Guideline for Ground Disturbance in the Vicinity of Underground Facilities. Canadian Petroleum Association (CPA), 1987 Tank Vapour Flaring Committee Report Recommendations Surrounding Tank Vapour Flaring During Sour Well Testing, Calgary, Alberta. CPA, DRILL STEM TESTING SAFETY GUIDELINES 1986, Calgary, Alberta. Canadian Standards Association (CSA), Industrial Protective Headwear, Z94.1, Rexdale, Ontario. CSA, Hearing Protectors, Z94.2, Rexdale, Ontario. CSA, Industrial Eye & Face Protectors, Z-94.3, Rexdale, Ontario. CSA, Protective Footwear, Z195, Rexdale, Ontario. CSA, B620-1987: Highway Tanks and Portable Tanks for the Transportation of Dangerous Goods, Rexdale, Ontario. CSA, B621-1987: Selection and Use of Highway Tanks, Portable Tanks, Cargo Compartments and Containers for the Transportation of Dangerous Goods, Classes 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 in Bulk by Road, Rexdale, Ontario. CSA, B622-1987: Selection and Use of Highway Tanks, Multi-unit Tank Cars and Portable Tanks for the Transportation of Dangerous Goods, Class 2, by Road, Rexdale, Ontario. CSA, B620-98: Highway Tanks and Portable Tanks for the Transportation of Dangerous Goods, Rexdale, Ontario.. CSA, B621-98: Selection and Use of Highway Tanks, Portable Tanks, Cargo Compartments and Containers for the Transportation of Dangerous Goods, Classes 3, 4, 5, 6.1, 8 and 9, Rexdale, Ontario..
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CSA, B622-98: Selection and Use of Highway Tanks, Multi-unit Tank Cars and Portable Tanks for the Transportation of Dangerous Goods, Class 2, Rexdale, Ontario. IRP 1 Review- Subcommittee, IRP Volume 1 Critical Sour Drilling (Volume 1 2004), 2004, DACC, Calgary, Alberta. Well Services Review Committee, IRP Volume 2 - Completing and Servicing Critical Sour Wells, (Volume 2 2006), 2007, DACC, Calgary, Alberta. Alberta Heavy Oil and Oil Sands Practices Steering Committee, IRP Volume 3 Heavy Oil and Sands Operations (Volume 3 - 2002), 2002, Drilling and Completions Committee, Calgary, Alberta. Minimum Wellhead Requirements Subcommittee of DACC, IRP Volume 5 Minimum Wellhead Requirements, (Volume 5), 2002, DACC, Calgary, Alberta. Critical Sour Underbalanced Drilling Committee, IRP Volume 6 Critical Sour Underbalanced, (Volume 6 - 2004), 2004, DACC, Calgary, Alberta. DACC Sub-Committee Members, IRP Volume 7 Standards for Wellsite Supervision of Drilling, Completions and Workovers, (Volume 7 - 2002), 2002, DACC, Calgary, Alberta. 2005 IRP Review Committee, IRP Volume 15 Snubbing Operations, (Volume 15- 2007), 2007, DACC, Calgary, Alberta. Canadian Petroleum Safety Council, IRP Volume 16 Basic Safety Awareness Training, (Volume 13- 2003), 2003, Enform, Calgary, Alberta. IRP 18 Development Committee, IRP Volume 18 Fire and Explosion Hazard Management, (Volume 18 2006), 2007, DACC, Calgary, Alberta. IRP 20 Development Committee, IRP Volume 20 Wellsite Design Spacing Recommendations, (Volume 20 - 2008), 2008, DACC, Calgary, Alberta. IRP 23 Development Committee, IRP Volume 23 Lease Lighting Standards, (Volume unknown), TBD, DACC, Calgary, Alberta. Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB) AEUB, Guide G-37 Service Rig Inspection Manual, 1988, ERCB, Calgary, Alberta. ERCB, Directive 037 Informational Letter IL 91-2 Sour Gas Flaring Requirements and Change to Regulations.
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Government of Alberta, Alberta Occupational Health and Safety (AOH&S), Alberta Occupational Health and Safety Act and Regulations, Edmonton, Alberta. AOH&S, Well Testing Minimum Guidelines for Enhanced Field Operations, June 1990, Edmonton, Alberta. AOH&S, Safety Codes Act. AOH&S, Boiler & Pressure Vessel Exemption Order. AOH&S, Transportation of Dangerous Goods Control Act & Regulation. Government of Canada, Transportation of Dangerous Good Act and Regulations Government of Canada, WHMIS Government of Canada, National Safety Code National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE), MR0175 Sulphide Stress Cracking Resistant Metallic Materials for Oilfield Equipment, Houston, Texas.
October 2009
89

IRP 4 2009 Well Testing and Fluid Handling

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IRP 4 2009 Well Testing and Fluid Handling

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WELL TESTING AND FLUID HANDLING

Edition Sanction Date

3.1 October 2009

Reasons/rationale for suggestion:

Fax 888.362.9722 Enform | 5055 - 11 Street, Calgary, AB T2E8N4 | 403.516.8000

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Appendix I .............................................................................. lii

Appendix II ........................................................................... liii

Drill Stem Testing ........................................................... 1

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing .................................................................. 13

Appendix VII ......................................................................... 60

Other Flowbacks ........................................................... 63

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Loading, Unloading and Transportation of Fluids .......... 79

Appendix VIII ....................................................................... 86

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

4.0 SCOPE AND CONTENTS

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Drilling Service Company Responsibilities

Drill Stem Testing Company Responsibilities

Safety Service Company Responsibilities

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing Company Responsibilities

Fluid Hauling Company Responsibilities

Well Designation for Worker Safety in H2S Environments

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Critical Sour Well

Metallurgy considerations for H2S environments

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Monitoring for Explosive Mixtures

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Calibration of Explosive Mixture Monitors

Hydrates: Awareness and Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling

Well Testing and Fluid Handling