MODULE -3:

Technology:

Industrialization

150 million tons pollutants are pumped into the air. 41 million tons of wastes produced, 15 million gallons of pollutants dumped into the waterways. Pollution Problem:

Population growth. Rising temperatures, Shrinking croplands, Collapsing fisheries, Shrinking forests, Population Growth:

Between 1950 to 2000 population has grown from 2.5 billion to 6.1 billion. Natural systems and water reservoirs are the same. Rising Temperatures

Increased Co2 concentration. It has doubled in this century. It will rise the global temp by 1degree celcius. Sea levels to rise by min of 17 cm to 1 meter by 2100. Ice caps and glaciers have lost 7000 sq km from 1940 to 1997 and has lost 3000 sq km in a year in 1999. Shrinking Croplands

Since half a century from 1940s Grain land area per person has fallen from .24 hectares to .12 hectares. Fish catch from 19 million to 90 million. Cos obligations to conserve the future generation by conserving the resources.

Dimensions of Pollution Pollution The undesirable and unintended contamination of the environment by the manufacture or use of commodities. Resources depletion The consumption of finite or scarce resources. Air Pollution Creating catastrophic damage to the earth. Vegetation Agricultural yield Timber Corrosion Medical cost Global warming Stratospheric ozone layer. Major types of Air pollution Global warming gases Ozone depleting gases Acid rain Airborne toxics Air quality Global Warming The increase in temperatures around the globe due to rising levels of green house gases. Green house gases CO2, NO2, Methane and chlorofluorocarbon gases that absorb and hold heat from the sun, preventing it from escaping back into space, much like a green house absorbs and holds the suns heat. Every year CO2 increase by 1.4 % and the temp by 1 deg Celsius. Melting of the Polar icecaps, widening of icecaps and extinction of animals.

Shift of vegetation to higher latitudes and elevation. Change in mix of species. Warm lakes and oceans. Increase magnitude of droughts. Food not enough to eat. Coastal storms and rise in sea water. Various types of vector borne and infection diseases. To bring half the green house gases , 60-70% industrialization has to be reduced. Ozone Depletion

The gradual breakdown of ozone gas in the stratosphere above us caused by the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the air. Saves us from UV rays. Used in aerosol cans, air conditioners, refrigerators etc. Since 1960s , 5% has been lost. Causes skin cancers, mass destruction in the oceans, crops sensitive to UV rays. Acid Rain

Occurs when SO2 (sulfur oxide) and NO2(nitrogen oxides) are combined with vapor in clouds to form nitric acid and sulfuric acid. These acids are carried down in the form of rains. Makes the water acidic. Plant and water life in the water is affected. Acropolis in Athens and Taj Mahal in Agra are destroyed due to acid rain. Air borne toxics

Air pollutants released in the air. Acc to EPA ( Env protection Agency ) , 20 out of 329 air borne toxics, 20 of them causes cancers Pollution due to automobiles and Industrial processes.

CO2, NO2, SO2, O3, particulates and lead. Air Quality

Photochemical Smog - A complex mixture of gases and particles manufactured by sunlight out of the raw materials NO2, hydrocarbons and auto pollutants. Soil the clothes. Irritate the lungs. Electrical plants depend on fossil fuels, oil, coal and natural gas. SO2, NO2 and asses in the air. Water Pollution

Dispose of waste and sewage. Organic waste, dissolved salts, metals, radioactive material as well as bacteria, viruses and sediments. Impair aquatic life and human life. Coal mines sewage has H2SO4, iron and sulphates. Acids used to scrub metals and rinsed with water. Organic waste - Untreated human wastes, sewage, and industrial wastes from processing various food products, from the pulp and paper industry and from animal feedlots. Phosphorous in detergents, fertilizers and algae depletes O2 in water. Mercury in food chain leads to brain damage, paralysis etc. Cadmium and Zinc causes degenerate bone diseases. Also causes severe cramping , Vomiting, and diarrhea. Asbestos from mining cos leads to cancer and gastro diseases. Oceans have traces of plutonium, cesium and polycystic hydrocarbons(PAH) due to fossil fuels. Toxic Substances Chemicals, inorganic metals pesticides, phenols, explosives and radioactive material are hazardous substances. Silverx and 2,4,5 T causes reproductive problems. Benzene, industrial toxic used in plastics, dyes, nylon, food additives, detergents, drugs, fungicides and gasoline leads to bone marrow damage, leukemia.

Garbage waste is difficult to dump. It is adding cadmium, mercury, lead to it. Land Pollution

Solid Wastes It includes garbage wastes. City garbage dumps toxic substances like cadmium, mercury, lead, copper zinc etc Residential wastes also include various kinds of wastes hazardous to health. Nuclear Wastes Nuclear reactors contains various radioactive elements. It safety is always doubtful in case of any kind of catastrophe. 20 pounds distributed properly can kill the whole mankind of the earth. Depletion of Resources

Species and habitats Since 1600 A.D 63 identifiable species of mammals and 88 major identifiable species of birds have become extinct. Whales, salmon are threatened Rain forests are being destroyed at the rate of 1% per year. Depletion of fossil fuels Reserves of oil is depleting. Man has to look for alternative fuels. Depletion of Minerals Various minerals like molybdenum, nickel, tungsten, iron, zinc, copper, and lead are depleting at a faster rate. Ethics of Pollution Control

Ecological system An interrelated and interdependent set of organisms and environment. Ecological ethics - The view that nonhuman parts of the environment deserves to be preserved for their own sake , regardless of whether this benefits human beings.

Environmental Rights and Absolute Bans Moral right for a decent environment. Amendments in the constitution to save the environment. Private cost The cost an individual or company must pay out of its own pocket to engage in a particular economic activity. Social cost - The private internal costs and the wider external costs of engaging in a particular economic activity. Ethical Approaches to Environmental Protection Ecological approach Environmental rights Market approach Remedies The duties of the firm The costs of pollution should be internalized. Ie. Absorption of costs by the producer, who takes them into account when determining the price of goods. Justice The bearing of external costs of pollution largely by those who do not enjoy a net benefit form the activity that produces the pollution. It leads to environmental racism. Costs and Benefits - Acc to Thomas Klien the procedures for cost benefits analysis as follows :

1. Identify the cost and benefits of the proposed program. 2. Evaluate in terms of value to the beneficiaries. 3. Add the cost benefits to determine the net social benefit to the project. 4. Social Ecology The environmental crisis we face are rooted in the social systems of hierarchy and domination that characterize our society. 5. Ecofeminism Belief that the root of our ecological crisis lies in a pattern of domination of nature that is tightly linked to the social practices and institutions through which women have been subordinated to men.

Social Issues of Environment Energy problems Resettlement and rehabilitation of people. Environmental ethics Global warming Consumer and waste products Issues involved in enforcement of environmental legislation Public awareness. Solving energy crisis Wastage of energy even when not in use. Large scale use in house hold appliances Less use of renewable energy Fossil fuel in the industry Petrochemicals Need to check and make people aware to save energy. Water Conservation Protection of water from pollution Rain water harvesting Peoples cooperation Proper water distribution system Sprinklers and drip irrigation system. Recycling of water Control over deforestation Rational use of ground water. Desalination of sea water

Artificial rain Global Warming

Reactive strategy Legal action Defensive strategy Do the little required. Strategy of accommodation - Accept the social change. Air Pollution Control

Techniques Preventive measures filters, dry wet collectors, closed collection recovery system Effluent control Location of industries, building high smoke stacks facilities.

Measures for Controlling Global Warming Carbon sequestration Keep the CO2 out of atmosphere by storing the carbon component somewhere else. Preserve trees. Reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. Scientific irrigation Use of bio fertilizers Organic cultivation Energy efficiency Mass transport Renewable energy Scientific management of wastes. Afforestation Measures to control Acid rains Use low sulphur coal. Renewable sources of power.

Modify automobiles. Pouring powdered lime stones into water bodies Limiting the surrounding oil. Control of Water Pollution

Setting up of treatment plants Reuse in gardening, cooling places, toilets. Root zone processes. - New technology, contaminated water run through the reed beds . It grows numerous bacteria and fungi which oxidizes the impurities in the waste water and the water becomes clean. Treat the water before being thrown in the sea. Noise Pollution

Rapid industrial development Technological advancement Rapid growth of population. It can be controlled by abiding by the rules and regulations fixed for reducing noise levels. Control of Oil Pollution

Tanker operations, Dry docking, tanker accidents, off shore oil production etc cause oil spills. Chemical dispersant can be used to accelerate the process which is sprayed on the oil. Rocks, harbor walls can be cleaned with pressure stream. Slick lickers absorb the oil leaks. Control of Nuclear Pollution

Nuclear devices should be exploited underground only. Proper disposal methods of radioactive wastes without affecting humans, plants and animals. Nuclear medicines and radiations only in small proportions and when needed. Control of Thermal Pollution

Due to high temp oxygen levels increases, anaerobic conditions set in foul gases released. Trees should be grown Air coolers to be installed.

Hot water to be stored and released when cold. Chimneys for the release of smoke. Control of Solid Wastes

Garbage bins Use garbage to dispose waste. Krebsite collection Garbage in front of the houses are taken by the municipal agencies on notified time and days. Incineration - Burning in a special furnace. The liquid and gases are burnt to produce and refined into products like activated carbon. Gasification - Convert organic waste into CO and H2O. Later burnt to produce steam and electricity. Disaster Management

Floods Droughts Earth quake Gas leaks Bomb blasts Wars Train crashes Fire etc. Tackling Disaster Management

National emergency Defense force deployed Need to be active than reactive Warning and alerts need to be updated. Planning and funding should be proper. NGOs play great role.