8 Jan 2004

Essential fatty acids: cant be made within body Reason 4 limiting fat in diet raises cholesterol in blood raises blood pressure obesity increase risk of: o stroke o heart attach o angina

diet: -protein: repair / pregnancy -vit A- night vision -vit D- absorbs calcium -Iron- menstrual loss haemoglobin advised not 2 go 85% over max heart rate: no further benefit in fitness may damage blood vessels strain on heart changes in gas exchange system in increase uptake of oxygen (exercise) increase in; -tidal volume (breath deeper) -breathing rate -width of airways Training programme -training programme increase aerobic fitness -swimming, running -within training zone -3 x a week -20-30minz at a time -less intense but for longer

MALARIA Organism: plasmodium How acquired: bitten by mosquito carrying malarial parasite female anopheles blood meal of infected person injects parasite (Blood transfusion, needle etc...) Problems associated with controlling malaria: Resistance of pathogen drugs Many strains Many surface antigens Symptom less carriers Mosquitoes breed in small areas Breed quickly Widely distributed )flu_ No vaccine Poor primary health care: poor housing cost of control programmes climate change education

Health is more than simply absence of disease Lifestyle increases susptibitity Smoking increasing rusg if develioping CHD lung cancer Genetic predisposition toheart attack Little aerocic exercise (above using information giving in book)

5 JUNE 2006
!!RNI- range of values vary for age, gender, pregnancy !!!Defficency vit Anight blindness inflammation of the ye scaring of cornea

!!!VIT D aquired orther than diet: -make in skin -sunglish needed Func : of Vit D: Makes bones harder Absorbs calcium Prevent rickets etc.. !!!SMOOKING multifactorial disease- many factors contircute to risks cigarette smoke rish of CHD: 1. carbon monoxide increase heart rate / damages walls of artery nictotene: contstics arterires -blood clot increase blookd pressure reducees lumen of artery !!!CHD not same in all world -high in som places as less everysise high stress levels more alchol abuse ethnicity or vice versa

PREVENTION RATHER THAN CURE CHD: -lower cost 2 NHS fewe drugs used fewer poeratiuibs less doctors time taken up live longer better quality of life etc !!3) definition

vol of air breathed out: TIDAL exercise used hear and luns tp provide oxygen for respiing in muscles: AEROBIC organism caused infectious disease : pathogen !!IMMUNE RESPONSE phagocytic cells: on site of infection: phagocytosis -antigens recognised as foreign on entering the body - activates phagocytes to move to the point of infection carry out phagocytosis -engulf pathogen-secrete enzymes(lysins) -digest ad breat down pathogen lysosomes sectrete lysins! Fuse with vesicle edocytosis.

!! 2 allegens: -pollen dust hay smoke !!during asthma attack 2 changes: -airways become constricted -contraction of smooth muscle increased mucus

-more carb in diet more exercise time. !!!glygoen im prove althlets performenc Glycogen stor of evnery Conveted 2 glucose

Used in respiration Factors effecying athletes perfomence during endurance event: -health of hearth: -zine of heart muscle stroke volume health of lungs -suze of tidal volume, vital capacity rate of breating reduced by astha , emhpseema etc.. health of circualtor system aciliot to supple oxygen 2 muscles applirt tro supply glucose 2 musles quantity of haemoglobin

AIDS!!!! Virus: HIV leads to AIDS -!!effect of lack of T helper cells -unable to: stimuilate b cells make plasma cells us release antibodies stimulate macrophages stimulate t killer cells -HOW virus can be transmitted: -unprotecetd sexual intercourse -blood transfusion# -breast feeding ANITBIOTICS NO EFFECT ON VIRUS THUS Y USE AGAINST AIDS:? -person with aids attaked by bacteria prevents secondary infeectiion

June 2003
Volume taken with air: tidal volume Type of muscle tissue in wall of bronchiole: smooth -resting pulse measure of fitnesseasy to measure indicated wether physically fit ornot during exercise heart rate doesnt increase much -!! Breathing doenst return to normal starigh after oxygen deficit supply or demand for oxygen carbon dioxide conc high -!1 2 long tern effects of regular exersie -increas in: -size of muscle -mitochondria -myglobin !! SMOKING # -blood oxygen levels low: due to carbon monoxide -blood vessles constrict- bp rises, heart has to work harder Nicotene -sticky brown coat over lungs Tar EXPERIEMTN TO SHOW TOBBACO CAUSES cancer causing agents: -dogs exposed to smoke -that do devekop lung cancer -!!WHITE BLOOD CELL origin of phagocyte: bone marrow. Lyssosome secrete toxins- hydrogen peroxide.

-how antibody related to its function: -variable regions antigen binding sites specific to complementry to antigen -fit lock and key -different tertaity strucuture -held by disuphaide bridges hinge regions allows felxibitlity in binding

Example Injection of a serum containing antibodies against tetanus Taking an oral vaccine polio Catching and recovering from a dieases such as measeles Receving injection of wekened strain of a disease causing bacterium Babies feeding on breast mik

Type of immunity Artifiical passive Artificical active Natural active Artificial Passive Natural passive

!!!!CHD -Cholestrol deposit in walls forming plaque roughens lining narrowing lumen increase bp blookd clotting -Dietry advice -less salt e.g. red meat -eat fruit -less total fat -less cholesterol -CHD treated by surgery

-heart transplant carries blood around blockage -heart by pass>>by donor HUMAN GENOME PROJECTS, HOW GENETIC TEST CAN help: ? -early diagnosis -advise parents on rish 2 children -specific adive specific treatenebt : drugs e.g lower cholesterol TB:!!! Organism: mycrobacterium Pandemic: diesaese that is spread over continents Problems with eradicating TB: -transmitted by airborne droplets sneezing coughing etc -overcrwoding homeless / poor living conditions civil unrest/ war carriers not diagnosed migrants refugees international travel problems with contact tracing BCG not equally effective No life time protection TB in attle Like with HIV/AIDS opportunistic diease LEDCS -adavanages of carrying out health surveys -publickk education -identifies people at risk -target and prevention

10 jan 2005
Biology mark scheme notes Endemic: disease always present in a population Epidemic: disease spread throughout a city or country Infectious disease leading cause of death in DEVOLIPING (LEDC) - Living conditions favour spread - Poor, no sewage system spread of cholera - Poor immune system due to malnutrition Degenerative diseases leading cause of death in DEVELOPED (MEDC) - People live longer therefore degen.. Common - High fat diet disease - Inactivity and disease - Obesity and disease

Problems with eradication TB Organism: Mycobacterium Pandemic: all over the world TB-transmitted by droplets (airbourne) 2. homeless / poor 3. war / civil unresy 4. BCG not equally effective 5. Migrants / refugees 6. Overcrowded conditions 7. No life time protection 8. Long period of treatment required 6-12 months

9. Symptoms of anorexia -obsession about food eat very little loss of body fat loss of weight disruption of the menstrual cycle.

Deficiency Vitamin D: -rickets -reduce effects of rickets by: improving diet giving supplements of vitamin D or calcium exposure to sunlight RNI: The amount of nutrients needed meet needs of almost all population. 2 Functions of Calcium: strength in bones strength in teeth Placebo: inactive pill Carcinogen: cancer causing agent Malignant: Carcinogens; -cause mutations -Act on genes -cells divide out of control Symptoms of lung cancer -chest pain -Weight loss -Shortage of breath Coughing up blood

Tumours in lungs can be discovered:-chest x-ray using MRI scan

Tissues in gaseous exchange system

Cartilage In trachea/ bronchi Holds air ways open Prevents bursting Low resistance to air movement Ciliated epithelium / Cilia Move mucus wave/sweep movement Goblet cells Secrete mucus Trap bacteria Remove particles from lungs Blood vessels supply oxygen/nutrients surround alveoli Deliver carbon dioxide Capillary wall being thin Short diffusion path therefore rapid Smooth muscle Adjust size of airways in exercise)

Connective tissue Stretch (inhalation) Prevent alveoli from bursting Recoil Helps exhalation Squamous epithelium Alveolus walls thin Therefore short diffusion path Chd & Smoking Multifactor disease; many factors contribute to disease Cigarette smoke risk of CHD: carbon monoxide increase heart rate / damages walls of artery Nicotine: constricts arteries blood clot increase blood pressure reduces lumen of artery CHD not same in all world High in some places as; less exercise high stress levels more alcohol abuse ethnicity or vice versa

PREVENTION RATHER THAN CURE CHD: -lower cost 2 NHS fewe drugs used fewer poeratiuibs less doctors time taken up

Health is more than simply absence of disease

Lifestyle increases susceptibility Smoking increasing risk if developing CHD lung cancer Genetic predisposition to heart attack Little aerobic exercise (above using information giving in book) CHD Cholesterol deposit in walls forming plaque roughens lining narrowing lumen increase bp blood clotting

Dietary advice -less salt e.g. red meat -eat fruit -less total fat -less cholesterol

CHD treated by surgery -heart transplant carries blood around blockage -heart by pass>>by donor

HUMAN GENOME PROJECTS, HOW GENETIC TEST CAN help: ? -early diagnosis -advise parents on risk 2 children -specific advice Specific treatment: drugs e.g. lower cholesterol

Carcinogen: cancer causing agent Malignant:

Carcinogens; -cause mutations -Act on genes -cells divide out of control Symptoms of lung cancer -chest pain -Weight loss -Shortage of breath Coughing up blood Tumours in lungs can be discovered:-chest x-ray using MRI scan