Systematic Circuit Analysis (T&R Chap 3)

Node-voltage analysis
Using the voltages of the each node relative to a ground node, write down a set of consistent linear equations for these voltages Solve this set of equations using, say, Cramers Rule

Mesh current analysis

Using the loop currents in the circuit, write down a set of consistent linear equations for these variables. Solve.

This introduces us to procedures for systematically describing circuit variables and solving for them

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Nodal Analysis
Node voltages
Pick one node as the ground node Label all other nodes and assign voltages vA, vB, , vN B vB and currents with each branch i1, , iM + Recognize that the voltage across a branch v1 v5 + is the difference between the end node + v3 A vA voltages + + Thus v3=vB-vC with the direction v4 v2 as indicated C vC Write down the KCL relations at each node Write down the branch i-v relations to express branch currents in terms of node voltages Accommodate current sources Obtain a set of linear equations for the node voltages
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Nodal Analysis Example 3-1 p.72

Apply KCL
Node A: i0-i1-i2=0 Node B:i1-i3+i5=0 Node C: i2-i4-i5=0
i0 iS1

vA
R1 i5 R3 i1 iS2

i2 R2

vB

i3 R4

i4

vC

Write the element/branch eqns

i0=iS0 i1=G1(vA-vB) i2=G2(vA-vC) i3=G3vB i4=G4vC i5=iS2

Reference node

Substitute to get node voltage equations

Node A: (G1+G2)vA-G1vB-G2vC=iS1 Node B: -G1vA+(G1+G3)vB=is2 Node C: -G2vA+(G2+G4)vC=-iS2

& G1 +G2 $ 'G1 $ % 'G2

'G1 'G2 #& v A # G1 +G3 0 !$ v B ! = !$ ! 0 G2 +G4 "% vC "

& iS 1 # $ iS 2 ! $ 'i ! % S2 "

Solve for vA, vB, vC then i0, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5
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Systematic Nodal Analysis

& G1 +G2 'G1 'G2 #& v A # $ 'G1 G1 +G3 0 !$ v B ! = $ !$ ! 'G2 0 G2 +G4 "% vC " % & iS 1 # $ iS 2 ! $ 'i ! % S2 "
i0 iS1 R1

vA
i5 R3 i1 iS2

i2 R2

vB

i3 R4

i4

vC

Writing node equations by inspection

Reference node Note that the matrix equation looks just like Gv=i for matrix G and vector v and i G is symmetric (and non-negative definite)

Diagonal (i,i) elements: sum of all conductances connected to node i Off-diagonal (i,j) elements: -conductance between nodes i and j Right-hand side: current sources entering node i There is no equation for the ground node the column sums give the conductance to ground
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Nodal Analysis Example 3-2 p.74

R/2 vB R/2

Node A:
Conductances G/2B+2GC=2.5G Source currents entering= iS
iS

vA

2R

2R

vC R

Node B:
Conductances G/2A+G/2C+2Gground=3G Source currents entering= 0

Node C:
Conductances 2GA+G/2B+Gground=3.5G Source currents entering= 0

& 2.5G ' 0.5G ' 2G #& v A # & iS # $ !$ ! $ ! 3G ' 0.5G !$ vB ! = $ 0 ! $ ' 0.5G $ ' 2G ' 0.5G 3.5G !$ v ! $ 0 ! % "% C " % " MAE140 Linear Circuits

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Nodal Analysis some points to watch

1. The formulation given is based on KCL with the sum of currents leaving the node
0=itotal=GAtoB(vA-vB) +GAtoC(vA-vC)++ GAtoGroundvA+ileavingA This yields 0=(GAtoB++GAtoGround)vA-GAtoBvB-GAtoCvC-ienteringA (GAtoB++GAtoGround)vA-GAtoBvB-GAtoCvC=ienteringA

2. If in doubt about the sign of the current source, go back to this basic KCL formulation 3. This formulation works for independent current source
For dependent current sources (introduced later) use your wits

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Nodal Analysis Exercise 3-2 p. 72

vA 2K vB +

iS1

1K

iS2 500

vO _

& 1.5 (10 '3 $ $ ' 0.5 (10 '3 %

Cramers rule Gaussian elimination Matlab
MAE140 Linear Circuits

' 0.5 (10 '3 #& v A # & iS1 # !$ ! = $ ! '3 ! v 2.5 (10 "% B " % ' iS 2 "

Solve this using standard linear equation solvers

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Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources

Current through voltage source is not computable from voltage across it. We need some tricks!
They actually help us simplify things

Method 1 source transformation

vA RS
+ v _ S

vA

Rest of the circuit

vB

vS RS

RS

Rest of the circuit

vB

Then use standard nodal analysis one less node!

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Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources 2

Method 2 grounding one node
vA
+ v _ S

vB

Rest of the circuit

This removes the vB variable simpler analysis But can be done once per circuit
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Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources 3

Method 3
Create a supernode Act as if A and B were one node KCL still works for this node Sum of currents entering supernode box is 0 Write KCL at all N-3 other nodes N-2 nodes less Ground node using vA and vB as usual Write one supernode KCL Add the constraint vA-vB=vS supernode vA
+ v _ S

vB

Rest of the circuit

These three methods allow us to deal with all cases

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Nodal Analysis Example 3-4 p. 76

R1 + v _ S1 + v0 _ R3 R2 vS2 + _ vA + R2 R3 v0 _

vS 1 R1

R1

vS 2 R2

This is method 1 transform the voltage sources

Applicable since voltage sources appear in series with Rs

Now use nodal analysis with one node, A

(G1 + G2 + G3 )v A = G1vS1 + G2vS 2

G1vS1 + G2vS 2 vA = G1 + G2 + G3

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Nodal Analysis Example 3-5 p. 77

iin Rin vA 2R R/2 vB R/2 2R vC R

What is the circuit input resistance viewed through vS?

v A = vS !0.5Gv A +3GvB !0.5GvC =0 ! 2Gv A ! 0.5Gv B + 3.5vC = 0

_ vS +

Rewrite in terms of vS, vB, vC

This is method 2

3Gv B 0.5GvC = 0.5Gv S 0.5Gv + 3.5Gv = 2Gv B C S

Solve

2.75vS 6.25vS , vC = 10.25 10.25 v !v v !v 11.75vS iin = S B + S C = 2R R / 2 10.25 R 10.25 R Rin = = 0.872 R 11.75 vB =

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Nodal Analysis Example 3-6 p. 78

vA i2 i1 R1 R2 _ vS1 supernode + vB i3 v C i4 R3 + + vS2 vO _ R4 reference

Method 3 supernodes KCL for supernode: i1 + i2 + i3 + i4 = 0

Or, using element equations

G1v A + G2 (v A ! v B ) + G3 (vC ! v B ) + G4 vC = 0
Now use v B = vS 2

(G1 + G3 )v A + (G3 + G4 )vC = (G2 + G3 )v S 2

Other constituent relation

MAE140 Linear Circuits

v A ! vC = v S1 Two equations in two unknowns

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Summary of Nodal Analysis

1. Simplify the cct by combining elements in series or parallel 2. Select as reference node the one with most voltage sources connected 3. Label node voltages and supernode voltages do not label the nodes directly connected to the reference 4. Use KCL to write node equations. Express element currents in terms of node voltages and ICSs 5. Write expressions relating node voltages and IVSs 6. Substitute from Step 5 into equations from Step 4 Write the equations in standard form 7. Solve using Cramer, gaussian elimination or matlab
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Solving sets of linear equations

& 5 ' 2 ' 3 #& x1 # & 4 # $ !$ ! $ ! $ ' 5 7 ' 2 !$ x2 ! = $ ' 10 ! $ ' 3 ' 3 8 !$ x ! $ 6 ! % "% 3 " % "
Cramers Rule Thomas & Rosa Appendix B pp. A-2 to A-11 5 ! 2 !3 7 !2 ! 2 !3 ! 2 !3 # = !5 7 ! 2 = 5 ! ( !5) + ( !3) !3 8 !3 8 7 !2 !3 !3 8

=5( 7"8!( !3)"( !2) )+5( ( !2)"8!( !3)"( !3) )!3( ( !2)"( !2) !7"( !3) ) = 250 ! 125 ! 75 = 50 4 ! 2 !3 7 !2 ! 2 !3 ! 2 !3 #1 = !10 7 ! 2 = 4 ! ( !10) +6 !3 8 !3 8 7 !2 6 !3 8 = 4( 7"8!( !3)"( !2) )+10( ( !2)"8!( !3)"( !3) )+ 6( ( !2)"( !2) !7"( !3) ) = 200 ! 250 + 150 = 100
MAE140 Linear Circuits

!1 100 x1 = = =2 ! 50

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Solving sets of linear equations (contd)

5 4 !3 !10 ! 2 4 !3 4 !3 " 2 = !5 !10 ! 2 = 5 ! ( !5) + ( !3) 6 8 6 8 !10 ! 2 !3 6 8 = !340 + 250 +114 = 24 5 !2 4
! 24 x2 = 2 = =0.48 ! 50

7 !10 !2 4 !2 4 " 3 = !5 7 !10 = 5 ! ( !5) + ( !3) !3 6 !3 6 7 !10 !3 !3 6 =60 !0 + 24 =84

!3 84 x3 = = = 1.68 ! 50

Notes:
This Cramer is not as much fun as Cosmo Kramer in Seinfeld I do not know of any tricks for symmetric matrices
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Solving Linear Equations gaussian elimination

& 5 '2 '3 #& x1 # & 4 # $ '5 7 '2 !$ x2 !=$ '10 ! $ '3 %
'3 8
Augment matrix

!$ x ! $ "% 3 " %

! "
row35

& 5 ' 2 '3 4 # $ ! $ '5 7 ' 2 '10 ! $ '3 '3 8 6 ! % "

Row operations only

row2+row1 row3+row13/5 & # $ 5 ' 2 '3 4 ! $ 0 5 '5 ' 6 ! $ ' 21 31 42 ! $0 ! % 5 5 5" row310
& # $ 5 ' 2 '3 4 ! $ 0 5 '5 ' 6 ! $ 84 ! $0 0 1 ! % 50 "
MAE140 Linear Circuits

& 5 ' 2 '3 4 # $ ! $ 0 5 '5 ' 6 ! $ 0 ' 21 31 42 ! % "

(row2+row35) 5

row3+row221/5 & # $ 5 ' 2 '3 4 ! $ 0 5 '5 ' 6 ! $ 84 ! $ 0 0 10 ! % 5" (row1+row2 2 + row33) 5

& # 4 ! $ 5 ' 2 '3 $ 0 1 0 24 ! 50 ! $ $ 0 0 1 84 ! % 50 "

& 100 # $1 0 0 50 ! $ 0 1 0 24 ! 50 ! $ $ 0 0 1 84 ! % 50 "

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Solving Linear Equations - matlab

A=[5 2 3; -5 7 2; -3 3 8] A = 5 2 3 -5 7 2 -3 3 8 inv(A)*B ans = 2.0000 0.4800 1.6800 A\B B = 4 -10 6 ans = 2.0000 0.4800 1.6800 0.5000 0.6200 0.4200 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000
57

B=[4;-10;6]

inv(A) ans = 1.0000 0.9200 0.7200

MAE140 Linear Circuits

Mesh Current Analysis

Dual of Nodal Voltage Analysis with KCL
Mesh Current Analysis with KVL Mesh = loop enclosing no elements Restricted to Planar Ccts no crossovers (unless you are really clever) Key Idea: If element K is contained in both mesh i and mesh j then its current is ik=ii-ij where we have taken the reference directions as appropriate

Same old tricks you already know

R1 + v1 + + v3 v0 + vS1 - iA R2 + v2 R3 iB + v4 + vS2 - -

Mesh A: v0-v1-v3=0 Mesh B: v3-v2-v4=0

v1=R1iA v2=R2iB v3=R3(iA-iB)

v0=vS1 v4=vS2

(R1+R3)iA-R3iB=vS1 -R3iA+(R2+R3)iB=-vS2
MAE140 Linear Circuits

& R1 + R3 ' R3 #& i A # = & vS1 # $ 'R !$ ! $ ! R2 + R3 "% iB " % 'vS 2 " % 3
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Mesh Analysis by inspection Ri = vS

Matrix of Resistances R
Diagonal ii elements: sum of resistances around loop Off-diagonal ij elements: - resistance shared by loops i and j

Vector of currents i
As defined by you on your mesh diagram

Voltage source vector vS

Sum of voltage sources assisting the current in your mesh If this is hard to fathom, go back to the basic KVL to sort these directions out
vS1 + iC R2 R1 iA R3 + vS2 iB + R4 -

& R1 + R2 $ $ 0 v0 $ 'R % 2

0 R3 + R4 ' R3

' R2 #& i A # & ' vS 2 # !$ ! $ ! ' R3 !$ iB ! = $ vS 2 ! R2 + R3 !$ iC ! $ ' vS1 ! "% " % "
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MAE140 Linear Circuits

Mesh Equations with Current Sources

Duals of tricks for nodal analysis with voltage sources
1. Source transformation to equivalent T&R Example 3-8 p. 91
3K 5V + 1K 5K 3K iO 2K 4K + 5V 5K iO 2K iA 1K iB 4K + 8V -

2mA

& 6000 ' 2000 #& i A # & 5 # $ !$ ! = $ ! % ' 2000 11000 "% iB " % ' 8 "

iA=0.6290 mA iB=-0.6129 mA iO=iA-iB=1.2419 mA

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Mesh Analysis with ICSs method 2

Current source belongs to a single mesh
3K iO 5V + 2K iA 1K iB 4K iC 2mA 5K

Same example

6000i A ! 2000iB = 5 ! 2000i A + 11000iB ! 4000iC = 0 iC = !2 mA

Same equations! Same solution

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Mesh Analysis with ICSs Method 3

Supermeshes easier than supernodes
Current source in more than one mesh and/or not in parallel with a resistance 1. Create a supermesh by eliminating the whole branch involved 2. Resolve the individual currents last Supermesh
R1 iS1 iA R 3 iC iB iS2 R2

Excluded branch
+ vO

R1 (iB !i A ) + R2iB + R4iC + R3 (iC !i A ) =0

i A = iS1
iB !iC =iS 2
62

R4

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Summary of Mesh Analysis

1. Check if cct is planar or transformable to planar 2. Identify meshes, mesh currents & supermeshes 3. Simplify the cct where possible by combining elements in series or parallel 4. Write KVL for each mesh 5. Include expressions for ICSs 6. Solve for the mesh currents
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Linearity & Superposition

Linear cct modeled by linear elements and independent sources
Linear functions

f(Kx)=Kf(x) Additivity: f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y) Superposition follows from linearity/additivity

Homogeneity: Linear cct response to multiple sources is the sum of the responses to each source 1. Turn off all independent sources except one and compute cct variables 2. Repeat for each independent source in turn 3. Total value of all cct variables is the sum of the values from all the individual sources
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Superposition
Turning off sources
Voltage source Turned off when a short circuit
vS + _

i + v i + v

i v

v=0 for all i

i v

Current source Turned off when an open circuit

i=0 for all v

iS

+ v -

i v

We have already used this in Thvenin and Norton equiv

MAE140 Linear Circuits

i + v -

i v
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Where are we now?

Finished resistive ccts with ICS and IVS
Two analysis techniques nodal voltage and mesh current Preference depends on simplicity of the case at hand The aim has been to develop generalizable techniques for access to analytical tools like matlab

Where to now?
Active ccts with resistive elements transistors, op-amps Life starts to get interesting design introduced Capacitance and inductance dynamic ccts Frequency response s-domain analysis Filters

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