702131/702831 European Architecture A

Byzantine second period

First Period: 527-565 under Justinian followed by struggles with the Persians, and then with the Saracens, followed by the Iconoclastic Controversy Second Period: 867-1185 867-1059: revival under the house of Macedonia 1081-1185 under the Comneni: most surviving Byzantine structures are of this period. the empire was struggling with the Seljuk Turks, and was now attacked by the Normans and the Venetians the Fourth Crusade attacked Constantinople, which fell in 1204 Third Period:1261-1453 under the House of Palaeologus. he Empire now reduced to Constantinople, Salonika and Greece, was no longer wealthy, and simplicity was the keynote. Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453

H Irene (or Eirene), Constantinople, 532, 564, 740

MUAS 4,448, S10,007

H Irene plan and section

Cecil Stewart, Early Christian, Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture [vol II of Simpson's History of Architectural Development] (London 1954), p 75

H Irene: isometric view

J A Hamilton, Byzantine Architecture and Decoration (London 1956 [1933]), pl 16

H Irene
MUAS 15,932

H Irene

MUAS 15,448

Byzantine plan types of the First Period

Hellenistic basilica
[St John Studios &c]

domed basilica
[H Sophia]

domed centralised church

[H H Sergios & Bakchos]

cruciform
[Church of the Apostles, Constaninople]

later Byzantine dome and drum on cross-insquare church form

J H Acland, Medieval Structure: the Gothic Vault (Toronto 1972), p 36

ancient world in AD 300

Colin McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History(Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1988 [1967]), p 87

church sites in Armenia

(including parts of modern Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan and Georgia)
Miles Lewis

Church at Garni, Armenia, AD C6th-7th

view of partly reconstructed foundations
Miles Lewis

Cathedral Church (of the Vigilant Powers, or of St Gregory), Zwartnots [Zuartnoc], Armenia, AD 641-666: reconstruction & plan
Christina Maranci, 'The Architect Trdat', Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, LXII, 3 (September 2003), p 299

Cathedral, Zwartnots: view of nave

Miles Lewis

Zwartnots Cathedral reconstructed elevation by T Toramanian

Cyril Mango, Byzantine

Architecture (New York 1985 [1976 (Milan 1974)]), p 104

Zwartnots Cathedral vine relief; basket Ionic capital; double block capital
Miles Lewis

Zwartnots

Church at Gagkaen, north-eastern Turkey, c 1001-5

Christina Maranci, 'The Architect Trdat', pp 299, 298

Stone church model from Sisian, ?C7th

Maranci, 'The Architect Trdat', p 298

St Hripsime, Vagarshapat, 618: plan

Hamilton, Byzantine Architecture, p 144

St Hripsime, Vagarshapat: Miles Lewis

St Hripsime
interior of the dome; detail of the corner lobe
Miles Lewis; Mango, Byzantine Architecture, facing p 113

Lake Van, Turkey, seen from the island church of from Achtamar
Miles Lewis

Church of Achtamar, 915921

Miles Lewis

Achtamar: plan
Davies, Aght'amar, fig 11, facing p 20

Achtamar interior looking east

Miles Lewis

Achtamar exterior of north (nw) arm with relief of Adam and Eve

Miles Lewis

Metekhi Church, Tblissi, Georgia, C9th & C13th

Miles Lewis

ICONOCLASM (the breaking of images)

ban imposed by Leo III, 737

pre-existing prejudice against depicting the human figure the influence of Islam

the Mediterranean world in 562

McEvedy, Atlas of Medieval History, p 31

the Mediterranean world in 626

McEvedy, Atlas of Medieval History, p 35

the Mediterranean world in 737

McEvedy, Atlas of Medieval History, p 39

Monastery of Al Oda, southern Turkey, probably C8th-9th

view south-west from the cave mouth of the Red Hall (church)
Miles Lewis

Al Oda: plan
Anatolian Studies, VII (1957), p 154

Al Oda: west wall of the Red Hall

Miles Lewis

Al Oda, Red Hall: detail of the decoration & inscription

Miles Lewis

the cross-domed plan in the Byzantine second period

Church of the Akataleptos (Kalenderhane Cami), Istanbul, mid C9th Hagia Sophia, Salonika, early C8th Nea, or Nea Ecclesia, Istanbul, 880 Church of Constantine Lips, Istanbul, 930 Church of the Saviour in the Chora Istanbul, C11th-14th

Church of the Akataleptos (Kalenderhane Cami), Istanbul, mid C9th: view from the south-west
T F Mathews, Byzantine Churches of Istanbul: a Photographic Survey (University Park [Pennsylvania], no date [c 1976]), p 176

the Akataleptos:
view from the north-west

Mathews, Byzantine Churches of Istanbul, p 174

the Akataleptos: plan

Richard Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture [Pelican History of Art] (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1965), p 207

Hagia Sophia, Salonika, early C8th, reconstructed 1907-1910) view from the north-east; isometric section
Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 114, p 206

Hagia Sophia, Salonika interior

Miles Lewis

Hagia Sophia, Salonika: view of the dome: Miles Lewis

Nea, or Nea Ecclesia, Istanbul, 880: plan

MUAS 15,447

Nea Ecclesia

Church of Constantine Lips, Istanbul, c 930

(St Mary Panachrantos the Immaculate - or Fenari Isa Cami)

MUAS 15,453

Church of Constantine Lips, modern view

Mango, Byzantine Architecture, pl XIV

Church of Constantine Lips, reconstruction view by Megaw

Slobodan Curcic, 'Architectural Significance of Subsidiary Chapels in Middle Byzantine Churches', Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, XXXVI, 2 (May 1977), p 110

Kharie Djami, Istanbul, C11th-14th

(St Saviour in the Chora, Kharie Cami) restored plan; exterior view
Stewart, Early Christian, &c, p 100 MUAS 13,780

Kharie Djami (Church of the Saviour in the Chora) original & final plans
Stewart, Early Christian, &c, p 100 ; J E N Hearsey, City of Constantine 324-1453 (London 1963), p 100

Kahrie-djami: inner narthex, looking south

Keskin Color, Istanbul, no 123

Kahrie-djami: inner narthex - mosaic vault of the second bay, showing the Virgin blessed by the priests
Keskin Color, Istanbul

the Kahrie-djami view into the Parekklesion exterior from the south-east
Keskin Color, Istanbul, no 127 Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 187

Byzantine church of crossin-square plan

Stewart, Early Christian, &c, p 60

Greece
Holy Apostles, Agora, Athens, C10th Kumbelidiki, Kastoria, ?C12th-13th Hosios Lukas, Phocis: Katholikon, c 1020,Theotokos, c 1040 Church of the Convent of the Assumption, Daphni, c 1080

Holy Apostles, Agora, Athens, C10th

Miles Lewis

Holy Apostles, Athens: the iconostasis.

Miles Lewis

Holy Apostles, Athens: view of dome.

Miles Lewis

Holy Apostles, Athens: west front

Miles Lewis

Kumbelidiki, Kastoria, ?C12th-13th from the southwest

Mango, Byzantine Architecture, pl XIII

H Basilios, Kastoria, Macedonia, C11th: view from the north-east

Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 133

Hosios Lukas, Phocis: Katholikon of St Luke, c 1020 (left) and Theotokos, c 1040 (right)
Lassus, Early Christian and Byzantine World, p 114

Hosios Lukas: isometric section

Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, p 360

Hosios Lukas, the Katholikon interior detail looking north-west

BB & H Lewis

Katholikon, Hosios Lukas: interior detail & mosaic of the baptism

Andr Grabar Byzantium: Byzantine Art in the Middle Ages (London 1966), p 125

Katholikon, Hosios Lukas view of the chancel; detail of the dome and conch
Lassus, Early Christian and Byzantine World, p 115; Grabar, Byzantium, p 64

Katholikon, Hosios Lukas mosaics of St Gregory the Thaumaturge, and of of two saints

Grabar, Byzantium, pp 49, 29

Katholikon, Hosios Lukas: mosaic of the crucifixion, in the narthex

Lassus, Early Christian and Byzantine World, p 115

Church of the Convent of the Assumption, Daphni, c 1080

Hannibal 2/306, 2/302

Daphni interior looking west; plan

MUAS 15,599 Hamilton, Byzantine Architecture, p 202

Daphni: detail of the Baptism in a squinch: Hannibal 5/302

Daphni: interiors, looking west & east up to the dome

MUAS 15, 818; 14,474

Daphni the dome detail of the Pantocrator

MUAS 15,821 Hannibal 2/301

the Balkans
St John the Baptist, Nessebar, Bulgaria

Italy
Sta Fosca, Torcello S Marco, Venice

St John the Baptist, Nessebar, c 900: view & plan

Velizar Velkov, Nessebur (Sofia 1995), pp 43, 42

Torcello: the Duomo, campanile & Sta Fosca

Brian Lewis

Sta Fosca, Torcello: front view & plan

Pru Sanderson; Stewart, Early Christian, &c, p 90

Sta Fosca, Torcello exterior of the east end

Giandomenico Romanelli [ed], Venice Art and Architecture (2 vols, Cologne 1997), II, p 56

St Mark's [S Marco], Venice, [c 830] 976, c 1070-3; 1120, 1204; C15th

http://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/venice-san-marco-pictures/pnice4_120.jpg

Church of the Holy Apostles, Constantinople, 532 as illustrated in an illuminated manuscript reconstructed plan
Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, frontispiece E H Swift, Roman Sources of Christian Art (New York 1951), p 47

St Mark's, Venice MUAS 10,275

Holy Apostles Contantinople

St Mark's interior looking east

Scala VM1

St Mark's Venice: view at gallery level; plan

MUAS 15,631

St Marks view of domes

http://www.sacreddestinations.com/italy/venice-sanmarco-pictures/int-ceiling.jpg

S Marco: Genesis dome

http://www.sacred-destinations.com/italy/venice-san-marco-pictures/int-genesis-cupola.jpg

the creation mosaic

Peter Meyer, Byzantine Mosaics: Torcello, Venice, Monreale, Palermo, Cefal (New York, c 1952]), pl V

St Mark's, the Creation: detail of the creation of fish and fowl

Meyer, Byzantine Mosaics, pl VI

St Mark's, exterior detail of the roof

Miles Lewis