Title of the Panel

Unmasking Childrens Agency

Panel Organizers/ Presenters

Panel Organizers: David F. Lancy (david.lancy@usu.edu) and Amanda Davis Arthur (amanda.arthur@aggiemail.usu.edu) both at Utah State University Paper Presenters: Andrea Luithle-Hardenberg (Eberhard-KarlsUniversity Tuebingen), a.luithle@gmx.de), Jaina Bal Munis: Controversies on Ascetic Children in Western India Doris Bonnet (EHESS,Paris) doris.bonnet@ird.fr Hillary N. Fouts (Univ. Tennessee) hfouts@utk.edu Elodie Razy (Univ. Liege) elodie.razy@hotmail.fr Chantal Medaets (Universit Paris Descartes) chantal@uol.com.br Giuseppe Bolotta, (giuseppeitaly@hotmail.it) & Silvia Vignato, (silvia.vignato@unimib.it) Universit di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy Paper Presenters(1)Laura May (Ward) Lee Email: laura.lee@ubc.ca PhD Candidate,Canada ,University of British Columbia2416 W 13th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V6K 2S8, Canada 2.Diane M. HoffmanEmail: hoffman@virginia.edu Associate Professor United States, University of Virginia 3.Thomas Stodulka Email: thomas.stodulka@fu-berlin.de 4)Alice Sophie Sarcinelli Email: sophiealy@yahoo.it PhD Candidate, France Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales

Theme of the Panel

This panel will highlight the enormous variability in the social construction of the person. The infant is in a liminal state, not yet fully human. This may be advantageous if the child serves as an intermediary to ancestors or deities or threatening as a harmful spirit or changeling. Naming and other rites of passage mark the slow transformation of the proto-human.

The making of cultural identity in the case of unattached children

A growing number of unattached" children, that is, children who grow up outside some kind of stable kinship/residential group, characterizes the youngest and poorest populations of the world. They tend to live on the margin of the public sphere and of the major economic, political, and cultural processes. Institutions of care such as homes or outreach stations, be they State-run, religious or NGO based, are often the unique point of reference for these youngsters and thus religious beliefs or/and ideologies of child suffering play a prominent role in their identity construction process. Panel members will provide analyses of the role of ideology in the socialization of unattached children. Panelists will consider both the messages conveyed to clients by the aid organization as well as the childrens interpretation and use of such messages in the process of managing their own face or identity

Working with Youth in Intervention Programs

Anthropology 5)Paola Porcelli Email: Porcelli_paola@yahoo.fr Clinical Psychologist PhD, France 6)Minushree Sharma Email: minushree@nus.edu.sg Doctoral Candidate, Singapore Department of Sociology 7)Giuseppe Bolotta Email: giuseppeitaly@hotmail.it PhD Candidate in Anthropology Psychologist, Italy 8) Francesca Nicola Email: mirudimiru@yahoo.it Phd candidate, Italy Universit of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy. 9) Silvia Vignato Email: silvia.vignato@unimib.it Assistant Professor, Italy 10) Matteo Alcano Email: matteo_alcano@hotmail.com PhD candidate, Italy Erica Joslyn (Univ. Suffolk) e.joslyn@ucs.ac.ukResilience & Young Offenders: Too little too late or beacon of hope. Paper Presenters---Nancy Seldin (Univ. Montana) Nancy.Seldin@mso.umt.edu Shana Roberts (Univ. of Calgary) robertsshanal@gmail.com Cherie Enns(Univ. of Calgary) cenns@makingafricawork.com

Panel members will explore a range of interventions recognizing salient principles, strategies and approaches. Effective interventions have been shown to have positive outcomes for young people across many areas of personal development and types of populations. However, there is also evidence that the design, approach and methods used significantly influence the level of effectiveness achieved by both small and large intervention projects. Interventions that support young people are primarily based around international, national and local priorities and as such this session will examine interventions

operating at all levels across developing and developed countries and within an international context. In their presentations, participants are encouraged to present project activities as well as impact findings and to examine these against theoretical, methodological and ethical perspectives. This session will probe the value and methods of interventions e.g. How does the theoretical base inform the ethical consideration adopted by the intervention? How has feedback been used to improve impact? To what extent has democracy, user involvement and choice influence the design of the intervention? Panel members will explore applications for social anthropology including, ambiguities and contradictions in social and cultural contexts, social organization of communities and impact on interventions, and issues of socialization and kinship. We would like to invite participants from different settings, disciplines and contexts working with and or advocating for young people to contribute to a rich and youth centered debate enriching our understanding of young peoples fundamental autonomy and patterns of participation. The topic of this panel refers not only to what is generally called childrens play and toy worlds but to all playful activities including music, singing, dancing and performing. The aim is to develop a line of thought and reflection on non-western or non-industrial children's play, leisure and toy cultures and its contribution to anthropology and ethnology. Research fields that surely relate to childrens playful activities are among others material, ecological, cultural, social, economic, educational, psychological and aesthetical

Research on Children's Play and Toys in NonWestern or NonIndustrialized Communities: Contributions to Anthropology and Ethnology

Jean-Pierre Rossie (Anthropologist, Belgium) sanatoyplay@gmail.comand Deeksha Nagar (Folklorist, USA/India)deeksha.nagar@gmail.com Paper Presenters: NoeliaEnriz (Anthropologist, Argentina) nenriz@yahoo.com.ar Deeksha Nagar (Folklorist, USA/India) deeksha.nagar@gmail.com Carolina Remoriniand Micaela Rende (UnivNacionale

La Plata, Argentina) cremorini@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar Jean-Pierre Rossie (Toy Museum Moirans-enMontagne, France) sanatoyplay@gmail.com

Persistence and Change in HunterGatherer Social Leaning, Play and Parenting

Visualizing Children

anthropology. In their presentation participants should link their research to ethnographical, methodological, theoretical and/or ethical aspects and to possible activities within the sphere of applied anthropology. It is the explicit intention that this panel should not remain a onetime event but will start a continuous reflection on the proposed panel theme. Barry S. Hewlett (Washington State Univ) Hunter-gatherers are known for their egalitarianism hewlett@vancouver.wsu.edu, Hideaki Tereshima (Kobe and extensive sharing of food and childcare. How are GakuinUniv) & Vishvajit Pandya (Dhirubhai Ambani these values transmitted and acquired? What is the Institute of Information and Communication) nature of social learning in hunter-gatherers? What is Paper Presenter: the role of play in social learning? What are the roles of Adam Boyette (Washington State University); parents versus others? How are play, social learning or parenting similar or different from those in farming or Akira Takada (Kyoto University); pastoral groups? How do national governments, Melvin Konner (Emory University); missionaries and NGOs impact social learning, play and Vishvajit Pandya (Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of parenting? What aspects of social learning, play and Information and Communication); Yasmine parenting persist or change with acculturation? What Musharbash (University of Sydney, School of can developed countries learn from hunter-gatherer Social and Political Sciences); social learning, play and parenting? Bonnie Hewlett (Washington State University); Courtney Meehan (Washington State University); Hillary Fouts (University of Tennessee); Courtney Helfrecht (Washington State University); Jennifer Wilcox (Washington State University); K. Ohmagari (Nagasaki Univ); Shiho Hattori (Kyoto University); YumiGosso (University of So Paulo); John Bock (Cal State Fullerton); Victoria Reyes-Garcia (InstitucioCatalana de Recerca, Spain). Uwe Skoda (Aarhus Univostus@hum.au.dk) While visual culture in India, South Asia, and Asia more Anemone Platz (Aarhus Univ) generally, has received more scholarly attention in Paper Presenter: recent years anthropological studies have focused

KseniaNazaryev (Pomor State Univ)nazarjeva@mail.ru-An Image of a Schoolchild in Selected Soviet Feature Films (1970-1985)

Viewing the Child Through the Lens of Applied Anthropology Programs

Ethnography with Children and Adolescents: A Comparative Analysis Across Studies and Contexts

Charles-douard de Suremain (suremain@ird.fr) & Doris Bonnet (doris.bonnet@ird.fr) both at IRD Paris Paper Presenter: lise Guillermet (orphans) Kristin Cheney and SaskiaWalentowitz (AIDS victims) FabienneHjoaka (vulnerable children) Susan Levine (Abused children) Karen Valentin (Aarhus Univ) kava@dpu.dk Paper Presenter-----Antondia Borges (UniversityofBrasilia, Brazil) antonadia@uol.com.br FinaCarpena-Mndez (Oregon State University, U.S.A.) fina.carpena@oregonstate.edu Angeles Clemente (State University of Oaxaca, Mexico)angelesclemente@gmail.com

primarily on contemporary photographic practices from a broader perspective (including the role of photographs in marriages and portrait photographs). Historical approaches have privileged the study of how natives were depicted under colonial rule or gender rather than children and childhoods. In order to rectify this bias the panel invites contributions that focus explicitly on children and the ways they have been visualized, portrayed or captured by the camera. Are children presented primarily as (perhaps immature) adults or in distinct ways? It is imagined that this question will raise further questions related to the concept of the person, the role of children in rituals, their place in educational institution, in family life etc. Moreover, how are images of children used: when and in which contexts are the viewed and where are they kept? And last, but not least, how do children use the camera themselves and which self-representations do they produce? Panel members will reflect on the construction of childhood and children as the subjects of anthropologically informed intervention programs. What is the nature of the childor childhoods that have been constructed through the projects implemented in the various sectors of development, e.g. the malnourished child, the AIDS orphan, the street child, and so on. Our panel brings together ethnographic studies that describe how children and adolescents become involved in social, educational, political and cultural dynamics. These studies are being conducted in our particular contexts: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and the U.S. We will seek to provide a comparative analysis across studies and contexts, particularly emphasizing the consideration of children

Maria Dantas-Whitney (Western Oregon University, U.S.A.) dantasm@wou.edu Alba-Lucy Guerrero (La Salle University, Bogota, Colombia) baluguerrero@gmail.com Mario Lopez-Gopar(State University of Oaxaca, Mexico)lopezmario@yahoo.com

Adolescence in Todays World

Authority and freedom: Comparing youth in mainstream and tribal India.

Alice Schlegel (Univ Arizona) schlegel@email.arizona.edu A Cross-Cultural (and Cross-Species) View of Adolescence. This presentation will introduce the session. Paper Presenter: William Jankowiak(Univ of Nevada at Las Vegas) Chinese Emergent Youth. HaraldTambs-Lyche. (University of PicardieJules Verne France) Marin Carrin (LISST-Centre d AnthropologieFrance) Bonnie Hewlett (Washington State Univ.) Judith Gibbons (St. Louis Univ) Horst D. Steklin and Netzin G. Steklin (Univ of Arizona) Georg Pfeffer, Email: gpfeffer@gmx.com

and adolescents as individuals in the center of intersubjective relations between us (adults), and the others (children and adolescents). Notably, the concept of agency will be highlighted, considering both how children propose alternative possibilities for the transformation of their identities and their everyday lives as well as its implications for methodology and the epistemology of ethnography. This session will contain papers on adolescence in a range of present-day cultures. To extend the crosscultural reach to a cross-species level, it will also contain a paper on adolescence in (non-human) primates. We shall see that there are certain constant features of adolescence across cultures (and some across species) along with many variations and their contexts.

At least one hundred million Indians belong to tribal societies and tribal youths had received considerable attention in the past, when authors like Roy, Elwin and Archer described their dormitories as well as their music and dance. And yet life in the so-called kingdom of the young was never really compared to the process of socialization as experienced in mainstream India. Tribal conditions of colonial times have probably undergone major changes during the last decades, when schools were introduced on a massive scale and

huge industrial projects changed the landscape, or Hindu nationalists constructed innumerable temples between 1998 and 2004 in the tribal areas to recover the people for their supposedly lost religion. Major changes must have been experienced by the mainstream youths as well, if only on account of the widespread introduction of electronic media and the highly increased geographic mobility, or the accelerated race for decent jobs. To what extent have these changes narrowed or widened the cultural gap between tribal and mainstream conceptions of youth? Not just youth dormitories, other institutions and ethnographic reports had been indicating the nonauthoritarian socialisation process of children and youths of any gender, as well as the remarkable independence exercised in many ways by unmarried girls and boys. Parents and elders had no prerogatives at any time of their existence. On the other hand, a lifelong parental authority has always been central to mainstream Indians and the elders of a family continued to steer the decision-making process even after their children had obtained adulthood. The very idea of a persons permanent departure from home or that of a separation of property among siblings use to carry negative connotations within the model of the joint family. Such conditions may have changed slowly or dramatically during the last decades. Contributors are invited to present more recent results of empirical research that refer to familial authority or the lack of it either in mainstream India of both the urban and the rural context, or in tribal India. Some researchers may even have ventured to compare genderwise or

Adolescent reproductive and sexual health

Subha Ray (University of Calcutta), subharay@rediffmail.com

not - the domestic relations and other informal forms of education between the tribal and the non-tribal cultures of India. Adolescence is generally considered to be a healthy period of life. But, this period brings in forth another dimension of health, i.e. the reproductive health about which many adolescents often are less informed and experienced because of certain social and cultural barriers. Therefore, adolescents may be at an increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV, unintended pregnancy and other consequence that can affect their futures as well as the future of their communities. The reproductive and sexual health needs of adolescents are different from those of adults and vary with their differential sex and marital status, class, region and cultural context. The purpose of this panel is to have a critical understanding of (a) reproductive and sexual health problems, (b) level of knowledge attitude and practices and (c) the role of society and cultural regarding sexual and reproductive health issues of the adolescents in the changing global context. There are an estimated 370 million indigenous people in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe and the Pacific. They belong to minority groups likely to be the poor and the vulnerable in majority-oriented societies. Belonging to the 'majority' means, on the one hand, ready access to education and the production of knowledge, and, on the other hand, the possibility to choose an education system that best serves their needs. By contrast, indigenous children experience not only a serious backlog regarding the production of knowledge, but their status in society dictates that they have to deal with systems of education that do not

Teaching Indigenous Children

Piet Erasmus (Univ of the Free State) erasmusp@ufs.ac.za Paper presenter: Steven C Dinero, Associate Professor, Human Geography,USA Education and Youth Development in an Alaska Native Community: Costs and Benefits Isabella Radaelli, Ph.D candidate, Anthropology of

Contemporary Milano Bicocca University, Italy Education Programs for Chinese Ethnic Minorities: From Theories to Practices - A case study among the Mosuo matrilineal society

necessarily address their specific needs. In fact, it was exactly due to these education-related issues that indigenous people from across the world held a convention in 1993 and demanded "the establishment of systems of education which reflect, respect and embrace indigenous cultural values, philosophies and ideologies (Coolangatta Statement 1.3.2). The purpose of this session is to respond, in part, to this appeal by presenting salient and deserving case studies, by making theoretical and methodological advancements, by rethinking basic assumptions, and by finding alternative ways to deal with these issues. Topics include but are not limited to: Dealing with cultural conflict, e.g., language issues; Models of Indigenous Educational Practice; Motivating cultural responsiveness towards Indigenous Education; Partnering mainstream Western Education and traditional Indigenous Education; Direct outcomes of Indigenous Education; and Research-based examples of good practices.

The Gwichin Indians of northeast Alaska are undergoing a period of transition. The youth differ greatly from the previous generations in terms of values and behaviors. An inability to speak Gwichin, interest in material goods, and consumption of fewer country foods are now common among the younger generations. At the same time formal education rates are on the rise. Using primary data collected from 1999 to 2012 in one

Globalized World, Globalized Childhood? The Theoretical and Practical Relevance of Other Childhoods and Other Children

Lucia Rabello de Castro (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)lrcastro@infolink.com.br Paper Presenters: A. BameNsamenang (Univ of Bamenda, Cameroon) bame@thehdrc.org Researching African Childhoods: Past, Present, Future Lucia Rabello de Castro (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) John Morss (DeakinUniv, Australia) SaradaBalagopalan (Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, India) Olga Nieuwenhuys (Univ of Amsterdam)

community, Arctic Village, this paper will address how education benefits as well as undermines Indigenous values and culture. While education is crucial in empowering young community members, enabling many to eventually enter wage labor, improving their ability to afford the costly monetary inputs now needed to hunt, fish and gather, many, once educated, leave the community in search of opportunities in urban centers. Thus formal education of Gwichin youth is a double-edged sword, essential to the communitys future well-being yet also posing a potential threat to its long-term viability. Globalization, in its far-reaching and invisible economic and cultural aspects, has impacted childrens lives and their relationships with adults. As a seemingly unavoidable phenomenon, globalization has imposed new sets of universal values which compete and often disarticulate former normative social arrangements between generations. As part of the transformed worlds in which children now live, stand the ideals of individual formation and realization whose strides are oriented towards the construction and the fulfilment of a life of ones own. The era of consumerism and material realization of late capitalism has provided the means whereby the individualized subjectivity has been able to respond to the demands of self-construction and achievement. The experience of growing up in the 21st century has been caught under the sway of individualism, consumerism and materialism, tenets of a globalized capitalistic world. On the other hand, it has been not. Globalization, in its overwhelming impact on peoples and nations trajectories, may strike as an irresistible and an all encompassing phenomenon, one that stands on its own mandatory principles leaving the impression of a truly globalized world for

which there are no alternatives. Childrens lives and doings, specially in some parts of the world, show the multifarious ways whereby being a child can be lived out. This poses the problem of conceptualizing such a diversity other than as a deviance or a pre-stage of the univocal path set by globalization. The purpose of this panel rests on examining other children and other childhoods so that present theories and concepts of childhood can be problematized in their globalized assumptions. The tension between particularizing and universalizing childhood, the relevance and the domain of the social category of children itself in relation to other social categories, the question of childrens rights and the issue of intergenerational relationships can be considered key topics for a critical appreciation of globalization effects on childhoods and children. Studies Of Children And Childhood In Latin America From the Colonial Period To The Present Nadia MarnGuadarrama (Autonomous University of the State of Mexico)nm7391@albany.edu Carolina Remorini (UnivNacional de La Plata, Argentina) cremorini@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar Lourdes de Leon (Centro de Investigaciones y Studios Superiores en Anthropologia Social, Mexico) lourdesdeleonp@gmail.com Andrea Szulc (Univ. Buenos Aires) andrea.szulc@gmail.com David Poveda (Univ.Autnoma de Madrid) david.poveda@uam.es Paper Presenter: Gema Campos(Instituto de Necesidades y Derechos de la Infancia y la Adolescencia, UAMSpain) gema.campos@uam.esTransitiontoadulthoodfromResidentialCare in This panel will present a collection of ethnographic studies that explore the role played by institutional scenarios in the organization, structuration and definition of children and youth in contemporary industrialized Western settings. The papers draw from a broad definition of institutional setting and include spaces such as formal education, non-formal

Institutional Regulation of Contemporary Childhood in Spain

Migrant Childrens Cultures and the Culture of Migrant Childhoods

Spain. Laura Martnez-Alamillo(Universidad Complutense de Madrid) - Revisiting notions of failure and success in secondary school. Marta Bertran and Diana Marre(UniversitatAutnoma de Barcelona) Childrens adaptations to Kindergarten culture in a Mediterranean context: Permissions and resistances. Javier Gonzalez-Patio(Independent Researcher Spain) - Exploring parental involvement in school: A participatory action research project using a social web platform. Mara Fernanda Moscoso(Instituto Madrileo de Antropologa Spain) - What about the kids? Thinking about childrens "agency" in international migrations. Marta Morgade(Universidad Autnoma de Madrid) - Chords and disagreements at school: Performance and co-existence in an elementary music classroom. Irene Rujas y Marta Casla(Universidad Autnoma de Madrid) Children and families as storytellers in libraries. Mara Isabel Jociles, Ana MaraRivas, BegoaLeyra(Universidad Complutense de Madrid) and David Poveda(Universidad Autnoma de Madrid) The interactional order in single-parent families by choice. Anandini Dar (Rutgers Univ) anandini@camden.rutgers.edu Marisa O. Ensor Paper Presenters: Cecilia VindrolaPadros and Ginger A. Johnson (Univ of South Florida) cvindrol@mail.usf.edu

educational settings, child protection services, the legal system, bio-medical settings or virtual spaces. The studies also illustrate how institutional regulation is exercised directly on children and youth and indirectly, by intervention on different socializing agents (e.g. parents, teachers, child professionals, etc.), and how institutionalized discourses penetrate spheres of childrens lives which are usually considered informal and private. These studies also take a broad definition of childhood and youth, spanning from early infancy to the transition into adulthood. The panel is initially organized to present a collection of studies conducted in Spain but is open to presentations which would allow for cross-national comparisons across Europe or other post-industrial societies.

Immigrant childrens cultures have been re-created across time periods and through various spatial, racial, institutional, and ideological practices. These cultures offer insights into the diverse cultures of children, and their societies, and function as sites for analyzing constructions of childhoods. This panel looks at the

Children Migrating for Medical Treatment: A Cross-Cultural Perspective FabienneTanon and Abdoulaye Sow (Ens de Lyon University, France)fabienne.tanon@enslyon.fr Young Mauritanians' migration: a difficult journey Anandini Dar (Rutgers UniversityCamden)anandini@camden.rutgers.edu Thats Swag!:Desi kids and the diasporic culture of South Asian childhoods

Anne Wihstutz and Beatrice Hungerland (Protestant University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg-Stendal, Germany)wihstutz@ehberlin.de Migrant childrens perspective on family migration Duque-Paramo, Mara Claudia(Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia) mcduque@javeriana.edu.co Migration and cultures in Colombia. Comparative analysis of immigrant children and children of emigrant parents Marisa O. Ensor (Univ of Tennessee)marisaensor@yahoo.com Youth Culture, (Re)integration, and Diasporic Identities in South Sudan Mala Jokhan (Univ. of the West

cultures of migrant children, and engages with the conceptions, contestations, and negotiations of immigrant childhood cultures in their varied possibilities: production, consumption, performance, and embodiment. Migrant children employ various urban spaces, services for their support, along with institutional and familial ideologies, only to deploy new cultural practices in popular culture, food, dress, language, peer groups, writings, and other material, spatial, and literary forms. This panel aims to look at the ways in which migration gives rise to diverse childhood cultures lived and ideological across international immigration movements of children and youth. Diverse approaches and methods of exploration of these cultures, in varied texts, and across historical time periods and regions, are especially welcome on this panel. The panel is attentive to topics on, but not limited to: -- ethnically and racially diverse childrens and youth cultures in the diaspora --cultures of migrant children observable in/ or deployed through spaces and services, foods, dress, language, artifacts, music, writings. --institutional, familial, and material manifestations of migrant childhood cultures --transnational cultures of immigrant children --local/global production and/ or consumptions by immigrant youth --urban, and poor migrant childrens experiences --use of, and production of, social networks and digital media cultures

Cross-Cultural Variation In The Development Of The Childs Sense of Responsibility

Indies)mjokhan@gmail.com Childhoods of Transnational Care-giving Lourdes de Leon (Centro de Investigaciones y Studios Superiores en Anthropologia Social,CIESAS Mexico) lourdesdeleonp@gmail.com The socialization of responsibility: The nature of directiveresponse sequences in the everyday life of Mayan families In studying the ways families co-construct mutual orientation in joint activities, directiveresponse sequences are central. In this paper I explore how Mayan ideologies of socialization emerge in everyday family life through directive sequences. The study shows a relation between directive use and ecologies of attention. Here childrens observation and keen focus play a central role in the development of an ethos care and responsibility in the accomplishment of everyday chores.The study is based on three decades of anthropological and linguistic research in the Tzotzil Mayan township of Zinacantan, Chiapas, Mexico. David F. Lancy (Utah State Univ) david.lancy@usu.edu Chores and the Development of Responsibility Akira Takada (Kyoto Univ) akiratakad@gmail.comResponsibility in giving and taking activity Penelope Brown (Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Netherlands) Penelope.Brown@mpi.nl Roxana Helen Waterson (Natl Univ. Singapore)

The Role Of Electronic Technology in Constructing Youth Culture

Childrens Experience of Schools and Classrooms

socroxan@nus.edu.sg Toraja Childrens Perceptions of Ceremonial Life and its Responsibilities Hiltrud Otto & Heidi Keller (University of Osnabrueck, Germany) Cultural Conceptions of Responsibility: German middle-class and Cameroonian Nso Mothers Emma Bond (Univ Campus Suffolk) e.bond@UCS.AC.UK Paper Presenters: Birgit Hertzberg Kaare(Univ of Oslo)b.h.kaare@media.uio.noAlways accessible, always absent: The impact of communication technologies on the lives of children and young people in Norway. Lisa M. Tripp (Florida State Univ) lisa.tripp@cci.fsu.eduLatino Immigrant Youth in the US - Challenges and Resources for Digital Inclusion. Emma Bond (Univ Campus Suffolk) e.bond@UCS.AC.UK Theres no place like home? Mobile phones and childrens perceptions of risk and security in late modernity. Christine Finnan (College of Charleston) This panel examines the interplay between children finnanc@cofc.edu and youth and the venues in which they spend significant time: schools and classrooms. As formal Paper Presenters: education becomes part of an increasing number of Christine Finnan (College of Charleston) children's lives throughout the world, we need to look finnanc@cofc.eduThe effect of school and critically at the effect of schools and classrooms on how classroom interactions and expectations children and youth conceptualize themselves and onchildrens developing self-concept. others. Schools are typically established to perpetuate RashmiPramanik (Sambalpur University) the existing social and cultural power dynamic, a rashmipramanik@yahoo.co.inBehind the walls dynamic that benefits some children and disadvantages of the school: Experiences from the voices of those who bring different social and cultural schoolchildren of Western Orissa. expectations to school. On the surface, schools appear

Youth Participation in Ecological Management and Sustainability of Small Islands in a Changing World Managing and Enhancing the Health of infants and Young Children- By Optimizing Care for Young Children with Special Health Care Needs

Ingrid HakalaIsin (University of Virginia)ingridisin@gmail.comLearning to be ethnic students: Childrens perspectives on multiculturalclassrooms in Eastern Nepal. R. J. Santander Malabanan. (Syracuse University)rsmalaba@syr.edu Life narratives of immigrant students in Spain Wai-Chi Chee. (Chinese University of Hong Kong)cheewaichideli@gmail.com Schooling in transition: Experiences on immigrant students in Hong Kong high schools. MehulChauhan (Xavier Institute of Development Action and Studies, Jabalpur)mehsbpors@gmail.com Life from the rural classroom: An indigenous perspective from Central India Diane Hoffmann (University of Virginia)dmh3a@cms.mail.virginia.edu discussant AjaiPratap Singh (Lucknow University)profapsingh@gmail.com

to be great equalizers by providing a common curriculum for all students, but in reality, the curriculum across schools is far from common, giving poor, rural, immigrant, and disadvantaged students the allusion of equity, while in reality they are learning much less than their more advantaged peers. In addition, a hidden curriculum exists in schools that focus less on the official curriculum and more on shaping a sense of self and developing multiple identities. This learning takes place as students interact with peers, teachers, and the larger school system. This panel brings together a set of papers focusing primarily on immigrant and indigenous ethnic/racial minority students and examines how students make sense of institutional, familial, peer, and societal expectations surrounding their school experiences and how their sense-making shapes their self-concept.

This session will focus on youth participation in ecology, adaptability, sustainability, and culture of the small islands the world over. Some of the small islands of the world have been identified for anthropological studies from around the globe. How cultures around the world interpret the puerperium, and the ways they treat the mother and infant, the structure of mother-infant interaction during this vulnerable period covering issues such as infant feeding patterns, mother-infant separation, isolation of mother and infant from the community, acceptance and rejection of the infant. The session proposes papers related to public health that helps to improve the quality of life of children and well-being (disease, nutrition, sanitation, immunization). The

Roumi Deb (Amity University)rdev@amity.edu and SeemaKapoor(Maulana Azad Medical College)

The Lost Generation: Diminishing Sex Ratio in India

SubhadraChannachanna.subhadra@gmail.com

Bringing up the Girl Child Cross-Culturally

SubhadraChannachanna.subhadra@gmail.com

The Cultural Politics of Inter-country Adoption

Kristen Cheney(International Institute of Social Studies, The Hague)anthprofkc@gmail.com Paper Presenters: Robert Ballard (Pepperdine University)

session would also cover papers related to sociocultural and other environmental aspects of birth defects in children. It is a matter of great concern and social and cultural repercussion that India is seeing a steady fall in the birth of girl children over the years till as in 2010 census the ratio in some parts of India has touched all time low of nearly 636 girls to a 1000 boys. Certain parts of India are more prone to such practices of female infanticide and now female foeticide made possible unfortunately by the advances in medical technology. It is also alarming that more urban and prosperous populations are showing greater imbalances in sex ratio. In this panel we need to probe the cultural, historical and social reasons for this practice. We invite papers on any aspect of the neglect of the girl child, female infanticide and foeticide and malnutrition and death by neglect. Concern exists also for the social and cultural repercussions of the unbalanced sex ratio and future of Indian society. This panel aims at an international participation and invites cross cultural data on the socialization of girls, informed by the cultural notions of femininity and masculinity. Important points of discussion in this panel would be heteronormativity, the emphasis on heterosexuality and the manner in which various cultures deal with these problems, especially during the socialization of children. Current scholarship on intercountry adoption is engaging with intercountry adoption as a cultural phenomenon in which notions of childhood, identity, kinship, and belonging among others are challenged and renegotiated. This interdisciplinary panel seeks to bring together scholars from various fields to consider the cultural politics of intercountry adoption from a

Riitta Hogbacka (University of Helsinki) Esben Leifsen(Norwegian University of Life Sciences) Diana Marre(Autonomous University Barcelona ) Franoise-Romaine Ouellette(Universit INRS centreUrbanisation Culture Socit, Canada) Peter Selman(Newcastle University)

Rules, Rewards and Punishments: Disciplining the Child across Cultures

S. N. Rathasatyanratha@gmail.com K. Vijayantimalakvjmala@yahoo.co.in

Youth, Substance Abuse & Household Relations

Gerelene Jagganath (University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa)pattundeeng@ukzn.ac.za Anand Singh (University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) singhan@ukzn.ac.za

number of different angles, including: statistics and recent trends in intercountry adoption; the marketization of the adoption industry; intercultural communication issues and their implications for intercountry adoptions; representations of adopted children and their sense of cultural belonging; intercountry adoption as a contact zone between poor sending countries and affluent receiving countries; and economic rationality and political agendas tied to the combined image of children as national resources and as victims of trafficking; and young adoptees points of view. Scholars in this panel will focus on children and families from a diverse range of countries including Ecuador, Ethiopia, Finland, South Africa, and Spain. Child discipline is a set of rules, rewards and punishments administered to inculcate self control, infuse desirable behavior and discourage undesirable behavior in children. In its most general usage, discipline refers to a set of systematic instructions given to one to distinguish desirable from the undesirable. Thus disciplining a child is to develop and entrench desirable social habits in children. The ultimate goal is to foster sound judgment and morals so the child develops and maintains self discipline throughout the rest of his/her life. Though the importance of rules rewards and punishments is universal, in their constitution, they vary from culture to culture. An empirical look into such rules rewards and punishments may enrich comparative ethnography of child discipline. A significant momentum in the anthropological study of childhood has enriched the neglected area of understanding childrens engagement with their changing environments and transforming kinship structures. The anthropological study of youth is

integral to the household dynamics in any given society. Africa and other developing nations are no different and where youth experience substance abuse problems, their lives reflect the larger social climate experienced in society. Historically, youth have endured severe injustices fostered by war, colonialism, socio economic crises and more recently, the challenges of globalization. As in other parts of the world, their experiences are further shaped by political and socio economic pluralities. Ghetto and township youth represent a socially marginalized group whose evolving identities indicate an increasing exposure to a youth oriented media where role models and life opportunities project negative stereotypes. In the context of post coloniality, the youth are also victims of past legacies of structural violence and familial substance abuse. Continuities with the past and contemporary stresses such as the availability and youth accessibility to mind altering drugs exacerbate their daily realities and compound the complexities of their existence. The first casualty in these abusive types of behaviour is the family/household. We propose a panel that will bring together ethnographic studies and narratives of children and adolescents in the following broad contexts: 1. youth, the family/household and substance abuse 2. youth, substance abuse and crime 3. rehabilitation of youth substance abusers 4. youth substance abusers and community engagement

Childrens and Youths Participation around the World: Issues for societies in the 21st century

Lucia Rabello de Castro (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) lrcastro@infolink.com.br

Global Child andAdolescent Sex Tourism:Issuesfor Discussion.

Madiana Almeida Rodrigues (Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil) madigus@uol.com.br

The theme of children and youths participation has received increasing attention since the ratification of the United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child in 1989. Protection and care of children should then be provided in the light that children should be entitled to participate in matters that affected them on the condition that they were able to participate. Such an ambivalent juridical understanding of childrens participation reflected the overall initial difficulty to envisage a clearcut conception of what participation meant and to grapple with the multifarious implications of childrens participation in present societies. From then a growing body of literature in the human and social sciences has been produced on the theme of childrens participation highlighting the impasses engendered by such a new paradigm of childrens position in contemporary societies. Childrens participation concerns the ample and variable context of values, symbols and cultural practices whereby children make their contribution in societies. Thus, where children stand in relation to what they do and are able to do (and what they dont do) relates to the ever present litigations and conflicts bound to occur as social positions of collective subjects are enacted in daily life. However, the impact of the recent legislation of childrens participation on the existing cultural contexts of adult-children relations and values has been significant adding up an important variable to the social dynamics of change of intergenerational relationships. To problematize and to discuss such changes in a transnational comparative perspective should be the aim of this session. The purpose of this panel is to discuss the results of researches that seek to investigate in the light of anthropology, issues concerning the field of sexual

exploitation of children and adolescents throughprostitution, focusing on empirical interest in sex tourism among children and adolescents that develops in the universe mobility of tourism, including the Internet. The results of research conducted over the past few years provide evidence to make more complex arguments about global child sex tourism. From an ethnographic approach and qualitative, involving observation, interviews, and analysis of documents, the panel proposes the study of drama and events, situations and processes associated with sex tourism among children and adolescents that have consequences in the redefinition of social identities or not legally sanctioned and access to positions and appointments to public rights. The most significant societal factor that pushes children and adolescents into prostitution is povertybut others factors can be enumerate like migration from rural to urban areas, and the advent of tourism etc. Commercial sexual exploitation, is considered one of the worst forms of child labor, outlines an international social problem that transcends geographic and socioeconomic contexts, which is not a new phenomenon that thrives in countries with weak legal systems. Many cities with thriving sex tourism industries are cities that suffer from widespread poverty resulting from turbulent politics and unstable economies.Hence around these cities, regardless of size, vulnerability scenarios truly shape for children and adolescents population group that has in itself more susceptible to domestic violence, sexual and / or commercial is worse in conditions of social exclusion along with child prostitution, pornography, and sex trafficking. The idea of this panel is also able to have

Rights and Securities of Natural Disaster Affected Children

M Zulfiquar Ali Islam, Bangladesh, drzulfiquarai@gmail.com

the participation of different disciplines. The culturally approved ways of being active and skilled member of society are intermittently distorted by the attack of natural disasters. The disaster affected children have to be deprived of enjoying some stages of their life cycle and consequently, they are impelled to be socially and mentally immature. The natural disasters degrade their social status in comparison with their counterparts and also impel them to be remaining in lower status of social hierarchy as they have to confront with immense insecurities in meeting their basic needs. Moreover, they are subjected to trafficking, metal trauma, loss of parental care, and perilous manual labor. The adverse and alarming situation causes detrimental effect on their schooling and also on their total socialization in the long run. As a matter of fact, the affected children may not be innocent as their characteristic mark designates, not be protected as their disaster affected parents are economically and intellectually incapable to protect them, and also not to be dependent in some cases as they have to understand their own problems and to solve those by themselves. In the devoid of technological and economic supports to be provided by government and non-government organizations, the parents and community people are usually forced to formulate and undertake multiple corrective rather than preventive measures in confronting with the immense hardship in providing rights and securities with their children in their indigenous fashion. This alarming situation hinders their usual socialization and they are rendered into marginalized category in terms of the rights and securities. The question of rights and securities of disaster affected children is crucial for the proper and adequate development of their

"The Role of Technology in Constructing Youth Culture"

Dr. Emma Bond e.bond@ucs.ac.uk Paper Presenters: Minna Ruckenstein,minna.ruckenstein@ncrc.fi, Birgit Hertzberg Kaare,b.h.kaare@media.uio.no Lisa M. Tripp,ltripp@fsu.edu

Persistence and Change in Hunter-Gatherer Infant, Children, and Adolescent Social Leaning, Play and Parenting

Barry S. Hewlett Department of Anthropology Washington State University hewlett@vancouver.wsu.edu Vancouver, WA USA Paper Presenters: (1) Hillary N. Fouts, University of Tennessee, Knoxville,

potentialities. The academicians and development workers may collaborate in addressing this domain of research for sustainable development of natural disaster affected children throughout the globe. Accordingly, this session invites paper of qualitative and/or quantitative and/or mixed approaches from the academicians of different disciplines and also development workers from different regions of the globe in this regard. Childhood, as a social construction, changes according to the wider political, social, economic and technical environment. Many young people today are growing up leading media saturated lives and the age at which they engage with the online or digital world is getting younger and younger. The concept of risk and concerns over young peoples safety in late modernity have transformed childhood from occupying the physical spaces of the street, the park and the fields of a generation ago, to the sanctity of the home, the school and newly developed specialised and protected childrens spaces. Viewed as a time of innocence and in need of protection, post modern childhoods, coinciding with rapid technological advances, are increasingly played out in virtual space. This panel critically considers the complex relationships between young people, technology and their everyday lives and how recent technological developments have changed the landscapes of childhood and youth. Hunter-gatherers are known for their egalitarianism and extensive sharing of food and childcare. How are these values transmitted and acquired? What is the nature of social learning in hunter-gatherers? What is the role of play in social learning? What are the roles of parents versus others? How are play, social learning or parenting similar or different from those in farming or

TN, USA. hfouts@utk.edu (2) Bonnie L. Hewlett, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, USA. hewlettb@vancouver.wsu.edu (3) Adam. H. Boyette, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, USA. ahboyette@gmail.com (4) Courtney Helfrecht, Anthropology, Washington State University, 735 NW State St., Pullman, WA 99163, USA (5) Vishvajit Pandya, Cultural/Social Anthropology, DAIICT, Near Indroda Circle, Gandhinagar 382007,Gujurat INDIA. pandyav@yahoo.com (6) Isabel Ruiz-Mallen; Carla Morsello; Victoria ReyesGarcia; Universitat Autnoma de Barcelona , Department of Anthropology, ICTA, Campus UAB, 08193, Victoria.reyes@uab.cat (8.) Jennifer Wilcox, Anthropology, Washington State University, United States, Washington. jennifer_wilcox@wsu.edu Kristen Cheney ,Senior Lecturer, Convener of Children & Youth Studies, cheney@iss.nl Paper Presenter: (1) Dr. Peter Selman 38 Ivy Road, Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, NE3 1DB Newcastle University pfselman@yahoo.co.uk Paper- The Changing Face of Intercountry Adoption (2) Franoise-Romaine Ouellette INRS UCS, 385 Sherbrookeest

pastoral groups? How do national governments, missionaries and NGOs impact social learning, play and parenting? What aspects of social learning, play and parenting persist or change with acculturation? What can developed countries learn from hunter-gatherer social learning, play and parenting?

Belonging, Identity, and the Cultural Politics of Intercountry Adoption

Current scholarship on intercountry adoption is engaging with intercountry adoption as a cultural phenomenon in which notions of childhood, identity, kinship, and belonging among others are challenged and renegotiated. This interdisciplinary panel seeks to bring together scholars from various fields to consider the cultural politics of intercountry adoption from a number of different angles, including: statistics and recent trends in intercountry adoption; the marketization of the adoption industry; representations of adopted children and their sense of cultural belonging; intercountry adoption as a contact zone

Montral, Canada, H2x 1E3.Universit INRS, centre Urbanisation Culture SocitouelletteR@ucs.inrs.ca Paper- Professional constructions of adopted childrens identity (3) RiittaHgbacka PO Box 35 (Vironkatu 1) FIN-00014 University of Helsinki,riitta.hogbacka@helsinki.fi Paper- Inter-country adoption as a contact zone (1) Sarah Richards University Campus Suffolk School of Applied Social Sciences Division of CYPE, Waterfront Building, IP4 1QJ Paper- What the map cuts up the story cuts across: Narratives of cultural belonging in inter-country adoption (4) EsbenLeifsen NORAGRIC UMB, P.o. box 5003 1432 Aas, Norway Norwegian University of Life Sciences esben.leifsen@umb.no Paper- The politics of belonging in Ecuador: The antiICA arguments vs. relatedness constitution in marginal urban contexts

between poor sending countries and affluent receiving countries; economic rationality and political agendas tied to the combined image of children as national resources and as victims of trafficking; and young adoptees points of view. Scholars in this panel will focus on children and families from a diverse range of countries including China, Ecuador, Finland, and South Africa.

Childrens relationships within and across generations

Laura Gilliam, Educational Anthropology, Department of Education, Aarhus University. Tuborgvej 164, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark. lagi@dpu.dk Paper Presenters: Eva Gullv, Tuborgvej 164, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Department of Education, University of Aarhus. evag@dpu.dk Laura Gilliam, Tuborgvej 164, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Department of Education, University of Aarhus. lagi@dpu.dk. Niels Kryger,Tuborgvej 164, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Department of Education, University of Aarhus. kryger@dpu.dk Dil Bach, Tuborgvej 164, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Department of Education, University of Aarhus. dil@dpu.dk Nana Clemensen, Tuborgvej 164, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Department of Education, University of Aarhus. nacl@dpu.dk 6. Karen Ida Dannesboe, Tuborgvej 164, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Department of Education, University of Aarhus. kida@dpu.dk Dr. Jose Ral Luyando Cuevas, Research Professor Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales,Universidad Autnoma de Nuevo Len,Av. Lzaro Crdenas Ote. y Paseo de la Reforma S/N Campus Mederos U.A.N.L. C.P. 64930, Monterrey Mexico Paper presenters: The workforce development of young workers in Mexico

Childrens everyday life is lived out in a web of relationships within and across generations. As emphasized by Alanen (2001), the category of the child is constituted by relationships within the generational structure. This panel will explore the practices and meanings of these relationships through micro-studies of childrens social lives, looking not only at vertical, but also horizontal relationships within generations, to explore how childrens various positions are created and given meaning through these relationships. How are relations and the feeling and practice of relatedness - within and across generations created, performed, negotiated and challenged? What are the cultural scripts and norms ascribed to specific relations that children are engaged in how do they become daughters, sons, grandchildren, siblings, as well as friends and classmates - and how do these differ across sites and contexts? And what do these relations entail in terms of role enactment, symbolic exchange, as well as practices of availability and avoidance?

DIFFERENT STUDIES ON DIFFERENT ASPECTS THAT AFFECT THE CHILD AND YOUTH IN MEXICO SINCE A SOCIOECONOMICS POINT OF VIEW AND HIS POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES IN THE SOCIOECONOMICS POLICIES AND FUTURE OF COUNTRY

The main objective of this document is to show the workforce development in young workers from Mexico,

Mtro. Jess Sergio Snchez Rodrguez Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales Universidad Autnoma de Nuevo Len Av. Lzaro Crdenas Ote. y Paseo de la Reforma S/N Campus Mederos U.A.N.L. C.P. 64930, Monterrey

specially based in the idea of Amartya Sen. The workforce development is evaluated through components which are integrated by the Social Competitiveness Index (ICS). This ICS shows the conditions that young teenagers faced in the labor market. The results of this research work visualize the working level and the ability to generate welfare society from job performance for this market segment.

Healthy Foods: the perception of the children and the youth in Monterrey, Nuevo Len Mtro. Elas Alvarado Lagunas Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales Universidad Autnoma de Nuevo Len Av. Lzaro Crdenas Ote. y Paseo de la Reforma S/N Campus Mederos U.A.N.L. C.P. 64930, Monterrey Mexico

Health inequality and infant development in Mexico and Nuevo Leon state during 2000-2007 Mtro. Esteban Picazzo Palencia Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales Universidad Autnoma de Nuevo Len Av. Lzaro Crdenas Ote. y Paseo de la Reforma S/N Campus Mederos U.A.N.L. C.P. 64930, Monterrey Mexico Who should receive money transfers from Mexican social programs that intent to improve childrens welfare?

This is a study about the characterization of consumption of healthy foods in Monterrey, N.L. The objective is to know the ordinary perception that the children and youth have about the security and risk that exist around their daily alimentation, with an emphasis in the consumption of the different types of meat. In the article is analyzed the importance of awareness among children and teenagers in the consumption of healthiest foods, describing the myths or beliefs about the convenience, or not, of the consumption of organic foods.

This paper analyzes the advance in equality and the development of health opportunities of infants in Mexico and Nuevo Len state. We use the Gini and Concentration Coefficients applied to child health indicators in order to analyze the inequality in health development of infants.

Jeyle Ortiz Rodrguez Tecnolgico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Mexico

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES OF YOUTH IN MEXICO Session Organizer Dr. Arun Kumar Acharya Research Professor Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales Universidad Autnoma de Nuevo Len Av. Lzaro Crdenas Ote. y Paseo de la Reforma S/N Campus Mederos U.A.N.L. C.P. 64930, Monterrey Mexico

When purchasing goods and services, intra-household allocations analysis represents a relevant way to measure welfare distributions and gender biases. This helps to determine mothers or fathers income effect on children welfare, thus to design public policies that include money transfers with the best distribution channel. However, due to usually household surveys do not register expenditures for each member, but globally, this allocation is not observable directly. In this paper a methodology proposed by Deaton (1997) is adapted in order to separate household expenditure by member. The results will provide inputs to determine who should receive government transfers in order to maximize Mexican childrens welfare.

The social, economic and demographic transformation in Mexico induced by neoliberal globalization, it is important to explore, analyze and explain the situation past, present of young people and their development prospects in the XXI century. Within these perspectives, it is necessary to understand and analyze the current process of development of our youth, discussing their economic, political, cultural and social aspects. Thus, objectives of the session are: 1. Analyze and describe the effects of neoliberal globalization on youth in Mexico; 2. Explain how neoliberal globalization has transformed the economic environment and affecting to youth in Mexico; 3. Examine the changes in the political arena and effects has brought among youth in Mexico; 4. Analyze the socio-cultural context in which

International migration, remittance and their impact on economic development in Mexico Mtro. Manuel R. Barragan Codina Director and Research Professor Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales Universidad Autnoma de Nuevo Len Av. Lzaro Crdenas Ote. y Paseo de la Reforma S/N Campus Mederos U.A.N.L. C.P. 64930, Monterrey Mexico . Informal economy and youth in Mexico: precarious employment in the future Dr. Jose Juan Cervantes Nio Research Professor Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales Universidad Autnoma de Nuevo Len Av. Lzaro Crdenas Ote. y Paseo de la Reforma S/N Campus Mederos U.A.N.L. C.P. 64930, Monterrey Mexico

youth grow in Mexico, Taking into consideration, this session deal with four important papers and explain the current situation of youth in Mexico. The papers are as follows:

The present paper analyze the current situation of international migration involves in the study the process of evolution and the causes of its growth in recent years and review the effects of population migration especially from Mexico to the U.S.A. The paper also considers the economic impact of remittances on individual family. It examines the significance of these flows of money in the economic development of Mexico, deriving conclusions relating to operating as subsequent research that will contribute to clarifying the way in which economic policy favors growth remittances support local, regional or national level

The wage characteristics of children and youth in Mexico Dr. Jose Ral Luyando Cuevas Research Professor Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales Universidad Autnoma de Nuevo Len Av. Lzaro Crdenas Ote. y Paseo de la Reforma S/N Campus Mederos U.A.N.L. C.P. 64930, Monterrey Mexico

The global economic crisis and its impact on Mexico, specifically on the labor market have forced thousands of youth employed in the informal economy. This employment meets their basic needs first to survive, however, in the medium and long term involves these strata of population fall in a vicious circle, where these sector trap easily young people in precarious employment due to their simple accessible to work, performance, and without many requirement. Ultimately insecurity becomes an anchor that increases

Single motherhood, migration and women trafficking in Mexico Dr. Arun Kumar Acharya Research Professor Investigaciones Sociales Universidad Autnoma de Nuevo Len Av. Lzaro Crdenas Ote. y Paseo de la Reforma S/N Campus Mederos U.A.N.L. C.P. 64930, Monterrey

poverty and exploitation, which many people left out of the benefits that should ensure the rule and therefore fail to contribute to development and progress of Mexico.

The paper analyzes the wage characteristics of children and young in Mexico, from the perspective of inequality in wage and employment opportunities. Besides, the paper is going to analyzing the laboral conditions of this type of workers. Work will be performed with four surveys: one in 1984 (before Mexico joined the GATT), 1994 (before Mexico joined NAFTA), 2000 (when they were running both conventions or treaties) and 2006 (more than 20 years of trade liberalization).

Single mother women from rural areas in Mexico are encouraged to migrate to urban areas to help their families and are then exposed to highly vulnerable situations of sexual exploitation. Every year 10,000 women trafficked internally in Mexico to meet the demand of sex market. This process results a greater health risk in particular to their sexual health, which explored in this research. Hundred ten trafficked women were interviewed in Mexico City and Monterrey. Trafficked women in Mexico were basically young women and single mother, little educated and unmarried. They were working as prostitutes in hotels and living with pimp. The suffered a wide range of physical and sexual violence. Unwanted pregnancy and

forced abortion were common. All most all women had been infected by sexually transmitted diseases due to their sexual behavior and violence which they confront in their daily life. Elodie Razy,Assistatn Professor ,University of Liege As a social and historical notion and a product of a Ethics and Ethnography with Children: What can Anthropology Institute of Human and Social Sciences globalized world, ethics has various senses, each Paper Presenters: Offer? evoking polysemous meanings. It is gaining more and more space through the growing importance of Charles-douard de Suremain Minority Rights and the Rights of the Child. Social and Cultural Anthropology Nowadays, ethical dimensions of research with children Ethics in Practice With, For and By Children. Ethnographic taken for granted in academic and intervention are Figures from Latin America programs set up either by NGOs or international institutions. Nevertheless, it is necessary to question Geetika Ranjan accepted wisdom on the issue of ethics in certain Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology , North Eastern ethnographic situations. This panel will consider the Hilly University, Meghalaya, India Research Ethics in Studying challenges and contributions anthropology unique Children: Fieldwork Experience amongst the Bhoksa Tribals to the discussion of ethical practices in work with offers children. This panel aims to tackle some of the ethical challenges Jean Paul Filiod ,Assistant Professor, Department of which ethnographic fieldwork with/among children Anthropology, De lyon University (including the youngest of them) emphasizes from a variety of social actors points of view. A discussion of Kristen Cheney. Senior Lecturer of children and youth various issues in different geographical areas should studies for the international institute of social studies provide some recommendations for ethical practices by of Erasmus University anthropologists studying children. Dr. Andrea Luithle Hardenberg, social Anthropology In growing context of media coverage and legislation JAINA BAL MUNIS: CONTROVERSIES ON ASCETIC CHILDRENaIN on children, the particularity of fieldwork with children WESTERN INDIA in developing countries implies some kind of proximity which requires particular precautions. How do anthropologists who work with, for and amongst children concretely face the situation? In this paper, I will lean on four different ethnographic scenario in which complicity, wait-and-see attitude and interventionism are mobilized. The paper concludes on

the necessity to lead some critical reflection based on grounded research. Bhoksa is a tribe in the state of Uttaranchal, India. The present paper proposes that a researcher should understand culture specific scenario in order to accordingly mould his/her ways of doing research on children. Bhoksa, a Primitive Tribal Group (constitutional term)) lives side by side with its non Bhoksa neighbours. The Bhoksas stay in awe of the non Bhoksas who call the shots in the area. This state of fear is also found amongst the Bhoksa children. A large section of the non Bhokasa including the school teachers and the local police look down upon the Bhoksas for being tribal. In such a scenario the researcher was on guard regarding her attitude and behavior towards both Bhoksa and non Bhoksa children. The paper shall focus on research ethics involved in understanding gender discrimination amongst children, their access to education, their perception of the tribal and non tribal divide etc. and also how they perceive the correct and the incorrect Le travail ethnographique recourt souvent limage pour saisir dans le dtail les motifs et ressorts de laction. Rapport lenfance et aux situations ducatives, cette composante mthodologique se justifie pour analyser les relations adulte(s)-enfant(s) ou enfant(s)-enfant(s). Mais, du fait du droit la vie prive et des lois de protection des mineurs, la capture dimages par lanthropologue au sein des coles, et leur diffusion, se trouvent soumises une forte rglementation. Sur la base dun travail de terrain portant sur un

dispositif dducation artistique en cole maternelle (Lyon, France), nous inscrirons ces rflexions sur limage, objet culturel paradoxal en ce quelle est autant familire et ordinaire que potentiellement dlictueuse, dans le cadre dune politique de terrain qui conoit la recherche comme espace dmocratique, en vue de concilier position thique et posture mthodologique, dans un rapport de confiance avec les acteurs, adultes comme enfants. Critiques of child participation within aid programming suggest that it is superficial and insubstantive for the fulfilment of childrens rights. By employing former child research participants as youth research assistants, the collaborative research design developed for my research project on the survival strategies of African orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) has yielded insights with implications for policy and practice that could not be gained without the extended ethnographic inclusion of children, as both participants and researchers. In this article, I share my reflections on doing participatory ethnography with children and youth to demonstrate that ethnographic research is appropriate to the tasks of increasing both childrens participation and the effectiveness of childrens rights especially when it models childrens participation in its own research design. Further, I argue that involving young people in research can yield greater ownership of organizational practice and become transformative of young people and their relationships with their communities. Out of an estimated number of 11,000 -13, 000 Jaina monks and nuns 5 to 20 per cent of ordinations involve persons between the age of 8 and 18. In order to push

"The Role of Technology in Constructing Youth Culture"

Dr. Emma Bond is a Senior lecturer in the School of Applied Social Sciences and is course leader for the MA, Childhood and Youth Studies Course. Emma has a 1st Class (Hons.) degree from U.E.A. Theres no place like home? Mobile phones and childrens perceptions of risk and security in late modernity Paper Presenters: Birgit Hertzberg Kaare Dr. philos, Professor, Department of Media and Communication, University of Oslo. Always accessible, always absent: The impact of communication technologies on the lives of children and young people in Norway. Minna Ruckenstein, Research Specialist National Consumer Research Centre,Helsinki, Finland

their spiritual progress, the child ascetics as well as their adult counterparts are in a constant wandering condition, consume a strictly vegetarian diet and are focused on studying sacred scriptures, meditation, and performing liturgical rituals. Alerted by the strictness of the ascetic discipline, the traditional practice of child ordination was recently put into question by Indian child protection as according to their opinion, the life of an ascetic infringes the rights of children, which are listed in the Juvenile Justice Act of 2000. On the other hand, proponents of child ordination claim it to be a fundamental religious right, granted in article 25 of the Indian Constitution. According to them, the inner urge to renounce the world (vairagya) is not age dependant and completely uncontrollable by legal procedures. Based on ethnographic data as well as on historical and contemporary sources the presentation will deal with the following questions: What does it actually mean for the affected children to be an ascetic? Childhood, as a social construction, changes according to the wider political, social, economic and technical environment. Many young people today are growing up leading media saturated lives and the age at which they engage with the online or digital world is getting younger and younger. The concept of risk and concerns over young peoples safety in late modernity have transformed childhood from occupying the physical spaces of the street, the park and the fields of a generation ago, to the sanctity of the home, the school and newly developed specialised and protected childrens spaces. Viewed as a time of innocence and in need of protection, post modern childhoods, coinciding with rapid technological advances, are increasingly played out in virtual space. This panel critically considers the complex relationships between young

I want a DS: Desire, Valued Objects and the Creative Potential of Human Action Lisa M. Tripp, Assistant Professor .College of Motion Picture Arts and Communication & Information. Florida State University,USA Latino Immigrant Youth in the US - Challenges and Resources for Digital Inclusion

people, technology and their everyday lives and how recent technological developments have changed the landscapes of childhood and youth. Implications of childhood, risk and mobile phones are reflected in current media discourse and contemporary public discussions. The previously private sphere of the home is no longer the protected, unchallenged space of cosseted childhoods. This research explores the relationship between young peoples consumption of mobile phone technology and the wider theoretical debates about risk, technology and subjectivity and offers insight into the social aspects of risk and mobile phones in contemporary childhoods. This is an interpretative study that offers a methodological rationale for hearing childrens voices and viewing them as experts on their own lives. The data from conversations with 30 children reveals how the traditional boundaries of public and private and childhood and adulthood are becoming blurred in late modernity. Their accounts highlight the complex, multifarious relationships of the heterogeneous networks of the technical, the social and the natural that constitute childrens everyday lives. In the course of the past decades a variety of communication technologies have opened up several new interpersonal communication channels. This paper explores the consequences of the use of personal communication media among Norwegian children and young people. They have almost unlimited access to private communication channels like mobile phones and Internet. Several researchers seem to agree that frequent use of personal media appear to be undermining the family and weakening parental supervision and monitoring of their children. This

tendency has been accelerated by the introduction of Smart Phones. Norwegian family members are living ever more separate and parallel lives within the framework of the family. An important question is whether or not new communication technologies reinforce and speed up the ongoing process of individualization of the family. This paper asks why some playthings transform into objects of intense desire while others dont. The paper focuses on this question by discussing childrens playing with a game console, Nintendo DS. Allison Pugh (2009) explains childrens desire to own gaming systems with the economy of dignity that refers to the way children collect and confer dignity in order to have the right to fit in. I argue, however, that social belonging is only a partial explanation of why game consoles are so desired. Instead, playthings propose certain actions, thereby extending and transforming children and childhood. In order to illustrate the argument I use one particular game, Nintendogs, to demonstrate that playing is valued by children because it generates creative potential of human action while supporting relations between children and digital objects. Thus Nintendo DS is needed in order to enter a world, where desire emerges in relations between children and objects with human-like capacities. From this perspective, playing Nintendogs tells us a much more general story about how social relations become intertwined and affected by the possibilities offered by technologies. By doing so, the focus on childrens intense engagements with playthings contributes to overall theorizing of people in relation to material objects and digital technologies. Studies of children and childhood can, for instance, demonstrate in detail the

ways in which technologies support meaningful social relations, and by doing so become part of knowledge about the production of human beings as persons. This means that childhood cannot be defined once and for all, but needs to be retained as an open category in order that researchers may remain alert to the multifaceted aspects of commercially produced digital technologies and the creative involvements of children with and through them. While US children and teens now have widespread access to the Internet and digital tools such as cell phones, cameras, and games, the nature and quality of their access varies tremendously. Digital inclusion is increasingly defined less in terms of stark divides in access between 'haves' and 'have-nots', and more in terms of the range of physical, digital, human, and social resources that shape peoples' ability to use digital tools in meaningful and socially valued ways (Warschauer, 2003). This paper examines the current shape of digital inequities for Latino immigrant youth living in the United States, drawing on data from the author's ethnographic research with Latinos in California and a literature review of other relevant studies. The analytical goal is to map out the current scope of challenges and resources for digital inclusion, looking at contexts including home/family, neighborhood, school, and public policy. This panel focuses on cultural and biological influences on the development of responsibility in children. Lancy provides an overview of how children in traditional societies routinely learn their chores, whereas children of contemporary elite societies develop only little sense of responsibility.

Cross-Cultural Variation In Hiltrud Otto, Department of Culture & Development,University of Osnabrueck The Development Of The Childs Sense of Responsibility Paper presenter: 1) David F. Lancy ,USU Logan Campus 0730 Old Main Hill,Logan UT 84322-0730 Utah State University, USA

Dynamics of Physical Growth Patterns in varied surroundings, socioeconomic, rural and urban groups

david.lancy@usu.edu (2) Susan Seymour Professor Emerita of Anthropology ,Pitzer College 900 W. Harrison, Claremont, CA 91711, USA susan_seymour@pitzer.edu (2) Roxana H. Waterson, Department of Sociology, National University of Singapore 11 Arts Link,Singapore 117570 socroxan@nus.edu.sg 3) Hiltrud Otto & Heidi Keller ,Department of Culture & Development,Artilleriestrasse 34 University of Osnabrueck, Germany hotto@uos.de; hkeller@uos.de (4) Akira Takada Center for African Studies Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies Kyoto University, Japan akiratakad@gmail.com (5) Lourdes de Leon Lourdes de Leon Pasquel Profesora Investigadora en Lingstica y Antropologa, CIESAS Juarez 87, Tlalpan, Mxico, D. F. lourdesdeleonp@gmail.com Dr.Udai Pratap Singh, Hony. Director, Asian Institute Of Human Science And Development.,Lucknow. Paper presenter: 1) Dr Vijay Kumar,Regional Center ,Anthropological Survey of India, Jagdalpur,(C. G.).India. 2) Dr.A M Misra, Dept. of Anthropology, Bastar University, Jagdalpur, (C. G. ) 3) Dr Ashwarya Awasthi, Dept. of Anthropology, Lucknow University. 4) Dr Suman Gosain, Head, Dept. of Anthropology,S R t Campus, H N B Garhwal University. Tehri Garhwal . U.

The following panelists present data from various cultural communities: Seymour provides data for children from Bhubaneswar, India, that demonstrate differences in the development of responsibility by socio-econiomic status and gender. Waterson focuses on Toraja children of Sulawesi, Indonesia, where children are supposed to participate in ceremonies. Otto and Keller combine interviews and everyday observations to show what kind of responsibilities Cameroonian Nso children are expected to assume. Takada analyzed Japanese mother-child interactions in order to identify the use of maternal directives and childrens responses. De Leon studied Mayan socialization practices and found low frequencies of maternal directives; instead, Mayan children are found to be active and responsible observers.

The physical growth pattern of an individual is the outcome of a continuous interaction process between genes and environment which encompasses the psychosocial micro-environment of family and school as well as surrounding of the settlements. It is realized that socio-economic conditions influence the physical growth of children and youth in populations or in subgroups of these populations. The studies indicate that growing population in urban areas; industries and modernization are not always beneficial for growing children. Changes in physical

K. India 5) Dr Vibha Agnihotri, Dept. of Anthropology, N S N P G College, Lucknow. 6)Shruti Keerti, Dept. of Anthropology, Lucknow.

Childhood and the Inner Life

Ute Eickelkamp and Gillian Cowlishaw Paper Presenters: Ute Eickelkamp ,Department of Anthropology, University of Sydney. Title- Dingo, Monster, Rabbit, I: Psychodynamics in the sand stories of a young girl, Central Australia Lynn Barnett, Social Science Researcher , Lammacott Cottage, Clannaborough, Credition, Devon EX176DA U.K. Paper- Extracts from a Film of a Gujarat Infancy: What are the Implications for Psychological Development? Jadran Mimica Senior Lecturer in Anthropology,Department of Anthropology, University of Sydney Paper- On the Growth of the Childs Body-Soul among the Yagwoia of Papua New Guinea Professor Gillian Cowlishaw, University of Sydney, Australia Paper- Endangered by the state: indigenous childhoods today

growth characteristics have also been noted when people migrate from one place to another. Studies done on such areas of human growth & development across the world in recent years are the eye openers. It is therefore, needed to address all such issues so that the irrefutable deliveries can be mutually high lined. The cultural construction of childhood, the diversity of parenting styles, and the variety of childrens behavioral norms across cultures are relatively wellestablished facts. Less known is how these factors impact on the inner world of children in diverse cultural milieus, especially in times of acute social change. Children in remote, minority and third world conditions are experiencing new demands, and new opportunities, as changing institutions and ideas impinge on their established social conditions. What tensions do they experience as their subjective worlds and their intimate relationships are forced to adjust to powerful people with other social expectations such as teachers and health professionals? How are childrens perceptions, practices and experiences (mis)understood by those who govern them, and what impact does this governance have on children over time? This panel seeks to bring together anthropological and psychological/psychoanalytic perspectives and ask: How do children experience the world they live in? What are their feelings, thoughts and dreams? How do historical transformations and childrens developing ego structure (organization of mind, self, affect) intersect? We also invite contributions that explore the special problems of methodology that these research questions entail, and how they may be overcome or at

least recognised. Aomar IBOURK Professor, Department dEconomie Universit cadi Ayyad, marrkech, Maroc aomaribourk@gmail.com (paper presenters are invited for this Panel) The efforts exerted by the Moroccan authorities and their partners in the fight against child labour have significantly reduced the number of employed children. In fact, looking at the data shown by the National Employment Survey (ENE), conducted by the High Planning Commission, it is clear that the number of working Children, which reached 1.23 million in 1999, was considerably reduced to only 684 thousand by the end of 2008. Thus, in 9 years the overall reduction of this number has reached 44.6%. Looking at this number from the point of view of gender, the decline is sharper among girls, in the sense that the reduction reached 53.7% for girls against 38.9% for boys. Works done about the determinants of child labour are consistent enough to show that these determinants can be seen as the result of the conjunction of factors relating to supply, demand, legal framework and social context. From the point of view of supply, the emphasis is directed to the child's choice between employment or education (Jensen, Nielson, 1997, Wahba, 1999, Rosati, 2001, Ray, 2000, Patrinos, Psacharopoulos, 1997 Psacharopoulos, 1997). These works highlight that poverty, credit constraints, malfunctioning of the educational system and the socio-demographic characteristics relating to the child's household as the main factors influencing the choice of children to work at the expense of going to school. As for demand, it seems that the presence of a class of employer (businesses and families) searching for cheap labour and docile, the prevalence of the informal sector, and the rather complex degree of production processes are the main determinants of demand (Mejjati Alami,

2002). The weak influence of the Labour Code on the industrial relations reality, particularly in the informal sector, constitutes an additional objective factor behind child labour. The effect of these economic and institutional factors is even stronger than the Moroccan social context, which is marked on the one hand by the persistence of the traditional social perception of labour which encourages the mobilization of child labour, and on the other hand, by a deep crisis in the educational system resulting in a development of negative attitudes towards school (Gessouss, 2002).The recommendations of the various works on child labour in developing countries agree on the need to adopt an overall approach, taking into account the complex nature of the phenomenon. After having ratified the UN Convention on the child Rights (CRC) and its two additional protocols, together with the conventions of the International Labour Organizations (ILO) on child labour, Morocco has set up its National Action Plan for Children (NCA) in 2006) "Morocco worthy of its children. This plan introduced 10 collective objectives whose implementation is necessary to improve the welfare of children in the national context1. These objectives reflect an integrated and holistic approach to strengthen the fundamental rights of the child (Objective 1 through 6), and they reflect the concern to bring together all the conditions necessary to put to practice the plan cited above (Objective 7 through 10).This article is divided into three sections. The first one will give an overview of the issue of child labour in Morocco. the second section will make use of the MICS data to analyze the determinants of child labour and its effect on academic performance. Finally, the last one adopts the analysis of factors such as vie for reading to evaluate pilot projects

to fight against child labour in the sector of crafts. Children in Patrilineal and Matrilineal Societies Geetika Ranjan, Associate Professor, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong The system of inheritance, descent and succession plays a dominant role in determining the attitude of a family and society at large towards its children. Certain studies have Paper Presentersshown that in patrilineal societies the male children are mostly given a preferential treatment . For instance, in many (1)Dr. Q. Marak patrilineal societies in India the birth of a male child is Assistant Professor, desperately prayed for as the boys are taken as retainers and Department of Anthropology, transmitters of the family name and such an approach North Eastern Hill University, eventually leaves shadows over the other rights of the girl Shillong 793022 (PIN) child in such societies such as quality of education being E mail : qmarak@gmail.com Title of the Paper- The Gendered Paradoxes of the First imparted to her, her nutritional requirements etc. In matrilineal societies the descent and inheritance is traced in Born: A Study of a Matrilineal Society female line. In communities like the Khasi of Meghalaya the (2)Dr. Rosina Nasir youngest daughter inherits the major share of the parents Assistant Professor property. The proposed panel shall attempt to unravel the Centre for the Study of Social Exclusion and Inclusive position of children male and female in matrilineal and Policy, School of Social Sciences, University of patrilineal societies and their socialization under the two Hyderabad,Email: roseenanasir@gmail.com different canopies. It shall also explore the pertinent realities Title of the Paper- Descent: Conceptual and which lie between the general assumptions of girls calling the Operational View shots and boys being on the receiving end , in case of matrilineal societies and vice versa in the case of patrilineal (3)Dr. Malvika Ranjan societies. Assistant Professor, Department of History, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi E mail : malvika.ranjan@gmail.com Title of the Paper- Feminist challenge to patriarchal culture in 19th century India (4)Dr. Valerie Dkhar Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, Pondicherry University,

Puducherry - 605014 valz2203@gmail.com Title of the Paper-The Effect of Socio-Cultural Factors on Gender Preference in Khasi Society. (5)Dr. Deigracia Nongkynrih Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022 (PIN) Email: deigracianongkynrih@yahoo.co.in Title of the Paper-Girl Child Labour in Patrilineal and Matrilineal Societies: A Case study of Shillong City. (6)Dr. Rashmi Srivastava, Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, S.P. Degree College, (University of Lucknow) Lucknow,rashmissrivastava@gmail.com Title of the Paper-Gender Bias in Health and Nutrition Care in Patrilineal Societies in India Elodie Razy, Assistant Professor, University of Liege Institute of Human and Social Sciences (1)Dr. Andrea LUITHLE-HARDENBERG, PhD. Assistant Professor Institute of Asian and Oriental Studies (AOI) Department of Indology and Comparative Religion Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen Gartenstr. 19 72074 Tuebingen Germany Email: a.luithle@gmx.net Title of the Paper- JAINA BAL MUNIS: CONTROVERSIES ON ASCETIC CHILDREN IN WESTERN INDIA

Ethics and Ethnography with Children: What can Anthropology Offer?

As a social and historical notion and a product of a globalized world, ethics has various senses, each evoking polysemous meanings. It is gaining more and more space through the growing importance of Minority Rights and the Rights of the Child. Nowadays, ethical dimensions of research with children are taken for granted in academic and intervention programs set up either by NGOs or international institutions. Nevertheless, it is necessary to question accepted wisdom on the issue of ethics in certain ethnographic situations. This panel will consider the unique challenges and contributions anthropology offers to the discussion of ethical practices in work with children. This panel aims to tackle some of the ethical challenges which

(2)Kristen CHENEY, PhD. Senior Lecturer International Institute of Social Studies of Erasmus University Rotterdam PO Box 29776 2502 LT The Hague, Netherlands Email: cheney@iss.nl Title of the Paper- Children as ethnographers: Reflections on the importance of participatory research in assessing orphansneeds (3) Charles-Edouard de SUREMAIN, PhD. Full-time-Researcher at the Institute of Research for Development (IRD) UMR 208 PaLoC - 57, rue Cuvier 75005 Paris (France) Email: suremain@ird.fr Title of the Paper -Ethics in Practice With, For and By Children. Ethnographic Figures from Latin America (4)Geetika RANJAN, PhD. Associate Professor North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, INDIA Department of Anthropology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, Meghalaya, India Email:geetikaranjan@yahoo.co.in, geetikaranjan19@gmail.com Title of the Paper- Research Ethics in Studying Children: Fieldwork Experience amongst the Bhoksa Tribals. 5)Jean-Paul FILIOD, PhD. Assistant Professor Universit de Lyon, Centre Max Weber (CNRS, UMR 5283) 11 rue du Progrs, 69100 Villeurbanne, France Email: jean-paul.filiod@univ-lyon1.fr Title of the Paper -Doing Ethnography in Nursery

ethnographic fieldwork with/among children (including the youngest of them) emphasizes from a variety of social actors points of view. A discussion of various issues in different geographical areas should provide some recommendations for ethical practices by anthropologists studying children.

Authority and freedom: Comparing youth in mainstream and tribal India.

Schools (France). The Researcher Confronted with the challenges of using Picture Georg Pfeffer (waiting for paper presenters)

At least one hundred million Indians belong to tribal societies and tribal youths had received considerable attention in the past, when authors like Roy, Elwin and Archer described their dormitories as well as their music and dance. And yet life in the so-called kingdom of the young was never really compared to the process of socialization as experienced in mainstream India. Tribal conditions of colonial times have probably undergone major changes during the last decades, when schools were introduced on a massive scale and huge industrial projects changed the landscape, or Hindu nationalists constructed innumerable temples between 1998 and 2004 in the tribal areas to recover the people for their supposedly lost religion. Major changes must have been experienced by the mainstream youths as well, if only on account of the widespread introduction of electronic media and the highly increased geographic mobility, or the accelerated race for decent jobs. To what extent have these changes narrowed or widened the cultural gap between tribal and mainstream conceptions of youth? Not just youth dormitories, other institutions and ethnographic reports had been indicating the nonauthoritarian socialisation process of children and youths of any gender, as well as the remarkable independence exercised in many ways by unmarried girls and boys. Parents and elders had no prerogatives at any time of their existence. On the other hand, a life-long parental authority has always been central to mainstream Indians and the elders of a family continued to steer the decision-making process even after their children had obtained adulthood. The very idea of a persons permanent departure from home or that of a separation of property among siblings use to carry negative

connotations within the model of the joint family. Such conditions may have changed slowly or dramatically during the last decades. Contributors are invited to present more recent results of empirical research that refer to familial authority or the lack of it either in mainstream India of both the urban and the rural context, or in tribal India. Some researchers may even have ventured to compare genderwise or not - the domestic relations and other informal forms of education between the tribal and the non-tribal cultures of India. Child, Youth and Human Rights DR ALOK CHANTIA Asstt, professor(anthropology) Lucknow university, lucknow alokchantia@gmail.com Child is the father of man, child is the image of God, youth is the source of energy and provides base for the development of the society, all these parlances are derived from culture. But within cultural framework child is neglected one. Enormous works have been inked on culture but very few on children and youth in cultural framework which make an environment to examine different models of children life among tribes which could give a fruitful result in the era of globalization and increasing pace of urbanization. It is well known fact that increasing pace of population make an effect of formation of many socio-political boundaries which restrict the mobilization of people from one place to another place and it was titration point where many cultural groups kept them away from conventional education in the hope of better life in the Nation state frame work. It became only a speculation because an imbalance was increasing between natural resources and population, this scenario made child and youth as sandwich between conventional and modern value, education and it is also not an easy task to provide a well established job to everyone. in absence of smooth life and keeping away from conventional or cultural life a child and youth have no option other than sanctioned

path which led an era of youth unrest, role of youth in terrorism, child labor, child abuse, youth unemployment , confused life style, role of youth in family responsibility, behavior of child with or without family, cruelty among children etc all are very important and emerging consequences among child and youth in emerging world which is nothing but a sort of violation of human rights . In proposed panel an attempt has been made to encompass all those areas which could reflect the construction and deconstruction of child and youth in the frame of Human rights with following sub topics Human rights of children in emerging world Human rights of Youth in emerging world Globalization, children and youth Human rights of girl child Human rights of urban child and youth Human rights of rural child and youth Human rights of tribal child and youth Human rights and involvement of youth in terrorism Human rights , cruelty and youth Human rights, child trafficking, Child prostitution and child abuse Violence, children and human rights Human rights, sexuality and youth Media, youth and child

Human rights of children and youth living with HIV/AIDS Human rights of child labour Human right to education and children Human rights of minority children Child marriage, Child criminality, Children in destitute Human rights of Children with Disabilities Human rights of Street children and children in a Scavenging Community Juvenile delinquency: Worldwide theories and practices Dr. Paras Kumar Choudhary drpkchoudhary@yahoo.co.in Paper Presenters 1. Dr. Purabi Nandi, West Bengal, India Email sandeepwb@gamil.com 2. Prof. Suguna Pathy, V.N. S.G.University Sarat, India Email - sugunapathy@hotmail.com 3. Prof. Rodrigo Gomesh Cuimares, Moulay Ismail University Morocco. Email - Rodrigo@rosana.unesp.br 4. Prof. Brahim Ei Kadiri Boutchich Emailbe_boutchich@yahoo.co.uk 5. Prof. Saleem Jahangir, Hazratbal Emailsaleemjehangir@gmail.com 6. Prof. Aneesa Shafi, Hazratbal Email sociologydepartment@yahoo.com 7. Prof. Samina Sultana Email bnishat2002@yahoo.co.uk 8. Dr. Amitav Sumanta Email - dramitav1@yahoo.com 9. Prof. Pirzada M. Amin Emaildr_pirzada@yahoo.com 10. Prof. J.H. Oraon Email drpkchoudhary@yahoo.co.in 11. Dr. Sabir Hussain Email abirhussain12345@yahoo.co.in Juvenile delinquency: Worldwide Theories and Practices A juvenile delinquent is a person who is typically under the age of 18 and commits an act that otherwise would've been charged as a crime. Several theories have been given by social thinkers behind the juvenile crime. We can categories the theories as follows: 1) Rational Choice theory: Classical Criminologist

stress that causes of crime lie within the individual offender not in external environment. These offenders are motivated by rational self interest. 2) Social Disorganization theory: Current Positivist

theorists believe that its an absence or breakdown of communal institutions (such as family, school, church) or relationships that insist juvenile delinquency. The

12. Dr. B.N. Shayay Email drpkchoudhary@yahoo.co.in 13. Dr. Surendra Pandey Email - jaiswalrp@gmail.com 14. Dr. Mithilesh Kumar Email keka_duttaroy@yahoo.com 15. Dr. Jitender Prasad Email jitender.mdu@rediffmail.com 16. Prof. Ravi Prakash Pandey Email ravisociology@rediffmail.com 17. Prof. Hafeez-ur-Rehman Email anthro_hafeez@yahoo.com 18. Mr. Shams Tabrez Email stabrez1164@yahoo.co.in 19. Prof. Ramesh H. Makwana Email- drrhmakwanaspa@yahoo.com 20. Prof. Bimla Shukla drbnshukla@yahoo.co.in 21. Prof. Ranvinder Singh Sandhu Emailravinder@yahoo.com

reason behind the crime lies in the culture itself. 3) Strain Theory: Strain theory is advocated by R K

Merton where he raised the issues of dilemma between cultural goal and institutional means. 4) Differential Association Theory: This theory deals

with young people in group context and looks how young people with bad peer group indulge themselves in crime. 5) Labeling theory: Labeling theory states that once

young people have been labeled as criminal they are more likely to offend. Edwin H. Sutherland is one of the pioneer of this theory 6) Social Control Theory: Social Control theory

believes that its lack of socialization process that leads to Juvenile delinquency and it can be control through means of social control. Above reasons which have been already covered in these theories. there are other factors which are in practice like including parental alcoholism, poverty, breakdown of the family, overcrowding, abusive conditions in the home, the growing HIV/AIDS scourge, or the death of parents during armed conflictsare orphans or unaccompanied and are without the means of subsistence, housing and other basic necessities are at greatest risk of falling into juvenile delinquency. Furthermore, young people are more likely to

become victims of crimes committed by juvenile delinquents. Research on Children's Play and Toys in Non-Western or Non-Industrial Communities and its Contribution to Anthropology and Ethnology Panel Organizer: Deeksha Nagar, Jean-Pierre Rossie, Deeksha.Nagar@gmail.com, Amrit Pratibha 5/530,Vikas Nagar, Lucknow-226022, UP, India Paper Presenters1) Jean-Pierre Rossie, Reginald Warnefordstraat 63, 9040 Gent, Belgium. Toy Museum Moirans-enMontagne, France sanatoyplay@gmail.com Title of the Paper- Research on North African Childrens Play and Toy Cultures and its Contribution to Anthropology and Ethnology 2) Deeksha Nagar, Folklorist/Independent Researcher, 5/530 Vikas Nagar, Lucknow-226022, UP, India.Deeksha.Nagar@gmail.com Title of the Paper- Creativity, Performance and Culture Change ,Understanding Childrens World through Wedding of the Doll Role-Play. 3) Noelia Enriz, Santiago del Estero 6237, Villa Adelina (1605) Buenos Aires, Argentina.Universidad Nacional de Lomas de Zamora, Argentina.nenriz@yahoo.com.ar Title of the Paper- How to Play as an Mby-guaran Kid? 4) Carolina Remorini 46 1344. LA PLATA. CP. 1900,BUENOS AIRES, National University of La Plata, A rgentina cremorini@yahoo.com.ar Title of the Paper- Play and Child Development. Some Considerations from an Ethnographic Research in Two Rural Argentinean Communities 5) Micaela Rende, 20 687. LA PLATA. CP. 1900,BUENOS The topic of this panel refers not only to what is generally called childrens play and toy worlds but to all playful activities including music, singing, dancing and performing. The aim is to develop a line of thought and reflection on non-western or non-industrial children's play, leisure and toy cultures and its contribution to anthropology and ethnology. Research fields that surely relate to childrens playful activities are among others material, ecological, cultural, social, economic, educational, psychological and aesthetical anthropology. In their presentation participants should link their research to ethnographical, methodological, theoretical and/or ethical aspects and to possible activities within the sphere of applied anthropology. It is the explicit intention that this panel should not remain a onetime event but will start a continuous reflection on the proposed panel theme.

AIRES , National University of La Plata, Argentina (Univ Nacional de La Plata, Argentina) micaelarende@gmail.com The making of cultural identity in the case of unattached children Silvia Vignato - Assistant Professor ,GIuseppe Bolotta Phd Candidate, Universit di Milano-Bicocca ,Italy, Silvia.vignato@unimib.it, giuseppeitaly@hotmail.it (1)Laura May (Ward) Lee,Email: laura.lee@ubc.ca PhD Candidate Canada,University of British Columbia 2416 W 13th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V6K 2S8, Canada Title of the Paper(2)Diane M. Hoffman,Email: hoffman@virginia.edu Associate Professor,United States University of VirginiaEducation Curry School of Education,405 Emmet Street Charlottesville, VA 22904 Title of the Paper3)Thomas Stodulka,Email: thomas.stodulka@fuberlin.de,PhD Candidate Germany,Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology/Cluster of Excellence "Languages of Emotion"Freie Universitt Berlin Social and Cultural Anthropology,Habelschwerdter Allee 45D-14195 Berlin Title of the Paper4)Alice Sophie Sarcinelli,Email: sophiealy@yahoo.it PhD Candidate France,Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales Anthropology Title of the Paper5)Paola Porcelli,Email: Porcelli_paola@yahoo.fr Clinical Psychologist PhD France,INSERM, Unity 669, University of Paris 5 Transcultural psychology A growing number of unattached" children, that is, children who grow up outside some kind of stable kinship/residential group, characterizes the youngest and poorest populations of the world. They tend to live on the margin of the public sphere and of the major economic, political, and cultural processes. Institutions of care such as homes or outreach stations, be they State-run, religious or NGO based, are often the unique point of reference for these youngsters and thus religious beliefs or/and ideologies of child suffering play a prominent role in their identity construction process. Panel members will provide analyses of the role of ideology in the socialization of unattached children. Panelists will consider both the messages conveyed to clients by the aid organization as well as the childrens interpretation and use of such messages in the process of managing their own face or identity.

63, rue Caulaincourt - 75018 Paris (FRANCE) +33(0)6 61 70 46 21, rue Myrha 75018 Paris Title of the Paper6)Minushree Sharma,Email: minushree@nus.edu.sg Doctoral Candidate,Singapore, Department of Sociology,Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences,National University of Singapore AS103-06 11 Arts Link Singapore 117570 Title of the Paper7)Giuseppe Bolotta,Email: giuseppeitaly@hotmail.it PhD Candidate in Anthropology,Psychologist Italy,Universit degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy,Social and Cultural Anthropology Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1,20126 Milano, Italy Title of the Paper(8)Francesca Nicola,Email: mirudimiru@yahoo.it Phd candidate,Italy,Universit of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.Cultural Anthropology Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1,20126 Milano, Italy Title of the Paper9) Silvia Vignato,Email: silvia.vignato@unimib.it Assistant Professor,Italy,Universit di Milano-Bicocca Cultural Anthropology,Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1 20126 Milano, Italy Title of the Paper10) Matteo Alcano,Email: matteo_alcano@hotmail.com PhD candidate,Italy Universit di Milano-Bicocca,Cultural Anthropology Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1,20126 Milano, Italy

Ethnography with Children and Adolescents: A

Panel Organizer:

Our panel brings together ethnographic studies that describe how children and adolescents become involved in social,

Comparative Analysis Across Studies and Contexts

Maria Dantas-Whitney (Western Oregon University, U.S.A.) dantasm@wou.edu Paper Presenters: Antondia Borges (University of Brasilia, Brazil) antonadia@uol.com.br FinaCarpena-Mndez (Oregon State University, U.S.A.) fina.carpena@oregonstate.edu Angeles Clemente (State University of Oaxaca, Mexico) angelesclemente@gmail.com Maria Dantas-Whitney (Western Oregon University, U.S.A.) dantasm@wou.edu Alba-Lucy Guerrero (La Salle University, Bogota, Colombia) baluguerrero@gmail.com Mario Lopez-Gopar (State University of Oaxaca, Mexico) lopezmario@yahoo.com Diana Millstein (National University of Comahue, Neuqun, Argentina) diana_mils@yahoo.com.ar Sarah Richards (University Campus Suffolk, England) s.richards@ucs.ac.uk

educational, political and cultural dynamics. These studies are being conducted in our particular contexts: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, the U.K. and the U.S. We will seek to provide a comparative analysis across studies and contexts, particularly emphasizing the consideration of children and adolescents as individuals in the center of intersubjective relations between us (adults), and the others (children and adolescents). Notably, the concept of agency will be highlighted, considering both how children propose alternative possibilities for the transformation of their identities and their everyday lives as well as its implications for methodology and the epistemology of ethnography.

CHILDREN AND YOUTH LIVING IN VIOLENT FAMILIES

Panel Organizer: Dr. Aparajita Chowdhury, Professor, and Dr. Manoj Manjari Patnaik

As many as 275 million children worldwide are exposed to violence in the HOME. Violence against children is a violation of their human rights a disturbing reality of every society. It can never be justified whether for disciplinary reasons or cultural tradition. Children who live with and are aware of

Post Graduate Department of Home Science, Berhampur University, Odisha 760007, India (1) Chitra Sekhar, Adjunct Professor, Inter Disciplinary Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada. chitrasekhar@hotmail.com . (2) Dr. David K. Carson, Professor of Psychology, Palm Beach Atlantic University - Orlando Campus, USA. david_carson@pba.edu . (3) Jennifer Khan Janif, International Development Officer, Auckland, New Zealand. Janif55@xtra.co.nz . (4) Mohammad Taghi Sheykhi, Professor, AlZahra University, Tehran, mtshykhi@yahoo.com . (5) Tamara L. Taillieu, Department of Family Social Sciences University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. R3T 2N2. umtailli@cc.umanitoba.ca . (6) Saira Rahman Khan, Associate Professor, School of Law, BRAC University, Bangladesh. srkhan@bracu.ac.bd . (7) Dr. Reeta Choudhury, Associate Professor, Shailabala Womens College, Cuttack, Odisha, India. reetachoudhury1@gmail.com . (8) Bhavani Prasad Panda, Professor, P G Department of Law, Berhampur University, Odisha, India. bhavaniprasad2007@gmail.com . (9) M. Anjaneyulu, Department of Law, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh. anjimuddana@gmail.com . (10) Dr. Kavita Singh, West Bengal National University Juridical Sciences, West Bengal, Kolkata, India. Kavitasingh007@gmail.com .

violence in the home face many challenges and risks that can last throughout their lives. The impact of witnessing family violence on children seems to extend beyond their social, emotional and behavioural problems to more general aspects of their health and all round development. Child abuse and family violence are inextricably interwoven and violets each and every part of CRC both by the parents and state to which the children belong to. Only a small proportion of acts of violence against children is reported and investigated, and few perpetrators held to account. In many parts of the world there are no systems responsible for recording, or thoroughly investigating, reports of violence against children, especially within family. Yet, very little is known regarding the cost of family violence against children and youth in specific sociocultural context. This panel will try to understand the various issues involved in violence against children and youth within families and develop basic theoretical approaches for suggesting interventions. Topics include but are not limited to: Exposure to parental fights; Witnessing or experiencing abuse and/or violence within family; Child abuse and neglect within family; Physical punishment. Sibling Violence; Teenage violence/aggression against parents; Violation of Child Right within Family; Victimization and Policy Response; Victimization and Human Rights initiative

(11) Dr. Aparajita Chowdhury, Professor, Post Graduate Department of Home Science, Berhampur University, Odisha 760007.India. aparajitabpur@gmail.com . (12) Mrs. DEEPA HAZARIKA CHALIHA, Associate Professor, DCB Girls College, Jorhat, Assam. deepachaliha@rediffmail.com . (13) SUMATI RAJKUMARI, G.P.WOMEN COLLEGE, AFFILIATED TO MANIPUR UNIVERSITY, Imphal, Manipur. sumati.rk6@gmail.com (14) Dr. Meera Swain, Faculty in Anthropology, Central University of Odisha, Koraput, Odisha. Meeraswain2k9@gmail.com . (15) Dr. Manoj Manjari Patnaik, Associate Professor, Post Graduate Department of Law, Berhampur University, Odisha, India. manojmanjarilaw@gmail.com . (16) Prof.V.Hemalatha Devi. Dean, Faculty of Law, IFHE, Hyderabad. varanasidevi@gmail.com. (17) Dr. Lakkaraju Jayasree, Professor, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh.jayalakkara@yahoo.com . (18) Prof. Rajani Dhingra, Professor, Post Graduate Department of Home Science, Jammu & Kashmir University, Jammu Tawi. rajni.dhingra@rediffmail.com .
Growing Up: Do Gender Praxis Play any Role?

Dr. Quinbala R Marak ,Department of Anthropology, North-Eastern Hill University,

Not only does the sex of an unborn child an event of great anticipation to parents, relatives and society at large, but also leads to many gendered situations in the post-delivery and growing-up

Shillong-793022, Meghalaya, Mail- qmarak@gmail.com Panel Presenters:

(1) Dr. Mitoo Das, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Anthropology, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India. Email: mitoodas@gmail.com (2) Dr. Utpala Sewa, Associate Professor, Department of English, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India Email: Utpalasewa1@gmail.com (3) Dr. Oinam Hemlata Devi, Assistant Professor, Ambedkar University, Delhi, India. Email: hemlata@aud.ac.in (4) Dr. Rohini Sahni, Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University of Pune, Maharashtra, India. Email: rohinisahni2000@yahoo.com, rsahni@unipune.ernet.in (5) Dr. Rameeza Hasan, Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, Madhab Choudhury College,Barpeta,Assam. Email: drrameeza.h@gmail.com (6) Ms. Doisiammoi, PhD Scholar, Department of Anthropology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India. Email: Mawi_1408@yahoo.com (7) Dr. Rukshana Zaman, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Anthropology, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India Email: rukshee@gmail.com/rukshanazaman@ignou.ac.in

years. Once the amorphous fetus gains the status of any gender, societal customs take place. These are unwritten and many times unspoken norms and a result of socialization. Studies have revealed that a son in many societies enjoys preferential treatment in upbringing and in later life in comparison to a daughter. In dominant patriarchal societies a daughter is neglected on several occasions. A couple of studies in matrilineal societies show a slight variation from the above situation. Many "modern" families in cities take pride in making no difference between a son and daughter, but what really is the story behind? The present panel aims to look at how the upbringing of a child is affected by two factors in society: The sex of the child and the gendered societal norms, if any. The panel invites proposals which discuss empirical situations where different perspectives of child rearing are brought forth.

(8) Dr. Quinbala Marak, Department of Anthropology, North-

Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, Meghalaya, India Role of Rewards andPunishment for Motivating Students Prof. SibnathDeb,PhD. Head,Department of Applied Psychology PondicherryUniversity (A Central University) R.V.Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry - 605 014 M:08489797876; E-mail: sibnath23@gmail.com Rewardand punishment for motivating students has been a long debated issue. However,both reward and punishment are essential in a balanced form for improving theperformance of the students. Reward could be in the form of verbal appreciationfor small achievements of the students in front of others, through certificateas appreciation of good performance and medals. At the same time, reward shouldnot be given easily without minimum reason, but continuous verbal encouragementcould be immensely beneficial. So far as punishment is concerned, it should bemore of a verbal in nature and in warning form; it should be nonhumiliatingand not in front of other students, like asking students to complete the taskthen and there. Under no circumstances corporal/ physical punishment should beapplied which is violation of child rights as per UN Convention on Right of TheChild (1989). Inaddition to reward and punishment, there are so many other factors which shouldbe taken into consideration for motivating the students like quality parenting,family violence, guidance and supervision of day to day study, encouragementfrom parents, not exposing wealth of the parents, parents life style, parentsexpectations, values, source of income, and education of parents. School also plays an important role likeschool discipline, teachers personality and punctuality, attendance of theteacher in schools, teacher as a role model, appearance of the teacher, updatedknowledge of the teachers, teaching style, audio-visual aids, availability ofeducational materials, school curricula, and distance of the school and so on Childintellectual development and/or cognitive functioning, childhood disorders andexperience of violence, especially sexual, are some other factors which can influencethe motivation of the students. Therefore, individual differences,identification of

childhood disorders and any traumatic experience should betaken into consideration while attempting to motivate students in studies.Otherwise, there might be injustice to a child with childhood disorder and/orpsychological trauma for under performance if they experience corporalpunishment and/or humiliation. Child aptitude and interest should also be takeninto account for future career selection Education and Youth Development in an Alaska Native Community: Costs and Benefits (Panel on Teaching Indigenous Children/Piet Erasmus, Chair)

Steven C. Dinero, PhD, Associate Professor, Human

Geography, College of Science, Health and the Liberal Arts, Philadelphia University, School House Lane & Henry Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19144, USA

Email ID DineroS@PhilaU.edu

The Gwichin Indians of northeast Alaska are undergoing a period of transition. The youth differ greatly from the previous generations in terms of values and behaviors. An inability to speak Gwichin, interest in material goods, and consumption of fewer country foods are now common among the younger generations. At the same time formal education rates are on the rise. Using primary data collected from 1999 to 2012 in one community, Arctic Village, this paper will address how education benefits as well as undermines Indigenous values and culture. While education is crucial in empowering young community members, enabling many to eventually enter wage labor, improving their ability to afford the costly monetary inputs now needed to hunt, fish and gather, many, once educated, leave the community in search of opportunities in urban centers. Thus formal education of Gwichin youth is a double-edged sword, essential to the communitys future well-being yet also posing a potential threat to its long-term viability.

Linguistic Tolerance and National Heritage: Children and Foreign Language Learning in a Changing World

Dr. Aly El-Nofely, Emeritus professor of Biological Anthropology,National Research Centre,Dokki,Cairo, EGYPT

Nation and National Heritage. The word nation was employed in several ways to designate different meanings in different times and locations on our planet. The matter is still confusing due to the nature of development of the term and ambition of politicians. Originally, a nation is a group of people (men, women and children) who are of common descent, inhabiting a common territory and sharing a common culture. It could be assumed that, at the beginning biological factors prevail, when families, tribes and

federation of tribes constitute nations, living together with common language, and traditions. Then, by time human groups succeeded to overcome natural obstacles that hindered easy movement from one area to another, like oceans, seas, mountains, deserts and jungles etc, that brought groups of different biological descent and different cultures together. Countries were formed, each with its administrative boundaries as well as its political institutions in the form of a city-state to a continent-state. Politicians are trying to make a nation out of inhabitants within country boundaries regardless of descent or cultural diversity e.g. USA, Canada Australia ... etc. Perhaps, language is the oldest and most potent component of culture. It is through language we develop our thoughts, shape our experience, explore our traditions and customs, structure our community, construct our laws, articulate our values by which we perceive our place in the world, and give expression to our hopes and ideas. That is why some of bilingual or multilingual countries are suffering presently, threat of secession e.g. Belgium and Canada, others are already divided into more than one country on linguistic basis e.g. Sweden and Norway at the beginning of the century, Czech and Slovakia by its end. Probably, linguistic conflicts involve political, economic and psychological conflicts as well. However, these same reasons are advocated by some scholars to transcend differences in language and bind inhabitants of some countries in one, more or less stable nation e.g. Switzerland and India. Needles to say that accumulated experiences and achievements of every nation are recorded and preserved through centuries in written mother language. These experiences of all nations together constitute the backbone of present human culture that should be preserved and no part of it to be omitted or forgotten. Besides, cultural heritage of each nation constitutes the building material of the identity of this nation and its members. The belonging of the

identity to certain cultural heritage is assumed to be of essential benefit to the positivity of individuals personality and to the balance of his moral values. These qualities, positivity and balance are definitely needed for maturation and effectiveness of the nation as a whole, and improve its chances to add to the total human culture in general; a culture full of varieties of achievements. In spite of domination of a given culture at a time, but it is anyhow produced by certain group of people with definable abilities and specific heritage. It is believed that its unfair domination blocking or abolishing others is morally and epistemologically unjustifiable. Do we really listen the children at school? Antonia Candel,Educational Research Department Center of Research and Advanced Studies Mexico

This poster presents several extracts of science classes of primary schools at socially marginalized surroundings of Mexico City. The ethnographic study analyzed, with conversational analysis tools (Edwards & Potter, 1992), the discursive interaction among teachers and students, focused in children participations. The analysis shows the autonomy in their contribution to classroom knowledge construction even against teacher power. These children dont try to change the proposed activities or resist learning (Willis, 1972). Rather, they expressed their autonomy by asserting a different version of school knowledge than the teachers. In doing this they constructed counterscripts (Gutierrez, et al, ???) about the activitys content. Without changing the lesson format, they argued for their versions. In doing this they sometimes reversed the IRE structure, positioning themselves as questioners and evaluators, and defining who could intervene in the next turn. The poster goal is to show the richness of children participations at primary schools, which are usually ignored. The consequence of this is their silence in other levels of education as they learn to just follow what the teacher wants them to say.

Punishment to school children for misspelling in writing Kannada at primary level

Basavaraja Kodagunti ,Asst. Professor, Karnataka, India Mail-bkodagunti@rediffmail.com

The present study concentrates on a problem of misspelling, which is observed widely in students writing. More number of students are making similar kinds of mistakes in the writing. This problem is found all over the state who are learning Kannada, and in the students with different social and economical background. One needs to understand the reason behind the particular problem. Mistakes in using scripts for aspirated sounds are a major problem found in the children. There are ten aspirated sounds in Kannada script system, which follow the script of their counter non-aspirated sounds. Always the scripts of aspirated sounds are misplaced by their counter scripts of nonaspirated sounds and vice-versa. Difference in the language usage in society and language teaching in the system is a major reason for this kind of spelling problem. The present study afoot in this direction to understand the problem and it attempts to explain the most possible reason for the problem. The present study based on the wide range of data collected from different primary schools.

STREET CHILDREN IN KOLKATA CITY- AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

DR. ALLU GOWRI SANKAR RAO, Asst.Prof. Dept.of Sociology & Social Work Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.gowrisankarrao.allu@yahoo.co.in

In India there are over 18 million street children which is equivalent to the population of the small continent Australia. CALCUTTA (present name KOLKATA), the old city of India famous from the British reign depicts a vivid structure of various form of life KOLKATA from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 26 May, 2011 (1) contributed that KOLKATA metropolitan area including suburbs has a population exceeding 15 million. It has become the third most

gowrisankarrao.allu@gmail.com

populous metropolitan area in India and are of the most populous urban area in the world. The famous story of Narayana Gangopadhya, in his book HAAD (English meaning Bone) has written the real picture of big difference between the haves and famine affected (during Second World War) havenots, regarding their living conditions. The class difference highlights the poor people or homeless people residing on the Sidewalks, Railway platforms, Parks, Slums etc. Of them there are at least 1, 00,000 street children presently at KOLKATA. It is important to study the profile of street children thereby their needs based upon different domains of their life to improve their condition. In this study the author would like to analyse the profile, psycho- social aspects and to find the needs of the street children to bring them in the main stream.

Dynamics of Physical Growth Patterns in varied surroundings, socio-economic, rural and urban groups

Dr.Udai Pratap Singh ,Asian Institute Of Human Science And Development.Lucknow Paper Presenter1) Dr Vijay Kumar,Regional Center ,Anthropological Survey of India, Jagdalpur,(C. G.).India. 2) Dr.A M Misra, Dept. of Anthropology, Bastar University, Jagdalpur, (C. G. ) 3) Dr Ashwarya Awasthi, Dept. of Anthropology, Lucknow University.

The physical growth pattern of an individual is the outcome of a continuous interaction process between genes and environment which encompasses the psychosocial microenvironment of family and school as well as surrounding of the settlements. It is realized that socio-economic conditions influence the physical growth of children and youth in populations or in subgroups of these populations. The studies indicate that growing population in urban areas; industries and modernization are not always beneficial for growing children. Changes in physical growth characteristics have also been noted when people migrate from one place to

4) Dr Suman Gosain, Head, Dept. of Anthropology,S R t Campus, H N B Garhwal University. Tehri Garhwal . U. K. India 5) Dr Vibha Agnihotri, Dept. of Anthropology, N S N P G College, Lucknow. 6)Shruti Keerti, Dept. of Anthropology, Lucknow.

another. Studies done on such areas of human growth & development across the world in recent years are the eye openers. It is therefore, needed to address all such issues so that the irrefutable deliveries can be mutually high lined.

Children as Constructed Subject-Matter in Development and Applied Projects

Doris BONNET, IRD (Institute of Research for A childhood figure in Africa. The false orphans in Development)France development and humanitarian projects. African oral literature relates tales with orphans rejected by their family. They may be treated with compassion or thought of as a disturbing person or able to send someone to their death (as sorcerers). In traditional societies as well as in development projects, children are seen as socialyy constructed. In humanitarian organizations, the category of vulnerable, orphan children (VOC) has been built to offer support to children, generally, including those with HIV, even though theirs parents were alive. In another such case in Chad, a french NGO claimed that one hundred children from poor families, were orphans in order to justify taking them out of their country. These two cases will be studied to better understand the cultural politics of childhood in development projects.

Research on North African Childrens Play and Toy Cultures

Dr. Jean-Pierre Rossie, Reginald Warnefordstraat 63, The objective of this paper is to highlight the ways in which 9040 Gent, Belgium, sanatoyplay@gmail.com fieldwork on North African childrens play and toy making activities contributes to anthropological research and

and its Contribution to Anthropology and Ethnology

discussion. After giving a brief introduction to childrens play and toys with reference to tradition and change, I will discuss some aspects of the aim, methods and limitations of my research. I will then analyze how this research on childrens culture, especially their play and toy culture can offer an empirical and methodological contribution to material, ecological, cultural, social, economic, educational, psychological, aesthetical, visual and applied anthropology. My conclusions will demonstrate that African childrens play and toy heritages in a Western context is a powerful way to promote multicultural and intercultural education in this era of globalization. One way to do so is by showing a more positive image of African childrens situation instead of the negative image consistently broadcast through mass-media

THE INSTITUTIONAL REGULATION OF CONTEMPORARY David CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH: A FOCUS ON SPAIN Poveda

This panel will present a collection of ethnographic and qualitative studies that explore the role played by institutional scenarios in the organization, structuration and definition of children and youth in contemporary Departamento Interfacultativo de Psicologa Evolutiva y de la industrialized Western settings. The papers draw from a Educacin broad definition of institutional setting and include Facultad de Psicologa spaces such as formal education, non-formal educational Universidad Autnoma de Madrid settings, child protection services, the legal system, bioCampus de Cantoblanco medical settings or virtual spaces. The studies also illustrate 29049 Madrid (Madrid) how institutional regulation is exercised directly on children Spain and youth and indirectly, by intervention on different socializing agents (e.g. parents, teachers, child professionals, etc.), and how institutionalized discourses penetrate spheres of childrens lives which are usually considered informal

and private. These studies also take a broad definition of childhood and youth, spanning from early infancy to the transition into adulthood. The panel is initially organized to present a collection of studies conducted in Spain but is open to presentations which would allow for cross-national comparisons across Europe or other postindustrial societies.

Expectations of the role / influence that a Khoekhoe and San Early Learning Centre would have in the promotion of awareness in indigenous matters.

Piet Erasmus, Professor, Head: Department of The Khoekhoe and San are the indigenous peoples of Anthropology, University Free State, South Africa. In 2010, the Department of Anthropology Bloemfontein at the University of the Free State launched a Khoekhoe and San Early Learning Centre (KSELC) in Heidedal. The main objectives of the KSELC are to assist indigenous people who wish to revitalise and develop their Khoekhoe language skills, and to create a teaching environment that will respect the Khoekhoe and the Sans heritage and culture. Before the opening of the KSELC, research was conducted in terms of a pre-testing and post-testing research design. This was done through a survey of inter alia the expectations of the role or influence the KSELC would have in the promotion of awareness in indigenous matters. The data obtained during the survey will be presented and interpreted in this contribution.

Interventions with unattached children of Bloemfontein (RSA): Perspectives from higher education in collaboration

Mabel Erasmus, Associate Professor, Centre for Teaching and Learning ,Service Learning Division, Centre for Teaching and Learning, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, RSA

In South Africa, as in many other parts of the world, community engagement (CE) has come to denote purposeful collaboration between higher education institutions (HEIs) and constituencies in their immediate environs. At the University of the Free State (UFS) a particular form of curricular CE,

with non-profit organisations

referred to as service learning (SL), is actively pursued as point of entry for academic staff and students into community settings. Non-profit organisations (NPOs) are often our longterm SL partners through whom our students engage with designated members of communities. Several of these NPOs that work within Bloemfontein aim to care for unattached children and youths of the inner city and adjacent townships of the Apartheid era. The various labels that are used to refer to them are street children, orphaned and vulnerable children (OVCs), children infected and affected by HIV/Aids, and in many cases eventually also youth in conflict with the law. In the paper I shall compare three of these NPOHEI interventions in terms of perceptions of identity and agency of the children held by the various roleplayers. Suggestions for further collaborative research will be made

Deprivation of education for children

Dr.Tikiri Nimal Herath Associate Professor, Department University of Sri Jayawardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka, Email: n-herath@sjp.ac.lk of

Education for all is a millennium development goal. Education entails a lot of benefits for an economy. These advantages may Economics, be individual, national or global. In short, for a person, education improves human capital, offers financial and nonfinancial benefits, opportunities for further education, and widened job opportunities. It develops the next generation, promotes growth with less inequalities, enriches the market, reduces poverty, mitigates antisocial activities such as crime and violence, avoids child labour, helps protect human rights. Accordingly education is an easy way to empower, protect and save the child. For underdeveloped countries by widening access to education income can also be increased. When the child deprives education the above advantages are prevented.

Possible themes under the proposed panel may be present statuses of child problems and education, role of the state in child problems and education, child problems and level of adults education, and child victims and constraints to education
Managing and Enhancing the Health of infants and Young Children- By Optimizing Care for Young Children with Special Health Care Needs Roumi Deb (Amity University) rdev@amity.edu and Seema Kapoor(Maulana Azad Medical College) Paper presenters: Vijaya Khader, Dean ( Retd), Faculty of Home Science, ANGR
Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradsh, India, and

Uma Maheswari K Professor (Foods & Nutrition), & Principal

Scientist (Quality Control Laboratory), A N G R Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradsh, India

How cultures around the world interpret the puerperium, and the ways they treat the mother and infant, the structure of motherinfant interaction during this vulnerable period covering issues such as infant feeding patterns, mother-infant separation, isolation of mother and infant from the community, acceptance and rejection of the infant. The session proposes papers related to public health that helps to improve the quality of life of children and well-being (disease, nutrition, sanitation, immunization). The session would also cover papers related to socio-cultural and other environmental aspects of birth defects in children.

Effect of feeding Malted foods on the Health and Nutritional Status of preschool children in Lepakshi Mandal of Ananthapur district, Andhra Pradesh, India
Roumi Deb, Professor, Assistant Director, Amity Institute of
Anthropology, Amity University, Noida-201303

Childhood immunization practices among Khasi tribes of Meghalaya in North East India
Amlan Kanti Ray and Others

Parenting offspring: from birth to adolescence, with reference to Vallah village of Kangra ditrict, Himachal

Pradesh and Others Live-Birth-Suckling-Syndrome Its applicability in human infant care: a cross-sectional Study
P.R. Mondal

CHILDREN IN DEVELOPMENT: FROM CASE STUDIES TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF A SUBJECTMATTER

Charles-douard DE SUREMAIN Full-Time Researcher IRD (Institute of Research for Development) UMR 208 PaLoc (Patrimoines Locaux) IRD-MNHN 57, rue Cuvier 75005 Paris (France) Paper presenters: 1. Robin CAVAGNOUD Researcher Institut Franais dtudes Andines Instituto Francs de Estudios Andinos French Institute of Andean Studies UMIFRE 17 CNRS MAEE Av. Hernando Siles N 5290 Esquina calle 7 de Obrajes La Paz (Bolivia) robincavagnoud@gmail.com 2. Diana HOFFMAN Associate Professor University of Virginia 405 Emmet St. Charlottesville, VA 22904 (USA) hoffman@virginia.edu 3. Charles-douard DE SUREMAIN Full-time Researcher at the Institute of research

In spite of its greater importance in humanitarian organizations, media and public policy, it remains that research on children and childhood do not have any particular influence in development projects and process of public decision making. The field is not fully recognized in the international academic sphere and thus has a lack of visibility. This Panel expects participants to clarify the way Development Projects they work into do consider and make place to children and childhood, and how do they construct children and childhood as particular subject-matter of research and action. Papers will focus on localized case studies and the many constructions of development children: Aids children, orphans, soldiers, migrants, malnourished, mistreated Ethical, political, methodological and scientific learning will be discussed in order to define better the place and the role played by anthropology in the process.

for Development (IRD) UMR 208 PaLoc (Patrimoines Locaux) IRD-MNHN 57, rue Cuvier 75005 Paris (France) suremain@ird.fr

Individual Paper Presenters

Life Skill Education (LSE) Mr.Susant Panda,Project Manger,KISS,BBSR for addressing the Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health (ARSH) needs for Tribal Adolescents: Understandings from the UNFPA supported LSE/ARSH Initiative at the Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences (KISS), Bhubaneswar Orissa has a population of 36.8 million (census-2001), 86% of the population live in rural areas and nearly 46% live below the poverty line (NSSO-2005). The adolescent population of the state constitutes about 22.7% of the total population. The population of Scheduled Tribes (ST) in the state is 22.13% which is one of the highest among major states of India. The literacy rate among the Scheduled Tribes is 37.37% against an overall literacy rate of 63.08% for the state. The literacy rates among tribal men and women are 51.48% and 23.37% respectively. Thus, Orissa has significant tribal and adolescent population with poor literacy and high poverty. Efforts are being made by public and private sectors to reduce disparities of opportunities for education among tribal adolescents. The access to formal education system is being increased mainly through residential schools run by the government. Few private institutions have taken initiatives to run residential schools for tribal adolescents to improve their access to education and address issues of equity. Beyond the curriculum and the conventional methods of teaching, no activities have been taken up for the all round development of the tribal students in the state. Tribal adolescents are highly vulnerable and have fewer opportunities to access information particularly on Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health (ARSH). The Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences (KISS), a

residential tribal institution for 15, 000 tribal students with the support from UNFPA is imparting Life Skills Education (LSE) to promote ARSH among tribal adolescents. The learning and experiences is being used to steer the process for up-scaling LSE in the state.
POVERTY, HUNGER AND INSECURED CHILDHOOD: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL OBSERVATION ON THE CHILD WORKER

Mr. Somenath Bhattacharjee and Mrs. Raka Bhattacharjee the Indian society, irrespective of multifarious In Roy developmental perspective, poverty is still prevailing to a larger extent. It has emerged as a major social problem, and it generates some other critical social circumstances. Inequal distribution of resources is one of the root cause related with the exploitation and deprivation of a large section of people who are poor and downtrodden. In these societies, poverty, hunger and scarcity become an inseparable aspect ever since the childhood of an individual. Ultimately, their entire socialization process is intimately related with the culture of poverty. For the sake of survival, irrespective of tender childhood emotions, their hands play a crucial role to earn a fold of rice for their family members. Such a situation has been observed in case of an unorganized occupational sector which is discussed in the present study. Steven C Dinero, PhD, Associate Professor, Human Geography, USA The Gwichin Indians of northeast Alaska are undergoing a period of transition. The youth differ greatly from the previous generations in terms of values and behaviors. An inability to speak Gwichin, interest in material goods, and consumption of fewer country foods are now common among the younger generations. At the same time formal education rates are on the rise. Using primary data collected from 1999 to 2012 in one

(1) Robin CAVAGNOUD Researcher Institut Franais dtudes Andines Instituto Francs de Estudios Andinos French Institute of Andean

Studies UMIFRE 17 CNRS MAEE Av. Hernando Siles N 5290 Esquina calle 7 de Obrajes La Paz (Bolivia) robincavagnoud@gmail.com

community, Arctic Village, this paper will address how education benefits as well as undermines Indigenous values and culture. While education is crucial in empowering young community members, enabling many to eventually enter wage labor, improving their ability to afford the costly monetary inputs now needed to hunt, fish and gather, many, once educated, leave the community in search of opportunities in urban centers. Thus formal education of Gwichin youth is a double-edged sword, essential to the communitys future well-being yet also posing a potential threat to its long-term viability. Dr AjeetJaiswal, Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, Mr.RajeswarMaharana, Research Scholar, Department of Anthropology , Pondicherry University In the forensic anthropological world it is important to be able to estimate body height from a variety of bones. Keeping this in mind, the present study aims to estimation the stature from the hand length and finger ball length among male and female Santhal of Mayurbhanj District, Odisha. To this aim the stature, hand length and finger ball length, as well as print of both of the hand and finger ball length were recorded on each subject using the standard measurement techniques recommended by Martin and Saller. The data is composed of 100 Santhal subject (50 males and 50 females) within the age range of 18-48 years. The data was divided into three age groups i.e. 18-28, 2938, 39-48 year. Multiplication factors (M.Fs) for stature estimation were produced using the above mentioned variables. Analysis of data reveals that the Santhal males are taller than the Santhal females. The sex differences have been observed to be highly significant. Analysis of the study reveals that Handlengths (both left and right) among males were more than the females in all the three age groups. Even though the multiplication factors of hand length were

(2) Diana HOFFMAN Associate Professor University of Virginia 405 Emmet St. Charlottesville, VA 22904 (USA) hoffman@virginia.edu

more or less same in the both the sexes. There is difference of 0.8 to 8.0 cm between actual stature and estimated stature using multiplication factor from hand length. However, only 0.1 to 3.0 cm differences were observed between actual stature and estimated stature using all the five finger ball lengthof both left and right hand. This study highlights that the hand length (both right and left) and finger ball length (both right and left of all the five digits) among males and females Santhal provides the best estimate of stature. Analysis of data clearly indicates the relationship between the predicted stature and actual stature by using M.Fs for this purpose. DR. ALLU GOWRI SANKAR RAO, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA gowrisankarrao.allu@yahoo.in
DE SUREMAIN

(3) Charles-douard

Full-time Researcher at the Institute of research for Development (IRD) UMR 208 PaLoc (Patrimoines Locaux) IRD-MNHN 57, rue Cuvier 75005 Paris (France) suremain@ird.fr

In India there are over 18 million street children which is equivalent to the population of the small continent Australia. CALCUTTA (present name KOLKATA), the old city of India famous from the British reign depicts a vivid structure of various form of life KOLKATA from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 26 May, 2011 (1) contributed that KOLKATA metropolitan area including suburbs has a population exceeding 15 million. It has become the third most populous metropolitan area in India and are of the most populous urban area in the world. The famous story of Narayana Gangopadhya, in his book HAAD (English meaning Bone) has written the real picture of big difference between the haves and famine affected (during Second World War) have nots, regarding their living conditions. The class difference highlights the poor people or homeless people residing on the Sidewalks, Railway platforms, Parks, Slums etc. Of them there are at least 1, 00,000 street children presently at KOLKATA. It is important to study the profile of street children thereby their needs based upon different domains of

their life to improve their condition. In this study the author would like to analyse the profile, psycho- social aspects and to find the needs of the street children to bring them in the main stream. Language in Netspeak in CMC/TMC (Computer Mediated Communication) among school children Dr. Divya Pande ,Reader, Department of English, Lucknow University Socially interactive technologies (SITs), such as instant message and text messaging, are beginning to redefine the social networks of today's youth. In India, most of what is studied as communication is mass communication. There are few, if any, enquiries into the changing communication patterns of college going students which is undergoing a radical change by easy access to internet and mobile phones. Texting, Instant messaging (IM), BBM (Black berry messenger) chat rooms, have drastically changed the pattern in which they communicate. The effect of social networking and texting on language remains another under- researched sphere in the Indian context. It is interesting to note that the use of English in interpersonal communications takes on a high cultural element and subsequently leads to formations of many new words and phrases which are from colloquial Indian English or Hinglish. Both IM and SMS use their own vernacular or slang, which fall into four basic categories: acronyms, abbreviations, phonetic replacements and inanities. In this light the paper attempts to study the new emerging vocabulary of the public school children in Lucknow We present the preliminary results of an ongoing ethnographic research on child rearing practices and child development among two rural Argentinean populations: an indigenous population (Mbya Guarani) located in Misiones Province (northeast rainforest) and a creole population (Molinos) located in the highlands and semiarid areas in the northwest (Salta Province).

Play and Child Development. Some Considerations from an Ethnographic Research in Two Rural Argentinean Communities

Carolina Remorini , PhD in Natural Sciences. Graduate in Anthropologist, Assistant Researcher at CONSEJO NACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTIFICAS Y TECNICAS (conicet)Associate Professor at UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL D Micaela Rende E LA PLATA

Research on North African Childrens Play and Toy Cultures and its Contribution to Anthropology and Ethnology

Dr. Jean-Pierre Rossie ,Anthropologist/Independent Researcher, Toy Museum Moirans-en-Montagne, France

From a methodological point of view we use different observation techniques and photographs and videotapes as complementary recording devices. We also interview caregivers about local ethnoteories related to child rearing, growth and development. We are working on a model for observation and recording information about child rearing practices at the domestic level that includes a section on play and games. The used method facilitates the recognition of ecological factors characterizing children's play and also the comparison of both communities. In relation to the theme of this panel we will try to point out how this research can contribute to an interdisciplinary study of play and to some sub-disciplines in anthropology and ethnology. The objective of this paper is to highlight the ways in which fieldwork on North African childrens play and toy making activities contributes to anthropological research and discussion. After giving a brief introduction to childrens play and toys with reference to tradition and change, I will discuss some aspects of the aim, methods and limitations of my research. I will then analyze how this research on childrens culture, especially their play and toy culture can offer an empirical and methodological contribution to material, ecological, cultural, social, economic, educational, psychological, aesthetical, visual and applied anthropology. My conclusions will demonstrate that African childrens play and toy heritages in a Western context is a powerful way to promote multicultural and intercultural education in this era of globalization. One way to do so is by showing a more positive image of African childrens situation instead of the negative image consistently broadcast through mass-media

Female infanticide and Patriarchal attitude : Declining Sex Ratio in India

Mr. Krupasindhu Nayak is a faculty of Sociology, KISS, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar

Indian society is based on extreme patriarchal beliefs. The identity of a woman in an Indian society is not independent, but dependent on men. They are either known as the daughters, wives, or mothers. Of these three identities, the role as a mother is the most important one. It is not only that motherhood brings status to woman but also it is an attribute without which she is useless. Being a mother is an achievement for Indian woman. However, the gender of the child plays a big difference in the pride of being a mother. The birth of a son is perceived as an opportunity for upward mobility while the birth of a daughter is believed to result in downward economic mobility of the household and the family. The birth of the girl comes as a burden to the parents especially during the marriage. Its a tradition in India to give dowry to the grooms family by brides parents. Since dowry is an unaffordable factor, parents choose not to give birth to daughter. The advancement of medical technologies, in forms of Pre-Natal Diagnostic Tests and amniocentesis, has resulted in the practice of destroying female foetuses, a sex-selective abortion. Being a woman from same part of the world and belonging to the similar tradition and religion, this issue needs to be brought up and analyzed in detail. Moreover, this is a humanitarian issue that deserves attention. This paper will focus around the theories that support and oppose the idea of sex selective abortion. It will further discuss the sources reviewed and add a synthesis or response towards the practice of sex-selective abortion in India. In the Indian society, irrespective of multifarious developmental perspective, poverty is still prevailing to a larger extent. It has emerged as a major social

POVERTY, HUNGER AND INSECURED CHILDHOOD: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL

Mr. Somenath Bhattacharjee Assistant Professor, INDIA, North-Eastern region

OBSERVATION ON THE CHILD WORKER

A PROSPECTIVE Dr Sasmita Biswal OBSERVATIONAL STUDY ON Assistant Professor Pharmacology THE RATIONALITY OF THE USE SCB Medical College & Hospital, Cuttack, Orissa OF ANTIMALARIALS Dr Namita Mohapatra (ARTEMESININ BASED Assistant Professor Medicine COMBINATION THERAPY) IN SCB Medical College & Hospital, Cuttack, Orissa FEBRILE OUTPATIENTS, AS Dr Sabita Mohapatra PER THE NATIONAL DRUG Associate Professor Pharmacology POLICY OF MALARIA 2010 SCB Medical College & Hospital, Cuttack, Orissa Abhishek Biswal 4th Semester Student SCB Medical College & Hospital, Cuttack, Orissa

problem, and it generates some other critical social circumstances. Inequal distribution of resources is one of the root cause related with the exploitation and deprivation of a large section of people who are poor and downtrodden. In these societies, poverty, hunger and scarcity become an inseparable aspect ever since the childhood of an individual. Ultimately, their entire socialization process is intimately related with the culture of poverty. For the sake of survival, irrespective of tender childhood emotions, their hands play a crucial role to earn a fold of rice for their family members. Such a situation has been observed in case of an unorganized occupational sector which is discussed in the present study. Presumptive treatment of malaria is widely practised where microscopy or rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are not readily available. But with the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for treatment of malaria , there is need to target treatment, to patients with parasitologically confirmed malaria in order to improve quality of care, reduce over consumption of anti-malarials, reduce drug pressure and in turn delay the development and spread of resistance. This study evaluated the anti-malarial drug prescriptions among the febrile outpatients at various health care facilities in the Cuttack district of Odisha. Methods A Prospective observational study was carried out during the high malaria transmission season, June August 2011 over a period of 3 months in the outpatient wing of private as well as some primary, secondary and tertiary health care facilities of Cuttack district This study was divided into two parts: Part I Analysis of prescribing patterns in anti-malarials in all

fever cases, and Part II Rationality of use of such prescribing practice as per National Drug Policy on Malaria 2010. Are parental informationgiving programs on healthy disciplining useful?: A pilot study from Sri Lanka Piyanjali de Zoysa - Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka Cyrene Siriwardhana - CPC Learning Network, Sri Lanka Shanali Athukorala - Save the Children, Sri Lanka Mallika R. Samaranayake - CPC Learning Network, Sri Lanka Samanmalee Kumari - Save the Children, Sri Lanka The present study aimed to provide information on the prevalence of parental use of corporal punishment and physical abuse on their children. Further, the study explored these parents attitude towards the use of corporal punishment. This research also studied the prevalence of parental use of psychological aggression and non-violent disciplining strategies on their children. Finally, and importantly, this study included an investigative aspect where the study participants were involved in a two hour information-giving cum discussion style program where they were informed of the negative repercussion of physical and psychological disciplining on their children. These parents were informed of techniques of skillful disciplining instead. Pre- and post-intervention data was gathered in order to investigate if there was a change in the parents use of physical, psychological and non-violent disciplining at post-intervention. The study was conducted among a community of parents (n=194) living in a suburb in the Colombo district. The culturally adapted and validated instrument, Parent-Child Conflict Tactic Scale was used to estimate the prevalence of parental use of physical force, psychological aggression and non-violent discipline on children. A modified version of the Attitude to Corporal Punishment subscale of the validated Psychosocial Questionnaire was used to assess parental attitudes to corporal punishment. Participants were chosen to take part in the study by personally inviting them by the community leaders in that area.

The results indicated a high prevalence of corporal punishment, psychological aggression, physical abuse as well as non-violent discipline amongst the study sample. Among other findings, the results also showed that parental use of corporal punishment and psychological aggression differed significantly by parents age and occupational status, but not be parents gender, ethnicity or religion. Importantly, the results of the intervention study indicated that there was a significant decline in parental use of corporal punishment, physical abuse and psychological aggression at post-intervention. Interestingly, there was also a significant decline in the parents use of nonviolent discipline at post-intervention. This, the first documented Sri Lankan study on the use of an information-giving program on disciplining and its repercussions, indicates that a straight-forward, timelimited discussion-based approach is useful in reducing parental use of aversive disciplining strategies on their children. Growing up: How gender praxis plays a role Dr. Quinbala R Marak, Assistant Professor NorthEastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, Meghalaya Not only does the sex of an unborn child an event of great anticipation to parents, relatives and society at large, but also leads to many gendered situations in the post-delivery and growing-up years. Once the amorphous fetus gains the status of either gender (or the third), societal customs take place. These are unwritten and many times unspoken norms and a result of s Studies have revealed that a son in many societies enjoys preferential treatment in upbringing and in later life in comparison to a daughter. In dominant patriarchal societies a daughter is neglected on several occasions. A couple of studies in matrilineal societies show a slight variation from the above situation.

The present panel aims to look at how the upbringing of a child is affected by two factors in society: The sex of the child and the gendered societal norms. The panel invites proposals which discuss empirical situations where different perspectives of child rearing are brought forth. Research on North African Childrens Play and Toy Cultures and its Contribution to Anthropology and Ethnology Dr. Jean-Pierre Rossie ,Toy Museum Moirans-enMontagne, France The objective of this paper is to highlight the ways in which fieldwork on North African childrens play and toy making activities contributes to anthropological research and discussion. After giving a brief introduction to childrens play and toys with reference to tradition and change, I will discuss some aspects of the aim, methods and limitations of my research. I will then analyze how this research on childrens culture, especially their play and toy culture can offer an empirical and methodological contribution to material, ecological, cultural, social, economic, educational, psychological, aesthetical, visual and applied anthropology. My conclusions will demonstrate that African childrens play and toy heritages in a Western context is a powerful way to promote multicultural and intercultural education in this era of globalization. One way to do so is by showing a more positive image of African childrens situation instead of the negative image consistently broadcast through mass-media Language in Netspeak in CMC/TMC (Computer Mediated Communication) among school children Dr. Divya Pande Reader, Department of English, N.S.N Post- Graduate College, Lucknow University Socially interactive technologies (SITs), such as instant message and text messaging, are beginning to redefine the social networks of today's youth. In India, most of what is studied as communication is mass communication. There are few, if any, enquiries into the changing communication patterns of college going

students which is undergoing a radical change by easy access to internet and mobile phones. Texting, Instant messaging (IM), BBM (Black berry messenger) chat rooms, have drastically changed the pattern in which they communicate. The effect of social networking and texting on language remains another under- researched sphere in the Indian context. It is interesting to note that the use of English in interpersonal communications takes on a high cultural element and subsequently leads to formations of many new words and phrases which are from colloquial Indian English or Hinglish. Both IM and SMS use their own vernacular or slang, which fall into four basic categories: acronyms, abbreviations, phonetic replacements and inanities. In this light the paper attempts to study the new emerging vocabulary of the public school children in Lucknow.

Re visiting the cognitive space of indigenous children understanding the natural process of cognition.

K.B. Jinan jinankb@gmail.com Independent researcher, activist, educationist, designer from Kerala, India

Both from the field and from the study of cognition there seems to be more and more evidence on the biological roots of the process involved in why, how and what knowledge is produced naturally. This could give us clues to relook at the existing schooling system where systematically cultural identity is being destroyed and homogenization is created. . There is a need to reimagine learning based on how children learnrather than how to teach children. How children learn is based on natural and biological propensities where experience, knowing and the actual context are important aspects of learning. A childs autonomy and independence is respected by providing an ambience of freedom where no teaching or training takes place. This would enable them to awaken their sensitivity,

sense of beauty, intelligence and creativity. This selfinitiated process will allow them to retain their originality and authenticity. Every child comes with possibilities and we need to let it bloom. The Anthropology of children and illness in South Africa Dr. Susan Levine (Susan.levine@uct.ac.zq) The anthropology of childhood in Southern Africa has a rich intellectual history, which this panel traces. Far from children being invisible in ethnographic works, children appear as healers, political activists, soldiers, workers, students, patients, care givers, and kin. In more recent years, the centrality of children as social actors has mushroomed further, with a proliferation of studies that focus on the relationship between HIV/AIDS, TB, and everyday childhood experience. Radical critiques of vulnerable children and the OVC model proliferate in South African ethnography, perhaps to a fault. This panel tracks some of the more important historical shifts in the representation of children and childhood in Southern African ethnography that has led to this rich tradition, with a focus on the work of Pamela Reynolds, Archie Mafeje, and Patricia Henderson. The historical overview presented in an opening paper by Susan Levine and Rosemary Blake serves as an introduction to our proposed panel on the anthropology of children healing and dying in Southern Africa, which includes new research by Kate Abney (paediatric TB), Rosemary Blake (HIV/AIDS, childhood and family relations), Efua Prah (Childhood, embodiment and xenophobia), and Naomi Marshak (AIDS orphans and adoption policy in Swaziland). Together, these papers form part of a study on children and healing funded by the South African National Research Foundation. This panel will present a collection of ethnographic and

THE INSTITUTIONAL

David Poveda ( david.poveda@uam.es)

REGULATION OF CONTEMPORARY CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH: A FOCUS ON SPAIN

Ethics and Ethnography with Children: What can Anthropology Offer ?

Elodie Razy ( Elodie.Razy@ulg.ac.be)

qualitative studies that explore the role played by institutional scenarios in the organization, structuration and definition of children and youth in contemporary industrialized Western settings. The papers draw from a broad definition of institutional setting and include spaces such as formal education, non-formal educational settings, child protection services, the legal system, bio-medical settings or virtual spaces. The studies also illustrate how institutional regulation is exercised directly on children and youth and indirectly, by intervention on different socializing agents (e.g. parents, teachers, child professionals, etc.), and how institutionalized discourses penetrate spheres of childrens lives which are usually considered informal and private. These studies also take a broad definition of childhood and youth, spanning from early infancy to the transition into adulthood. The panel is initially organized to present a collection of studies conducted in Spain but is open to presentations which would allow for cross-national comparisons across Europe or other post-industrial societies As a social and historical notion and a product of a globalizedworld, ethics has various senses, each evoking polysemous meanings. It is gaining more and more space through the growing importance of Minority Rights and the Rights of the Child. Nowadays, ethical dimensions of research with children are taken for granted in academic and intervention programs set up either by NGOs or international institutions. Nevertheless, it is necessary to question accepted wisdom on the issue of ethics in certain ethnographic situations. This panel will consider the unique challenges and contributions anthropology offers to the discussion of ethical practices in work with children. This panel aims to tackle some of the ethical challenges which ethnographic fieldwork with/among children (including the youngest of them) emphasizes from a variety of social actors

Feeding practices during the first year of life, alternatives from traditional Mexico

Luis Alberto Vargas, M.D. and Ph.D. in Anthropology, University of Mexico vargas.luisalberto@gmail.com

points of view. A discussion of various issues in different geographical areas should provide some recommendations for ethical practices by anthropologists studying children. The first year of life has a high risk for health, since mothers milk becomes insufficient during the rapid growth of the baby. Complementary or weaning foods are needed, and societies around the World have chosen some, that may have advantages and could be used in other places. This is the case of atole, a nutritive beverage made from maize that has been used since remote times to feed babies. It has the advantage of allowing other products to be added and enhance its nutritional qualities. We will offer evidence of its quality. Overweight and obesity are a World problem, due basically to inadequate eating practices and low physical activity. In Mexico this health problem has reached an alarming degree both in developed and marginalized communities. Public health policy seeks to better eating practices and promote physical activity. We offer results from Cuentepec, a small and highly marginalized nahuatl speaking community in the State of Morelos. We applied a questionnaire to 500 students between 9 and 18 years of age, exploring: a) the three foods that they enjoy the most; b) what they had really eaten before and during their stay in school. Their preferences are varied, and include products that are inadequate for their health. We found discrepancies between what they prefer and what they consume. This has implications for public health policies.

What we prefer and what we eat: discrepancies of children from Cuantepec, Morelos, Mexico

Rosa Mara Ramos Rodrguez, Ph D in Anthropology,Instituto de Investigaciones Antropolgicas, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN EMERGING WORLD

ATRAYEE BANERJEE, MADHURIMA CHOWDHURY, BALLYGUNGE SCIENCE COLLEGE chowdhury.madhurima@gmail.com,

A child is the part of the society in which he lives. Due to his immaturity, he is easily motivated by what he sees around him. It is his environment and social context that provokes him and makes him do mistakes which has to be corrected in

atrayee.banerjee7@gmail.com

juvenile institutions where no outsiders are allowed. This act of mistake is referred to as delinquency. When a juvenile, below an age specified under a statute exhibits behavior which may prove to be dangerous to society and / or to him he may be called a Juvenile delinquent. . Although various explanations for delinquency exist, adequate theories must address two basic problems: (1) what elements of social organization or social structure are responsible for the rates and patterns that are observed? And (2) what factors result in delinquency for some youngsters and non delinquency for others?

EDUCATION and subjectivity: words of brasilian children and youth

Cristiana Carneiro Brazil/Rio de Janeiro Cristianacarneiro13@gmail.com

This paper presents research focused on childhood and adolescence in relation to the social bond, and more specifically to the education bond. We found, in line with the authors of psychoanalysis and the social sciences, the social conditions that underpin educational practice have undergone major transformations in recent decades, both for bringing issues that take the place of educators and for those who are educated. Understanding that education and human subjectivity are made by a dimension of language, sustaining us in the psychoanalytic perspective, we discuss the effects of the weakening of the symbolic dimension of education that appears in the form of school problems and manifestations of violence in schools. We report also the experiences of two intervention research with children and young people from Rio de Janeiro where the word not only occupied the central role, as it might appear and be analyzed in different ways.

I want a DS: Desire, Valued Objects and the Creative

Minna Ruckenstein, National Consumer Research Centre

This paper asks why some playthings transform into objects of intense desire while others dont. The paper focuses on this

Potential of Human Action

Helsinki, Finland, minna.ruckenstein@ncrc.fi

question by discussing childrens playing with a game console, Nintendo DS. Allison Pugh (2009) explains childrens desire to own gaming systems with the economy of dignity that refers to the way children collect and confer dignity in order to have the right to fit in. I argue, however, that social belonging is only a partial explanation of why game consoles are so desired. Instead, playthings propose certain actions, thereby extending and transforming children and childhood. In order to illustrate the argument I use one particular game, Nintendogs, to demonstrate that playing is valued by children because it generates creative potential of human action while supporting relations between children and digital objects. Thus Nintendo DS is needed in order to enter a world, where desire emerges in relations between children and objects with human-like capacities. From this perspective, playing Nintendogs tells us a much more general story about how social relations become intertwined and affected by the possibilities offered by technologies. By doing so, the focus on childrens intense engagements with playthings contributes to overall theorizing of people in relation to material objects and digital technologies. Studies of children and childhood can, for instance, demonstrate in detail the ways in which technologies support meaningful social relations, and by doing so become part of knowledge about the production of human beings as persons. This means that childhood cannot be defined once and for all, but needs to be retained as an open category in order that researchers may remain alert to the multifaceted aspects of commercially produced digital technologies and the creative involvements of children with and through them.

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN EMERGING WORLD

MADHURIMA CHOWDHURY (2)ATRAYEE BANERJEE CALCUTTA UNIVERSITY, Email ID: chowdhury.madhurima@gmail.com, atrayee.banerjee7@gmail.com

A child is the part of the society in which he lives. Due to his immaturity, he is easily motivated by what he sees around him. It is his environment and social context that provokes him and makes him do mistakes which has to be corrected in juvenile institutions where no outsiders are allowed. This act of mistake is referred to as delinquency. When a juvenile, below an age specified under a statute exhibits behavior which may prove to be dangerous to society and / or to him he may be called a Juvenile delinquent. . Although various explanations for delinquency exist, adequate theories must address two basic problems: (1) what elements of social organization or social structure are responsible for the rates and patterns that are observed? And (2) what factors result in delinquency for some youngsters and non delinquency for others?

What we prefer and what we eat: discrepancies of children from Cuantepec, Morelos, Mexico

Rosa Mara Ramos Rodrguez, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropolgicas UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacn, D.F., 04510, MXICO

Overweight and obesity are a World problem, due basically to inadequate eating practices and low physical activity. In Mexico this health problem has reached an alarming degree both in developed and marginalized communities. Public health policy seeks to better eating practices and promote physical activity. We offer results from Cuentepec, a small and highly marginalized nahuatl speaking community in the State of Morelos. We applied a questionnaire to 500 students between 9 and 18 years of age, exploring: a) the three foods that they enjoy the most; b) what they had really eaten before and during their stay in school. Their preferences are varied, and

include products that are inadequate for their health. We found discrepancies between what they prefer and what they consume. This has implications for public health policies. Feeding practices during the first year of life, alternatives from traditional Mexico Luis Alberto Vargas, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropolgicas UNAM,Ciudad Universitaria,Coyoacn, D.F.04510 MXICO, vargas.luisalberto@gmail.com The first year of life has a high risk for health, since mothers milk becomes insufficient during the rapid growth of the baby. Complementary or weaning foods are needed, and societies around the World have chosen some, that may have advantages and could be used in other places. This is the case of atole, a nutritive beverage made from maize that has been used since remote times to feed babies. It has the advantage of allowing other products to be added and enhance its nutritional qualities. We will offer evidence of its quality.
Imbalance of the Sex Ratio at Birth in Himachal Pradesh: A case study

Today, India is shining. But when we deeply look inside the Indian society, its existing social problems are on increase. Even after so Shashi Punam Research Scholar many years of independence, women in India continue to suffer Department of Humanities and Social sciences, National socially as well as economically at different levels and in different forms. India is a society where the male is greatly valued. In the Institute of Technology, Hamirpur 177005 (HP) modern times, women in India are given freedom and rights such as Email: khushi12.p@gmail.com freedom of expression and equality, as well as right to get education. But still problems like lack of education, female foeticide, dowry, domestic violence, widow/elderly issues are prevalent in the society. The sex ratio in the country had always remained unfavorable to females. The 2011 Indian census revealed about 71 million fewer girls than boys aged 06 years, a notable increase in the gap of 60 million fewer girls recorded in the 2001 census and the gap of 42 million fewer girls recorded in the 1991 census. This paper introduces the complexity leading to the low overall sex ratio, particularly the child sex ratio in the age group of 0-6 years. The sex ratio has become particularly disturbing in some of the northern states of India including Himachal Pradesh. Keeping in view, present study has been taken with the objectives to study the declining sex ratio in Himachal Pradesh wherein the low and declining sex ratio, shows the grim picture of girl children in the society and to find out the decision-making process in the family for female foeticide. The

Piar Chand Ryhal Professor

data for this purpose was collected through primary as well as secondary sources. The main statistical techniques employed in the present study were frequency, percentage and chi-square test in order to find the association between socio-psychological reasons of son preference and female foeticide. It has also found that Socioeconomic and psychological factors are responsible for female foeticide and the family is main decision maker in the family for female foeticide. The study has also discussed the suggestions and also attempts to examine the role of state government in the elimination of gender inequality through strict implementation of state legislation and Act like PNDT in Himachal Pradesh.
Entrenched Culture of Son Preference and Female Foeticide in Himachal Pradesh: A Case Study

Sex ratio in India is getting more and more disproportionate over the years. Daughters are not rejected simply due to old traditions, Shashi Punam Research scholar, Department of Humanities but also because the changes in society do not leave any room for and Social sciences, National Institute of Technology, girls. The girl children become target of attack even before they are Hamirpur 177005 (HP) Email: khushi12.p@gmail.com born. The latest advances in modern medical sciences the tests like Amniocentesis and Ultra-sonography which were originally designed for detection of congenital abnormalities of the foetus, are being misused for knowing the sex of the foetus with the intention of aborting it if it happens to be that of a female. There has been an increase in the number of female foeticide cases in Himachal Pradesh resulting in a steep drop in the child sex ratio, despite the fact that the state ranks fourth in the country's human index ratio and boasts a high overall literacy rate of 80%, a recent census has revealed. Keeping in view the study was conducted by selecting villages by purposing sampling from four districts namely Kangra, Una, Hamirpur and Bilaspur having lowest child sex ratio (less than nine hundred female per thousands males) in Himachal Pradesh. The data for this purpose was collected through primary as well as secondary sources. Socio-economic and demographic profile of the respondents is described and to study the socio-cultural factors for female foeticide in Himachal Pradesh. The main statistical techniques employed in the present study were frequency, percentage and chi-square test in order to find the association between socio-psychological reasons of son preference and female foeticide. It has also found that socio-economic and psychological

Sandeep Sharma, PGT in DAV Public School

factors are responsible for female foeticide.

Judgment of land ownership by young refugee Palestinian and US children

Childrens sense and reasoning about territory and land ownership may develop differently in contexts of poverty and Social Science Department, Lebanese American University, where narratives of dispossession are a part of daily life and are Beirut, Lebanon 2Department of Psychology, Emory of political and historical significance, as is the case in the University Palestinian refugee context in Lebanon. In this study we looked at how 3 and 5 year old refugee Palestinian and American children distribute land among neighbors disputing over an unoccupied piece of land which separates their properties. Children were required to make distributive justice decisions about 4 scripted scenarios that involved a pretend conflict between different types of neighbors (rich-poor; in-group vs. out-group, neighbors of the same material wealth and neighbors that were either poor or rich and alsoin-group members). Both 5 year-oldPalestinian and American children showed inequality aversion, favoring the poor neighbor over the rich in their distributive justice decisions. This finding suggests that being born into poverty does not make young children more sensitive to material inequity, even if the object of dispute is of particular cultural relevance.The second main finding suggests that extreme circumstances potentially translate into enhanced ingroup partialities, above and beyond the universal normative trend toward inequity aversion. Samar Zebian and Philippe Rochat Dr. Swarnamayee Tripathy Associate Professor of Public Adminsitration Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha tripathy_swarna@hotmail.com
The Language ,symbols, social practices and learning, which informs the cognitive learning of the adolescent girl child have a gender dimension. Precisely speaking, it has worked out to the detriment of women's position in society and family. The gendered language used to define ascribed status roles of adolescent girls in India and some other Asian societies is meant to indicate a set of ideologies, beliefs and traditional stereotypes that legitimate the violent practice of subjugation of women. This in the long run restricts equal opportunities of the girl child to education and personality development. It has made women to believe that they are weaker than men and therefore, in need of protection. I

Gendered Language and Roles: A Study of Socialization of Adolescent Girls

therefore, posit the need for another model of social learning by which the actual condition of women's subordination is taken into account and the girl child is able to grow stronger. This paper makes a more fundamental critique of language used in the socialization process and the way the female roles are defined, arguing that existing socialization process does not have the capacity to empower the girl child through her process of growing. This suggests the need to rethink a different model of social learning for adolescent girls that would enable them to confront counter-productive forces in society with conviction. Exploring the Contribution of Sporting Activities on Positive Youth Development (PYD) within a Historically Disadvantaged Township in Durban, South Africa Sultan Khan and Emmanuel Mayeza
khans@ukzn.ac.za

School of Social Science University of KwaZulu-Natal

This paper explores the role of sports engagement in promoting Positive Youth Development (PYD) within a historically disadvantaged Black community in Durban, South Africa. Using a sample of 100 Grades 11 and 12 male and female respondents from the Chesterville Secondary School (CSS) based on an equal distribution of sports engaged and non-engaged learners, the paper aims to test the principles of two PYD elements in respect of school Competence and Contribution to community. The paper attempts to assess whether PYD principles as formulated in the developed countries can be adapted by developing and underdeveloped countries were youth are faced with many socio-economic challenges and are at risk. In the South African context despite democracy, the present generation of township youth who have been confined to dormitory styled, mono-functional state sponsored public housing estates like their predecessors, continue to experience high levels of marginality and social exclusion despite the states National Youth Development Programme professing to redress historical imbalances of the previous apartheid regime. The paper concludes that sports engagement opportunities amongst youth in disadvantaged communities has enormous potential to enhance learning competence and community engagement provided that

sufficient support is provided for sporting activities by the state in the formative learning years impacting positively on later youth behaviour.

Children Abuse & Trafficking in India: Human Rights Exploitation

Dr. Anjali Kurane Head, Department of Anthropology, University of Pune, Pune 411007

Children Abuse & Trafficking is an awful reality and recognition and continues to be a serious problem Indian society today; hence the matter of great concern. It is a crime against humanity and modern form of slavery. It violates human rights -- the right to Survival to life, health, nutrition, equality, liberty, security name and nationality. The violations of their rights are multiple in natures. Poverty is the primary cause of the Children Abuse & Trafficking. Poverty dumps a multitude of problems such as discrimination, social exclusion, the lack of quality education parents attitudes and perceptions about child labour on a child. The nature and scope of Children Abuse & Trafficking are various, ranging from child industrial labour, agricultural labour, domestic labour, to forced early marriages, begging, organ trade and commercial sexual exploitation, many other forms of violence and abuse. The panel would focus on the nature, extent, cause, risk factors, defencelessness areas of concern and consequences of Children Abuse & trafficking. The panel will also try to bring out some remedial measures, suggestions and recommendations to prevent Abuse and trafficking of children in India. The Panel will also try to highlight the issues such as promotion of the children's emotional development and support and encouragement of Child Rights.

OPEN PANEL
Children and Childhood in a Changing Context Professor Deepak Kumar Behera, Dept. of Anthropology, Sambalpur University, India Paper PrsenterChildren are no longer seen as simply passive recipients of services and care but as active participants in their own lives and the lives of others. It is important to analyse the ways in

Baktygul Tulebaeva, PhD in Social and Cultural Anthropology, The University of Tuebingen, Germany, Email: tulebaevab@gmail.com Dr. Cristiana Carneiro, Assistance Professor, College of Education at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and NIPIAC coordinator, Email: Cristianacarneiro13@gmail.com Dr. Piyanjali de Zoysa et. al. Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka Shreyasi Bhattacharya, Department of Anthropology, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Bihar, Burla, Odisha, Email: shreyasi.bhattacharya@gmail.com Dr. Yuki Imoto, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi Kohokuku Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan, Email: yuki.aop@gmail.com Dr. Vijay Prakash Sharma, Director, VAIDYAS-India, Email: drvijayprakash@yahoo.co.uk

which children themselves explore and experience their everyday lives in our fast changing society. Children in our fast changing world tend to grow up faster. It is even more strongly related to the flood of information children are exposed to in our society, especially information previously regarded as secretive and unsuitable to children, but now openly available through TV and the Internet. Today, many children find themselves with dual-career parents or in single-parent families. Furthermore, the traditional family, which provided emotional security and protection to children, has given way to new form of family, where home becomes primarily a meeting place for parents and children, a place to take a rest from their busy lives. With it, the once primary value of family togetherness has given way to the value of autonomy where the needs of the individual members are considered most important. They do not get enough opportunity to share their own perceptions, thoughts, and feelings with their parents, who are after all the most important people in their lives and their primary role models. Parents under stress tend to be self-absorbed and have difficulty seeing their children as whole persons in their own right. Further modern lifestyles and technologies have significantly altered childrens play and leisure time and mobility. Childrens own emotional needs tend to be overlooked when theyare drawn prematurely into a troubled adults world. The majority of children never have/had the privilege of living in a protected, separate world of childhood. Each day countless children are exposed to dangers that hamper their growth and development. The escalating instances of child abuse and neglect are becoming a major problem in many contemporary societies. Children in especially difficult circumstances are denied their rights and rarely do they have protection against abuse and neglect. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child is a major landmark for children. The Convention for the first time highlighted the

importance of childrens participation in decision-making processes affecting their own lives. CRC can also be seen as part of globalisation processes, producing particular images of what it means to be a child. Against the backdrop, the proposed open panel will explore the ways in which children are, and have been, conceptualized, represented and treated in different cultural settings. The panel will primarily address to the following questions: What does childhood mean in todays world? How is childhood placed in changing social and cultural contexts? How are modern lifestyles and technologies altering their play and leisure time? How do children take on their new roles in changing context? How do children use space and place? How have ideas about childhood changed over time? How does childrens perception of childhood vary from an adults perception of childhood? What are children's rights? Do children have different rights from adults, and if so, why? What is the future of childhood in an age of globalization?

Documentary Films on Children and Youth Government Organizations working on and with Children Non-government Organizations working on and with Children

H. Khatua (KIIT University, India), h_khatua@kiit.ac.in Nibedita Nath (KISS, KIIT University, India), nibedita_nath@rediffmail.com P.K. Routray (KISS, KIIT University, India), prashantaroutray@yahoo.com

Contemporary Youth in a Changing World

Motilal Dash (KISS, KIIT University, India), motilal.dash@gmail.com