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5 Heat Exchangers
Next: 18.6 Muddiest Points on Up: 18. Generalized Conduction and Previous: 18.4 Modeling Complex Physical Contents Index Subsections 18.5.1 Simplified Counterflow Heat Exchanger (With Uniform Wall Temperature) 18.5.2 General Counterflow Heat Exchanger 18.5.3 Efficiency of a Counterflow Heat Exchanger
[Parallel flow]
other unmixed] Figure 18.9: Cross-flow heat exchangers. Alternatively, the fluids may be in cross flow (perpendicular to each other), as shown by the finned and unfinned tubular heat exchangers of Figure 18.9. The two configurations differ according to whether the fluid moving over the tubes is unmixed or mixed. In Figure 18.9(a), the fluid is said to be unmixed because the fins prevent motion in a direction ( ) that is transverse to the main flow direction ( ). In this case the fluid temperature varies with and . In contrast, for the unfinned tube bundle of Figure 18.9(b), fluid motion,
hence mixing, in the transverse direction is possible, and temperature variations are primarily in the main flow direction. Since the tube flow is unmixed, both fluids are unmixed in the finned exchanger, while one fluid is mixed and the other unmixed in the unfinned exchanger. To develop the methodology for heat exchanger analysis and design, we look at the problem of heat transfer from a fluid inside a tube to another fluid outside.
Figure 18.10: Geometry for heat transfer between two fluids We examined this problem before in Section 17.2 and found that the heat transfer rate per unit length is given by
(18..21)
Here we have taken into account one additional thermal resistance than in Section 17.2, the resistance due to convection on the interior, and include in our expression for heat transfer the bulk temperature of the fluid, , rather than the interior wall temperature, . per unit length as
(18..22)
, is
(18..23)
Figure 18.11: Counterflow heat exchanger A schematic of a counterflow heat exchanger is shown in Figure 18.11. We wish to know the temperature distribution along the tube and the amount of heat transferred.
uniform temperature
Figure 18.12: Fluid temperature distribution along the tube with uniform wall temperature The objective is to find the mean temperature of the fluid at with temperature and leaves at , , in the case where fluid comes in at . The expected distribution for heating
with temperature
and cooling are sketched in Figure 18.12. For heating ( ), the heat flow from the pipe wall in a length is
where
is the pipe diameter. The heat given to the fluid (the change in enthalpy) is given by
where
is the mass flow rate of the fluid. Setting the last two expressions equal and integrating from the start of the pipe, we find
i.e.,
(18..24)
where
This is the temperature distribution along the pipe. The exit temperature at
is
(18..25)
The total heat transfer to the wall all along the pipe is (18..26)
or
(18..27)
file:///C|/Users/Wardenclyffe/Pictures/Mis%20escaneos/HEAT%20TRANSFERR.html[19/05/2012 11:47:27 a.m.]
where
(18..28)
The concept of a logarithmic mean temperature difference is useful in the analysis of heat exchangers. We will define a logarithmic mean temperature difference for the general counterflow heat exchanger below.
From a local heat balance, the heat given up by stream sign since decreases). The heat taken up by stream increases). The local heat balance is
in length is
x is
decreases as
(18..29)
and
, we find
where
. Also,
where
Integrating from
to
gives
(18..30)
(18..31)
where
We know that
(18..32)
Thus
(18..33)
(18..34)
Substituting (18.34) into (18.33) we obtain a final expression for the total heat transfer for a counterflow heat exchanger:
(18..35)
or
(18..36)
This is the generalization (for non-uniform wall temperature) of our result from Section 18.5.1.
or, rearranging,
(18..37)
Eliminating
from (18.32),
(18..38)
We now have two equations, (18.37) and (18.38), and two unknowns,
and
or (18..39)
where
(18..40)
We examine three examples. 1. can approach zero at cold end. as , surface area, .
2.
is negative,
as
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