Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction

4-118 Internal combustion engine valves are quenched in a large oil bath. The time it takes for the valve
temperature to drop to specified temperatures and the maximum heat transfer are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The thermal properties of the valves are constant. 2 The heat transfer coefficient is constant
and uniform over the entire surface. 3 Depending on the size of the oil bath, the oil bath temperature will
increase during quenching. However, an average canstant temperature as specified in the problem will be
used. 4 The Biot number is Bi < 0.1 so that the lumped system analysis is applicable (this assumption will be
verified).
Properties The thermal conductivity, density, and
specific heat of the balls are given to be k = 48 W/m.C,
= 7840 kg/m
3
, and Cp = 440 J/kg.C.
Analysis (a) The characteristic length of the balls and the
Biot number are
1 . 0 024 . 0
) C W/m. 48 (
) m 0018 . 0 )( C . W/m 650 (
m 0018 . 0
8
m) 008 . 0 ( 8 . 1
8
8 . 1
2
) 4 / ( 8 . 1
2
2
<

k
hL
Bi
D
DL
L D
A
V
L
c
s
c

Therefore, we can use lumped system analysis. Then the time for a final valve temperature of 400C becomes
s 7.2

t e e
T T
T t T
D C
h
V C
hA
b
bt
i
p p
s
)t s 10468 . 0 (
1 -
3
2
-1
45 800
45 400 ) (
s 10468 . 0
m) C)(0.008 J/kg. 440 )( kg/m 1.8(7840
C) . W/m 650 ( 8
8 . 1
8

(b) The time for a final valve temperature of 200C is
s 15.1

t e e
T T
T t T
bt
i
)t s 10468 . 0 (
-1
45 800
45 200 ) (
(c) The time for a final valve temperature of 46C is
s 63.3

t e e
T T
T t T
bt
i
)t s 10468 . 0 (
-1
45 800
45 46 ) (
(d) The maximum amount of heat transfer from a single valve is determined from
) (per valve = J 564 , 23 C ) 45 800 )( C J/kg. 440 )( kg 0709 . 0 ( ] [
kg 0709 . 0
4
m) 10 . 0 ( m) 008 . 0 ( 8 . 1
) kg/m 7840 (
4
8 . 1
2
3
2
kJ 23.56

i f p
T T mC Q
L D
V m
4-98
Oil
T

= 45C
Engine valve
T
i
= 800C
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-119 A watermelon is placed into a lake to cool it. The heat transfer coefficient at the surface of the
watermelon and the temperature of the outer surface of the watermelon are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The watermelon is a homogeneous spherical object. 2 Heat conduction in the watermelon is
one-dimensional because of symmetry about the midpoint. 3 The thermal properties of the watermelon are
constant. 4 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface. 5 The Fourier
number is > 0.2 so that the one-term approximate solutions (or the transient temperature charts) are
applicable (this assumption will be verified).
Properties The properties of the watermelon are given to be k = 0.618 W/m.C, = 0.15 10
-6
m
2
/s, = 995
kg/m
3
and Cp = 4.18 kJ/kg.C.
Analysis The Fourier number is

[ ]
252 . 0
m) 10 . 0 (
s/min 60 min) 40 60 (4 /s) m 10 15 . 0 (
2
2 6
2

+

o
r
t
which is greater than 0.2. Then the one-term solution can be written
in the form

) 252 . 0 (
1 1
0
sph 0,
2
1
2
1
25 . 0
15 35
15 20

e A e A
T T
T T
i
It is determined from Table 4-1 by trial and error that this equation is satisfied when Bi = 10, which
corresponds to
1 1
28363 19249 . . and A . Then the heat transfer coefficient can be determined from
C . W/m 61.8
2

) m 10 . 0 (
) 10 )( C W/m. 618 . 0 (
o
o
r
kBi
h
k
hr
Bi
The temperature at the surface of the watermelon is
C 15.5

) , ( 0269 . 0
15 35
15 ) , (
8363 . 2
) rad 8363 . 2 sin(
) 9249 . 1 (
/
) / sin( ) , (
) , (
) 252 . 0 ( ) 8363 . 2 (
1
1
1
2 2
1
t r T
t r T
e
r r
r r
e A
T T
T t r T
t r
o
o
o o
o o
i
o
sph o
4-99
Water
melon
T
i
= 35C
Lake
15C
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-120 Large food slabs are cooled in a refrigeration room. Center temperatures are to be determined for
different foods.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction in the slabs is one-dimensional since the slab is large relative to its thickness
and there is thermal symmetry about the center plane. 3 The thermal properties of the slabs are constant. 4
The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface. 5 The Fourier number is > 0.2
so that the one-term approximate solutions (or the transient temperature charts) are applicable (this
assumption will be verified).
Properties The properties of foods are given to be k = 0.233 W/m.C and = 0.11 10
-6
m
2
/s for margarine, k
= 0.082 W/m.C and = 0.10 10
-6
m
2
/s for white cake, and k = 0.106 W/m.C and = 0.12 10
-6
m
2
/s for
chocolate cake.
Analysis (a) In the case of margarine, the Biot number is
365 . 5
) C W/m. 233 . 0 (
) m 05 . 0 )( C . W/m 25 (
2

k
hL
Bi
The constants
1 1
and A corresponding to this Biot number are,
from Table 4-1,
2431 . 1 and 3269 . 1
1 1
A
The Fourier number is 2 . 0 9504 . 0
m) 05 . 0 (
s/h) 600 3 h /s)(6 m 10 11 . 0 (
2
2 6
2
>

L
t

Therefore, the one-term approximate solution (or the transient temperature charts) is applicable. Then the
temperature at the center of the box if the box contains margarine becomes
C 7.0

) , 0 ( 233 . 0
0 30
0 ) , 0 (
) 2431 . 1 (
) , 0 (
) , 0 (
) 9504 . 0 ( ) 3269 . 1 (
1
2 2
1
t T
t T
e e A
T T
T t T
t
i
wall
(b) Repeating the calculations for white cake,

24 . 15
) C W/m. 082 . 0 (
) m 05 . 0 )( C . W/m 25 (
2
k
hL
Bi 2661 . 1 and 4641 . 1
1 1
A

2 . 0 864 . 0
m) 05 . 0 (
s/h) 600 3 h /s)(6 m 10 10 . 0 (
2
2 6
2
>

L
t

C 6.0

) , 0 ( 199 . 0
0 30
0 ) , 0 (
) 2661 . 1 (
) , 0 (
) , 0 (
) 864 . 0 ( ) 4641 . 1 (
1
2 2
1
t T
t T
e e A
T T
T t T
t
i
wall
(c) Repeating the calculations for chocolate cake,

79 . 11
) C W/m. 106 . 0 (
) m 05 . 0 )( C . W/m 25 (
2
k
hL
Bi 2634 . 1 and 4356 . 1
1 1
A
2 . 0 0368 . 1
m) 05 . 0 (
s/h) 600 3 h /s)(6 m 10 12 . 0 (
2
2 6
2
>

L
t

C 4.5

) , 0 ( 149 . 0
0 30
0 ) , 0 (
) 2634 . 1 (
) , 0 (
) , 0 (
) 0368 . 1 ( ) 4356 . 1 (
1
2 2
1
t T
t T
e e A
T T
T t T
t
i
wall
4-100
Air
T

= 0C
Margarine, T
i
= 30C
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-121 A cold cylindrical concrete column is exposed to warm ambient air during the day. The time it will
take for the surface temperature to rise to a specified value, the amounts of heat transfer for specified values
of center and surface temperatures are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction in the column is one-dimensional since it is long and it has thermal
symmetry about the center line. 2 The thermal properties of the column are constant. 3 The heat transfer
coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire surface. 4 The Fourier number is > 0.2 so that the one-
term approximate solutions (or the transient temperature charts) are applicable (this assumption will be
verified).
Properties The properties of concrete are given to be k = 0.79 W/m.C, = 5.94 10
-7
m
2
/s, = 1600 kg/m
3
and Cp = 0.84 kJ/kg.C
Analysis (a) The Biot number is
658 . 2
) C W/m. 79 . 0 (
) m 15 . 0 )( C . W/m 14 (
2

k
hr
Bi
o
The constants
1 1
and A corresponding to this Biot
number are, from Table 4-1,
3915 . 1 and 7240 . 1
1 1
A
Once the constant J
0
=0.3841 is determined from Table 4-2
corresponding to the constant
1
, the Fourier number is
determined to be

6253 . 0 ) 3841 . 0 ( ) 3915 . 1 (
28 16
28 27
) / (
) , ( 2 2
1
) 7240 . 1 (
1 0 1

e r r J e A
T T
T t r T
o o
i
o
which is above the value of 0.2. Therefore, the one-term approximate solution (or the transient temperature
charts) can be used. Then the time it will take for the column surface temperature to rise to 27C becomes
hours 6.6

s 685 , 23
/s) m 10 94 . 5 (
m) 15 . 0 )( 6253 . 0 (
2 7
2 2
o
r
t
(b) The heat transfer to the column will stop when the center temperature of column reaches to the ambient
temperature, which is 28C. That is, we are asked to determine the maximum heat transfer between the
ambient air and the column.
kJ 3990

C ) 16 28 )( C kJ/kg. 84 . 0 )( kg 8 . 395 ( ] [
kg 8 . 395 )] m 5 . 3 ( m) 15 . 0 ( )[ kg/m 1600 (
max
2 3 2
i p
o
T T mC Q
L r V m
(c) To determine the amount of heat transfer until the surface temperature reaches to 27C, we first
determine
2169 . 0 ) 3915 . 1 (
) , 0 (
) 6253 . 0 ( ) 7240 . 1 (
1
2 2
1

e e A
T T
T t T
i
Once the constant J1 = 0.5787 is determined from Table 4-2 corresponding to the constant
1
, the amount of
heat transfer becomes
kJ 3409

,
_

,
_

) kJ 3990 ( 854 . 0
0854
854 . 0
7240 . 1
5787 . 0
2169 . 0 2 1
) (
2 1
max
1
1 1 0
cyl
max
Q
Q Q
J
T T
T T
Q
Q
i
4-101
30 cm
Column
16C
Air
28C
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-122 Long aluminum wires are extruded and exposed to atmospheric air. The time it will take for the wire
to cool, the distance the wire travels, and the rate of heat transfer from the wire are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction in the wires is one-dimensional in the radial direction. 2 The thermal
properties of the aluminum are constant. 3 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the
entire surface. 4 The Biot number is Bi < 0.1 so that the lumped system analysis is applicable (this
assumption will be verified).
Properties The properties of aluminum are given to be k = 236 W/m.C, = 2702 kg/m
3
, Cp = 0.896
kJ/kg.C, and = 9.75 10
-5
m
2
/s.
Analysis (a) The characteristic length of the wire and the
Biot number are

1 . 0 00011 . 0
C W/m. 236
) m 00075 . 0 )( C . W/m 35 (
m 00075 . 0
2
m 0015 . 0
2 2
2
2
<

k
hL
Bi
r
L r
L r
A
V
L
c
o
o
o
s
c

Since Bi < 0.1, the lumped system analysis is applicable. Then,

s 144

t e e
T T
T t T
L C
h
V C
hA
b
t bt
i
c p p
s
) s 0193 . 0 (
1 -
3
2
-1
30 350
30 50 ) (
s 0193 . 0
m) C)(0.00075 J/kg. 896 )( kg/m (2702
C . W/m 35

(b) The wire travels a distance of
m 24 s) m/s)(144 60 / 10 ( length
time
length
velocity
This distance can be reduced by cooling the wire in a water or oil bath.
(c) The mass flow rate of the extruded wire through the air is
kg/min 191 . 0 m/min) 10 ( m) 0015 . 0 ( ) kg/m 2702 ( ) 4 / (
2 3 2
0
V r V m

Then the rate of heat transfer from the wire to the air becomes
W 856 = kJ/min 51.3 = C ) 50 350 )( C kJ/kg. 896 . 0 )( kg/min 191 . 0 ( ] ) ( [

T t T C m Q
p

4-102
350C
10 m/min
Air
30C
Aluminum wire
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-123 Long copper wires are extruded and exposed to atmospheric air. The time it will take for the wire to
cool, the distance the wire travels, and the rate of heat transfer from the wire are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction in the wires is one-dimensional in the radial direction. 2 The thermal
properties of the copper are constant. 3 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the entire
surface. 4 The Biot number is Bi < 0.1 so that the lumped system analysis is applicable (this assumption will
be verified).
Properties The properties of copper are given to be k = 386 W/m.C, = 8950 kg/m
3
, Cp = 0.383 kJ/kg.C,
and = 1.13 10
-4
m
2
/s.
Analysis (a) The characteristic length of the wire and the
Biot number are

1 . 0 000068 . 0
C W/m. 386
) m 00075 . 0 )( C . W/m 35 (
m 00075 . 0
2
m 0015 . 0
2 2
2
2
<

k
hL
Bi
r
L r
L r
A
V
L
c
o
o
o
s
c

Since Bi < 0.1 the lumped system analysis is applicable. Then,

s 204

t e e
T T
T t T
L C
h
V C
hA
b
t bt
i
c p p
s
) s 0136 . 0 (
1 -
3
2
-1
30 350
30 50 ) (
s 0136 . 0
m) C)(0.00075 J/kg. 383 )( kg/m (8950
C . W/m 35

(b) The wire travels a distance of
m 34
,
_

s) (204
s/min 60
m/min 10
length
time
length
velocity
This distance can be reduced by cooling the wire in a water or oil bath.
(c) The mass flow rate of the extruded wire through the air is
kg/min 633 . 0 m/min) 10 ( m) 0015 . 0 ( ) kg/m 8950 ( ) 4 / (
2 3 2
0
V r V m

Then the rate of heat transfer from the wire to the air becomes
W 1212 = kJ/min 72.7 = C ) 50 350 )( C kJ/kg. 383 . 0 )( kg/min 633 . 0 ( ] ) ( [

T t T C m Q
p

4-103
350C
10 m/min
Air
30C
Copper wire
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-124 A brick house made of brick that was initially cold is exposed to warm atmospheric air at the outer
surfaces. The time it will take for the temperature of the inner surfaces of the house to start changing is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 The temperature in the wall is affected by the thermal conditions at outer surfaces only, and
thus the wall can be considered to be a semi-infinite medium with a specified outer surface temperature of
18C. 2 The thermal properties of the brick wall are constant.
Properties The thermal properties of the brick are given to be k = 0.72 W/m.C and = 0.45 10
-4
m
2
/s.
Analysis The exact analytical solution to this problem is

,
_

t
x
erfc
T T
T t x T
i s
i

) , (
Substituting,

) /s m 10 45 . 0 ( 2
m 3 . 0
01 . 0
5 15
5 1 . 5
2 6

,
_

t
erfc
Noting from Table 4-3 that 0.01 = erfc(1.8215), the time is
determined to be
min 251

,
_

s 070 , 15 8215 . 1
) /s m 10 45 . 0 ( 2
m 3 . 0
2 6
t
t
4-104
T
i
= 5C
15C
30 cm
Wall
x 0
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-125 A thick wall is exposed to cold outside air. The wall temperatures at distances 15, 30, and 40 cm from
the outer surface at the end of 2-hour cooling period are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The temperature in the wall is affected by the thermal conditions at outer surfaces only.
Therefore, the wall can be considered to be a semi-infinite medium 2 The thermal properties of the wall are
constant.
Properties The thermal properties of the brick are given to be k = 0.72 W/m.C and = 1.6 10
-7
m
2
/s.
Analysis For a 15 cm distance from the outer surface, from Fig. 4-23 we have
25 . 0 1
70 . 0
) s 3600 2 )( s / m 10 (1.6 2
m 15 . 0
2
98 . 2
C W/m. 0.72
) s 3600 2 )( s / m 10 (1.6 C) . W/m 20 (
2 6 -
2 6 - 2

T T
T T
t
x
k
t h
i
C 14.0

T
T
25 . 0
2 18
2
1
For a 30 cm distance from the outer surface, from Fig. 4-23 we have
038 . 0 1
40 . 1
) s 3600 2 )( s / m 10 (1.6 2
m 3 . 0
2
98 . 2
C W/m. 0.72
) s 3600 2 )( s / m 10 (1.6 C) . W/m 20 (
2 6 -
2 6 - 2

T T
T T
t
x
k
t h
i
C 17.4

T
T
038 . 0
2 18
2
1
For a 40 cm distance from the outer surface, that is for the inner surface, from Fig. 4-23 we have
0 1
87 . 1
) s 3600 2 )( s / m 10 (1.6 2
m 4 . 0
2
98 . 2
C W/m. 0.72
) s 3600 2 )( s / m 10 (1.6 C) . W/m 20 (
2 6 -
2 6 - 2

T T
T T
t
x
k
t h
i
C 18.0

T
T
0
2 18
2
1
Discussion This last result shows that the semi-infinite medium assumption is a valid one.
4-105
Air
2C
L =40 cm
Wall
18C
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-126 The engine block of a car is allowed to cool in atmospheric air. The temperatures at the center of the
top surface and at the corner after a specified period of cooling are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction in the block is three-dimensional, and thus the temperature varies in all
three directions. 2 The thermal properties of the block are constant. 3 The heat transfer coefficient is constant
and uniform over the entire surface. 4 The Fourier number is > 0.2 so that the one-term approximate
solutions (or the transient temperature charts) are applicable (this assumption will be verified).
Properties The thermal properties of cast iron are given to be k = 52 W/m.C and = 1.7 10
-5
m
2
/s.
Analysis This rectangular block can physically be formed by by the intersection of two infinite plane walls of
thickness 2L = 40 cm (call planes A and B) and an infinite plane wall of thickness 2L = 80 cm (call plane C).
We measure x from the center of the block.
(a) The Biot number is calculated for each of the plane wall to be
0231 . 0
) C W/m. 52 (
) m 2 . 0 )( C . W/m 6 (
2
B A

k
hL
Bi Bi
0462 . 0
) C W/m. 52 (
) m 4 . 0 )( C . W/m 6 (
2
C

k
hL
Bi
The constants
1 1
and A corresponding to these Biot numbers are, from Table 4-1,

0038 . 1 and 150 . 0
B) A, ( 1 B) A, ( 1
A
0076 . 1 and 212 . 0
(C) 1 (C) 1
A
The Fourier numbers are
2 . 0 1475 . 1
m) 2 . 0 (
s/min) 60 min /s)(45 m 10 70 . 1 (
2
2 5
2
B A,
>

L
t

2 . 0 2869 . 0
m) 4 . 0 (
s/min) 60 min /s)(45 m 10 70 . 1 (
2
2 5
2
C
>

L
t

The center of the top surface of the block (whose sides are 80 cm and 40 cm) is at the center of the plane wall
with 2L = 80 cm, at the center of the plane wall with 2L = 40 cm, and at the surface of the plane wall with
2L = 40 cm. The dimensionless temperatures are
9782 . 0 ) 0038 . 1 (
) 1475 . 1 ( ) 150 . 0 (
1
0
(A) wall o,
2 2
1

e e A
T T
T T
i
9672 . 0 ) 150 . 0 cos( ) 0038 . 1 ( ) / cos(
) , (
) , (
) 1475 . 1 ( ) 150 . 0 (
1 1 (B) wall
2 2
1

e L L e A
T T
T t x T
t L
i
9947 . 0 ) 0076 . 1 (
) 2869 . 0 ( ) 212 . 0 (
1
0
(C) wall o,
2 2
1

e e A
T T
T T
i
Then the center temperature of the top surface of the cylinder becomes
C 142.2

1
]
1

) , 0 , 0 , ( 9411 . 0
17 150
17 ) , 0 , 0 , (
9411 . 0 9947 . 0 9782 . 0 9672 . 0 ) , (
) , 0 , 0 , (
(C) wall o, (A) wall o, (B) wall
t L T
t L T
t L
T T
T t L T
cylinder
short
i
(b) The corner of the block is at the surface of each plane wall. The dimensionless temperature for the surface
of the plane walls with 2L = 40 cm is determined in part (a). The dimensionless temperature for the surface
of the plane wall with 2L = 80 cm is determined from
4-106
Air
17C
Engine block
150C
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
9724 . 0 ) 212 . 0 cos( ) 0076 . 1 ( ) / cos(
) , (
) , (
) 2869 . 0 ( ) 212 . 0 (
1 1 (C) wall
2 2
1

e L L e A
T T
T t x T
t L
i
Then the corner temperature of the block becomes

C 138.0

1
]
1

) , , , ( 9097 . 0
17 150
17 ) , , , (
9097 . 0 9672 . 0 9672 . 0 9724 . 0 ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
) , , , (
A wall, B wall, C wall,
t L L L T
t L L L T
t L t L t L
T T
T t L L L T
cylinder
short
i
4-107
Chapter 4 Transient Heat Conduction
4-127 A man is found dead in a room. The time passed since his death is to be estimated.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction in the body is two-dimensional, and thus the temperature varies in both
radial r- and x- directions. 2 The thermal properties of the body are constant. 3 The heat transfer coefficient is
constant and uniform over the entire surface. 4 The human body is modeled as a cylinder. 5 The Fourier
number is > 0.2 so that the one-term approximate solutions (or the transient temperature charts) are
applicable (this assumption will be verified).
Properties The thermal properties of body are given to be k = 0.62 W/m.C and = 0.15 10
-6
m
2
/s.
Analysis A short cylinder can be formed by the intersection of a long cylinder of radius D/2 = 14 cm and a
plane wall of thickness 2L = 180 cm. We measure x from the midplane. The temperature of the body is
specified at a point that is at the center of the plane wall but at the surface of the cylinder. The Biot numbers
and the corresponding constants are first determined to be
06 . 13
) C W/m. 62 . 0 (
) m 90 . 0 )( C . W/m 9 (
2
wall

k
hL
Bi

1 1
14495 12644 . . and A
03 . 2
) C W/m. 62 . 0 (
) m 14 . 0 )( C . W/m 9 (
2
0
cyl

k
hr
Bi
3408 . 1 and 6052 . 1
1 1
A
Noting that
t L /
2
for the plane wall and t r /
0
2
for
cylinder and J0(1.6052)=0.4524 from Table 4-2, and assuming
that > 0.2 in all dimensions so that the one-term approximate
solution for transient heat conduction is applicable, the product
solution method can be written for this problem as
hours 9.0

'

1
1
]
1

'

1
1
]
1

1
]
1

s 404 , 32
) 4524 . 0 (
) 14 . 0 (
) 10 15 . 0 (
) 6052 . 1 ( exp ) 3408 . 1 (
) 90 . 0 (
) 10 15 . 0 (
) 4495 . 1 ( exp ) 2644 . 1 ( 40 . 0
) / ( ) (
16 36
16 23
) , ( ) , 0 ( ) , , 0 (
2
6
2
2
6
2
0 1 0 1 1
cyl 0 wall 0
2
1
2
1
t
t t
r r J e A e A
t r t t r
block
4-128 4-131 Design and Essay Problems

4-108
D
0
= 28 cm
z
Human body
T
i
= 36C
r
Air
T

= 16C
2L=180 cm