Comparison of Audio Steganalysis Papers

Author
H. Ozer et al.

Title
Steganalysis of audio based on audio quality metrics Morphological steganalysis of audio signals and the principle of diminishing marginal distortions Steganalysis of audio: Attacking the Steghide

Year
2003

Description
Estimate original signal by denoising and use statistical distance features to detect stego vs. cover. Uses DMD to detect hidden messages in uncompressed audio. More useful for repeated embedding attempts. Detects steganography applied from Steghide method by finding correlation between wavelet coefficients as statistics. Build a linear basis by using audio spectrograms and use these low-dimensional statistics to classify stego/cover. An extension of Ozer et al.'s 2003 paper that removes content-dependency from distortion measures. Calculate statistics of differences in unwrapped phase signal (derived from block FFT of audio) for classification. Combine known steganalysis features with new Melcepstrum based features for better performance in recorded speech. Add the Hausdorff distance to the toolset of statistical distortion measures used by other steganalysis methods.

Citations
56

O. Altun et al.

2005

16

X.-M. Ru et al.

2005

20

M. K. Johnson et al.

Steganalysis of recorded speech

2005

45

I. Avcibas

Audio steganalysis with content-independent distortion measures A novel steganalysis algorithm of phase coding in audio signal

2006

23

W. Zeng et al.

2007

C. Kraetzer and J. Dittman

Mel-cepstrum based steganalysis for VoIPsteganography

2007

13

Y. Liu et al.

A novel audio steganalysis based on high-order statistics of a distortion measure with Hausdorff distance

2008

Audio Features
(19) Perceptual and nonperceptual (temporal and spectral) features

Preprocessing

Classifiers

Supervised?

ANOVA, Sequential Floating Search Method SVM, Linear regression Yes (SFS)

(1) Morphological distortion

None

Neural network

Yes

(5+) Predictor coefficients, mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis

None

SVM

Yes

(4) Mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis of spectrogram PCA frames (20) Perceptual and nonperceptual (temporal and spectral) features

SVM

Yes

ANOVA, Sequential Floating Search Method SVM, Linear regression Yes (SFS)

(5) Variance, skewness, kurtosis, median, and mean None absolute deviation of unwrapped phase differences

SVM

Yes

(20+) Statistical features, MFCCs, etc.

None

SVM

Yes

(25) Steganalysis features, including Hausdorff distance

Wavelet denoising

SVM

Yes

Performance Local/Global Features

80% or better Both

Targeted Methods

Compression?

DSSS, FHSS, DCTwHAS, echo No hiding, Steganos, Stools

80% or better

Global

DSSS, Stochastic modulation

No

60% or better

Global

Steghide

No

80% or better

Local

LSB, Hide4PGP

No

80% or better

Both

DSSS, FHSS, echo hiding, Steganos, Hide4PGP, Steghide

No

95%

Local

Phase Coding

No

Both

LSB, Publimark, WaSpStego, No Steghide, SS, 2A2W, VAWW

89% or better

Global

LSB, Steghide

No