Final Report Biomass

Department of Minerals and Energy
Pretoria
Capacity Building in Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Report No. – 2.3.4 - 29
Assessment of Commercially
Exploitable Biomass Resources:
Bagasse, Wood & Sawmill Waste
and Pulp, in South Africa
This report contains restricted information

and is for official use only
December 2004
Department of Minerals and Energy Pretoria
Capacity Building in Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Report No. – 2.3.4 - 29
Assessment of Commercially
Exploitable Biomass Resources:
Bagasse, Wood & Sawmill Waste
and Pulp, in South Africa
December 2004
Report no. 2.3.4 - 29

Issue no. A
Date of issue December 2004
Prepared Sugar Milling Research Institute
Checked K. Naidoo / R. Hummelshoj
Approved A. Otto
Assessment of Commercially Exploitable Biomass Resources: Bagasse, Wood & Sawmill Waste and Pulp, in South Africa 1
Table of Contents
1 Executive Summary 4
1.1 Methodology 4
1.2 Biomass 5
1.3 HOMER/RE GIS proposal 7
1.4 Feasibility checklist 8
2 Glossary and Abbreviations 9

2.1 Glossary 9
2.2 General Abbreviations 10
3 Introduction 11
4 Methodology 12
4.1 Biomass Resources and their Characteristics 12
4.1.1 Desk Research 12
4.1.2 Field Research 12
4.1.3 Stakeholders Meeting 13
4.2 Questionnaire and visited companies/persons 13
4.3 Proposal for Linking Data to the HOMER/RE GIS 13
4.4 Development of an IPP Feasibility Checklist 14
4.5 Stakeholder Workshops 14
5 Biomass resources and their characteristics 15

5.1 Introduction 15
5.2 Bagasse 16
5.2.1 Sugar Industry 16
5.2.2 Sugarcane Biomass 18
5.2.3 Sugar Industry – Electricity Generation 20
5.3 Wood 21
5.3.1 Forestry Industry 21
5.3.2 Forestry Biomass 23
5.3.3 Forestry – Electricity Generation 25
5.4 Sawmill 25
5.4.1 Sawmill Industry 25
5.4.2 Sawmill Biomass 25
5.4.3 Sawmilling – Electricity Generation 27
5.5 Pulp and paper 27
5.5.1 Pulp and Paper Industry 27
5.5.2 Pulp and Paper - Biomass 28
5.5.3 Pulp and Paper – Electricity generation 30
5.6 Summary 30
6 Proposal of linking data to Homer/RE GIS 32

6.1 Background 32
6.1.1 Homer 32
6.1.2 The South African Renewable Energy Resource
Database 32
6.1.3 HomerGIS 34
6.2 Proposal to link data to HomerGIS 35
6.2.1 Option 1: Biomass Data Update 35
6.2.2 Option 2: Renewable Data Management Process 36
6.3 Conclusion 37
7 Feasibility check list 38

7.1 Background 38
7.2 General 38
7.3 Energy demand 38
7.4 Biomass / Waste Resource Available 39
7.5 Technical Evaluation 39
7.6 Economic Evaluation 39
7.7 Environmental Conditions and Legislation 40
7.8 Case Example in the sugar industry 42
7.9 Check List 45
8 Conclusion and Recommendations 47
9 References 49
Table of Appendices
Appendix 1 – Area, Cane and Bagasse properties
Appendix 2 – Cane and Bagasse properties 2003/04 Season
Appendix 3 – Power generation potential
Appendix 4 – Sugar mill Questionnaire
Appendix 5 – Sawmill Questionnaire
Appendix 6 – Pulp and Paper Questionnaire
Appendix 7 – Terms of Reference
Appendix 8 – Contacts in Biomass
1 Executive Summary
The Department of Minerals and Energy (DME), South Africa is responsible

for formulating strategies and drafting legislation for the South African energy
sector. The Directorate Renewable Energy in the DME has finalised the White
Paper on Renewable Energy (RE). This Paper reflects a renewable energy tar-
get of 10 000 GWh (0.8 Mtoe) by 2013, to be produced mainly from biomass,
wind, solar and small-scale hydro. The renewable energy is to be utilised for
power generation and non–electrical technologies such as solar water heating
and bio-fuels.
This study relates to the exploitation of commercially based biomass resources

for electricity generation. According to a macro economic study on utilising
renewable energy resources in South Africa, electricity production from com-
mercially based biomass is among the most cost effective for renewable energy
applications. Assuming a least-cost approach for implementation of renewable
energy applications, a major contribution to the RE target can be derived from
commercially available biomass resources. Detailed data on biomass resources
(bagasse, pulp and forest wood waste and sawmill wood waste), energy content
and physical/chemical characteristics are presently not easily accessible. This
information is needed to determine the actual potential of power generation
from biomass and to establish a reliable basis to enable possible IPP’s to carry
out due diligence studies as part of possible project preparations.
1.1 Methodology
Information was available in various formats: from existing published re-

ports/documents; and from interviews conducted with carefully selected people
working at various levels in the different industries.
In an early stage of the project a stakeholders meeting was held (17 people at-
tended). The purpose of the meeting was to raise the necessary interest in the
project while at the same time engaging in a consulting process with key role
players in the different industries.
Questionnaires were developed and approved by the project team to assist in

the data acquisition process. Supporting letters were issued by the Department
of Minerals and Energy (DME) to give the request for information the neces-
sary legitimacy.
The consultant in conjunction with DME/COWI discussed the format of the
data suitable for linking to the HOMER/RE GIS. An external consultant from
the CSIR who has been involved in the development of the HOMER/RE GIS
interface was approached to write a proposal for linking the data.
A feasibility checklist for Independent Power Producers was developed by rep-

resentatives from COWI. This list includes technical, financial, legislative and
environmental factors to consider when engaging in power generation.
In close consultation and interaction with DME and the Local Renewable En-
ergy Adviser a final workshop was held on 24 November 2004. The aim of the
workshop was to present the findings of the study and to gain feedback from
the workshop delegates. The workshop was attended by 33 delegates represent-
ing the sugar, forestry, sawmilling and pulp and paper industries as well as
government and non-government organisations with special interest in renew-
able energy.
The final report of this study includes a description of the applied methodology,
results of the questionnaires/visits, presentation of the collected data and infor-
mation, as well as a proposal for linking the data into the South African Re-
newable Energy Resource Database (SARERD).
1.2 Biomass
Commercial biomass in South Africa is mainly produced by the sugar industry,

the forest industry, the sawmilling industry and the pulp and paper industry.
The majority of this biomass is found in Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal with
small amounts in the Eastern Cape, Limpopo, Western Cape and Gauteng. Ta-
ble 1 shows the biomass per sector.
In the sugar industry the biomass waste consists of bagasse and field residue.
The amount of field residue depends on the harvesting method. With green
harvesting (no field burning) the total sugarcane biomass waste can be as high
as 11.47 million tons with an energy content of 22.33 TWh. The potential elec-
tricity that can be generated from this biomass is about 5 500 GWh (3 000
GWh from bagasse alone). This is in excess of the industry’s own requirement
which is about 700 GWh.
The biomass from timber is all the wood not suitable for commercial use that
accumulates during the growing and harvesting of the timber. This total forest
biomass waste is about 3.13 million tons with an energy content of 10.89 TWh.
Burning the biomass in a conventional boiler as part of an efficient steam cycle
could produce about 2 722 GWh.
The sawmilling industry produces chips, sawdust and bark as biomass waste.
The total biomass waste is about 2.95 million tons with an energy content of
8.49 TWh. This translates into an annual electricity production of approxi-
mately 2 122 GWh. Although the power and steam requirements in the saw-
milling industry are not known, it is believed that this electricity will mainly be
needed in-house to substitute any ESKOM power. There would therefore be
very little opportunity for export power.
The total pulp and paper industry biomass waste is about 5.78 million tons with
an energy content of 10.17 TWh. About 90% of this biomass is black liquor
with an energy content of 9.03 TWh, while the remainder consists of sludge
and bark. Black liquor is only produced by the chemical pulping process and is
usually burnt to recover chemicals. The biomass has a potential electricity ca-
pacity of about 2 542 GWh. Again it is believed that most of the energy will be
used to meet in-house energy requirements with little or no opportunity for the
export of electricity.
Table 1. Biomass per sector
Industry Biomass NCV Mass Energy Power

content potential
MJ/t 1000 t TWh GWh
Sugar Field residue 6 894 5 336 10.21 2 553
Bagasse 7 117 6 136 12.12 3 031
Forestry Softwood 13 016 1 588 5.74 1 650
Hardwood 11 820 1 555 5.11 1 073
Sawmill Chips 10 316 1 433 4.11 1 162
Dust 10 611 730 2.15 608
Bark 10 135 443 1.25 353
Pulp & Paper Black liquor 6 243 5 206 9.03 2 257
Sludge 5 777 234 0.38 94
Bark 7 975 345 0.76 191
Total 7 958 23 006 50.86 12 972
Successful use of biomass energy rests largely on the conversion system

adopted. The most suitable technology can vary from biomass to biomass and
region to region. While some of the new technologies are looking promising,
presently for most applications conventional combustion technology is still the
most appropriate.
In a dedicated electricity facility without heat recovery it should be possible to

achieve a conversion of 25% resulting in an estimated electricity production
from total biomass of over 13 000 GWh. In practice this is expected to be much
lower for the following reasons:
• Not all the biomass is easily available. In the sugar industry the field
residue (trash and tops) is spread out over some 430 000 hectares. In the
forest industry all the biomass is on the plantations covering well over
1.3 million hectares. It might be impractical, undesirable and prohibi-
tively expensive to collect the biomass from cane fields and timber
plantations.
• The conversion efficiency of 25% power on fuel is based on the total
biomass being used for electricity generation in a high-pressure con-
densing steam cycle, boiler combustion process (8 000 kPa(a), 520°C).
Any deviation from such a system will obviously result in a different
efficiency e.g. when operating backpressure turbo alternators to supply
steam to process, potential electricity output will be reduced.
• In the sugar industry the quantity and composition of the biomass is

well recorded and the data is readily available. In the other industries
quantities are often measured in volumes rather than in mass and there
is particular uncertainty about the moisture content of the biomass. The
latter has a significant effect on the net caloric value and therefore on
the energy content of the biomass.
The most promising source of biomass is sugarcane bagasse. It is already being

used to meet the industry’s in-house steam and power requirements. Increasing
the efficient use and generation of energy within the industry can easily result
in a potential capacity of 2800 GWh with in-house requirements of only 700
GWh.
1.3 HOMER/RE GIS proposal
Two possible approaches to link data collated as part of this study to the
Homer/RE GIS program are proposed.
The first proposal is to update the existing biomass grid layers and make them
available for HomerGIS. Given that all the current biomass data is held within
one biomass layer, it is recommended that the HomerGIS model be upgraded to
have individual biomass layers for different types of crops. Subsequent updat-
ing of the individual biomass layers could be undertaken without having to re-
process and consolidate all the other biomass data simultaneously.
The second proposal is to extend the above update within the context of a sig-
nificantly more strategic approach to the whole issue of Renewable Energy Re-
sources information. It is proposed that a project be initiated that seeks to
achieve the following:
1. Develop a plan of action for the ongoing management of information

for renewable energy resources.
2. Recommend an appropriate body to carry out this management (on a
permanent basis).
3. Ensure that all current projects collecting data on renewable energy re-
sources be effectively coordinated (to ensure consistency of approach;
avoid redundant efforts, and so on).
4. Collate all collected data and have it transformed, if need be, into a
readily accessible format (or formats) useable by currently known tools.
5. Make available – preferably on-line – a national set of “best available”
data sets related to renewable energy resources.
1.4 Feasibility checklist
As per Terms of Reference a feasibility checklist was compiled to assist poten-

tial independent power producers with renewable energy projects in the bio-
mass sectors. The list is by no means exhaustive.
2 Glossary and Abbreviations
2.1 Glossary
Imbibition Cane wash water.
Independent power producers (IPPs) – producers of power (electricity),

which sell their power to electricity distributors for supplying to the national
electricity grid.
Mtoe (Million tons of oil equivalent) A universal unit of comparison in which

all energy can be measured. (1 Toe = 42 GJ = 0.042 TJ = 0.012 GWh).
Power
Watt (W) 1 Joule per second of energy consumption or dissipa-
tion (MW = million W).
Megawatt (MW) A unit of power. One Megawatt is equal to 1 000 kilo-

watts or about 1340 horsepower.
Energy
Kilowatt-hour (kWh) A unit of energy consumption. One kilowatt hour is
equal to 3.6 MJ (Megajoules) or 3 412.14 Btu (British
thermal units) or 859.855 kcals (kilocalories).
Megawatt hour (MWh) A unit of energy consumption. One Megawatt hour is

the amount of energy consumed in one hour at a rate of
one Megawatt.
Gigawatt hour (GWh) A unit of energy consumption. One Gigawatt hour is

equal to 1 000 Megawatt hour.
Terawatt hour (TWh) A unit of energy consumption. One Terawatt hour is

equal to 1 000 Gigawatt hour.
kWh/tc Kilowatt hour per ton of cane.

Biomass
Ash Inorganic component in biomass (inert material that
does not take part in the combustion process).
Brix Soluble organic component in biomass.
Fibre Insoluble organic component in biomass (mainly cellu-

lose, hemicellulose and lignin).
2.2 General Abbreviations
BEE Black Economic Empowerment

CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CER Certified Emissions Reduction
CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (South Africa)
DME Department of Minerals and Energy (South Africa)
ESKOM Electricity Supply Commission (South Africa)
IPP Independent Power Producer
RE Renewable Energy
HOMER Hybrid Optimisation Model for Electric Renewables
GIS Geographic Information System
SARERD South African Renewable Energy Resource Database
GCV Gross Calorific Value
NCV Net Calorific Value
3 Introduction
The Department of Minerals and Energy (DME), South Africa is responsible

for formulating strategies and drafting legislation for the South African energy
sector. The Directorate Renewable Energy in the DME has finalised the White
Paper on Renewable Energy (RE). This Paper reflects a renewable energy tar-
get of 10 000 GWh (0.8 Mtoe) by 2013, to be produced mainly from biomass,
wind, solar and small-scale hydro. The renewable energy is to be utilised for
power generation and non–electrical technologies such as solar water heating
and bio-fuels.
As a result of a dialogue between the DME and Danida over the years 1999 to
2001 the Project "Capacity Building in DME in Energy Efficiency (EE) and
Renewable Energy (RE) (CaBEERE), has been formulated.
The CaBEERE Project aims at enhancing DME´s capacity and performance by

assisting in developing programmatic approaches through strategies and action
plans for energy efficiency and renewable energy in transparent co-operation
with relevant stakeholders. The project aims at making the DME a "learning
organisation" better able to update, develop and implement strategies and ac-
tion plans within EE and RE. The project approach is primarily built on learn-
ing by doing through on the job training of DME staff and other stakeholders.
At the end of the project DME will be able to effectively and efficiently meet
its energy efficiency and renewable energy mandate as prescribed by the White
Paper on Energy Policy and to sustain this capacity.
The ToR relate to the exploitation of commercially based biomass resources for
electricity generation. According to a macro economic study on utilising re-
newable energy resources in South Africa, electricity production based on
commercially based biomass is among the most cost effective for renewable
energy applications. Assuming a least-cost approach for implementation of
renewable energy applications, a major contribution to the RE target can be de-
rived from commercially available biomass resources. Detailed data on bio-
mass resources (bagasse, pulp and forest wood waste and sawmill wood waste),
energy content and physical/chemical characteristics are presently not easily
accessible. This information is needed to determine the actual potential of
power generation from biomass and to establish a reliable basis to enable pos-
sible IPP’s to carry out due diligence studies as part of possible project prepara-
tions.
4 Methodology
4.1 Biomass Resources and their Characteristics
Input data for this section was obtained from two sources: Industry Associa-
tions/Specialist Institutes and existing businesses operating in the three focus
industries (i.e. Sugar/bagasse; Pulp and Paper and Saw Milling).
Information was available in various formats: from existing published re-

ports/documents; and from interviews conducted with carefully selected people
working at various levels in the different industries.
4.1.1 Desk Research

The desktop study and literature survey was carried out as a preliminary study
to obtain the readily available data on biomass and an overview of the industry
producing that biomass. The outcome of this preliminary study also identified
the information “gaps” that needed to be filled from interviews. A first interim
report including a draft questionnaire was submitted to the project team for ap-
proval and possible refocus of the study.
The Terms of Reference for this study includes the following list of materials as
being the essential background reading that are relevant to this study:
• Energy White Paper 1998, DME
• Renewable Energy White Paper 2003, DME
• Economic and Financial Calculations and Modelling for the Renewable

Energy Strategy Formulation, DME/Danida 2004.
4.1.2 Field Research

The field research stage of the project was to some degree dependent on the
outcome of the desktop study. Given the information gaps and project refocus,
interviews were conducted with various role players in the different sectors. Be-
cause of time and budget constraints the number of interviews for the different sec-
tors had to be reduced and were partly conducted telephonically and by correspon-
dence. The outcome of this part of the study is a detailed overview of the quan-
tity and quality of biomass for the different sectors in the various regions.
4.1.3 Stakeholders Meeting
In an early stage of the project a stakeholders meeting was held. The purpose of
the meeting was to raise the necessary interest in the project while at the same
time engaging in a consulting process with key role players in the different in-
dustries. The meeting was attended by 17 senior representatives of the four sec-
tors and provided a useful exchange of information. It was suggested that black
liquor, a waste product of the pulp and paper industry, should be included in the
list of potential commercially exploitable resources. Agreement was reached
with respect to biomass in the other sectors.
4.2 Questionnaire and visited companies/persons

Questionnaires were developed to assist in the data acquisition process. The
questionnaires were approved by the project team. Supporting letters were is-
sued by the Department of Minerals and Energy (DME) to give the request for
information the necessary legitimacy. Returned questionnaires can be found in
Appendixes 4, 5 and 6. Biomass contacts made during the study are given in
Appendix 8 grouped by industry.
All 14 sugar mills were sent questionnaires by e-mail. In most cases the ques-
tionnaires were followed up by further correspondence, a telephone call or fac-
tory visit. In the end all mills responded positively and returned completed
questionnaires.
For the forest industry no questionnaire was deemed necessary because of the
limited role players (Mondi and Sappi) and the excellent data available on the
internet (www.forestry.co.za). In addition, information was obtained from ex-
pert interviews within Global Forest Products, Forestry South Africa and repre-
sentatives from Sappi and Mondi.
The sawmilling industry consists of over 100 sawmills mainly in Mpumalanga

and KwaZulu-Natal. A total of 4 questionnaires were sent out in this industry.
No return questionnaires were received and most information gathered was
done through personal visits (Singini, Wesa, Langini, Graskop, Tweefontein
and Sabie). Two key role players in the sawmilling industry are Hans Merensky
Holdings (Pty) Ltd, the biggest sawmilling company with various factories, and
Crickmay & Associates a consulting firm in Pietermaritzburg with extensive
experience in the sawmilling industry.
In the pulp and paper industry 8 questionnaires were sent out. Only 6 returns
were received: Sappi (Saicorr, Stanger, Ngodwana and Tugela); Mondi (Piet
Retief and Richards Bay).
4.3 Proposal for Linking Data to the HOMER/RE GIS

The consultant in conjunction with DME/COWI discussed the format of the
data suitable for linking to the HOMER/RE GIS. An external consultant from
the CSIR who has been involved in the development of the HOMER/RE GIS
interface was approached to write a proposal for linking the data.
4.4 Development of an IPP Feasibility Checklist
It was decided that the development of an IPP feasibility checklist was the main
responsibility of DME/COWI. Industry specific hurdles were obtained from the
relevant industries as part of the interview process during the field research.
4.5 Stakeholder Workshops

The process was driven by the consultant in close consultation and interaction
with DME and the Local Renewable Energy Adviser.
This involved selecting workshop participants in consultation with

DME/CaBEERE personnel. In total 33 people attended the combined workshop
on 24 November 2004 for the four sectors i.e. sugarcane, forestry, sawmilling
and pulp and paper.
In preparation for the workshop, participants were sent a draft copy of the final
report. Delegates were invited to comment on the report and were given a dead-
line of 29 November 2004 to do so.
5 Biomass resources and their

characteristics
5.1 Introduction
One of the key characteristics of biomass as an energy source is the calorific
value. The importance of this property and the confusion about the term dis-
played in the literature warrants a short note on its definition and determination.
There are two different calorific values, a gross calorific value (GCV) and a net
calorific value (NCV). The GCV is the total energy released during the com-
bustion process and can only be accurately determined by using a bomb calo-
rimeter at the standard electro-chemical temperature of 25°C. The NCV is the
GCV minus the latent heat of the water formed by the combustion process and
is obtained by calculation. The experimental procedure and method of calcula-
tion are laid down in ISO 1928 (Anon, 1995).
Any substance consists of organic matter, moisture and inorganic matter or ash.
Only the organic matter takes part in the combustion process. Although mois-
ture and ash are inert they do influence the gross calorific value of the biomass
as a whole. For that reason it is important to quote the gross calorific value of
the biomass on a dry ash free basis which is the same as the gross calorific
value of the organic matter only.
The gross calorific value of the biomass (GCVB) can now be expressed as a
function of the gross calorific value of the organic matter (GCVO), the ash con-
tent (A) and the moisture content (M):
GCVB = GCVO – GCVO / 100 * A – GCVO / 100 * M
The net calorific value is the gross calorific value minus the latent heat of the
water formed by the combustion process at a temperature of 25°C. On a dry ash
free basis the only water formed is through the reaction of oxygen with the hy-
drogen in the biomass. Hence the net calorific value of the organic matter
(NCVO) can be expressed as a function of the gross calorific value of the organic
matter (GCVO) and the hydrogen content of the organic matter (H):
NCVo = GCVO – 18 / 2 * 2441 / 100 * H
For the biomass as a whole allowance has to be made for the ash and moisture
content of that biomass. In addition a correction should be made for the latent
heat of the moisture. The net calorific value of the biomass (NCVB) can be ex-
pressed as a function of the net calorific value of the organic matter (NCVO), the
ash content (A) and the moisture content (M):
NCVB = NCVO – NCVO / 100 * A – (NCVO + 2441) / 100 * M
For a fibrous material (dry, and ash free) the gross calorific value is in the order
of 20 000 MJ/t and the hydrogen content is typically 6.1%. This results in a net
calorific value of 18 660 MJ/t. The biggest unknown in establishing the calo-
rific value of the biomass as a whole, which includes moisture and ash, is the
moisture content. For green wood this moisture content varies from tree to tree
and within the different parts of the tree and ranges between 25 and 65%.
5.2 Bagasse
5.2.1 Sugar Industry

The South African Sugar Association is a partnership between the SA Cane
Growers Association and the SA Sugar Millers Association. The former admin-
isters the interests of about 47 000 registered cane growers with a total area un-
der cane of over 430 000 hectares. Of these cane growers about 2000 are large
commercial farmers and some 45 000 are small-scale growers farming on tribal
land. The large-scale commercial farmers are responsible for more than 66% of
total sugarcane production while small-scale growers produce approximately
17.5% of the total crop.
Table 2. South African sugar mills
Company Sugar mill Comments

Illovo Sugar ES Eston
NB Noodsberg Refinery
PG Pongola Refinery
SZ Sezela Furfural
UF Umfolozi Refinery
UK Umzimkulu
Tongaat-Hulett AK Amatikulu
DL Darnall
FX Felixton Paper, Cogeneration
EN Entumeni Closed in January 2004
MS Maidstone Cogeneration, Animal feed
Transvaal KM Komati Cogeneration
ML Malelane Refinery
UShukela GH Gledhow Refinery, Paper
Union Coop UC Union Co-op Wattle, Maize
Milling companies with their own sugar estates produce 16.5% of the crop. This
percentage is likely to decrease as companies continue to promote medium-scale
farming for the economic development and empowerment of previously disadvan-
taged people. The number of people employed in the sugarcane agriculture sec-
tor is 74 000 and sugarcane production is over 20 million tons per annum.
The SA Sugar Millers Association administers the interests of the five milling
companies. The milling sector employs 11 000 people in 15 sugar mills: six
mills are owned by Illovo Sugar Limited, five mills owned by Tongaat-Hulett
Sugar Limited, two mills by Transvaal Sugar Limited, one co-operative owned
by growers (Union Co-op) and one mill owned by the BEE company Ushukela
Sugar (Table 2). Komati and Malelane are situated in Mpumalanga, the other 12
mills are in KwaZulu-Natal. Five of the mills are known as ‘white-end’ mills pro-
ducing their own refined sugar. Raw sugar from the other nine mills is routed di-
rectly to Durban where it is either refined at the central Tongaat-Hulett Refinery or
stored at the South African Sugar Association Bulk Terminal prior to export. Total
sugar production is in the order of 2.4 million tons of which 1.3 million is for the
local market and 1.1 million for the export market. Turnover of the sugar industry
is about ZAR 6 billion. Illovo Sugar Limited is listed directly on the Johannesburg
Stock Exchange and Tongaat-Hulett Sugar and Transvaal Sugar indirectly through
their holding companies Anglo American and Rembrandt.
Cane is grown in KwaZulu-Natal and to a lesser extent in Mpumalanga (Figure

1). In KwaZulu-Natal the cane growing area is about 386 000 hectares primar-
ily situated on the coast with some cane grown around Pietermaritzburg. In
Mpumalanga the total area under cane in 2003 was 47 000 hectares.
400
350
300
250 Cane
1000 ha
200
150
100
50
0
KZN Mpum E Cape Limpopo W Cape Gauteng
Figure 1. Sugarcane area by province in 2003
In KwaZulu-Natal the cane is mainly rain fed and the average cane yield is in
the order of 43 t/ha/y resulting in 16.44 million tons of cane in 2003. In Mpu-
malanga the cane is irrigated giving a much higher yield of about 85 t/ha/y or
almost 4 million tons of cane per annum (Figure 2).
18
16
14
12
Million tons
Cane
10
8
6
4
2
0
Figure 2. Sugarcane yield by province in 2003
5.2.2 Sugarcane Biomass

The processing of sugarcane produces two sources of biomass; the residue left
in the field after harvesting (tops and trash) and bagasse, a residue from the
processing of cane.
Tops and Trash. During the harvesting process, tops (14%) and trash (8%) are
removed and ideally only the stalks (78%) are delivered to the factories. The
trash is usually removed by burning and the tops are cut by hand and left in the
field. Leaving tops and trash in the field is seen by many agronomists as bene-
ficial because of their nutritional value, contribution to weed control, protection
against erosion and retention of moisture in the soil. However, the tops and
trash combined provide a considerable amount of fuel and ways of recovering
them are presently being explored. The quantity and quality of stalk, trash and
tops varies significantly and depends on things like cane variety, cane maturity
and rainfall. Table 3 gives some tentative figures for the amounts and properties
of the different parts of the cane plant. These figures are based on 20 million
tons of cane.
Table 3. Properties of cane stalk, trash and tops
Mass Fibre Brix Moisture Ash NCV Energy

1000 t % % % % MJ/t TWh
Stalk 19 711 12.17 15.94 70.44 1.45 2 917 15.96
Trash 2 001 82.50 2.20 12.30 3.00 15 097 8.39
Tops 3 623 23.40 3.80 69.80 3.00 3 145 3.16
Total 25 336 19.33 13.12 65.76 1.79 3 912 27.52
In practice, the residue left in the field will be a mixture of stalk, trash and tops.
The composition of that mixture depends very much on the harvesting practice.
Table 4 gives the residue made up of 2% stalk, 84% trash and 90% tops based
on 20 million tons of cane.
Table 4. Properties of cane and residue

1000 t % % % % MJ/t TWh
Residue 5 336 41.19 4.19 51.73 2.89 6 894 10.21
Cane 20 000 13.50 15.50 69.50 1.50 3 116 17.31
Total 25 336 19.33 13.12 65.76 1.79 3 912 27.52
Bagasse. The second source of biomass from sugarcane is bagasse. Bagasse is

the residue that remains after the processing of the cane in the factory. It has the
advantage that it is already at a central point and can be burnt in specially de-
signed boilers without any pre-treatment. The quantity of bagasse is fairly con-
stant at just over 30% on cane. Table 5 gives the tons of bagasse from 20 mil-
lion tons of cane and some typical values for the fibre, brix, moisture and ash
content of that bagasse.
Table 5. Properties of bagasse

1000 t % % % % MJ/t TWh
Bagasse 6 136 44.00 2.00 50.00 4.00 7 117 12.12
In the South African sugar industry the subject of the calorific value of bagasse
has been well researched (Don et al., 1977 and Wienese, 1999). This research
lead to the development of the following generic equation for the net calorific
value (NCV) as a function of the moisture (M), the Brix (B) or dry solids and the
Ash (A).
NCV = 18260 - 207,01 * M - 31,14 * B - 182,60 * A
This equation is based on a Gross Calorific Value (GCV) of fibre and brix of 19
605 and 16 491 MJ/t respectively and a hydrogen content of 6.17% on a dry ash
free basis. Although the equation was developed for bagasse, with some cir-
cumspection it can also be used for the residue left in the field without too
much error. Table 6 shows the estimated bagasse and residue in the case of
green harvesting (no burning) per province.
Table 6. Sugarcane biomass waste by province

1000 t 1000 t 1000 t 1000 t 1000l t 1000 t
Residue 4 429 907 0 0 0 0
Bagasse 5 093 1 043 0 0 0 0
Total 9 522 1 950 0 0 0 0
Figure 3 shows the energy content of that bagasse and residue in the two cane
growing regions KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga.
20
18
16 Residue
14 Bagasse
12
TWh
10
8
6
4
2
0
Figure 3. Energy content of sugarcane biomass waste by province in 2003
Sugar industry data for the last ten years including cane supply area, cane
crushed and bagasse produced per sugar factory are given in Appendix 1. The
same information is supplied on a monthly basis for the 2003/2004 crushing
season in Appendix 2.
5.2.3 Sugar Industry – Electricity Generation

The total sugarcane biomass waste is about 11.47 million tons with an energy
content of 22.33 TWh. However, because of the alleged benefit of leaving some
trash and tops in the field and the problems associated with collecting the field
residue in practice only bagasse is available for electricity generation. This ba-
gasse amounts to 6.14 million tons with a total energy content of 12.12 TWh.
During normal operation a sugar factory usually generates its own electricity.
The need for additional fuel (mostly coal) varies from factory to factory and
from time to time. It depends mainly on factory and process design, the steadi-
ness of operation and the fibre content of the cane. Most raw sugar factories are
designed to use a minimum of coal to avoid the need for a costly bagasse dis-
posal system. Other factories are fitted with a back-end refinery (ML, PG, UF,
GH and NB) or are exporting bagasse (ML, FX, GH, MS and SZ) and burning
significant amounts of coal. At present only KM, FX and MS are doing a little
co-generation (See Table 2 for mill abbreviations).
The industry has the potential to export significant amounts of electricity to the
grid. However, this requires a reduction in power and process steam require-
ments and an increase in power generation efficiency i.e. high pressure boilers
and a combination of efficient back pressure and condensing turbo-alternators.
At an anticipated conversion rate of 25% power to fuel, the estimated total po-
tential electricity from sugarcane biomass is about 5 500 GWh, from bagasse
alone it is roughly 3 000 GWh and the in-house requirements are 700 GWh.
Appendix 3 gives the electricity generation potential for the sugar industry
based on the following assumptions:
• Cane throughput as per Appendix 1

• Bagasse quantity and quality including NCV as per Appendix 1
• Process steam on cane (45% for a raw sugar factory and 55% for a
sugar factory with a backend refinery)
• In-house power on cane (35 kW/tc for a raw sugar factory and 40 kW/tc
for a sugar factory with a backend refinery)
• Boiler steam pressure and temperature (8000 kPa(abs) and 520°C)
• Back pressure turbine exhaust steam pressure (200 kPa(abs))
• Condensing turbine exhaust steam pressure (15 kPa(abs))
• Boiler efficiency (85%)
• Boiler feed water temperature (116°C)
• Boiler blow down (5%)
• Turbine efficiencies (saturated exhaust steam conditions)
It is believed that these assumptions are achievable and leave room for further
improvements.
5.3 Wood
5.3.1 Forestry Industry

In 2003 the total area of commercial timber plantations was 1 371 625 hectares
of which 52% was planted with softwood and 48% with hardwood. The soft-
wood is mainly pine and the hardwood consists of 40% of the fast growing
eucalypts and 8% of wattle or acacia. In the same year the annual yield was
16.86 million tons (19.2 million m3) of timber; 8.69 million tons (8.4 million
m3) of softwood and 8.17 million tons (10.8 million m3) of hardwood. Timber
production was about 12 tons per hectare for softwood and hardwood alike. The
plantation area and the production of timber by wood type is summarised in
Table 7.
Table 7. Production of timber by wood type
Area Mass
1000 ha % 1000 t %
Soft Wood 709 52 8 692 51
Hard Wood 662 48 8 172 49
Total 1 372 100 16 864 100
Of the total plantation area 57% is managed for the pulp and paper industry,
36% for the sawmill industry, 5% for the mines and 2% for other purposes. Of
the 16.86 million tons 60% went to pulp and paper, 33% to sawlogs and the
remaining 7% to the mines and other destinations. The plantation area and the
production of timber by product type is summarised in Table 8.
Table 8. Production of timber by product
Area Mass
1000 ha % 1000 t %
Pulp & Paper 786 57 10 093 60
Sawlog 488 36 5 582 33
Others 98 7 1 189 7
Total 1 372 100 16 864 100
Private sector ownership (private companies, individuals, partnerships, trusts)

accounts for 78%, whilst state and municipalities own 22% of the total planta-
tion area. About half of the softwood plantations are privately and half publicly
owned. Almost 90% of the hardwood plantations are privately owned.
The majority of the timber plantations are in KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga.

The distribution of softwood and hardwood plantations between provinces is
shown in Figure 4.
600
500
Hardwood
400 Softwood
1000 ha
300
200
100
0
Figure 4. Timber plantation areas by province in 2003
Although Mpumalanga has the largest plantation area, KwaZulu-Natal pro-

duces the most wood. The distribution of softwood and hardwood wood pro-
duction between provinces is shown in Figure 5.
8000
7000
6000 Hardwood
5000 Softwood
1000 tons
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Figure 5. Timber production by province in 2003
In total 120 000 people are employed by the industry, 60 000 in the plantations
and 60 000 in the associated processing industries.
5.3.2 Forestry Biomass

The biomass from timber is all the wood not suitable for commercial use that
accumulates during the growing and harvesting of the timber. Sources of this
residue include:
• wood from tending and thinning young stands

• waste resulting from the first commercial thinning cuttings
• logging residues from the final cutting areas
• low-quality trees with no commercial value
The amount of residue can vary significantly and depends on issues such as tree
species, standing volume and tree size. Other factors affecting the quantity of
residue are forest maintenance practices and harvesting techniques. Most of the
residue is logging residue consisting of tree branches and crowns, unmarketable
stem wood and undergrowth. This residue or foliage mass is normally ex-
pressed as a percentage of the trunk mass. It is estimated that this figure is 21%
for softwood and 16% for hardwood resulting in 3.13 million tons of forest bio-
mass waste. A wide range of data about the composition and calorific value of
this waste was found. Table 9 shows the amount of forest biomass, its composi-
tion in terms of fibre, moisture and ash content and net calorific value (NCV)
by wood type.
Table 9. Properties of forest biomass waste
Mass Fibre Moisture Ash NCV Energy

1000 t % % % MJ/t TWh
Softwood 1 825 69.00 30.00 1.00 13 016 6.60
Hardwood 1 308 69.50 30.00 0.50 11 820 4.29
Total 3 133 69.21 30.00 0.79 12 517 10.89
The net calorific values (NCV) are based on estimated gross calorific values
(GCV) of fibre of 21 323 (hydrogen 6.36%) and 19 355 MJ/t (hydrogen 5.89%)
for soft and hardwood respectively (www.vt.tuwien.ac.at/biobib).
KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga each account for about 42% of the total waste
biomass in the forest industry. The remainder is produced in the Eastern Cape,
Limpopo and Western Cape (Table 10).
Table 10. Forest biomass waste by province

1000 t 1000 t 1000 t 1000 t 1000 t 1000 t
Softwood 524 893 217 76 115 0
Hardwood 795 429 27 52 5 0
Total 1 319 1 323 244 128 120 0
Figure 6 shows the biomass energy content by wood type and province. In the
calculations it is assumed that the biomass composition and calorific value is
the same for each province.
5.00
4.00
Hardwood
Softwood
3.00
TWh
2.00
1.00
0.00
Figure 6. Energy content forest biomass waste by province in 2003

5.3.3 Forestry – Electricity Generation
The total forest biomass waste is about 3.13 million tons with an energy content
of 10.89 TWh. However, like with sugarcane, many agronomists see leaving
some residue in the field as good practice and it might not be wise to collect the
entire residue. Although no costing is carried out it is expected that the han-
dling and transport of the residue is expensive and needs the development of a
dedicated infrastructure. The efficiency of converting the biomass into electric-
ity depends on the selected process and operating parameters. Burning the bio-
mass in a conventional boiler as part of an efficient steam cycle produces 2 722
GWh at a conversion efficiency of 25% power on fuel.
5.4 Sawmill
5.4.1 Sawmill Industry

There are approximately 109 sawmills in South Africa mainly in Mpumalanga
and KwaZulu-Natal. In 2003 the intake of timber by the sawmill industry was
about 5.58 million tons of which 93% (5.17 million ton) was softwood and 7%
(0.41 million ton) hardwood.
Almost 50% of the total number of sawmills are very small with an annual
wood in-take of less than 20 000 tons, 21% between 20 000 – 50 000 tons, 19%
between 50 000 – 100 000 tons, 10% between 100 000 – 200 000 tons and 3%
have a wood intake of over 200 000 tons.
Mpumalanga is clearly the biggest sawntimber supplier followed by KwaZulu-

Natal (Figure 7).
1400
1200
1000
1000 tons
800
600
400
200
0
Figure 7. Estimated sawntimber production province in 2003
5.4.2 Sawmill Biomass

In 2003 the sawmilling industry yield on softwood was about 47.6% and on
hardwood 42%. This resulted in a total sawmill biomass waste of about 2.95
million tons mainly from softwood. This biomass waste consisted of 55%
chips, 28% sawdust and 17% bark. Again a wide range of data about the com-
position and calorific value of this waste was found. Table 11 shows the
amount of sawmill biomass, its composition in terms of fibre, moisture and ash
content and net calorific value (NCV) by residue type.
Table 11. Properties of sawmill biomass waste

1000 t % % % MJ/t TWh
Chips 1 622 59.20 40.00 0.80 10 316 4.65
Dust 826 59.50 40.00 0.50 10 611 2.43
Bark 501 58.00 40.00 2.00 10 135 1.41
Total 2 948 59.08 40.00 0.92 10 368 8.49
(GCV) of 20440 (hydrogen 6.21%), 20846 (hydrogen 6.24%) and 20431 (hy-
drogen 5.80%) MJ/t for fibre in chips, dust and bark respectively
(www.vt.tuwien.ac.at/biobib).
Mpumalanga is by far the biggest producer of sawmilling biomass waste with

almost 49% followed by KwaZulu-Natal with 29% and the Eastern Cape with
12%. The remaining 10% is found in Limpopo and the Western Cape (Table
12).
Table 12. Sawmilling biomass waste by province

1000 t 1000 t 1000 t 1000 t 1000 t 1000 t
Chips 465 793 193 68 102 0
Sawdust 237 404 98 34 52 0
Bark 144 245 60 21 32 0
Total 846 1 443 351 123 186 0
Figure 8 shows the biomass energy content by residue type and province. In the
calculations it is assumed that the biomass composition and calorific value is
the same for each province.
4.5
4.0
Bark
3.5 Dust
3.0 Chips
2.5
TWh
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Figure 8. Energy content of sawmilling biomass waste by province in 2003
5.4.3 Sawmilling – Electricity Generation

The total sawmilling biomass waste is about 2.95 million tons with an energy
content of 8.49 TWh. At a conversion efficiency of 25% this gives about 2122
GWh of electricity. Although the power and steam requirements in the saw-
milling industry are not known it is believed that this electricity will mainly be
needed in-house to substitute any ESKOM power.
5.5 Pulp and paper
5.5.1 Pulp and Paper Industry

In South Africa the pulp and paper industry is synonymous with Mondi and
Sappi. Apart from some finishing mills, they own all the mills. Table 13 lists
the nine pulp and paper mills owned by these two organisations.
Table 13. South African Pulp & Paper Mill Capacities
Company Mill Products Capacity

(1000 t/a)
Mondi Richards Bay Hardwood and softwood kraft pulp 576
Piet Retief Hardwood and softwood NSSC pulp 60
Felixton Unbleached bagasse pulp 70
Merebank Thermomechanical pulp 220
Goundwood pulp 66
Sappi Ngodwana Hardwood and softwood kraft pulp 410
Goundwood pulp 100
Tugela Bleached softwood pulp 230
Hardwood NSSC pulp 120
Stanger Bleached bagasse pulp 60
Enstra Bleached hardwood pulp 90
Saiccor Dissolving pulp 600
Total 2 602
Of the 16.86 million tons of timber produced in South Africa in 2003, 60% or
about 10 million tons went to the pulp and paper industry. In addition Mondi
Felixton and Sappi Stanger take in bagasse as a raw material. Table 14 gives an
overview of the pulp and paper produced during 2001, 2002 and 2003.
Table 14. Production of pulp & paper in SA (1000 t)
2001 2002 2003

Printing and writing paper 863 904 916
Packaging paper 1 245 1 265 1 265
Tissue paper 150 154 152
Total paper 2 258 2 323 2 333
Total pulp 1 740 1 763 1 782
Total value (million Rand) 10 428 12 357 11 659
The above table does not include dissolving pulp, the production of which has
been estimated to be 600 000 t/year.
5.5.2 Pulp and Paper - Biomass

There are basically three sources of biomass produced by the pulp and paper
mills namely black liquor, sludge and bark.
Black liquor: Black liquor is a residue from the chemical pulping process. This
liquor is concentrated through evaporation and subsequently burnt in boilers to
recover valuable process chemicals. The combustible substance is mainly lig-
nin. At 50% moisture the estimated liquor quantity is over 5.2 million tons per
annum.
Bark: The quantity of bark is roughly 9% of softwood pulpwood and 0.5% of

hardwood pulpwood intake. This gives a total amount of bark produced by the
industry in 2003 of 345 000 tons at an average moisture content of 50%.
Sludge: The quantity and quality of the sludge varies considerably and depends
on mill configuration and type of paper produced. The amount of sludge also
depends on its moisture content. At 50% moisture the total amount of fibre and
bark sludge produced by the industry in 2003 is estimated at 234 000 tons.
Sludge usually has a dry solids content of 20 to 40%. This high liquid content is
often reduced by mechanical dewatering. The quantity and quality of the bio-
mass residue from the pulp and paper industry is summarised in Table 15.
Table 15. Properties of pulp & paper residue

1000 t % % % MJ/t TWh
Black Liq- 5206 40.00 50.00 10.00 6243 9.03
Sludge 234 37.50 50.00 12.50 5777 0.38
Bark 345 48.00 50.00 2.00 7975 0.76
Total 5785 40.38 50.00 9.62 6328 10.17
(GCV) of fibre in black liquor and sludge of 20 000 (hydrogen 6.1%) MJ/t and
a gross calorific value (GCV) of the fibre in bark of 20 431 MJ/t (hydrogen
5.80%) (www.vt.tuwien.ac.at/biobib).
The amount of biomass on a provincial basis is given in Table 16. There is no

reason to believe that the properties of the biomass should be significantly dif-
ferent from province to province and again they are kept the same for the dif-
ferent provinces.
Table 16. Pulp & paper residue by province

1000 t 1000 t 1000 t 1000 t 1000 t 1000 t
Black Liquor 3 742 1 300 0 0 0 164
Sludge 196 30 0 0 0 8
Bark 225 120 0 0 0 0
Total 4 163 1 450 0 0 0 172
Using the net calorific values given in Table 8 and the quantities given in Table
9 the energy content of the residue can now be calculated on a provincial basis
(Figure 9).
8
7 Bark
6 Sludge
5 Black Liq
TWh
4
3
2
1
0
Figure 9. Energy content of pulp and paper residues by province, 2003
5.5.3 Pulp and Paper – Electricity generation

with an energy content of 9.03 TWh while the remainder consists of sludge and
bark. Black liquor is only produced by the chemical pulping process and is usu-
ally burnt to recover chemicals. The total biomass has a potential electricity
capacity of about 2 542 GWh. Again the power and steam requirements in the
pulp and paper industry are not very well known but they do vary from factory
to factory and are vastly different between a chemical and mechanical pulping
plant. Specially the paper manufacturing process requires significant amounts
of heat for drying and it is believed that most of the energy will be needed in-
house with little scope for export power.
5.6 Summary
Commercial biomass in South Africa is mainly produced by the sugar industry,

the forest industry, the sawmilling industry and the pulp and paper industry.
The majority of this biomass is found in Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal with
small amounts in the Eastern Cape, Limpopo, Western Cape and Gauteng.
In the sugar industry the quantity and composition of the biomass is well re-
corded and the data is readily available. In the other industries quantities are
often measured in volumes rather than in mass and there is particular uncer-
tainty about the moisture content of the biomass. The latter has a significant
effect on the net caloric value and therefore on the energy content of the bio-
mass. Table 17 shows the biomass and its energy value per sector.
Table 17. Biomass per sector
Industry Biomass NCV Mass Energy Power

content potential
MJ/t 1000 t TWh GWhe
Sugar Field residue 6 889 5 336 10.21 2 553
Bagasse 7 112 6 136 12.12 3 031
Forestry Softwood 13 016 1 825 6.60 1 650
Hardwood 11 820 1 308 4.29 1 073
Sawmill Chips 10 316 1 622 4.65 1 162
Dust 10 611 826 2.43 608
Bark 10 135 501 1.41 353
Pulp & Paper Black liquor 6 243 5 206 9.03 2 257
Sludge 5 777 234 0.38 94
Bark 7 975 345 0.76 191
Total 8 004 23 339 51.89 12 972
Not all the biomass is easily available. In the sugar industry the bagasse is al-
ready at a central point at the factories but the field residue (trash and tops) is
spread out over some 430 000 hectares. In the forest industry all the biomass is
on the plantations covering well over 1.3 million hectares. In the sawmilling
and pulp and paper industry the biomass is again at central points at the facto-
ries.
6 Proposal of linking data to Homer/RE GIS
6.1 Background
6.1.1 Homer
The HOMER model was developed by National Energy Renewable Labora-
tory, Colorado in the United States as an optimisation model for distributed
power. HOMER stands for the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renew-
ables. It is a computer model that simulates and optimises hybrid power sys-
tems, which are stand-alone power plants that employ some combination of
wind turbines, photovoltaic panels, mini-hydro systems, biomass gasifiers, or
diesel generators to produce electricity. Batteries for energy storage may also
be included as part of the design. Information about electrical loads (or de-
mand), renewable resource potentials, and the performance and cost of various
components are inputs to the model. Loads and resource potential can be time
based. HOMER will then design the optimal hybrid power system to serve
those loads. HOMER can model any combination of:
• wind turbines
• photovoltaic panels
• diesel generation
• battery storage
• mini hydro systems
• biomass gasifiers
HOMER performs hour-by-hour performance simulations on numerous system

configurations and presents the resulting information in a well-structured out-
put. Possible system configurations are ranked in order of increasing cost, and
the composition of each system is indicated graphically.
6.1.2 The South African Renewable Energy Resource Database

CSIR developed the South African Renewable Energy Resource Database –
SARERD (CSIR, 1999). The database is in the form of a number of GIS-
compatible “grid layers”, with a resolution of 1km per grid cell. The database
includes the biomass, solar, micro-hydro and wind renewable resources.
The biomass component of SARERD was modelled from wood, agricultural

and grass residues. Residues are modelled on an annual basis and reflect ton-
nage of biomass per hectare per day. In all cases, the biomass layer reflected
potential residues and not actual residues. For example, not included in the
model are areas of degraded land where residues may be reduced, or current
uses of wood wastes. Inclusion of an actual biomass data layer into the database
is planned in a subsequent phase of SARERD.
To model the potential annual biomass component the total solar radiation
needed to be estimated. The model used to estimate the total or global (i.e. di-
rect plus diffuse) solar radiation is based on two components:
• the geometric model estimates solar radiation based on latitude, altitude,

date, time, orientation and slope.
• the atmospheric component deals with radiation loss due to cloud cover
and atmospheric constituents such as water vapour, dust, and salt crystals
i.e. the 'transmissivity' of the atmosphere.
Total radiation is estimated by adjusting the predictions from the geometric

model by the transmissivity predicted from the atmospheric model. Solar dura-
tion and solar radiation data, collected over a 40 year period at 130 sites by the
South African Weather Bureau, were used to create and verify the various
components of the model. Both mean annual and monthly solar energy received
per horizontal square metre (MJ/m2) have been calculated for South Africa.
Figure 11 shows a typical GIS display of the resulting annual grid.
Figure 11 Mean annual solar energy received per horizontal square metre (MJ/m2) for
South Africa
The major annual and biannual, non-woody, arable crops in South Africa were
included in the assessment - maize, wheat, sunflowers, sugarcane, and sor-
ghum. Together these crops make up over 90% of the area of arable crops
grown and over 98% of the annual production in South Africa in 1999. The
model approach, for agricultural waste, has been one of using a crop yield esti-
mation model to determine yield potentials. The yield estimation model uses
rainfall and heat units to calculate crop tonnage. The residue for each crop, for
example, husk, stalk, and leaves, is then derived from this figure as a percent-
age of the tonnage. The spatial extent of the potential crop productive areas was
refined with the 1996 National Land Cover Database, which records actual ar-
eas under cultivation, both dry land and irrigated.
Potential wood residues were identified for processed and non-processed wood
products. Non-processed products include:
• off-cuts from commercial plantation e.g. pruning

• sustainable harvesting from indigenous woodlands (sustainable harvesting
is considered to be the harvesting of deadwood, not the cutting down of
live trees)
• alien vegetation
• deciduous tree off-cuts
Processed products included residues derived from sawmills and pulp mills,
e.g. sawdust, bark, and chips. These two residues were summed together to cre-
ate a final wood residue surface for South Africa.
Micro hydropower is applicable for generating power in small, rural communi-

ties as, depending on the reliability of the resource, it can be economically sus-
tainable. While macro hydropower reflects accumulated flow along a river, mi-
cro hydropower is calculated from non-accumulated flow, in this case flow
over a 1 km stretch of river. Mean monthly flows were mapped for South Af-
rica using values per quaternary catchment derived from the Water Research
Commission WR90 CD. Actual power potential (kW) was calculated from
mean monthly flow (l/s), head (m) and acceleration due to gravity. Power po-
tential has been calculated as an annual, as well as a monthly, average. Head
values were calculated from the Surveyor General's 400x400m digital elevation
model, by finding for each grid cell the difference between the maximum and
minimum values within a 3 x 3 neighbourhood.
A wind resource atlas for South Africa was developed, which estimates mean
annual wind speeds in m/s at a 10m height above ground level for approxi-
mately 67% of the country. The Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Pro-
gramme (WAsP) model, developed by RISO National Laboratory in Denmark,
was used for the estimations of all the provinces within South Africa. The
WAsP model was run for each automatic weather station with a specific extent,
or modelling area, that was based on the surrounding terrain.
6.1.3 HomerGIS
Subsequent to the SARERD project, a joint initiative was undertaken between
the CSIR, ESKOM, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and
the Department of Minerals and Energy (DME). The aim of the initiative was
to develop an effective and efficient mechanism for extracting data from the
Renewable Energy Resource Database, so that it could be processed by the
HOMER model.
As a result of the joint initiative, the HomerGIS tool was designed and devel-
oped by CSIR (DME, 2002). HomerGIS is specifically tailored to support the
assessment of how rural villages, not linked to the National Grid, could be sup-
ported through alternative energy systems. The interface allows for simple
“point-and-click” selection of villages; automatic execution of the HOMER
model, and summarised tabular and spatial displays of the resulting outputs. A
sample view of the interface is shown in Figure 12.
Figure 12 Sample Screen-shot of the HomerGIS Interface Program
6.2 Proposal to link data to HomerGIS
There are two possible approaches to link data collated as part of this study to
HomerGIS.
6.2.1 Option 1: Biomass Data Update

The first option is to update the existing biomass grid layers and make them
available for HomerGIS. Five years have passed since the work on the Renew-
able Energy Resource Database (which was itself based on earlier data), and it
would make sense to incorporate the new data, along with other updates that
have become available.
It is strongly recommended that the HomerGIS model be upgraded so that dif-

ferent biomass layers could be individually altered, without having to reprocess
and consolidate all the other biomass data simultaneously. This makes sense
from a number of perspectives: firstly, the data availability and frequency of
updating varies for each data type (e.g. commercial agricultural information
could be obtained annually, while country-wide surveys on natural biomass
(e.g. grasses and uncultivated woodland) would happen less frequently. The
implication is that the original information made available for the Renewable
Energy Resource Database needs to be re-examined and, if necessary, re-
worked, to accommodate the proposed split in layers.
If the biomass layer is updated, another key aspect that will need to be ad-
dressed is the need to make available additional spatial information about the
resources that have been evaluated, either as:
• Point locations for biomass data at sites (e.g. bagasse at a sugar mill, or
wood waste at a sawmill); or
• Area vectors for forestry plantations (or for residues from sugar cane
fields).
It is the judgement of the SMRI research team that spatial information could
indeed be found for point locations, and that the vectors for the sugar cane
farms could be obtained (from SASRI). However, there is uncertainty about
availability of data for the forestry plantations and this would require further
investigation.
The process required to create the spatial grids for use in HomerGIS is as fol-
lows:
• Collection of location data for point and area sources (existing spatial files
and/ or conversion of co-ordinates into spatial entities).
• Explode the point features to polygons so that they can be merged into a
general polygon layer that covers both sources of biomass.
• Addition of a spatial identifier key in the normal database tables to reflect
the unique identifier of each spatial feature, so that a join between spatial
and attribute data can be established.
• Generation of a shapefile/coverage that can be converted to a grid.
This process assumes that the attribute tables for point and polygon data hold
the same or at least very similar data fields. At the least, a field in each table
holding data about the biomass value is necessary, or else the gridding process
will not be useful.
It should be noted that existing HomerGIS biomass data is not time dependant.
A decision would have to be made as to which of the time-based SMRI data
sets to use – alternately, some form of aggregation could be considered, or the
biomass data could be presented in the same way as solar data (monthly, and
aggregated annual values).
A rough estimate of the costs associated with the proposed way forward for Op-
tion 1 is of the order of R100 000.
6.2.2 Option 2: Renewable Data Management Process

The second option is to extend the above update within the context of a signifi-
cantly more strategic approach to the whole issue of Renewable Energy Re-
sources information.
It is increasingly clear that effective governance and management of the natural
environment requires an ongoing and well-coordinated data collection effort,
supported by appropriate decision making mechanisms. Data changes both in
time and space, and national resources need to be surveyed regularly, to ensure
that meaningful data is updated and available to support decisions. For exam-
ple, the National Census collects data every five years; data that is used in a
wide variety of planning and development functions Similarly, the Depart-
ment of Environment and Tourism collects information on key environmental
indicators on a regular basis, and makes this information available on-line
(DEAT, 2002; DEAT, 2004).
It is therefore proposed that a project be initiated that seeks to achieve the fol-
lowing:
• Develop a plan of action for the ongoing management of information

for renewable energy resources
• Recommend an appropriate body to carry out this management (on a
permanent basis)
• Ensure that all current projects collecting data on renewable energy re-
sources be effectively coordinated (to ensure consistency of approach;
avoid redundant efforts, and so on)
• Collate all collected data and have it transformed, if need be, into a
readily accessible format (or formats) useable by currently known tools
• Make available – preferably on-line – a national set of “best available”
data sets related to renewable energy resources
A very rough estimate of the costs associated with the proposed way forward
for Option 2 is of the order of R500 000. Obviously this may be increased or
decreased, based on the exact Terms of Reference drawn up, and the assess-
ment of the work requirements by the party (or parties) drawing up the detailed
proposals.
6.3 Conclusion
A decision on which of the two options presented should be chosen needs to be

made by the client; based on the anticipated user needs and potential uses of
renewable energy resources data. A more detailed proposal, along with tasks
and costs, can then be developed.
7 Feasibility check list
7.1 Background
A feasibility study should start by describing the context and reason for its
preparation and the level of investigation (pre-assessment or detailed feasibil-
ity). The feasibility study should address technical opportunities, identify barri-
ers and evaluate potential effects as well as economics.
7.2 General
Preparation of a feasibility study for an energy production plant based on bio-
mass should always start by an analysis of the demand side. Usually energy
demand can be reduced by various means (e.g. load shedding, reduced idle
loads, condensate flashing, optimal steam bleeding, improved steam traps, vari-
able speed drives, use of energy recovery, insulation etc.). Investments in the
efficient use of energy are often more economical than investments in new en-
ergy production capacity, i.e. always consider the rational use of energy to-
gether with the supply of renewable energy.
7.3 Energy demand

It is necessary to audit the energy consumption and energy costs on the demand
side by analysing:
Energy bills and production data for the last three years.
Tariff structure.
Variations in monthly energy consumption (electricity, steam, heat, wa-
ter and throughput).
Daily load patterns.
Specific energy consumption (kWh/ton). It is recommended to plot
monthly readings in a diagram.
Boiler efficiency tests. It is recommended to monitor daily load varia-
tions.
Energy balances (process, drying, heating, evaporation, ventilation,
power use, water heating etc.)
Temperature and power needs for the energy services.
Compare with good practice.
Ways of reducing the energy demand by various saving possibilities.
Finally investigate the potential of export of heat and power to neighbouring

industry and grid.
Based on this mapping of the demand side decide if there is a need for new en-
ergy production equipment and how big a heat / power plant there is room for.
7.4 Biomass / Waste Resource Available

The amount of biomass / waste available as fuel should be mapped, how many
tonnes of each fraction is available with what morphology and moisture con-
tent. Check when it is available, how it is collected, stored and transported. Is
there another market for the material? What is the cost on the market? Remem-
ber that cost will change if the demand increases - and that a potential profit
often should be shared between the suppliers and customer.
Get data on fuel characteristics such as calorific value, moisture and ash con-
tent. Alkali (sodium and potassium), chloride and sulphur compounds can
cause ash agglomeration, slagging or result in high temperature corrosion prob-
lems in boilers etc.
7.5 Technical Evaluation

The demand side determines suitable plant sizes. Describe possible technology
that is mature and suitable for the fuel and purpose. Describe the logistics of
how the fuel will be collected and stored. Evaluate if there is a need for pre-
treatment like drying, downsizing, addition of additives etc. Normally downsiz-
ing the biomass to about 50 mm is recommended and pre-drying of wet bio-
mass will increase power output.
If possible describe previous experience using different types of technology

including references where possible.
Make an overview table with the main characteristics of alternative technolo-

gies and plant sizes, energy production, possible capacity regulation, need for
O&M and pros & cons.
Choose the preferred and possible solution as well as alternatives and continue
with further economic evaluations.
7.6 Economic Evaluation

List all economic pre-conditions and confirm them e.g.:
Rate of interest for calculation (typical 11-13%).

Government’s inflationary targets between 3 and 6%.
Economic lifespan (typically 15-20 years).
Conditions of finance (normally annuity).
Conditions of tax and possible support.
Value of produced energy e.g. feed in tariff etc.
Cost of fuel.
Cost of operational personnel.
Cost of ash and flue-gas residue disposal.
Cost of other waste disposal.
Calculate the direct operation benefit (earnings minus expenses) for the chosen
alternatives. Estimate yearly maintenance cost, these are often 1-3 % of invest-
ment costs per annum. Consider also the need for reinvestments over the total
lifespan (which may be 5 years).
Based on this data the break-even cost for a plant can be calculated. Normally it
is now possible to judge if it is realistic to get a plant below that cost. If it looks
promising quotations can be asked for from suppliers as a basis for traditional
economic evaluations of alternative solutions based on calculation of e.g.:
Pay-back period (simple key figure for preliminary comparison)

NPV: net present value (gives you the best financial alternative i.e.
highest value)
Balanced cost of produced energy (NPV costs / NPV produced energy)
IRR: internal rate of return (gives you the maximum loan interest)
Alternatively you can assume loan conditions and calculate the total extra costs
of extra produced energy and compare it with what you can get from selling it
to the grid.
Possibility of looking at softloan – mixed credit options, which will give a 35%
grant and an international finance packaged via the international export credit
system (this way the loan could possibly be in Euro at 5%).
Investigate the CDM option – contact the DNA at DME and inquire about
CDM options.
The DME is in the process of setting up a subsidy office to distribute subsidies

to renewable energy projects in the first phase of the renewable energy strategy.
Contact the DME to enquire about national subsidies.
Analyse sensitivity towards changes. Make parameter variations on selected

parameters, like cost of fuel, plant efficiency, value of sold energy etc.
7.7 Environmental Conditions and Legislation

Check the demands on environmental emissions. What is needed to meet these
demands? Are there legislative restrictions to the location of the plant or how to
dispose of ashes and flue-gas cleaning products? What documentation should
be provided? How is the plant monitored and what way of self control is
planned? How is operation safety and occupational health ensured for the op-
eration personnel?
Some relevant regulations are:
NER generation licence (for power generation above 5 MW)

BEE compliance
Local by-laws
Standard industrial regulations (OHS Act, Labour Act)
Industry specific legislation
Environmental legislation (emissions to air and water)
Ownership of power plant
Ownership of biomass (fuel)
Consultation with local communities
Figure 13. Roadmap of a feasibility Study

7.8 Case Example in the sugar industry
A typical South African sugar factory

The crushing season is eight to nine months, starting in April and finishing in
November/December. The throughput in this example is 300 t/h or 1.5 million
tons of cane per annum. At this throughput the boiler steam is just over 160 t/h
at a pressure of 3000 kPa(a) and a temperature of 400°C. The steam is ex-
panded through back pressure steam turbine prime movers and turbo alternators
to 200 kPa(a). Total specific internal power requirement is 43 kWh/tc. Process
steam on cane is 60% and is mainly used for multiple evaporation and juice
heating. The evaporator station is a quadruple effect with vapour1 and vapour2
being used for various process duties. Cane wash water or imbibition is high at
400% on fibre resulting in an extraction of over 98%. The sugar factory is de-
signed to meet its own power and steam requirements. Bagasse is used ineffi-
ciently to avoid the need for a costly bagasse disposal system while minimising
the burning of coal. Figure 14 shows a typical configuration for a power plant
with in-house power and steam requirements.
Water Fuel
Boiler
Steam
Prime Mover Back Pressure Condensing Let Down

Turbine Turb Alternator Turb Alternator
Steam
Process Blow off

Steam
Figure 14. Typical steam and power generation with heat recovery (at present
no condensing turbo alternators are installed)
General
With a declining world sugar economy, sugar producing countries worldwide

(Mauritius, Brazil, Australia and India) are turning to co-products, in particular
electricity and fuel alcohol, as an additional source of income. The energy mar-
ket has the advantage of being a large and growing market in which a local
supplier has a comparative advantage. An industry with sugar as its only sig-
nificant commercial product may no longer be sustainable.
Energy savings options on demand side
Presently the power on cane is 43 kWh/tc. This includes electric power and
motive power. It should be possible to operate a raw sugar factory at levels be-
low 35 kWh/tc. Wade (2004) indicates a figure of 15 kWh/tc.
The excessive use of process steam of 60% on cane is mainly due to a high im-
bibition rate. Reducing imbibition decreases steam consumption but results in
a loss in extraction. It is possible to reduce process steam to below 45% by a
series of measures. These measures include:
• Reduce cane wash water (imbibition).

• Increase number of vacuum evaporator steps.
• Change to lower steam and water bleeding.
• Improve steam straps.
• Operate at optimum syrup brix (dry matter).
• Use continuous pans.
• Efficient sugar boiling scheme.
• Steady operation.
• Reduce pan movement water.
• Optimise condensate flashing and energy recovery.
• Improve housekeeping (insulation, leaks, maintenance etc.).
Biomass / Waste Resource Available

Bagasse is usually the main source of biomass in a sugar mill. It has the advan-
tage that it is already at the factory. Trash and tops have the potential of dou-
bling the amount of fuel and might be considered as fuel for the off crop or dur-
ing stop days (Table 18). However, this residue has to be collected from the
fields, which may not be practical and is prohibitively expensive. Equally im-
practical and expensive is the storage of the residue. Alternatively, considera-
tion can be given to the use of other biomass or even coal to maximise the use
of capital equipment.
Table 18. Properties of bagasse and field residue

1000 t % % % % MJ/t TWh
Bagasse 450 44.00 2.00 50.00 4.00 7 117 0.89
Residue 387 41.19 4.19 51.73 2.89 6 894 0.74
Total 837 42.70 3.01 50.80 3.48 7 009 1.63
Although ways of recovering trash and tops are being explored presently ba-
gasse is the only practical source of biomass. It should be noted however that
bagasse is sometimes used as a feed stock for other industries. These industries
include pulp and paper, animal feed, particle board and furfural.
Technical evaluation
Successful use of biomass energy rests largely on the conversion system

adopted. Various technologies exist such as gasification, pyrolysis, combustion
and digestion. The most suitable technology can vary from biomass to biomass
and region to region. Factors to consider are quality of the biomass and the cost
to convert and transport the biomass. While some of the new technologies are
looking promising, presently combustion technology is still the most appropri-
ate and is considered here.
Most mills have spare boiler and power generating capacity. Using this spare
capacity may not result in a vast production in electricity but is cheap. Another
opportunity to increase power generation at a relatively low cost is by passing
let down steam through backpressure turbines.
Dedicated bagasse fired power stations are in operation in Reunion, Mauritius,

Australia and India. These power stations operate at high steam pressures and
temperatures of around 8 000 kPa(a) and 520°C respectively. Boiler efficien-
cies are high at 85% and electricity is generated by extremely efficient back
pressure and condensing turbo alternators with exhaust steam conditions close
to saturation. Under these conditions potential capacity is about 53 MW or 197
GWh (132 kWh/tc). The total electricity available for export is 145 GWh (97
kWh/tc).
Economic evaluation
The capital cost of a bagasse fired power station is estimated at ZAR 8 400/kW.
In this example, an arbitrary selling price of e.g. 40 c/kWh provides additional
revenue from cogeneration of approximately ZAR 58 million per annum. To
put this into perspective, for the same factory, the proceeds from sugar, based
on a cane to sugar ratio of 8.6 and an average price of ZAR 2100 per ton, is
about ZAR 366 million per annum.
Detailed analysis is necessary in each case.
Environmental conditions and legislation

An independent power producer (IPP) will be subject to the usual environ-
mental conditions and legislation that applies to every industrial plant. The
most important additional regulation is the need for a generation licence from
the National Electricity Regulator (NER). This licence is required for any ex-
porter of electricity above 5 MW.
For a power station the environmental legislation governing the air and water
pollution are particularly relevant. The main pollutant of a bagasse fired boiler
is particulate matter. At present this particulate matter must be below 200
mg/m3 measured under standard conditions.
The Sugar Act addresses legislation specific to the sugar industry. The act dic-
tates amongst others the division of proceeds and the ownership of the bagasse
by millers. Generation of electricity from sugarcane biomass for export purpose
will no doubt reopen the debate of this ownership.
Other considerations
There are other considerations one of which is ownership: ownership of the fuel
and ownership of the power facility.
Bagasse is owned by millers, field residue belongs to growers and additional

biomass might be sourced from outside the sugar industry. This three way split
in ownership of the fuel complicates the supply chain while at the same time
adding flexibility. Obviously a guarantee of fuel supply both in terms of quan-
tity and quality is extremely important when exporting power.
The introduction of independent power producers such as sugar mills raises

concern about the reliability of electricity supply. One way to deal with this
concern is by placing the power facility under the control of the national power
utility. This is often the case in Mauritius, Reunion and Australia.
7.9 Check List
Potential independent power producers have to consider various issues. These

issues deal with energy efficiency and biomass and can be general, technical,
economic or legislative in nature. Below is a list to assist potential IPP’s in pre-
paring a first feasibility check. This list is non exhaustive.
General
• Background
Efficiency
• Investigate ways of reducing in-house energy requirements

Biomass
• What are the sources of biomass

• Possible competition for the biomass
• Availability of biomass through the year
• Transport and pre-treatment of the biomass
• How much biomass from each source
• Quality of the biomass (water, ash and NCV)
• Total energy content of biomass
Technical
• Transport and pre-treatment of the biomass

• Selection of energy conversion technology
• Supply of in-house energy requirements
• Use spare capacity or install additional equipment
• Use surplus heat for fuel drying
• Connecting to the grid
• Electrical system protection both ways
Financial
• Cost of electricity per kWh

• Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)
• Tariff structure
• Various financial indices
o Internal rate of return (IRR)
o Pay back period
o Net present value (NPV)
• International or local financing options (e.g. mixed credits, CDM, etc.)
Legislation
• General environmental conditions and legislation

o Occupational Health and Safety Act
o Labour Act
o National Environmental Management Act
• Legislation related to power generation and export
• Industry specific legislation
Other
• Ownership of plant
• Ownership of fuel
• Consultation with local communities and other relevant stakeholders
8 Conclusion and Recommendations
The total amount of available biomass in the sugar, forest, sawmilling and pulp
and paper industry is estimated at 23 million tons with an energy capacity of
about 50 TWh. Most of this biomass is in Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal. At
a conversion rate of 25% power on biomass this results in an estimated electric-
ity production of over 13 000 GWh.
The total biomass in the sugar industry is about 11.47 million tons with an en-
ergy content of 22.33 TWh. The potential electricity that can be generated from
this biomass is about 5 500 GWh. However collecting field residue might not
be feasible which reduces the biomass to 6.13 million tons and 12.12 TWh.
This results in a potential of 3031 GWh of electricity which is in excess of the
industry’s own requirements of about 700 GWh.
Biomass in the forest industry is about 3.13 million tons with an energy content
of 10.89 TWh. This translates into an electricity potential of 2723 GWh. Again
collecting the biomass from the plantations might be prohibitively expensive. It
needs a separate infrastructure that involves extra costs.
The sawmilling industry produces 2.95 million tons of waste biomass with an
energy content of 8.49 TWh. The potential electricity from that biomass is ap-
proximately 2122 GWh. However, most of this energy will be needed for inter-
nal use to replace ESKOM power, leaving little opportunity for energy export.
with an energy content of 9.03 TWh. The biomass has a potential electricity
capacity of about 2 542 GWh. Again it is believed that most of the energy will
be used to meet in-house energy requirements with little left for export to the
grid.
For linking the renewable energy data to the Homer/RE GIS program two pro-
posals are put forward. The first proposal is to update the existing biomass grid
layers and make them available for HomerGIS. The second proposal is to un-
dertake a comprehensive project for the management and continuous updating
of the data.
A preliminary feasibility checklist to assist potential independent power pro-

ducers has been provided. It is envisaged that any future work might contribute
to supplement this list.
The most promising source of biomass is sugarcane bagasse. It is already being
used to meet the sugar industry’s in-house steam and power requirements. In-
creasing the efficient use and generation of energy within the industry can eas-
ily result in a potential capacity of 3 000 GWh with in-house requirements of
only 700 GWh. Based on this study and experiences in places like Mauritius,
Reunion and Australia it is recommended that bagasse be targeted for the de-
velopment of renewable energy projects as it is the most promising fuel source.
9 References
Anon (1995). SABS ISO 1928. Solid mineral fuels – Determination of gross
calorific value by the bomb calotrific method, and calculation of the net calo-
rific value. The South African Bureau of Standards, 45 pp.
Anon (2002). White paper on the promotion of renewable energy and clean en-
ergy development. Part one – Promotion of renewable energy. Internal Report
Department of Minerals and Energy.
Anon (2003a). Economic and Financial Calculations and Modelling for the Re-
newable Energy Strategy Formulation. Internal Report Department of Miner-
als and Energy.
Anon (2003b). Industry Directory. South African Sugar Association.
BIOBIB, 2004. A database for biofuels. Address:

http://www.vt.tuwien.ac.at/biobib/ [Visited: 10 November 2004].
Forestry South Africa, 2004. South African Forestry Facts 2003. Address:
http://www.forestry.co.za/fsa/home.do [Visited: 24 October 2004].
De Beer AG, Boast MMW and Worlock B (1989). The agricultural conse-
quences of harvesting sugarcane containing various amounts of tops and trash.
Proc S Afr Sug Technol Ass 63:107-110.
Wienese A (1999). Co-generation in the South African sugar industry. Proc S

Afr Sug Technol Ass 73: 241-246.
Wienese A (2002). South African Sugar Factory Plant Installation 2000. SMRI
Communications No 171.
Wienese A (2003). A road map for cogeneration in the South African sugar
industry. SMRI Technical Report no. 1935: 11 pp.
NREL, 2004. HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables),

National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Address:
http://analysis.nrel.gov/homer/ [Visited: 18 October 2004].
CSIR, 1999. South African Renewable Energy Resource Database. Ed. Jillian
Muller. July 1999. CSIR Report No. ENV-P-C-98161.
DEAT, 2002. Environmental Indicators for the National State of the Environ-
ment Reporting for South Africa 2002. Department of Environmental Affairs
and Tourism, Pretoria.
DEAT, 2004. National State of the Environment. Address:

http://www.environment.gov.za/ [Visited: 28 October 2004].
DME, 2002. South African Renewable Energy Resource Database and Electri-
fication Planning Tool (Final Report). Project No. EO0001.
Wade, 2004. Bagasse Cogeneration – Global Review & Potential.

http://www.localpower.org/
Appendix 1 – Area, Cane and Bagasse properties
Table 1. Amatikulu area, cane and bagasse properties
Season Area Cane Bagasse Fibre Brix Moisture Ash NCV

ha tons tons % % % % MJ/t
1994/95 38942 1271847 402597 44.47 1.56 50.07 3.90 7134
1995/96 39626 1318362 438044 45.54 1.34 50.15 2.97 7295
1996/97 39824 1925846 614800 46.85 1.55 49.07 2.53 7591
1997/98 40100 1663337 523457 45.15 1.52 50.12 3.21 7252
1998/99 40708 1728484 531797 46.41 1.42 49.89 2.29 7471
1999/00 38472 1655682 525923 45.77 1.55 50.47 2.21 7361
2000/01 38669 1844828 575052 46.83 1.79 48.94 2.44 7629
2001/02 39213 1624590 513791 45.99 1.94 49.86 2.21 7474
2002/03 38876 1672146 524964 46.64 1.80 49.29 2.27 7586
2003/04 38863 1160625 382569 45.42 1.84 49.79 2.95 7357
Table 2. Darnall area, cane and bagasse properties

1994/95 29562 1091691 364601 42.58 1.98 52.83 2.61 6786
1995/96 29672 1064052 378180 42.47 2.02 52.87 2.64 6771
1996/97 29874 1368524 429033 44.29 2.18 51.19 2.33 7169
1997/98 29084 1298974 423055 42.31 2.29 52.62 2.78 6787
1998/99 29805 1471318 452070 42.98 2.38 51.07 3.58 6961
1999/00 29843 1316241 414410 42.28 2.31 52.03 3.39 6799
2000/01 29387 1566072 459952 44.54 2.61 48.97 3.87 7334
2001/02 31328 1211236 386718 41.68 2.63 51.97 3.71 6741
2002/03 30733 1373582 432767 43.79 2.22 50.49 3.51 7099
2003/04 30789 1097397 353401 42.62 2.32 51.68 3.38 6873
Table 3. Entumeni area, cane and bagasse properties

1994/95 11418 274812 76974 46.67 1.60 49.49 2.24 7556
1995/96 11671 295165 86173 45.22 1.52 49.94 3.32 7268
1996/97 11938 376994 103032 46.28 1.79 49.31 2.62 7518
1997/98 11843 411120 117508 44.48 2.51 50.57 2.44 7267
1998/99 12559 462294 134081 42.17 2.55 52.79 2.49 6798
1999/00 12339 362225 105672 43.03 2.39 52.01 2.56 6950
2000/01 12468 402220 119987 44.33 2.40 51.21 2.06 7207
2001/02 12645 405585 123001 43.19 2.23 51.62 2.96 6965
2002/03 12822 409394 123700 42.87 1.93 51.34 3.86 6866
2003/04 12932 361203 113145 42.79 2.09 51.96 3.16 6861
Table 4. Eston area, cane and bagasse properties

1994/95 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0
1995/96 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0
1996/97 23947 932640 315019 39.15 2.47 52.49 5.89 6242
1997/98 26680 1082425 356049 39.26 1.89 51.89 6.96 6188
1998/99 26211 1429666 402937 41.81 2.19 50.68 5.32 6729
1999/00 26590 1038443 293288 43.79 1.61 50.56 4.04 7006
2000/01 31822 1336913 404687 42.51 1.90 50.58 5.01 6816
2001/02 33572 1255166 395871 41.68 2.00 51.12 5.21 6665
2002/03 34234 1418128 438414 43.12 1.92 50.38 4.57 6936
2003/04 35100 1307274 399768 43.62 2.10 49.70 4.58 7070
Table 5. Felixton area, cane and bagasse properties

1994/95 36947 1619122 572752 41.81 1.48 52.36 4.35 6581
1995/96 37792 1945215 707039 40.57 1.53 52.94 4.97 6347
1996/97 36680 2657958 940230 40.68 1.68 53.67 3.97 6373
1997/98 38073 2637644 896887 42.00 1.53 52.00 4.46 6632
1998/99 37805 2175156 695046 42.89 1.59 51.97 3.55 6803
1999/00 38773 2264777 768034 42.37 1.58 52.05 4.00 6706
2000/01 37865 2573257 840533 42.89 1.94 50.98 4.19 6881
2001/02 38115 2018564 681754 41.08 2.09 52.64 4.18 6534
2002/03 38439 2175081 753309 41.25 1.86 53.37 3.51 6512
2003/04 37824 1894726 683138 41.42 1.85 53.35 3.38 6541
Table 6. Gledhow area, cane and bagasse properties

1994/95 35306 1434249 460648 44.73 1.58 50.29 3.40 7179
1995/96 36300 1322562 445015 43.50 1.44 50.90 4.16 6919
1996/97 35741 1776818 579604 43.15 1.71 51.16 3.97 6890
1997/98 35561 1766386 554688 43.21 1.68 50.81 4.29 6904
1998/99 34352 1587143 482568 43.00 2.71 50.71 3.58 7024
1999/00 30193 1357981 410947 45.43 2.34 49.84 2.39 7434
2000/01 29817 1490845 437945 46.50 1.97 48.43 3.10 7607
2001/02 29523 1150711 346102 47.06 1.82 48.40 2.72 7687
2002/03 30102 1383225 399067 47.80 1.94 47.62 2.63 7861
2003/04 28391 1175622 361946 46.30 1.90 49.50 2.30 7534
Table 7. Komati area, cane and bagasse properties

1994/95 9546 441375 122257 46.99 1.36 46.63 5.02 7647
1995/96 10894 705376 184358 47.54 1.54 46.45 4.47 7781
1996/97 12812 905463 243638 49.30 1.60 45.00 4.11 8145
1997/98 15207 1415923 420650 48.27 1.84 45.32 4.57 7986
1998/99 16967 1411946 385175 48.54 1.99 45.31 4.16 8059
1999/00 18330 1815360 470540 49.28 1.52 45.81 3.39 8110
2000/01 19272 2013230 534230 46.60 1.77 47.25 4.38 7624
2001/02 20097 1907090 495583 48.98 1.82 46.53 2.66 8085
2002/03 22736 2056787 522658 47.80 1.89 46.00 4.31 7891
2003/04 23976 2137724 529150 49.63 2.20 46.28 1.89 8266
Table 8. Malelane area, cane and bagasse properties

1994/95 16323 990304 316172 40.44 1.75 54.30 3.51 6323
1995/96 17313 880841 273275 42.72 1.89 51.68 3.71 6825
1996/97 18177 1293927 418968 40.75 1.63 53.40 4.22 6385
1997/98 18012 1614449 528109 40.31 1.70 53.53 4.46 6312
1998/99 19461 1706003 555288 40.85 1.49 53.04 4.61 6391
1999/00 19996 1717679 553273 41.85 1.19 52.63 4.33 6537
2000/01 21331 1810312 603259 40.74 1.82 51.97 5.47 6446
2001/02 22005 1761160 597211 40.79 1.74 53.08 4.38 6417
2002/03 21796 1853104 572082 43.01 1.76 51.89 3.35 6853
2003/04 22698 1837756 534868 42.52 1.87 52.26 3.35 6772
Table 9. Maidstone area, cane and bagasse properties

1994/95 47378 1870056 625256 43.44 1.75 53.26 1.54 6898
1995/96 48632 1685273 651427 39.18 1.18 56.34 3.30 5958
1996/97 48521 1832811 648992 40.54 1.52 55.02 2.92 6290
1997/98 47739 2149047 749553 39.60 1.59 55.77 3.04 6110
1998/99 45821 2077934 692850 42.82 1.24 54.22 1.71 6685
1999/00 45641 1679182 542752 44.27 0.97 52.58 2.18 6947
2000/01 40694 2166647 699695 45.23 1.44 51.25 2.08 7226
2001/02 39354 1648747 559059 43.87 1.30 52.55 2.28 6926
2002/03 36079 1899923 619662 44.03 1.36 51.74 2.87 6983
2003/04 35599 1389215 465187 43.06 1.29 51.87 3.77 6793
Table 10. Noodsberg area, cane and bagasse properties

1994/95 30181 1108230 308580 46.55 2.23 48.42 2.80 7656
1995/96 30533 1276372 389917 42.69 2.65 51.07 3.59 6950
1996/97 31376 1357536 405664 42.67 2.05 51.51 3.78 6844
1997/98 31809 1388436 397829 43.73 2.19 50.46 3.62 7085
1998/99 32188 1723301 475928 44.73 2.41 50.55 2.31 7299
1999/00 31971 1273609 348065 44.97 2.40 50.31 2.33 7346
2000/01 32055 1396476 388019 44.15 2.25 50.49 3.12 7169
2001/02 31569 1565601 439540 42.26 2.36 51.69 3.69 6813
2002/03 31935 1673982 472056 42.74 2.21 51.12 3.93 6892
2003/04 31782 1614763 470914 44.03 2.29 49.88 3.80 7170
Table 11. Pongola area, cane and bagasse properties

1994/95 13821 1173815 346402 45.62 1.76 49.22 3.40 7395
1995/96 14472 992495 301075 42.16 1.89 50.09 5.85 6763
1996/97 15428 1047475 295384 45.82 1.70 47.79 4.69 7457
1997/98 16753 1276122 381291 44.32 1.87 48.27 5.54 7198
1998/99 17217 1185726 347195 44.04 2.06 49.65 4.24 7143
1999/00 17156 1275712 357789 42.10 2.31 50.26 5.32 6812
2000/01 17476 1242290 365708 42.41 2.20 49.43 5.96 6870
2001/02 17198 1355654 390795 42.31 2.18 49.12 6.39 6857
2002/03 18170 1409293 391920 43.58 2.24 49.21 4.97 7095
2003/04 18337 1426568 400000 42.63 2.22 50.89 4.26 6878
Table 12. Sezela area, cane and bagasse properties

1994/95 39305 1898876 620717 44.86 1.67 49.12 4.35 7246
1995/96 41239 2291244 737961 45.08 1.28 48.75 4.88 7236
1996/97 42363 2312766 711633 44.48 1.88 48.67 4.97 7220
1997/98 40872 2173070 679284 45.06 1.72 47.68 5.54 7325
1998/99 43981 2524887 755281 45.51 1.86 48.30 4.33 7413
1999/00 44300 2265266 693809 45.85 1.89 48.88 3.39 7464
2000/01 44996 2490169 777991 46.44 1.67 48.11 3.78 7558
2001/02 45933 2187376 692227 46.76 1.58 47.98 3.68 7606
2002/03 45323 2321365 723192 48.35 1.56 47.18 2.92 7912
2003/04 43248 2014283 628673 47.70 1.62 47.65 3.03 7792
Table 13. Umfolozi area, cane and bagasse properties

1994/95 17039 1000150 303049 42.15 2.24 51.45 4.16 6780
1995/96 17313 1140328 326811 43.16 2.20 49.95 4.70 6994
1996/97 18562 1185275 368493 40.93 2.68 51.28 5.11 6628
1997/98 18649 1263950 383457 42.39 2.21 50.59 4.82 6839
1998/99 19873 1225284 375381 41.02 2.28 51.43 5.27 6581
1999/00 20425 1321990 399254 41.50 2.06 51.87 4.56 6625
2000/01 19930 1388824 412899 42.21 2.37 50.35 5.07 6838
2001/02 20565 1172173 343007 42.42 2.02 50.90 4.66 6810
2002/03 21865 1262294 359957 43.49 2.12 50.28 4.11 7034
2003/04 22105 1087606 307435 42.76 2.19 49.91 5.13 6922
Table 14. Umzimkulu area, cane and bagasse properties

1994/95 26490 856994 302464 42.71 1.45 52.69 3.15 6733
1995/96 26299 1149505 392596 40.39 1.65 53.08 4.88 6330
1996/97 27834 1313252 429502 40.93 1.68 52.00 5.40 6458
1997/98 28451 1218833 389965 42.52 1.76 51.02 4.69 6786
1998/99 29432 1389799 444678 42.01 1.73 52.55 3.71 6651
1999/00 29404 1170533 359096 44.08 1.52 50.96 3.44 7036
2000/01 29558 1436380 440801 44.52 1.73 50.08 3.67 7169
2001/02 29841 1148041 369545 43.28 1.85 50.92 3.96 6939
2002/03 29664 1299759 397357 44.82 1.79 49.38 4.00 7251
2003/04 29440 1136866 353819 45.30 1.62 49.70 3.38 7305
Table 15. Union Co-op area, cane and bagasse properties

1994/95 17041 651769 204266 40.10 1.81 54.67 3.42 6262
1995/96 18565 646857 205176 39.01 1.86 55.32 3.81 6055
1996/97 19036 663550 191833 41.21 1.80 54.12 2.87 6477
1997/98 19703 795065 238911 41.16 2.15 53.83 2.86 6528
1998/99 21266 831383 242100 41.34 2.10 54.00 2.57 6548
1999/00 21011 708409 220831 41.60 2.10 53.87 2.43 6599
2000/01 21258 717705 235907 40.84 1.98 53.87 3.32 6441
2001/02 21820 744868 253738 38.98 1.91 56.19 2.92 6035
2002/03 21734 804492 241162 41.66 1.89 53.69 2.76 6584
2003/04 21702 777306 235840 42.91 1.86 52.49 2.74 6836
Appendix 2 – Cane and Bagasse properties 2003/04 Season
Table 1. Amatikulu cane and bagasse properties 2003/04 season
Season Month Cane Bagasse Fibre Brix Moisture Ash NCV

tons tons % % % % MJ/t
2003/04 Mar 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18260
2003/04 Apr 14212 5036 43.86 2.18 53.95 0.00 7023
2003/04 May 159494 50535 45.68 1.90 50.36 2.07 7399
2003/04 Jun 170629 54351 44.84 1.86 50.08 3.21 7247
2003/04 Jul 234726 74650 44.28 1.77 50.23 3.73 7127
2003/04 Aug 171270 56682 46.89 1.78 49.46 1.87 7624
2003/04 Sep 160008 53976 46.57 1.91 48.78 2.75 7601
2003/04 Oct 199413 69550 45.25 1.87 49.50 3.38 7338
2003/04 Nov 50873 17789 44.15 1.77 49.50 4.59 7120
2003/04 Dec 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18260
Table 2. Darnall area, cane and bagasse properties

2003/04 Mar 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18260
2003/04 Apr 46432 17071 38.05 3.39 54.68 3.88 6127
2003/04 May 159690 50294 41.61 2.80 52.28 3.31 6746
2003/04 Jun 147117 47316 42.38 2.36 51.73 3.53 6833
2003/04 Jul 187275 57490 42.48 2.18 51.84 3.50 6822
2003/04 Aug 137125 42426 43.85 2.17 51.01 2.97 7089
2003/04 Sep 135986 43213 42.55 2.04 50.92 4.50 6834
2003/04 Oct 164454 53275 43.23 2.10 51.01 3.67 6966
2003/04 Nov 119318 42316 42.12 2.20 51.75 3.93 6760
2003/04 Dec 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18260
Table 3. Entumeni area, cane and bagasse properties

2003/04 Mar 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18260
2003/04 Apr 12303 3813 42.56 1.76 52.77 2.92 6749
2003/04 May 46469 14237 43.73 1.81 52.04 2.41 6990
2003/04 Jun 46077 14090 42.68 2.04 51.82 3.46 6839
2003/04 Jul 61575 19042 41.75 2.04 53.66 2.55 6622
2003/04 Aug 46441 13786 44.26 1.90 50.96 2.88 7125
2003/04 Sep 38711 12086 43.49 2.25 50.81 3.45 7042
2003/04 Oct 54991 17092 43.13 2.28 51.08 3.52 6974
2003/04 Nov 41789 14187 42.20 2.19 51.74 3.86 6775
2003/04 Dec 12847 4812 39.20 2.58 54.38 3.84 6221
Table 4. Eston area, cane and bagasse properties

2003/04 Mar 53829 17692 41.47 2.70 51.66 4.17 6720
2003/04 Apr 163288 52397 42.53 2.08 50.83 4.56 6840
2003/04 May 134292 40971 42.89 2.10 51.15 3.86 6900
2003/04 Jun 153337 43723 44.93 1.99 49.55 3.53 7296
2003/04 Jul 193967 54695 45.18 2.21 49.57 3.04 7374
2003/04 Aug 154101 45177 43.96 2.20 49.55 4.29 7150
2003/04 Sep 137744 43845 42.47 1.98 49.30 6.25 6851
2003/04 Oct 182356 58303 43.42 2.05 49.02 5.51 7042
2003/04 Nov 134360 42965 44.30 1.94 47.94 5.83 7212
2003/04 Dec 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18260
Table 5. Felixton area, cane and bagasse properties

2003/04 Mar 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18260
2003/04 Apr 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18260
2003/04 May 203340 69263 40.34 1.83 54.51 3.31 6313
2003/04 Jun 242945 84814 40.49 1.90 54.08 3.53 6362
2003/04 Jul 342484 121186 40.59 1.88 54.03 3.50 6376
2003/04 Aug 276085 95096 42.34 1.90 52.79 2.97 6731
2003/04 Sep 263368 97618 40.73 1.79 52.99 4.50 6414
2003/04 Oct 340664 128093 41.86 1.92 52.55 3.67 6653
2003/04 Nov 225840 87068 41.43 1.66 52.98 3.93 6523
2003/04 Dec 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18260
Table 6. Gledhow area, cane and bagasse properties

2003/04 Mar 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18260
2003/04 Apr 46359 14780 44.30 2.69 50.79 2.22 7256
2003/04 May 146935 44140 45.95 1.89 49.82 2.34 7461
2003/04 Jun 143278 42529 45.54 1.97 49.98 2.50 7395
2003/04 Jul 191471 56375 46.36 1.74 49.62 2.28 7518
2003/04 Aug 151904 44528 47.74 1.86 48.29 2.12 7819
2003/04 Sep 146899 44490 47.39 1.91 48.35 2.36 7761
2003/04 Oct 185396 58125 46.36 1.98 49.30 2.36 7562
2003/04 Nov 137946 47228 45.88 1.79 50.08 2.25 7426
2003/04 Dec 25434 9751 44.04 1.56 52.47 1.94 6996
Table 7. Komati area, cane and bagasse properties

2003/04 Mar 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18260
2003/04 Apr 249788 59332 46.83 1.72 47.56 3.88 7651
2003/04 May 204108 46768 48.46 1.86 46.37 3.31 7998
2003/04 Jun 238145 54508 49.80 1.86 44.81 3.53 8282
2003/04 Jul 321075 77144 48.58 2.20 45.71 3.50 8089
2003/04 Aug 260332 63115 49.43 2.33 45.27 2.97 8274
2003/04 Sep 251604 63772 47.18 2.41 45.91 4.50 7860
2003/04 Oct 308890 80826 47.19 2.55 46.59 3.67 7866
2003/04 Nov 222155 60789 46.31 2.42 47.33 3.93 7668
2003/04 Dec 81627 22896 45.68 2.22 48.05 4.05 7504
Table 8. Malelane area, cane and bagasse properties

2003/04 Mar 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18260
2003/04 Apr 250882 70256 42.05 1.53 53.67 2.75 6599
2003/04 May 217165 60265 43.29 1.81 51.79 3.12 6914
2003/04 Jun 206609 57806 43.21 1.76 51.59 3.44 6898
2003/04 Jul 259346 74916 43.23 1.98 52.24 2.55 6918
2003/04 Aug 192960 53929 44.62 1.87 51.52 1.99 7173
2003/04 Sep 196950 57349 38.01 1.90 51.18 8.91 5979
2003/04 Oct 226351 68415 43.19 2.19 52.40 2.22 6939
2003/04 Nov 173699 55603 42.49 1.89 52.95 2.67 6752
2003/04 Dec 113794 36329 42.36 1.92 52.91 2.80 6735
Table 9. Maidstone area, cane and bagasse properties

2003/04 Mar 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18260
2003/04 Apr 61050 20612 43.49 1.66 52.35 2.50 6914
2003/04 May 193713 63390 42.43 1.44 52.39 3.75 6687
2003/04 Jun 203619 65910 41.65 1.29 52.74 4.33 6513
2003/04 Jul 250704 81796 42.42 1.34 52.61 3.63 6665
2003/04 Aug 188504 61935 44.27 1.22 51.37 3.14 7014
2003/04 Sep 178135 59526 44.22 1.25 50.54 3.99 7030
2003/04 Oct 222010 77392 43.70 1.13 51.15 4.02 6902
2003/04 Nov 91480 34626 42.61 1.29 52.08 4.02 6705
2003/04 Dec 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18260
Table 10. Noodsberg area, cane and bagasse properties

2003/04 Mar 87780 29475 46.61 2.71 50.67 0.00 7686
2003/04 Apr 176736 57498 39.29 2.24 51.81 6.66 6250
2003/04 May 157916 47607 43.23 2.35 51.11 3.31 7001
2003/04 Jun 172785 47645 44.38 2.43 49.66 3.53 7259
2003/04 Jul 231845 61027 41.20 2.53 49.48 6.78 6700
2003/04 Aug 171171 45432 45.51 2.41 48.85 3.23 7483
2003/04 Sep 163666 44817 44.03 2.86 48.62 4.50 7286
2003/04 Oct 206649 58874 42.71 1.97 49.92 5.41 6877
2003/04 Nov 142149 43315 43.44 2.16 48.92 5.48 7066
2003/04 Dec 104066 35224 42.87 1.19 49.42 6.52 6802
Table 11. Pongola area, cane and bagasse properties

2003/04 Mar 75361 20968 39.72 1.76 51.90 6.62 6252
2003/04 Apr 166304 44073 40.84 2.11 52.79 4.26 6489
2003/04 May 138687 35391 42.42 2.16 51.30 4.11 6821
2003/04 Jun 138826 38144 42.24 2.26 51.42 4.08 6800
2003/04 Jul 185081 50865 42.59 2.33 50.81 4.27 6890
2003/04 Aug 151019 41116 42.22 2.41 51.19 4.18 6825
2003/04 Sep 153386 42885 43.40 2.35 50.16 4.09 7056
2003/04 Oct 184594 55977 43.79 2.23 49.92 4.07 7115
2003/04 Nov 132796 39772 44.22 2.14 49.71 3.94 7185
2003/04 Dec 100514 30809 43.26 2.22 50.39 4.14 7004
Table 12. Sezela area, cane and bagasse properties

2003/04 Mar 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18260
2003/04 Apr 84574 29081 44.89 2.96 49.92 2.22 7428
2003/04 May 245942 76490 46.62 2.91 47.27 3.20 7800
2003/04 Jun 247624 71391 49.21 1.91 48.47 2.61 7691
2003/04 Jul 311542 91169 48.11 1.63 47.78 2.48 7866
2003/04 Aug 237742 73370 47.57 1.67 47.70 3.06 7774
2003/04 Sep 229192 73851 46.96 1.68 47.41 3.95 7672
2003/04 Oct 297717 94528 48.20 1.61 47.21 2.98 7892
2003/04 Nov 227137 73974 48.03 1.57 47.10 3.30 7859
2003/04 Dec 132813 44819 47.93 1.51 47.40 3.16 7824
Table 13. Umfolozi area, cane and bagasse properties

2003/04 Mar 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18260
2003/04 Apr 30267 7686 41.62 1.78 50.88 5.71 6628
2003/04 May 129349 33766 42.10 2.10 50.30 5.50 6777
2003/04 Jun 123580 33084 42.02 2.11 49.93 5.95 6773
2003/04 Jul 157744 43738 41.95 2.17 49.34 6.53 6785
2003/04 Aug 142683 39838 43.32 2.13 50.00 4.55 7013
2003/04 Sep 126290 35842 43.07 2.57 49.47 4.89 7046
2003/04 Oct 193645 56551 43.80 2.28 49.47 4.45 7136
2003/04 Nov 140157 43011 42.76 2.04 50.75 4.45 6879
2003/04 Dec 43891 13919 42.72 2.21 50.36 4.71 6907
Table 14. Umzimkulu area, cane and bagasse properties

2003/04 Mar 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18260
2003/04 Apr 50948 16959 42.21 1.61 52.41 3.77 6671
2003/04 May 133496 42386 44.38 1.72 50.32 3.57 7137
2003/04 Jun 143083 42365 45.31 1.54 49.59 3.56 7297
2003/04 Jul 184421 54887 45.75 1.63 50.08 2.54 7378
2003/04 Aug 145991 43845 46.66 1.73 49.07 2.54 7583
2003/04 Sep 133015 41188 45.92 1.73 48.57 3.78 7461
2003/04 Oct 181748 58108 45.53 1.55 49.57 3.35 7338
2003/04 Nov 135154 44665 44.89 1.52 49.59 4.00 7217
2003/04 Dec 29010 9416 43.96 1.44 49.38 5.21 7041
Table 15. Union Co-op area, cane and bagasse properties

2003/04 Mar 49518 15745 41.60 1.79 54.29 2.32 6542
2003/04 Apr 81582 24797 42.03 1.83 53.01 3.12 6658
2003/04 May 81313 24306 43.14 1.80 52.73 2.33 6863
2003/04 Jun 84027 24367 43.34 1.84 52.23 2.59 6918
2003/04 Jul 102074 28941 44.66 1.91 52.28 1.15 7169
2003/04 Aug 81801 23688 44.30 1.93 51.93 1.84 7114
2003/04 Sep 76128 22409 43.28 1.89 51.39 3.44 6934
2003/04 Oct 96142 30367 42.83 1.91 52.38 2.87 6832
2003/04 Nov 76164 24397 41.57 1.85 52.25 4.33 6597
2003/04 Dec 48557 16823 41.10 1.80 53.19 3.91 6479
Appendix 3 – Power generation potential
Table 1. Amatikulu power generation potential
Local Export Total Local Export Total Local Export Total

MW MW MW kWh/t kWh/t kWh/t GWh GWh GWh
1994/95 12.02 36.08 48.11 35.00 105.07 140.07 44.51 133.63 178.15
1995/96 12.37 41.09 53.45 35.00 116.27 151.27 46.14 153.29 199.44
1996/97 13.57 45.06 58.63 35.00 116.25 151.25 67.40 223.87 291.28
1997/98 13.36 40.74 54.10 35.00 106.69 141.69 58.22 177.45 235.67
1998/99 12.44 38.30 50.74 35.00 107.78 142.78 60.50 186.30 246.80
1999/00 12.46 39.34 51.80 35.00 110.47 145.47 57.95 182.90 240.85
2000/01 12.69 41.03 53.72 35.00 113.16 148.16 64.57 208.76 273.33
2001/02 12.83 41.12 53.95 35.00 112.21 147.21 56.86 182.29 239.15
2002/03 12.12 39.27 51.38 35.00 113.41 148.41 58.53 189.65 248.17
2003/04 10.88 36.16 47.04 35.00 116.36 151.36 40.62 135.05 175.68
Table 2. Darnall power generation potential

1994/95 9.89 29.85 39.75 35.00 105.60 140.60 38.21 115.29 153.50
1995/96 9.69 31.86 41.55 35.00 115.10 150.10 37.24 122.47 159.71
1996/97 10.37 30.92 41.29 35.00 104.33 139.33 47.90 142.78 190.68
1997/98 10.73 31.22 41.96 35.00 101.83 136.83 45.46 132.28 177.74
1998/99 11.18 30.98 42.17 35.00 96.98 131.98 51.50 142.69 194.19
1999/00 10.74 29.80 40.54 35.00 97.10 132.10 46.07 127.81 173.88
2000/01 11.28 31.59 42.88 35.00 98.00 133.00 54.81 153.47 208.28
2001/02 10.69 29.90 40.59 35.00 97.89 132.89 42.39 118.57 160.96
2002/03 10.76 31.86 42.62 35.00 103.59 138.59 48.08 142.29 190.36
2003/04 10.22 29.78 39.99 35.00 102.02 137.02 38.41 111.96 150.37
Table 3. Entumeni power generation potential

1994/95 2.60 7.09 9.69 35.00 95.46 130.46 9.62 26.23 35.85
1995/96 2.66 7.29 9.96 35.00 95.83 130.83 10.33 28.29 38.62
1996/97 2.86 7.46 10.32 35.00 91.28 126.28 13.19 34.41 47.61
1997/98 3.24 8.58 11.82 35.00 92.81 127.81 14.39 38.15 52.54
1998/99 3.35 8.20 11.55 35.00 85.66 120.66 16.18 39.60 55.78
1999/00 3.03 7.74 10.76 35.00 89.45 124.45 12.68 32.40 45.08
2000/01 3.10 8.66 11.76 35.00 97.73 132.73 14.08 39.31 53.39
2001/02 3.12 8.49 11.61 35.00 95.18 130.18 14.20 38.60 52.80
2002/03 3.12 8.25 11.36 35.00 92.64 127.64 14.33 37.93 52.25
2003/04 3.01 8.39 11.40 35.00 97.68 132.68 12.64 35.28 47.92
Table 4. Eston power generation potential

1994/95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1995/96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1996/97 6.75 18.31 25.06 35.00 94.91 129.91 32.64 88.51 121.15
1997/98 7.73 19.88 27.62 35.00 89.99 124.99 37.88 97.40 135.29
1998/99 8.98 20.66 29.64 35.00 80.57 115.57 50.04 115.19 165.23
1999/00 8.06 19.83 27.89 35.00 86.14 121.14 36.35 89.45 125.80
2000/01 8.53 22.37 30.90 35.00 91.86 126.86 46.79 122.80 169.60
2001/02 8.18 22.07 30.24 35.00 94.49 129.49 43.93 118.59 162.53
2002/03 8.79 24.45 33.24 35.00 97.34 132.34 49.63 138.04 187.67
2003/04 8.49 23.90 32.39 35.00 98.54 133.54 45.75 128.82 174.57
Table 5. Felixton power generation potential

1994/95 15.46 48.48 63.94 35.00 109.78 144.78 56.67 177.76 234.42
1995/96 17.11 52.96 70.07 35.00 108.35 143.35 68.08 210.77 278.85
1996/97 19.86 59.45 79.31 35.00 104.79 139.79 93.03 278.53 371.56
1997/98 19.62 58.78 78.39 35.00 104.86 139.86 92.32 276.57 368.89
1998/99 18.81 53.38 72.19 35.00 99.36 134.36 76.13 216.11 292.24
1999/00 18.63 56.48 75.10 35.00 106.13 141.13 79.27 240.36 319.63
2000/01 19.20 57.25 76.45 35.00 104.35 139.35 90.06 268.51 358.57
2001/02 17.86 51.85 69.72 35.00 101.58 136.58 70.65 205.05 275.70
2002/03 17.88 53.59 71.47 35.00 104.86 139.86 76.13 228.09 304.22
2003/04 18.58 59.36 77.94 35.00 111.84 146.84 66.32 211.92 278.23
Table 6. Gledhow power generation potential

1994/95 11.01 27.65 38.66 40.00 100.43 140.43 57.37 144.04 201.41
1995/96 11.43 29.12 40.55 40.00 101.93 141.93 52.90 134.81 187.72
1996/97 11.13 26.84 37.97 40.00 96.49 136.49 71.07 171.45 242.52
1997/98 11.50 26.20 37.70 40.00 91.11 131.11 70.66 160.94 231.59
1998/99 11.92 26.49 38.41 40.00 88.91 128.91 63.49 141.11 204.60
1999/00 10.86 26.23 37.08 40.00 96.63 136.63 54.32 131.22 185.54
2000/01 11.59 27.71 39.31 40.00 95.61 135.61 59.63 142.54 202.17
2001/02 10.67 26.91 37.58 40.00 100.86 140.86 46.03 116.06 162.09
2002/03 11.05 27.03 38.08 40.00 97.86 137.86 55.33 135.37 190.70
2003/04 10.21 25.87 36.08 40.00 101.36 141.36 47.02 119.16 166.18
Table 7. Komati power generation potential

1994/95 5.16 14.10 19.26 35.00 95.58 130.58 15.45 42.19 57.64
1995/96 6.13 15.74 21.87 35.00 89.86 124.86 24.69 63.38 88.07
1996/97 7.53 21.62 29.15 35.00 100.56 135.56 31.69 91.05 122.74
1997/98 8.48 27.33 35.81 35.00 112.80 147.80 49.56 159.71 209.27
1998/99 8.81 25.41 34.22 35.00 101.01 136.01 49.42 142.62 192.04
1999/00 13.79 37.22 51.01 35.00 94.49 129.49 63.54 171.54 235.07
2000/01 14.78 37.65 52.44 35.00 89.15 124.15 70.46 179.48 249.94
2001/02 14.55 39.23 53.78 35.00 94.41 129.41 66.75 180.04 246.79
2002/03 14.74 37.03 51.77 35.00 87.93 122.93 71.99 180.85 252.84
2003/04 14.19 36.79 50.98 35.00 90.71 125.71 74.82 193.90 268.72
Table 8. Malelane power generation potential

1994/95 11.14 22.57 33.71 40.00 81.00 121.00 39.61 80.21 119.83
1995/96 8.76 19.21 27.97 40.00 87.68 127.68 35.23 77.23 112.46
1996/97 12.37 26.06 38.43 40.00 84.29 124.29 51.76 109.06 160.82
1997/98 12.74 26.78 39.52 40.00 84.12 124.12 64.58 135.80 200.38
1998/99 12.68 26.99 39.66 40.00 85.17 125.17 68.24 145.30 213.54
1999/00 13.37 29.04 42.40 40.00 86.88 126.88 68.71 149.23 217.94
2000/01 13.02 29.22 42.25 40.00 89.75 129.75 72.41 162.47 234.88
2001/02 13.02 29.82 42.83 40.00 91.64 131.64 70.45 161.39 231.84
2002/03 13.71 30.01 43.72 40.00 87.55 127.55 74.12 162.24 236.36
2003/04 12.38 24.07 36.45 40.00 77.75 117.75 73.51 142.89 216.40
Table 9. Maidstone power generation potential

1994/95 12.47 41.77 54.24 35.00 117.20 152.20 65.45 219.18 284.63
1995/96 13.44 41.50 54.94 35.00 108.09 143.09 58.98 182.16 241.14
1996/97 15.40 45.31 60.71 35.00 102.96 137.96 64.15 188.70 252.85
1997/98 15.73 43.36 59.09 35.00 96.46 131.46 75.22 207.29 282.51
1998/99 14.66 43.18 57.84 35.00 103.07 138.07 72.73 214.17 286.90
1999/00 14.01 41.71 55.73 35.00 104.19 139.19 58.77 174.95 233.72
2000/01 14.90 46.89 61.79 35.00 110.17 145.17 75.83 238.70 314.53
2001/02 13.55 43.04 56.59 35.00 111.16 146.16 57.71 183.28 240.99
2002/03 13.27 40.32 53.58 35.00 106.36 141.36 66.50 202.08 268.58
2003/04 11.59 35.16 46.75 35.00 106.17 141.17 48.62 147.50 196.12
Table 10. Noodsberg power generation potential

1994/95 11.04 24.47 35.50 40.00 88.66 128.66 44.33 98.25 142.58
1995/96 11.39 25.08 36.47 40.00 88.08 128.08 51.05 112.42 163.47
1996/97 11.34 23.47 34.82 40.00 82.78 122.78 54.30 112.38 166.68
1997/98 11.44 23.39 34.83 40.00 81.76 121.76 55.54 113.52 169.06
1998/99 11.54 23.32 34.86 40.00 80.79 120.79 68.93 139.23 208.16
1999/00 11.25 22.56 33.81 40.00 80.24 120.24 50.94 102.19 153.13
2000/01 11.65 23.05 34.70 40.00 79.18 119.18 55.86 110.57 166.43
2001/02 12.15 22.42 34.57 40.00 73.81 113.81 62.62 115.56 178.19
2002/03 11.88 22.55 34.43 40.00 75.90 115.90 66.96 127.06 194.02
2003/04 11.31 24.28 35.58 40.00 85.88 125.88 64.59 138.68 203.27
Table 11. Pongola power generation potential

1994/95 8.08 18.60 26.68 40.00 92.07 132.07 46.95 108.07 155.03
1995/96 8.06 16.78 24.84 40.00 83.22 123.22 39.70 82.60 122.30
1996/97 8.66 18.76 27.42 40.00 86.69 126.69 41.90 90.81 132.71
1997/98 8.98 20.18 29.16 40.00 89.93 129.93 51.04 114.76 165.81
1998/99 9.33 20.04 29.37 40.00 85.92 125.92 47.43 101.88 149.31
1999/00 9.55 17.59 27.13 40.00 73.66 113.66 51.03 93.97 145.00
2000/01 9.97 20.24 30.21 40.00 81.25 121.25 49.69 100.93 150.62
2001/02 9.97 19.47 29.44 40.00 78.15 118.15 54.23 105.95 160.17
2002/03 10.16 19.78 29.94 40.00 77.91 117.91 56.37 109.80 166.18
2003/04 10.05 18.82 28.87 40.00 74.90 114.90 57.06 106.85 163.91
Table 12. Sezela power generation potential

1994/95 13.78 44.32 58.10 35.00 112.53 147.53 66.46 213.68 280.14
1995/96 14.57 45.76 60.33 35.00 109.97 144.97 80.19 251.96 332.15
1996/97 14.52 42.54 57.06 35.00 102.57 137.57 80.95 237.22 318.17
1997/98 14.88 45.58 60.46 35.00 107.18 142.18 76.06 232.92 308.98
1998/99 15.57 45.49 61.06 35.00 102.30 137.30 88.37 258.29 346.66
1999/00 14.87 45.43 60.29 35.00 106.94 141.94 79.28 242.26 321.54
2000/01 14.64 46.87 61.51 35.00 112.04 147.04 87.16 279.01 366.16
2001/02 14.95 49.17 64.12 35.00 115.14 150.14 76.56 251.86 328.41
2002/03 14.82 50.42 65.24 35.00 119.06 154.06 81.25 276.38 357.62
2003/04 13.84 46.20 60.04 35.00 116.82 151.82 70.50 235.31 305.81
Table 13. Umfolozi power generation potential

1994/95 9.94 20.72 30.66 40.00 83.40 123.40 40.01 83.41 123.42
1995/96 9.88 19.76 29.64 40.00 80.02 120.02 45.61 91.25 136.86
1996/97 10.00 20.96 30.97 40.00 83.83 123.83 47.41 99.36 146.77
1997/98 10.22 21.67 31.89 40.00 84.80 124.80 50.56 107.18 157.74
1998/99 11.45 23.13 34.57 40.00 80.82 120.82 49.01 99.03 148.04
1999/00 11.47 22.88 34.36 40.00 79.79 119.79 52.88 105.48 158.36
2000/01 11.00 22.54 33.54 40.00 81.95 121.95 55.55 113.81 169.37
2001/02 10.29 20.38 30.67 40.00 79.23 119.23 46.89 92.87 139.76
2002/03 10.43 20.89 31.32 40.00 80.13 120.13 50.49 101.14 151.64
2003/04 9.96 19.12 29.08 40.00 76.80 116.80 43.50 83.53 127.03
Table 14. Umzimkulu power generation potential

1994/95 7.37 23.81 31.19 35.00 113.05 148.05 29.99 96.88 126.88
1995/96 7.91 22.27 30.18 35.00 98.54 133.54 40.23 113.27 153.51
1996/97 8.22 22.35 30.57 35.00 95.17 130.17 45.96 124.98 170.94
1997/98 8.62 24.44 33.06 35.00 99.17 134.17 42.66 120.87 163.53
1998/99 8.91 24.50 33.41 35.00 96.24 131.24 48.64 133.76 182.40
1999/00 8.14 22.86 31.00 35.00 98.30 133.30 40.97 115.07 156.04
2000/01 8.38 24.21 32.59 35.00 101.12 136.12 50.27 145.25 195.52
2001/02 8.49 25.07 33.56 35.00 103.40 138.40 40.18 118.71 158.89
2002/03 9.00 26.30 35.30 35.00 102.25 137.25 45.49 132.90 178.39
2003/04 8.74 26.50 35.25 35.00 106.09 141.09 39.79 120.61 160.40
Table 15. Union Co-op power generation potential

1994/95 4.72 11.47 16.19 35.00 85.03 120.03 22.81 55.42 78.23
1995/96 4.74 11.13 15.87 35.00 82.20 117.20 22.64 53.17 75.81
1996/97 4.84 10.93 15.77 35.00 78.96 113.96 23.22 52.39 75.62
1997/98 5.15 12.51 17.67 35.00 84.98 119.98 27.83 67.56 95.39
1998/99 5.05 11.72 16.76 35.00 81.26 116.26 29.10 67.56 96.66
1999/00 4.77 12.45 17.22 35.00 91.44 126.44 24.79 64.78 89.57
2000/01 4.74 12.94 17.68 35.00 95.51 130.51 25.12 68.55 93.67
2001/02 4.69 12.24 16.93 35.00 91.37 126.37 26.07 68.06 94.13
2002/03 4.95 12.12 17.07 35.00 85.79 120.79 28.16 69.02 97.18
2003/04 4.75 12.57 17.32 35.00 92.60 127.60 27.21 71.98 99.19
Appendix 4 – Sugar mill Questionnaire
General
1
2 Name of interviewee
3 Position of interviewee
4 Date
Cane throughput
1 Cane supply area (hectares)
2 Cane crushed per annum (tons/annum)
3 Gross available time (hours)
4 Overall time efficiency (%)
Bagasse throughput and properties

1 Bagasse produced per annum
( / )
2 Fibre content of bagasse (%)
3 Brix content of bagasse (%)
4 Moisture content of bagasse (%)
5 Ash content of bagasse (%)
6 Net calorific value of bagasse (kJ/kg)
Steam and power generation.

1 Existing boiler capacity (t/h)
2 High pressure steam pressure (kPa(abs))
3 High pressure steam temperature (°C)
4 Existing power generation capacity (kW)
5 Exhaust steam pressure (kPa(abs))
6 High Pressure steam production (t/h)
7 Process steam requirements (t/h)
8 Process power requirements (kW)
9 Let down steam (t/h)
Biomass, steam and power export

1 Bagasse export (t/h)
2 Steam export (t/h)
3 Power export (kW)
Obstacles for co-generation

1
2
3
Tongaat Hulett - Amatikulu
General
1 Company name Hulett - Amatikulu
2 Name of interviewee D M Van Den Berg
3 Position of interviewee Regional Operations Manager
4 Date 21/9/2004
Cane throughput
1 Cane supply area (hectares) 51 791
2 Cane crushed per annum (tons/annum) 1 750 000
3 Gross available time (hours) 5 019
4 Overall time efficiency (%) 83

1 Bagasse produced per annum 280 000
( / )
2 Fibre content of bagasse (%) 48.5
3 Brix content of bagasse (%) 1,75
4 Moisture content of bagasse (%) 49,5
5 Ash content of bagasse (%) 2,65
6 Net calorific value of bagasse (kJ/kg) 7 425

1 Existing boiler capacity (t/h) 233
2 High pressure steam pressure (kPa(abs)) 3 200
3 High pressure steam temperature (°C) 370 (388)
4 Existing power generation capacity (kW) 12 000
5 Exhaust steam pressure (kPa(abs)) 140
6 High Pressure steam production (t/h) 225
7 Process steam requirements (t/h) 145
8 Process power requirements (kW) 8 750
9 Let down steam (t/h) 35

1 Bagasse export (t/h) Fibre to sappi 15000
2 Steam export (t/h) 0
3 Power export (kW)can do 2500 kW 1000

1 Price paid is too low and more lucrative to export Fibre
2 Eskom a major stumbling block to deal with re pricing
3 Current price in SA in U$2 per kW/h, Brazil is U$20 per kW/h
Tongaat Hulett - Darnall
General
1 Company name Hulett - Darnall
2 Name of interviewee Nigel Simmonds
3 Position of interviewee Engineering Manager
4 Date
Cane throughput
1 Cane supply area (hectares) 29150

( / )
2 Fibre content of bagasse (%) 45
3 Brix content of bagasse (%) 1.1
5 Ash content of bagasse (%) 2.6

3 High pressure steam temperature (°C) 380
4 Existing power generation capacity (kW) 12000
8 Process power requirements (kW) 5500

1 Bagasse export (t/h) BDF 15000 TONS AVERAGE
3 Power export (kW) 0

1 Can not synchronise with Eskom
2 Obviously no protection between Eskom and ourselves
3 Sell Fibre to Sappi so price plays an important role
Tongaat Hulett - Entumeni
General
1 Company name Hulett - Entumeni
2 Name of interviewee A Wienese
3 Position of interviewee Head Engineering SMRI
4 Date 20 August 2004
Cane throughput
2 Cane crushed per annum (tons/annum) 361 203

( / )
2 Fibre content of bagasse (%) 45,95

1 Existing boiler capacity (t/h) 21 (46)
2 High pressure steam pressure (kPa(abs)) 2 600 (1 800)
4 Existing power generation capacity (kW) 1 000 (3 000)
6 High Pressure steam production (t/h)

1 Bagasse export (t/h)
3 Power export (kW)

1
2
3
Illovo - Eston
General
1 Company name Illovo - Eston
2 Name of interviewee B Holmes
3 Position of interviewee Factory Manager
4 Date 21/09/04
Cane throughput

( / )


1 Bagasse export (t/h) 0

1
2
3
Tongaat Hulett - Felixton
General
1 Company name Hulett - Felixton
2 Name of interviewee J.de Jager
3 Position of interviewee Eng. Manager
4 Date 20 Sep. 04
Cane throughput

( / )

6 High Pressure steam production (t/h) Up to 290
7 Process steam requirements (t/h) Up to 115
8 Process power requirements (kW) Up to 21000
9 Let down steam (t/h) Up to 90

3 Power export (kW) Not exporting at present (5MW capacity)

1 Not economical (Eskom pricing)
2 Intertripping protection not adequate
3 System connection limitations
uShukela - Gledhow
General
1 Company name Ushukela Milling
2 Name of interviewee Eckard Lucht
4 Date 22/09/04
Cane throughput

( / )



1 Presently all fibre exported of which 60% is returned as pith for fuel.
2
3
Transvaal Sugar - Komati
General
1 Company name TSB - Komati
2 Name of interviewee G M Rolfe
3 Position of interviewee Komati Mill – General Manager
4 Date 20th September 2004
Cane throughput

( / )


2 Steam export (t/h) 18.75
3 Power export (kW) 2 500

1 Regulatory framework for Renewable Energy not in place (Market rules)
2 Renewable Energy Targets not mandatory – Limited RE market
3 Network access and wheeling cost
Transvaal Sugar - Malelane
General
1 Company name TSB - Malelane
2 Name of interviewee Franco Weyers
4 Date 21 September 2004
Cane throughput

( / )


1 Bagasse export (t/h) 62 000
3 Power export (kW) 2 500

1 Low tariff / income from co-generation
2 Eskom network stability – risk to plant
3 Capital outlay required to upgrade export systems
Tongaat Hulett - Maidstone
General
1 Company name Hulett - Maidstone
2 Name of interviewee Stuart Watson
4 Date
Cane throughput
3 Gross available time (hours) 4890

1 Bagasse produced per annum 442000
( / )
5 Ash content of bagasse (%) 3.77

5 Exhaust steam pressure (kPa(abs)) 200 (1 500)
9 Let down steam (t/h) Reduced to min levels – focus on co-gen

1 Bagasse export (t/h) 75-100
2 Steam export (t/h) 15 – 20

1 Available MW on the Maidstone Major Bus- bar.
2 Factory constraints ito steam usage
3
Illovo - Noodsberg
General
1 Company name Illovo – Noodsberg
2 Name of interviewee Johan Jansen van Rensburg
Cane throughput

( / )
4 Moisture content of bagasse (%) 50.2



1 Due to the refinery shortfall of bagasse made up by coal
2 Electrical consumption very high and most of the power consumed by mill
3 3 X Old boilers very inefficient and con not be operated on a continuous basis – de-
ashed 1 boiler every week
Illovo - Pongola
General
1 Company name Illovo - Pongola
2 Name of interviewee John Hulley
4 Date 26/10/2004
Cane throughput

( / )

6 High Pressure steam production (t/h) 127 (18 )
7 Process power requirements (kW) 7.2 mw elect power plus 3.9 mw steam
8 Let down steam (t/h) 8 tons/hr to 700 kpa range and 10 tons/hr
h
1 Bagasse export (t/h) None
2 Steam export (t/h) None
3 Power export (kW) 1 mw to village and effluent plant

1 Low fibre % cane at start of season, resulting in coal firing. Profitability of Co Gen ?
2 T.A. set installed capacity wrt. reliability of 1.5 mw set
3 Currently little or no letdown margin when running 1.5 mw T.A. with two 5 mw sets
Illovo - Sezela
General
1 Company name Illovo - Sezela
2 Name of interviewee Vis Pillay
Cane throughput
1 Cane supply area (hectares) 42384

( / )

Biomass, steam and power export ( supplied to Downstream plant )

1 Bagasse export (t/h) 95% of total bagasse sent to DS plant
2 Steam export (t/h) 150tph 2100kpa and 75tph return of
150k
3 Power export (kW) nil

1 No available bagasse, burning coal for DS steam requirement
2 Alternator low power factor
3
Illovo - Umfolozi
General
1 Company name Illovo - Umfolozi
2 Name of interviewee Morne Bester
3 Position of interviewee Plant Engineer, Front End and Boilers
4 Date 28-9-2004
Cane throughput

( / )

1 Existing boiler capacity (t/h) 220 (rated at MCR of boilers)
3 High pressure steam temperature (°C) 400 (bagasse firing),360 (coal firing)
6 High Pressure steam production (t/h) 140 t/h (at average crush rate of 300 tch)
7 Process steam requirements (t/h) 140 t/h (at average crush rate of 300 tch)
8 Process power requirements (kW) 10 MW (Tot Plant),5 MW (RawH & Ref)
9 Let down steam (t/h) 60 t/h (at average crush rate of 300 tch)

1 Bagasse export (t/h) None
2 Steam export (t/h) None
3 Power export (kW) None

1 Unstable Firing Conditions in Boilers
2 ESKOM HT reticulation in a bad state
3 Not enough installed electrical generating capacity
Illovo - Umzimkulu
General
1 Company name Illovo - Umzimkulu
2 Name of interviewee Lal Bachan
4 Date 27/09/2004
Cane throughput

( / )

6 High Pressure steam production (t/h) Approx 150
7 Process steam requirements (t/h) Approx 155
8 Process power requirements (kW) +- 5 000
9 Let down steam (t/h) +- 70

1 Bagasse export (t/h) nil
2 Steam export (t/h) nil
3 Power export (kW) nil

1 The price that Eskom is prepared to pay for electricity is too low
2 Capital costs are high
3
Union Co-op
General
1 Company name Union Co-op
2 Name of interviewee Karl Schröder
Cane throughput
2 Cane crushed per annum (tons/annum) 777 306

( / )

6 High Pressure steam production (t/h) See attached Word Document
7 Process steam requirements (t/h) Approx. 90
8 Process power requirements (kW) Approx. 3 500
9 Let down steam (t/h) Approx. 17.5

1 Bagasse export (t/h) Approx. 3
2 Steam export (t/h) Approx. 28 426
3 Power export (kW) 1 000 from beginning of Sep. to end of
M
1
2
3
Appendix 5 – Sawmill Questionnaire
General
1 Sawmill name and location
2 Details of interviewee
Roundwood log intake, sawntimber production and plant operating time, 2004
solid-m3 t
Softwood log intake
1
Hardwood log intake
Sawn timber output (total),
2
Of which output of dried timber
Number of operating days / year

3 Number of operating days / week
Number of operating hours / day
Wood processing waste production volumes, 2004

solid-m3 t (as received)
Chips (total production volume)
- own use in energy production (%)
1
- sales outside (%)
- landfilling or other use (%)
Sawdust (total production volume)

2
- sales outside (%)
Bark (total production volume)

3
- sales outside (%)
Wood processing waste properties

Chips Sawdust Bark
1 Moisture content, fresh waste (%)
2 Ash content in dry matter (%)
3 Net calorific value, fresh waste (kJ/kg)
4 Net calorific value in dry matter (kJ/kg)
5 Bulk density as received (kg/loose-m3)
Steam and power generation

Existing boiler (main boiler):
- capacity (t/h)
1 - age (years)
- boiler type (e.g. grate)
- fuels used (e.g. 50% coal, 50% bark)
Steam and power export

3 Power export (kW)
Obstacles for co-generation (to invest to modernization or to new co-generation plant)

1
2
3
Interest of the company to study possibilities to utilize process waste in energy production
1 Are there existing studies made ?
2
Appendix 6 – Pulp and Paper Questionnaire
General
1 Paper mill name and location
2 Details of interviewee
4 Date
Roundwood log intake, pulp ,waste paper,filler and plant operating time
Softwood log intake (t/a)
1
Hardwood log intake (t/a)
2 Chemical pulp (softwood) (t/a)
3 Chemical pulp (hardwood) (t/a)
4 Waste paper (t/a)
5 Filler (t/a)
Operating days / year
6
Pulping output (t/a)

1 Bleached Kraft (softwood)
2 Bleached Kraft (hardwood)
3 Deinked and/or screened waste paper pulp
4 TMP/GWD
5 NSCC
6 Other
Paper output (t/a).

1 Printing and writing grade papers
2 Packaging grade papers
3 Tissue
4 Other
- capacity (t/h)
1 - age (years)
Waste material (t/a)

Bark (total production volume) (t/a)
1
- sales outside (%)
Sludge (t/a)
own use in energy production (%)
2 - landfilling or other use (%)
-moisture (%)
-ash content (%)

1
2
3
4
5
1 Have studies been made?
2
Mondi – Piet Retief

Date: 07/09/2004
General
Mondi, Piet Retief Mill,
Company name &
1 Vroegeveld farm, Ermelo road,
Milll name and location
Piet Retief
2 Name of interviewee Johan Viviers
3 Position of interviewee Technical Manager
4 Operating days 365
1 SW chips 90 000 HW logs 70 000
2 Chemical pulp (softwood) (t/a)
3 Chemical pulp (hardwood) (t/a) 55 000
4 Waste paper (t/a) 70 000
5 Filler (t/a) 0
6 365

1 Bleached Kraft (softwood)
2 Bleached Kraft (hardwood)
3 Deinked and/or screened waste paper pulp 63 000
4 TMP/GWD
5 NSCC
6 Other 12 000 bought in pulp
Paper output (t/a).

2 Packaging grade papers 130 000
3 Tissue
4 Other
(1) 26 (2) 26 (3) 16 (4) 12
- capacity (t/h)
1 - age (years)
grate type
100% coal
(1) 30 bar (2) 30 bar (3) 10 bar (4) 15 bar
(1) 400 (2) 400 (3) 186 (4) 220
4 Existing power generation capacity (kW) 7.9 MW

5 Exhaust steam pressure (kPa(abs)) 340 kPa
7 Process power requirements (kW) 16 MW

1 0
- sales outside (%)
Sludge (t/a)
2 - landfilling or other use (%) 0
-moisture (%)
-ash content (%)

1 Burning waste pulp containing plaxtics will cause an environmental problem.
2 No heat recovery possible from Copeland because the heat is already used.
Burning bark will cause heavy metal problem in the ash that must be disposed of which
3
will required an upgrade to solid waste site specifications.
4
5
1 Have studies been made?
2
Sappi– Saiccor
Date: 19/08/2004
General
Company name & Sappi Saiccor
1
2 Name of interviewee Derek Airey
3 Position of interviewee Environmentalist
1 2 000 000
2 Chemical pulp (softwood) (t/a) -
3 Chemical pulp (hardwood) (t/a) -
4 Waste paper (t/a) -
5 Filler (t/a) -
6 365

1 Bleached Kraft (softwood) -
2 Bleached Kraft (hardwood) -
3 Deinked and/or screened waste paper pulp -
4 TMP/GWD -
5 NSCC -
6 Other: Chemical Cellulose 600 000
Paper output (t/a).

1 Printing and writing grade papers -
2 Packaging grade papers -
3 Tissue -
4 Other -
Existing boiler (main boiler): MgO Recovery 6 Coal Boilers
- capacity (t/h) 180 t/h 240 t/h
1 - age (years) 20 yrs 30 – 50 yrs
- boiler type (e.g. grate) - grate + spreader
- fuels used (e.g. 50% coal, 50% bark) liquor coal
2 High pressure steam pressure (kPa(abs)) 8 500 4 500
3 High pressure steam temperature (°C) 490 450
4 Existing power generation capacity (kW) 28 000 18 000
5 Exhaust steam pressure (kPa(abs)) 500 kPa
8 Let down steam (t/h) -

1 -
- sales outside (%)
Sludge (t/a)
2 - landfilling or other use (%) -
-moisture (%)
-ash content (%)

1 Process steam demand / non-condensing sets
2
3
4
5
1 Have studies been made? Yes
2
Sappi– Stanger
Date: 23/10/2004
General
Company name & Sappi Stanger
1
2 Name of interviewee Stephen Trickett
3 Position of interviewee Senior Project Engineer
1 0 t/a
2 Chemical pulp (softwood) (t/a) 25000
3 Chemical pulp (hardwood) (t/a) 2000
4 Waste paper (t/a) 500
5 Filler (t/a) 8600
6 Bagasse (t/a) 56000
7 365

1 Bleached Kraft (softwood) 0 t/a
2 Bleached Kraft (hardwood) 0 t/a
3 Deinked and/or screened waste paper pulp 0 t/a
4 TMP/GWD 0 t/a
5 NSCC 0 t/a
6 Other 57,000 ADTPA Bagasse Pulp Soda Cook
Paper output (t/a).

1 Printing and writing grade papers 75000
2 Packaging grade papers 0 t/a
3 Tissue 29000
4 Other 19000 Soda Ash Byproduct
4x boilers. 2x 32t/h & 2x 28t/h
- capacity (t/h)
25 years on site but bought 2nd hand
1 - age (years)
Chain Grate
A Grade Coal
2 High pressure steam pressure (kPa(abs)) 21,000 kPa
3 High pressure steam temperature (°C) 350 deg C
4 Existing power generation capacity (kW) 0 kW
6 Process steam requirements (t/h) 75 to 85 t/h
7 Process power requirements (kW) 14000 MWH average per month
8 Let down steam (t/h) Item 6 less 19 tons

1 0 t/a
- sales outside (%)
Sludge (t/a)
own use in energy production (%) 4 to 12 t/d
2 - landfilling or other use (%) Landfilling 100%
-moisture (%) Ash content?
-ash content (%)
3 Sugar Cane Pith 55 to 70 BDTPD at 80% moisture content
Soda Ash (Na2Co3) from black cooking
4 Sold
liquor

1 Capital
2 Economies of scale
3
4
5
Have studies been made? Yes. Installation of 8 t/hr low pressure boiler fuelled by waste
1
(pith and sludge). Insufficient payback on R20m of capital.
SASAQ Project to use black liquor in modern gasification technology to generate steam
and recover chemicals. Element of pulp capacity debottlenecking. Capital R485m with
2 insufficient payback.
In conjunction we also looked at cogeneration. Capital for small scale operation exces-
sive ±R600m
Mondi – Richards Bay
Date: 11/08/2004
General
Company name & Mondi Richards Bay
1
2 Name of interviewee Ciska Terblanche
3 Position of interviewee Environmental Manager
4 Operating days
Softwood log intake (t/a) 410.000 T/a
1
Hardwood log intake (t/a) 1.88 m t/a
2 Chemical pulp (softwood) (t/a) -
3 Chemical pulp (hardwood) (t/a) -
4 Waste paper (t/a)
5 Filler (t/a)
6 Bagasse (t/a)
7 350

1 Bleached Kraft (softwood) Unbleached – 130 000
2 Bleached Kraft (hardwood) 590 000 ad/a
3 Deinked and/or screened waste paper pulp -
4 TMP/GWD -
5 NSCC -
6 Other -
Paper output (t/a).

2 Packaging grade papers 230.000
3 Tissue
4 Other

Existing boiler (main boiler): Recovery 1 80 kg/s
1 - capacity (t/h) 2 32 kg/s
- age (years) 3 x PB – 20 kg/s

4 Existing power generation capacity (kW) 0.88 mwh/t
6 Process steam requirements (t/h) 9.1 t/adt
7 Process power requirements (kW) 1.28 mwh/t

- own use in energy production (%) 300 t/d (wet)
1
- sales outside (%) 100%
Sludge (t/a)
own use in energy production (%) 120 t/month (dry)
2 - landfilling or other use (%) Felixton
-moisture (%) 12-25-35 calcium carb.
-ash content (%)
Total = wet (t) x dry content
Wet = total dry 120 = 272 t/d

Dry cont. 0.44

1
2
3
4
5
1
2
600 t/d capacity of boiler.

Sappi– Ngodwana
Date: 11/08/2004
General
Company name & Sappi Ngodwana Mill
1
2 Name of interviewee Kobus Geldenhuys
3 Position of interviewee Pulp Sales Manager
4 Operating days 24 hours all year round
Softwood log intake (t/a) 1.6 million tons softwood and 0.3 million
1
Hardwood log intake (t/a) ton hardwood
2 Chemical pulp (softwood) (t/a) Nil
3 Chemical pulp (hardwood) (t/a) Nil
4 Waste paper (t/a) + 40 000 tons
5 Filler (t/a) + 8 000 tons
7 365

1 Bleached Kraft (softwood) 200,000 tpa
2 Bleached Kraft (hardwood) 25,000 tpa
3 Deinked and/or screened waste paper pulp 36,000 tpa
4 TMP/GWD 100 000 tpa
5 NSCC Nil
6 Other 200,000 tpa unbleached pulp
Paper output (t/a).

1 Printing and writing grade papers Nil
2 Packaging grade papers 250,000 tpa liner board
3 Tissue Nil
4 Other

- capacity (t/h)
1 - age (years)


Bark (total production volume) (t/a) Production 120,000 tpa
- own use in energy production (%) Own use 50,000 tons
1
- sales outside (%) Sales 70,000 tons
- landfilling or other use (%) Nil as from Sept 2004
Sludge (t/a)
own use in energy production (%) Production 84,000 tpa
2 - landfilling or other use (%) Nil as from Sept 04
-moisture (%) 85% moisture
-ash content (%)

1
2
3
4
5
1 Have studies been made? Not that I’m aware of.
As can be seen from the above we will convert all bark and fibre sludge into compost as
from September 2004. It took us years to get this so far, but in doing this we will re-
duce our landfill by 50% and extend the life of the landfill. The real cost savings come
in the long term because the whole process of expanding the landfill sites is delayed.
2
The abovementioned volumes are estimated numbers and this info should not be used in
any publications, it is merely info to better understand the situation at the mill. Techni-
cal data from the mill is not available at this point in time and we would expect the
DME to inform us of their intention to do a survey and your involvement in the project.
Sappi– Tugela
Date: 11/08/20054
General
Company name &
1 Sappi Tugela
2 Name of interviewee Kobus Geldenhuys
3 Position of interviewee Pulp Sales Manager
4 Operating days 24 hours all year
Softwood log intake (t/a) 0.9 million tons softwood and 0.4 million
1
Hardwood log intake (t/a) ton hardwood
2 Chemical pulp (softwood) (t/a) Nil
3 Chemical pulp (hardwood) (t/a) Nil
4 Waste paper (t/a) + 75,000 tons
5 Filler (t/a) + 10,000 tons
7 365

1 Bleached Kraft (softwood) Nil
2 Bleached Kraft (hardwood) Nil
3 Deinked and/or screened waste paper pulp 60,000 tpa
4 TMP/GWD Nil
5 NSCC 120,000 tpa
6 Other 220,000 tpa unbleached pine pulp
Paper output (t/a).

1 Printing and writing grade papers Nil
2 Packaging grade papers 400,000 tpa liner board
3 Tissue Nil
4 Other
- capacity (t/h)
1 - age (years)

Bark (total production volume) (t/a) Production 70,000 tpa
- own use in energy production (%) Own use nil tons
1
- sales outside (%) Sales 70,000 tons
- landfilling or other use (%) Nil
Sludge (t/a)
Production 60,000 tpa
Nil to landfill
2 - landfilling or other use (%)
Mixed with bark for composting
-moisture (%)
85% moisture
-ash content (%)

1
2
3
4
5
1 Have studies been made? Not that I’m aware of.
As can be seen from the above we will convert all bark and fibre sludge into compost as
from September 2004. It took us years to get this so far, but in doing this we will re-
duce our landfill by 55% and extend the life of the landfill. The real cost savings come
in the long term because the whole process of expanding the landfill sites is delayed.
2
The abovementioned volumes are estimated numbers and this info should not be used in
any publications, it is merely info to better understand the situation at the mill. Techni-
cal data from the mill is not available at this point in time and we would expect the
DME to inform us of their intention to do a survey and your involvement in the project.
Appendix 7 – Terms of Reference
DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS AND ENERGY
DME-Danida Capacity Building in Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Terms of Reference
Title of Assignment: Approved by Project Director, DME
Assessment of commercially exploitable bio-

mass resources: bagasse, wood and sawmill
waste and pulp, in South Africa
Consultants(s): Approved by Counterpart, DME
Counterparts: Approved by CTA, COWI

Mr Andre Otto, Deputy Director, DME
Time frame: 100 days during the period 01 July

2004 to 30 November 2004.
Budget Line: Special Project Project Number: P-54126
1 Background
The Department of Minerals and Energy (DME), South Africa is responsible for formulating strategies
and drafting legislation for the South African energy sector.
As a result of a dialogue between the DME and Danced over the years 1999 to 2001 the Project "Capac-
ity Building in DME in Energy Efficiency (EE) and Renewable Energy (RE) (CaBEERE), has been
formulated.
The CaBEERE Project aims at enhancing DME´s capacity and performance by assisting in developing
programmatic approaches through strategies and actions plans for energy efficiency and renewable en-
ergy in transparent co-operation with relevant stakeholders. The project aims at making the DME a
"learning organisation" better able to update, develop and implement strategies and action plans within
EE and RE. The project approach is primarily built on learning by doing through on the job training of
DME staff and other stakeholders. At the end of the project DME will be able to effectively and effi-
ciently meet its energy efficiency and renewable energy mandate as prescribed by the White Paper on
Energy Policy and to sustain this capacity.
These ToR relates to the exploitation of commercially based biomass resources for electricity genera-
tion. According to a macro economic study on utilising renewable energy resources in South Africa,
electricity production based on commercially based biomass is among the most cost effective for renew-
able energy applications. Assuming a least-cost approach for implementation of renewable energy ap-
plications, a major contribution to the RE target can be derived from commercially available biomass
resources. Detailed data on biomass resources (bagasse, pulp and forest wood waste and sawmill wood
waste), energy content and physical/chemical characteristics are presently not available. This informa-
tion is needed to determine the actual potential of power generation from biomass and to establish a reli-
able basis to enable possible IPP’s to carry out due diligence studies as part of possible project prepara-
tions.
.
2 Overall objective of the CaBEERE Project
Increased use of renewable energy and energy efficiency throughout South Africa to maximise the en-
ergy sector's contribution towards sustainable development.
3 Immediate Objectives
3.1 Immediate objective of the CaBEERE Project
DME and relevant stakeholders are resourced and capacitated to formulate and facilitate implementation
of strategies and legislation promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy production and use in
both rural and urban areas.
3.2 Immediate objectives of these Terms of Reference
Commercially exploitable biomass resources (bagasse, wood and sawmill waste and pulp) are identified
for electricity generation. The identification includes data on the quantity and locality of the resources,
the characteristics of the biomass including the energy content of the resources and ownership of these
resources. The objective is also to develop a guideline for technical and economical evaluation of spe-
cific project proposals.
4 Output of these terms of reference
4.1 Data on the quantity of the various types of commercially based biomass resources (bagasse,
wood waste, sawmill waste and pulp) available for energy generation in various regions in South
Africa
4.2 Overview of the industry producing these resources. This would include information such as
ownership, industry size and other economic indicators.
4.3 Biomass characteristics such as moisture content, calorific content and wood classification
(shape/size etc.) per sector.
4.4 The handling , storage and transportation of these materials and impact on final costs.
4.5 Proposal regarding linkage of data to the Homer/Re GIS developed by CSIR/DME/Eskom. It
will then be the responsibility of the DME to drive this process forward.
4.6 A feasibility check list to assist potential IPP’s
4.7 To conduct a workshop with relevant stakeholders for each of the three sectors ie. Bagasse,
wood and sawmill waste and pulp).
4.8 Publish feasibility check list to ensure that relevant stakeholders have access to the information.
4.9
.
5 Scope of Work
The scope of works includes but is not necessary limited to:
a) Identification of industries/persons to be selected for conducting interviews. Representatives from

large and medium size companies in the different sectors are visited (sugar industry, sawmill, forest in-
dustry and paper industry). Questionnaires are prepared before the visits are performed. The number of
planned visits are:
• visit to 5 large scale industries in each of the sectors: sugar industry, forest industry, saw mill
and paper industries, totally 20 visits
• visit to 5 medium scale industries in each of the sectors: sugar industry, forest industry, saw mill
and paper industries, totally 20 visits
The planned visits will be approved by DME.
b) Data collection
Key data on the production and availability of the different types of biomass is collected, including:
• Average annual production of biomass at the different sectors per province

• Annual variations in the production
• Processes for collecting the resources and storage thereof
• Treatment of biomass waste and the uses thereof.
c) Characteristics for biomass resources
In order to know the energy content of the biomass and the costs for possible processing/storage of the
biomass before it can be utilised for energy generation, a number of physical and chemical characteris-
tics shall be determined. This includes:
• Energy content
• Moisture content
• Classification of biomass waste according to shape and size
d) Proposal on incorporating data into Homer/RE GIS database
The collected data needs to be fed into the Homer/RE GIS, which was developed by DME/Eskom/CSIR. A
proposal will be needed to detail the activities surrounding this task. The DME will be tasked with ensuring
that this proposal is implemented.
e) Develop a biomass feasibility checklist
Key data and other information are required in order to evaluate the technical and economical feasibility
of possible biomass projects. This data will be used to compile a check list for evaluation purposes to
assist IPP’s when selecting potentially viable options for renewable energy projects. The DME will be
.
tasked with the dissemination of the feasibility checklist and it is envisaged that it will be published on
the DME/CaBEERE website.
f) Workshops
The consultant will conduct a workshop with relevant stakeholders for each of the three sectors. The
consultant will drive this process in close consultation and interaction with the DME and Local Renew-
able Energy Adviser. The workshop participants will be decided by both the consultant and
DME/CaBEERE personnel. The cost associated with the workshop (i.e venue, catering etc.) shall be
borne by the consultant. The consultant will be tasked with inviting the participants and managing the
workshop database and responses thereof.
g) Publish Feasibility check List
The Local Renewable Energy Adviser will ensure that the relevant stakeholders have access to the fea-
sibility check list by ensuring that it gets published on the DME/CaBEERE website.
6 Methodology and Time Frames
6.1 Methodology
The collection of the data and information is made via direct visits to relevant industries and is based on
a questionnaire approach. After the first visit a review of the prepared questionnaire is made and revi-
sions are made if necessary.
Existing parameters used for describing the various types of biomass are reviewed. If necessary addi-
tional parameters are identified in order to describe the biomass from an energy resource point of view.
Proposed standards for measuring the parameters shall be specified.
6.2 Time schedule
The consultant will be responsible for delivery of the tasks as described in these terms of reference.
The consultant will treat all information with confidentiality and only reproduce or speak about work
outside the project with the prior knowledge of the DME and CaBEERE. The consultant will further
sign a declaration of confidentiality.
This project shall be completed within a period of 5 months starting from the date of contract signing.
The consultant shall during the project period prepare progress reports in order to monitor the achieve-
ment of the objectives.
The total amount of working days cannot be exceeded without the prior approval of CaBEERE.
The time schedule and the milestones for the project are indicated in the table below.
.
Milestone Dead line after date of

contract signing
Contract signing between SP and DME/COWI
Inception meeting including consultants proposal on Week 1

detailed time schedule and methodology
Draft questionnaire prepared by the consultant submitted Week 2

to the project team for approval
Progress meeting Week 4
Completion of data collection Week 8
Completion of characteristics for biomass resources Week 10
Complete proposal incorporating data into Homer/RE Week 10

GIS database
Compile feasibility check list Week 12
Workshops completed with all relevant stakeholders for Week 16

each of the sectors
Draft report submitted to project team for comments Week 18
Final report submitted to project team Week 20
7 Counterparts and resources
The Counterpart will be DME. A project team will be established to assist with all issues related to the
project. The consultant is responsible for the supply of sufficient resources to complete the study. The
consultant may obtain support from DME in connection with identification of relevant contact persons
and/or identification of reports etc.
.
It is envisaged that the successful consulting team will consist of the following key expertise:
• Thorough knowledge of the sugar/bagasse sector, the pulp and paper sector and sawmill/timber
sector in South Africa and documented experience (national/international) of work done in these
three sectors.
• Knowledge of the Electricity and Renewable Energy sector in South Africa
• Documented experience in terms of conducting feasibility studies in the abovementioned sec-

tors.
• Documented evidence of conducting and arranging workshops
• Linkages with other national/international consultants is encouraged, to obtain the right project
team composition.
Daily DME and Project Counterpart:
Andre Otto, Deputy- Director Phone number: Andre.Otto@dme.gov.za

(DME) (012) 317 9225
Kumesh Naidoo – Local Renew- Phone number:

able Energy Advisor (012) 317 9597 Kumesh.Naidoo@dme.gov.za
8 Reporting
At the inception meeting the consultant shall present the methodology to be utilised and the detailed
time schedule for the visits.
The final report of the study shall include a description of the applied methodology, companies visited,
results of the visits, presentation of the collected data and information as well as a presentation of the
proposed data base structure.
An outline of the main headings in the report are:
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Visited companies/persons
.
4. Biomass resources and their characteristics

4.1 Bagasse
4.2 Wood waste
4.3 Sawmill waste
4.4 Pulp and paper
5. Proposal of linking data to Homer/RE GIS.
6. Feasibility checklist.
The draft and final reports shall be submitted in one original and six copies. An electronic version will
also be required.
CaBEERE will supply a standard report format for the purposes of compiling the report.
9 List of Material
• Energy White Paper 1998, DME
• Renewable Energy White Paper 2003, DME
• Economic and Financial Calculations and Modelling for the Renewable Energy Strategy Formu-
lation, DME/Danida 2004.
.
Appendix 8 – Contacts in Biomass
Forest Industry
Name Organisation Position Phone Cell E-mail
Mike Chetty Inst. Commercial Forestry Research (033) 3862314 michael@icfr.unp.ac.za
Patrick Kime NCT Forest General Manager (033) 8978500 patrick@nctforest.com
Peter Keyworth NCT Forest General Manager Special Projects (033) 8978522 082 8028950 peter@nctforest.com
Mike Edwards Forestry South Africa Executive Director trees@global.co.za
Roger Godsmark Forestry South Africa Assistant Director (011) 8033403 forest@global.co.za
Schalk Kapp Global Forest Products 082 8886524 skapp@globalforestproducts.net
Lorraine McNamara Global Forest Products Silviculture and Technology Manager 082 8986238 lmcnamara@globalforestproducts.net
Shaun McCartney Global Forest Products Environmental Manager 083 6274188 smaccartney@globalforestproducts.net
Sawmilling Industry
Ian Perry Crickmay & Associates Director (031) 5084354 ian@crickmay.co.za
Faan Struweg Hans Merensky – Singisi Production Manager (039) 553 0504 faans@hansmerensky.co.za
Gert Kruger Hans Merensky – Tweefontein Despatch Superintendent (013) 764 1251 gertk@ hansmerensky.co.za
Sarvaas Nieuwoudt Graskop Sawmill Owner/Manager (013) 764 2158 gsmill@soft.co.za
Jeffroy Hawkes Global Forest Products - Sabie Chief Engineer (013) 764 1649 jeffawk@mweb.co.za
Anthony Wilson Global Forest Products Product Co-ordinator (013) 764 9122 082 8026226 awilson@globalforestproducts.net
al Report Biomass.doc .
Pulp and Paper Industry
Stefan Eriksson Jaakko Poyry South Africa Manager-Process Section (031) 2500381 082 5550407 Stefan.eriksson@poyry.co.za
Iain Kerr Paper Manufacturers Ass of SA Senior Research Fellow (031) 2602186 082 8794748 kerr@ukzn.ac.za
John Hunt Paper Manufactures Ass of SA Executive Director 082 8936230 john_hunt@pamsa.co.za
Kobus Geldenhuys Sappi - Ngodwana Sales Manager (013) 7346192 083 6616398 Kobus.Geldenhuys@sappi.com
Shane Ramcour Sappi - Tugela SHEQ Manager (032) 456 1111
Derek Airey Sappi - Saiccor Environmentalist (039) 973 8911 derek.airey@sappi.com
Stephen Walker Sappi - Enstra Safety Manager (011) 360 0000
Stephen Trickett Sappi - Stanger Senior Project Engineer (032) 437 2212 Stephen.Tricket@sappi.com
Ciska Terblanche Mondi – Richards Bay Environmental Manager (035) 9022322 ciska_terblanche@mondi.co.za
Theo van Rooyen Mondi - Merebank Technical Manager (032) 451 2111
Johan Viviers Mondi – Piet Retief Technical Manager (032) 451 2111 Johan_a_viviers@mondi.co.za
Sugar Industry
Arnoud Wienese Sugar Milling Research Institute Head Engineering Division (031) 2731356 083 718 8294 awienese@smri.org
Stephen Walford Sugar Milling Research Institute Senior Research Officer (031) 2731377 swalford@smri.org
Adrian Wynne SA Cane Growers Liaison Manager (031) 5087200 083 457 8208 AWynne@canegrowers.co.za
Denis Tomlinson Illovo Sugar Corp. Affairs Development Manager (031) 5084442 dtomlinson@illovo.co.za
Graham Mann Illovo - Noodsberg General Manager (033) 5011650 gmann@illovo.co.za
Johan v Rensburg Illovo - Noodsberg Engineering Manager (033) 5011650 JvRensburg@illovo.co.za
Barry Holmes Illovo - Eston Factory Manager (031) 7811092 BHolmes@illovo.co.za
John Hulley Illovo - Pongola Factory Manager (03441) 31301 JHulley@illovo.co.za
Vis Pillay Illovo – Sezela Factory Manager (039) 9751106 VisPillay@illovo
Morne Bester Illovo – Umfolozi Plant Engineer (0355) 500031 082 923 6322 MBester@illovo.co.za
Lal Bachan Illovo – Umzimkulu Factory Manager (0396) 824202 083 627 4188 LBachan@illovo.co.za
Allan Ferguson Tongaat-Hulett Group Engineer (032) 4394328 Allan.Ferguson@huletts.co.za
Dave Meadows Tongaat-Hulett Manager TEG (032) 4394311 Dave.Meadows@huletts.co.z
Deon v/d Berg Tongaat-Hulett Regional Operational Manager (0357) 915000 082 808 5163 Deon.VanDenBerg@huletts.co.za
Nigel Simmonds Tongaat-Hulett – Darnall Engineering Manager (0324) 392231 082 806 7975 Nigel.Simmonds@huletts.co.za
Jonathan de Jager Tongaat-Hulett – Felixton Engineering Manager (035) 7915000 Jonathan.deJager@hullets.co.za
Stuart Watson Tongaat-Hulett – Maidstone Engineering Manager (032) 4395502 082 3780817 Stuart.Watson@huletts.co.za
Franco Weyers Transvaal Suiker BPK - Malelane Factory Manager (013) 7911000 082 8794748 WeyersF@tsb.co.za
Graham Rolfe Transvaal Suiker BPK - Komati General Manager (013) 7234860 rolfe@tsb.co.za
Peter von Fintel Union Co-op Sugar Mill Mill Manager (033) 5011600 082 4932775 agm@ucl.co.za
Karl Schroder Union Co-op Sugar Mill Engineering Manager (033) 5011600 enineering@ucl.co.za
Eckard Lucht UShukela Milling Factory Manager (0325) 513031) ELucht@illovo.co.za
Government
Kevin Nassiep Department of minerals & energy Chief Director (012) 317 8617 Kevin.Nassiep@dme.gov.za
Brett Dawson Department of minerals & energy Director Renewable Energy (012) 317 8468 Brett.Dawson@dme.gov.za
Andre Otto Department of minerals & energy Deputy Director Renewable Energy (012) 317 8225 Andre.Otto@dme.gov.za
Marcus Phago Department of minerals & energy (012) 317 8568 Marcus.Phago@dme.gov.za
Nadia Hamid Department of minerals & energy (012) 317 8657 Nadia.Hamid@dme.gov.za
Sandiswa Tshaka Department of minerals & energy (012) 317 8569 Sandiswa.Tshaka@dme.gov.za
Olga Lindiwe Department of minerals & energy (012) 317 8565 Lindiwe.Olga@dme.gov.za
Nomawabo Mtshabe Department of minerals & energy (012) 317 8347 Nomawabo. Mtshabe@dme.gov.za
Helene Rask Gron COWI International Project Manager (012) 317 8532 Helene.Gron@dme.gov.za
Kumesh Naidoo COWI Local Renewable Energy Advisor (012) 317 8597 082 5631363 Kumesh.Naidoo@dme.gov.za
Sibusiso Ngubane Central Energy Fund (CEF/EDC) Renewable Energy Manager (011) 535 7039 082 413 0475 SibusisoN@cef.org.za
Sizwe Madondo Central Energy Fund (CEF/EDC) Manager Business Services (011) 535 7041 082 3749777 SizweM@cef.org.za
Jabulani Shabalala Central Energy Fund (CEF/EDC) Project Officer (011) 535 7048 082 5660522 JabulaniS@cef.org.za
N Singh National Energy Regulator (NER) (012) 401 4617
Smolly Lebepe National Energy Regulator (NER) (012) 401 4600 smolly.lebepe@ner.org.za
Jeffrey Quvane National Energy Regulator (NER) (012) 401 4600 jeffrey.quvane@ner.org.za
Johan Crous ESKOM (011) 800 4457 Johan.crous@eskom.co.za
Ronel Clark ESKOM TSI (011) 629 5062
Shanita Makardood ESKOM TSI (011) 629 5122
Callie Nkomo ESKOM
Izak van Gass ESKOM TSI (011) 629 5413
Johan Bester DWAF (012) 336 8171 082 808 5634 besterj@dwaf.gov.za
Sam Falatsa DWAF working for water (021) 441 2725 falatss@dwaf.gov.za
Others
D Dintchev University of Pretoria Professor (012) 799 9512 082 847 5039 dintchev@icon .co.za
Dave Hancock GTZ (011) 535 7027
Anton Louis Olivier NU Planet (012) 349 1901 AL@nuplanet.nl
Sadvir Bissoon SA Bureau of Standards (012) 428 6761 bassoon@sabs.co.za
Erica Roberts Palma Development Consultants (012) 349 1901 erica@pdc1.co.za
Edward James Smith Roskilde University Denmark (011) 728 8002 ejs@ruc.dk
Rob Short Sustainable Transactions 082 454 2193 Rob.short@telkomsa.net
Jason Schaffler Nano Energy Managing Director 072 444 3445 Jason@nano.co.za
David Chown Genesis Eco Energy (021) 783 5814 083 460 3898 davinc@icon.co.za
Wallie Menne Timber Watch 082 444 2083 plantnet@iafrica.com
Charles Liebenberg MethCap (pty) ltd (011) 660 5035 072 954 7116 cjliebenberg@mweb.co.za
Richard Worthington Earthlife Africa 082 446 6392 richardw@earthlife.org.za
Sandile Ndawonde GreenNetwork (033) 345 2045 info@greennetwork.org.za
Mike Page SAD-ELEC (011) 803 1314 082 416 2875 mike@sad-elec.com
Ruth Modipa Gendes RE Program
Victor Taylor 082 493 8343 vicarina@mweb.co.za
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Final Report Biomass

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Department of Minerals and Energy

This report contains restricted information

Report No. – 2.3.4 - 29

Report no. 2.3.4 - 29

2 Glossary and Abbreviations 9

5 Biomass resources and their characteristics 15

6 Proposal of linking data to Homer/RE GIS 32

7 Feasibility check list 38

8 Conclusion and Recommendations 47

The Department of Minerals and Energy (DME), South Africa is responsible

This study relates to the exploitation of commercially based biomass resources

Information was available in various formats: from existing published re-

Questionnaires were developed and approved by the project team to assist in

A feasibility checklist for Independent Power Producers was developed by rep-

Commercial biomass in South Africa is mainly produced by the sugar industry,

Table 1. Biomass per sector

Industry Biomass NCV Mass Energy Power

Successful use of biomass energy rests largely on the conversion system

In a dedicated electricity facility without heat recovery it should be possible to

• In the sugar industry the quantity and composition of the biomass is

The most promising source of biomass is sugarcane bagasse. It is already being

1.3 HOMER/RE GIS proposal

1. Develop a plan of action for the ongoing management of information

As per Terms of Reference a feasibility checklist was compiled to assist poten-

2 Glossary and Abbreviations

Imbibition Cane wash water.

Independent power producers (IPPs) – producers of power (electricity),

Mtoe (Million tons of oil equivalent) A universal unit of comparison in which

Megawatt (MW) A unit of power. One Megawatt is equal to 1 000 kilo-

Megawatt hour (MWh) A unit of energy consumption. One Megawatt hour is

Gigawatt hour (GWh) A unit of energy consumption. One Gigawatt hour is

Terawatt hour (TWh) A unit of energy consumption. One Terawatt hour is

kWh/tc Kilowatt hour per ton of cane.

Brix Soluble organic component in biomass.

Fibre Insoluble organic component in biomass (mainly cellu-

2.2 General Abbreviations

BEE Black Economic Empowerment

The Department of Minerals and Energy (DME), South Africa is responsible

The CaBEERE Project aims at enhancing DME´s capacity and performance by

4.1 Biomass Resources and their Characteristics

Information was available in various formats: from existing published re-

4.1.1 Desk Research

• Energy White Paper 1998, DME

• Renewable Energy White Paper 2003, DME

• Economic and Financial Calculations and Modelling for the Renewable

4.1.2 Field Research

4.2 Questionnaire and visited companies/persons

The sawmilling industry consists of over 100 sawmills mainly in Mpumalanga

4.3 Proposal for Linking Data to the HOMER/RE GIS

4.5 Stakeholder Workshops

This involved selecting workshop participants in consultation with

5 Biomass resources and their

GCVB = GCVO – GCVO / 100 * A – GCVO / 100 * M

NCVo = GCVO – 18 / 2 * 2441 / 100 * H

NCVB = NCVO – NCVO / 100 * A – (NCVO + 2441) / 100 * M

5.2.1 Sugar Industry

Table 2. South African sugar mills

Company Sugar mill Comments

Cane is grown in KwaZulu-Natal and to a lesser extent in Mpumalanga (Figure

Figure 1. Sugarcane area by province in 2003

Figure 2. Sugarcane yield by province in 2003

5.2.2 Sugarcane Biomass

Table 3. Properties of cane stalk, trash and tops

Mass Fibre Brix Moisture Ash NCV Energy