Professional Documents
Culture Documents
x
y
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49
Massive Sand
Production
(Geilikman and Dusseault, 1994, 1997)
r
w
r
e
R(t)
Yielded
Zone
Intact
Zone
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50
Practical Results
0
0
q
s
t
Sand
Production
Rate
0
0
t
Fluid
Production
Improvement
o
f
q
q
q
o
= flow rate without
sand production
q
f
= flow rate with
sand production
1.0
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51
Sand Control Methods
(JPT, 1995)
1. Sand control is necessary for
weak formations and high
water influx.
2. Hydraulic fracturing reduces
the flow rate and pressure
gradient to prevent sanding.
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52
Sand Control Methods
(JPT, 1995)
3. Zone perforation and frac-
packing (gel or water packing)
4. Resin injection for chemical
consolidation
5. Gravel packs, screens, and
slotted liners to filter sand.
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53
Sand Control Methods
(JPT, 1995)
6. Dropping the water level by special
completion techniques
(Hayatdavoudi, 1999):
a) Horizontal wells
b) Water production from below
the oil/water contact
c) Reducing water-coning.
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54
Wettability
Definition:
1. Preferential affinity of solid to
fluid phases
2. Tendency of fluids to spread
over solid surface
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Contact Angle
< 90
o
, strong wettability
> 90
o
, weak wettability
90
o
, intermediate wettability
=
sp
ap
K
K
SI
10
log
Supersaturated
Saturated
Undersaturated
C, Concentration of
aqueous solution, mol/L
SI > 0
SI = 0
SI < 0
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67
Organic Deposition
1. Paraffins (dissolved in oil)
2. Asphaltenes (undissolved, but
suspended as a colloid in oil)
3. Resins (peptizing agent,
dissolved in oil, help suspend
asphaltene in oil)
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68
4. Wax: A combined deposit of
paraffins, asphaltenes, resins,
mixed with clays, sand, and
debris (dissolved in oil)
Organic Deposition
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69
Asphaltene and Wax
Phase Behavior
(Leontaritis, 1996)
Temperature
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
Liquid + Vapor
Liquid
S
a
t
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
B
u
b
b
l
e
-
P
o
i
n
t
L
i
n
e
Lower deposition
boundary
Upper deposition
boundary
Liquid+Solid+Vapor
Region (Pressure and
Composition dependant)
Liquid+Solid Region
(Mostly pressure
dependant)
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Electrokinetic Effect
(Mansoori, 1997)
Pipe or Capillary Tube
Streaming Potential
Difference
Negative
Charge
Positive
Charge
Asphaltene deposits
Asphaltene is positively charged
Oil phase is negatively charged
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71
Evaluation of Common
Formation Damage Problems
(Keelan and Koepf, 1977)
Pore blocking by drilling,
completion, workover, and
injection fluids
Clay hydration, swelling,
dispersion, and pore blocking
resulting from clay-water
reactions
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72
Evaluation of Common
Formation Damage
Problems
(Keelan and Koepf, 1977)
Liquid block resulting from
extraneous water
introduction during drilling,
completion, and workover
Caving and sand production
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73
Analysis of Core
Damage Data
L
Permeability
P
L u
K
=
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Constant-Pressure
Difference Test
Permeability
ratio,
K/K
o
PV-injected
P-small
P-large
0
0
1.0
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75
Core Plugs Wafers
(Acid soak Experiments)
1-inch diameter
0.25-inch thick
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76
A Simple Linear Core Flow
Testing Set-up
(Doane et al., 1999)
Core
Fluid
Reservoir
Displacement
Pump
Annulus
Pump
Pressure
Transducer
Effluent
Fluid collector
Core Holder
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77
Annular Flow Tester
(Saleh et al., 1997)
Pump
Fluid
Reservoir
Radial Outward
Flow
Effluent
Fluid collector
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78
Drilling of Wells
(Yao and Holditch, 1993)
Uninvaded
Zone
Mud
Invasion
Mud In
Mud Out
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79
Depth of Filtrate
Invasion
Time
Depth of
Invasion
Water mud
Low-colloid
oil mud
Oil mud
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80
Saturation Profiles for Mud
Filtrate Invasion
(Yao and Holditch, 1993)
Wellbore
S
w
= S
wc
Mud
Cake
Radial Distance r
w
r
e
S
w
= 1- S
or
t
1
t
2 t
3 Filtrate
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81
Dynamic Mud Tester
Pump
Mud
Reservoir
Core
Mud
Filtrate
Linear
Flow
Effluent
Fluid collector
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82
Hydraulic Fracturing
Fluids
(Keelan and Koepf, 1977)
Water-block
Solids invasion
Leak-off and spurt loss
Clay hydration
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83
Fracture Flow Tester
(Doane et al., 1999)
Fracture
Flow
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84
Mitigation Methods
(Masikewich and Bennion, 1999)
Emulsion blocking: Apply demulsifier
Precipitates: Apply wax, scale, and
alkaline control
Migrating clays: Apply cation
Swelling clays: Apply cation or
polymer
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85
Mitigation Methods
(Masikewich and Bennion, 1999)
Phase trapping and blocking: Apply alcohol,
oil, and interfacial surface tension (IFT)
reducer
Wettability alteration: Apply surfactant
Solid invasion: Apply cake inducing agent
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86
Treatment
Fluids
(Thomas et al., 1998)
Proper Additives
Major
Treatment
= Treating + to control
Fluid
Chemical
further damage
` ` `
)
)
)
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87
Treatment Fluids
(Thomas et al., 1998)
Additives can control:
Corrosion
Sludge formation
Emulsion formation
Organic and inorganic
precipitation
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88
Treatment Fluids
(Thomas et al., 1998)
Additives can control
Homogeneity
Clay stabilization
Interfacial tension
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89
Fracture
Stimulation
(Keelan and Koepf, 1977)
Hydraulic fracturing
Bypass damaged region
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90
Bypassing Damage by Hydraulic
Fracturing
x
y
z
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91
Completion Techniques
Open-hole completions
Cavity completions
Hydraulic fracturing
Frac-and-packs
Horizontal wells
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92
Reservoir Fluid Pattern- Open Hole
vs. Perforated Cased Hole
Invasion Zone
Well
Perforation
Fluid goes through
damaged zone
Fluid bypasses
damaged zone
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93
Perforated Well Flow Efficiency
(Chen and Atkinson, 2001, Yildiz, 2002)
Wellbore radius
Shut density
Shut angle
Perforation depth
Perforation diameter
Crushed zone thickness
Damaged zone thickness
Reservoir anisotropy
Crushed
zone
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94
Partial Completion and Deviation
(Al Qahtani and Al Shehri, 2003)
h
c
Perforated
Zone
H
z
c
L
Elevation
to mid
point
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95
Horizontally Fractured Well
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96
Vertically Fractured Well
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Frac-and-Pack Completion
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Multi-lateral Wells Completion
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99
Damage Tolerance of Completion
Techniques from Most to Least
(Jahediesfanjani and Civan, 2005)
Long horizontal wells
Short horizontal wells
Horizontally fractured wells
Cavity completions
Vertical wells
Frac-and-Pack completions
Fractured wells
Vertical wells
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100
Final Remarks
Formation damage mechanisms vary
depending on the well operation
types and reservoir and fluid
conditions.
Oil and gas recovery can be enhanced
by minimizing and controlling of
formation damage.
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101
Thank you for your attention
Questions?
Discussions?
Comments?