Varsha Mathur 06222

DESIGN LAB- HESSS LAW

INTRODUCTION: Hess Law states that when two or more reactions can be added together to give a net chemical reaction, the energy associated with each of the reactions can also be added together to give the net enthalpy (H) change. The law can be used to obtain thermodynamic data that cannot be measured directly. Magnesium oxide (MgO) is produced when magnesium (Mg) burns at high temperatures, producing a bright, hot flame. It is difficult to measure the enthalpy of combustion of this reaction because the reaction is so rapid. Therefore, we will use Hesss Law to find the enthalpy change of this reaction. AIM: To calculate the enthalpy of the combustion of Magnesium using Hesss law. Mg(s) + O2(g) ----> MgO(s) This enthalpy value can be obtained by manipulating enthalpy values of the three reactions shown below: (1) Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) -----> MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) (2) MgO(s) + 2 HCl(aq) ----> MgCl2(aq) + H2O (3) H2(g) + O2(g) ---------> H2O(l) This value will be assumed to be -241.82 KJ/mol 1 VARIABLES: Since we are not comparing any data there are no dependent and independent variable. However, the constants are: 1. The same amount and concentration of Hydrochloric Acid is used in both the reactions. 100cm3 of 1.0moldm-3 HCl will be used in both reactions and measured using a 50cm3 measuring cylinder. 2. The same apparatus will be used to measure quantities in both the experiments(the same 50cm3 measuring cylinder, Top Pan Balance, Thermometer and Stopwatch) 3. The conditions of the reactions will be the same i.e the temperature and pressure of the room. The experiment will be carried will be carried out in an air conditioned room to ensure room temperature and pressure is constant throughout the experiments.

http://www.uwsp.edu/chemistry/tzamis/chem105pdfs/Formation_Enthalpies.pdf

Varsha Mathur 06222

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
Wear goggles and lab coat. Hydrochloric Acid is corrosive and should be handled with care. Wash splashes or spills immediately with water. Magnesium Oxide is toxic if inhaled.

APPARATUS:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Solid Magnesium oxide Hydrochloric Acid solution of 1 moldm3 Solid Magnesium ribbon Top Pan Balance (0.01g) 50cm3 Measuring cylinder (0.5 cm3 ) Thermometer: Range -10C to 100C (0.05C) 2 Polystyrene cups Stopwatch (+/-0.5 s) Stirring Rod Cardboard cover for cup

PROCEDURE
The method of calorimetry will be used to measure the enthalpy change of the reactions. The calorimeter consists of an insulated polystyrene cup covered with a cardboard lid. The lid has a hole to accommodate the thermometer (see picture). A clamp may be used to support the thermometer. After assembling the calorimeter, we will make sure there is room to swirl the calorimeter without bumping the thermometer.

Calorimeter

http://www.chem.fsu.edu/chemlab/chm1050lmanual/calorimetry/procedure.html

Varsha Mathur 06222 Reaction (1) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Take the solid magnesium oxide and measure approx. 1g of MgO on the top pan balance. Measure and record the mass of MgO to the nearest 0.01g. Use a measuring cylinder to place 100cm3 of 1.0moldm-3 Hydrochloric Acid into a polystyrene cup. Use a thermometer to measure the initial temperature of HCl for 2 minutes. Add the Magnesium Oxide to the HCl. Immediately cover the inner cup with a lid and insert a thermometer into the hole in the lid. Gently swirl the cup to mix the contents. 6. Record the temperature of the mixture for every 30 seconds until the highest temperature reached. Reaction (2) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Obtain a 0.5g piece of Mg ribbon (about 25 cm). Measure and record its mass. Use a measuring cylinder to place 100cm3 of 1.0moldm-3 Hydrochloric Acid into a polystyrene cup. Measure the initial temperature of HCl for 2 minutes. Add the magnesium ribbon to the hydrochloric acid. Immediately cover the inner cup with a lid and insert a thermometer into the hole in the lid. Gently swirl the cup to mix the contents. Record the temperature every 30 seconds until a highest temperature reached.

Reaction (3) The enthalpy value of the formation of water will be assumed to be -241.82 KJ/mol 3 *Repeat Reactions (1) and (2) at least twice and take the average values to ensure accuracy of results.

http://www.uwsp.edu/chemistry/tzamis/chem105pdfs/Formation_Enthalpies.pdf

Varsha Mathur 06222

DATA COLLECTION:
Reaction (1)

Mass of MgO and paper: ______g Mass of paper: ______g Therefore, mass of MgO used: _______g Volume of HCl used: _______cm3 Temperature Change Table Time (s) (+/-0.5s) 0.0 30.0 60.0 90.0 120.0 150.0 180.0 200.0 230.0 260.0 290.0 320.0 350.0 380.0 410.0 440.0 Temperature (C) (+/- 0.5 C)

Addition of MgO ------------------------>

Therefore, Initial temperature of HCl: ______C Highest temperature reached: _____C

Varsha Mathur 06222

Reaction (2)

Mass of Mg used: _______g Volume of HCl used: _______cm3 Temperature Change Table Time (s) (+/-0.5s) 0.0 30.0 60.0 90.0 120.0 150.0 180.0 200.0 230.0 260.0 290.0 320.0 350.0 380.0 410.0 440.0 Temperature (C) (+/- 0.5 C)

Addition of Magnesium ---------------------->

Therefore, Initial temperature of HCl: ______C Highest temperature reached: _____C

Varsha Mathur 06222 To compensate for heat lost by the solution in the exothermic reaction to the surroundings as the reaction proceeds a plot of temperature against time can be drawn. By extrapolating the graph, the temperature rise that would have taken place had the reaction be instantaneous can be calculated. This would make our results more accurate. Plot a Temperature/Time Graph of the temperature change for BOTH the reactions.

Temperature Change
1.2 1 Temperature (C) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 60 120 180 230 290 350 410 Time (s) Temperature (C)

Sample Graph