Travel Agent does not own an airline, hotel or a car rental organization, but agent still provides various

services under one roof to the individual as well as corporate clients. How travel agencies work across the globe, what are their revenue models, how agents survive in competitive environment etc. is explained in this course in detail. This is an ideal course for those who aspire to be a Travel Agent or work for agencies.

Travel Agency Management

Managing a travelling agency takes skills. If you are a travel agency manager, you need to be a goalachiever. You should be able to always keep aiming for the companys growth. This means there should be more customers, more booked travel packages, and more availed-of services. Aside from this, a good travel agency manager should be able to recruit and maintain a talented and dedicated staff. A travel agency is a company that would fail without coordination, so a staff that can work together perfectly is highly valuable. Moreover, a good travel agency manager should be able to know the legalities involved in the industry and to be able to steer the company away from trouble. A good manager should make sure the company complies with all travelling rules and regulations without sacrificing the quality of the companys products and services. In short, good travel agency management will drive the company towards success!

Transportation management system

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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A transportation management system (TMS) is a subset of supply chain management concerning transportation operations and may be part of an enterprise resource planning system. A TMS usually "sits" between an ERP or legacy order processing and warehouse/distribution module. A typical scenario would include both inbound (procurement) and outbound (shipping) orders to be evaluated by the

TMS Planning Module offering the user various suggested routing solutions. These solutions are evaluated by the user for reasonableness and are passed along to the transportation provider analysis module to select the best mode and least cost provider. Once the best provider is selected, the solution typically generates electronic load tendering and track/trace to execute the optimized shipment with the selected carrier, and later to support freight audit and payment (settlement process). Links back to ERP systems (after orders turned into optimal shipments), and sometimes secondarily to WMS programs also linked to ERP are also common.

[edit]Licensing
Recently, these systems have been offered with many different types of licensing arrangements. These different arrangements have given shippers who otherwise would not be able to afford sophisticated software the opportunity to utilize TMS to better manage this vital function. The 3 primary offerings are: 1. On-premise licensing (traditional purchased license) 2. Hosted licensing (remote, Saas, Cloud) 3. On-premise hosted licensing (a blend of 1 and 2) Additionally, some software providers have either been acquired or merged with traditional supply chain management consultancies and are now offering shippers "blended" managed and software services as an outsourced process. Primary Tier 1 TMS providers are still independent, carrier and 3PL neutral, and ERP neutral.

[edit]Functionalities
Transportation management systems manage four key processes of transportation management: 1. Planning and decision making TMS will define the most efficient transport schemes according to given parameters, which have a lower or higher importance according to the user policy: transport cost, shorter lead-time, fewer stops possible to ensure quality, flows regrouping coefficient, etc. 2. Transportation Execution TMS will allow for the execution of the transportation plan such as carrier rate acceptance, carrier dispatching, EDI etc.. 3. Transport follow-up TMS will allow following any physical or administrative operation regarding transportation: traceability of transport event by event (shipping from A, arrival at B, customs clearance, etc.), editing of reception, custom clearance, invoicing and booking documents, sending of transport alerts (delay, accident, non-forecast stops) 4. Measurement TMS have or need to have a logistics key performance indicator (KPI) reporting function for transport. Various functions of a TMS include but not limited to:

Planning and optimizing of terrestrial transport rounds Inbound and outbound transportation mode and transportation provider selection Management of motor carrier, rail, air and maritime transport Real time transportation tracking Service quality control in the form of KPI's (see below) Vehicle Load and Route optimization Transport costs and scheme simulation Shipment batching of orders Cost control, KPI (Key performance indicators) reporting and statistics

Typical KPIs include but not limited to: 1. 2. 3. 4. % of On Time Pick Up or Delivery Performance relative to requested Cost Per Metric - mile; km; Weight; Cube; Pallet Productivity in monetary terms, e.g. $/lb or $/shipping unit Productivity in operational terms, e.g. shipping units/order or weight/load

The management of transportation operations of all types, including tracking and managing every aspect of vehicle maintenance, fuel costing, routing and mapping, warehousing, communications, EDI implementations, traveler and cargo handling, carrier selection and management, accounting. The management of transportation operations of all types, including tracking and managing every aspect of vehicle maintenance, fuel costing, routing and mapping, warehousing, communications, EDI implementations, traveler and cargo handling, carrier selection and management, accounting.

History of Transportation
Transportation forms the backbone of a society these days. Transportation in terms of both, human beings as well as goods makes everyday life much simpler. Can you imagine the consequences of human beings not knowing what transportation is? Well! that is an impossible idea. Scroll down to learn how transportation has evolved through centuries. The history of transportation goes back to the pre-historic ages when man learned to live in groups and traveled extensively in search of food and shelter. The pre-historic method of transportation mostly consisted of walking and swimming (when required). Gradually man learned to use animals to carry himself as well as his belongings. Use of animals as means of transportation was revolutionized by the invention of the wheel. The wheel can be given the credit for changing the whole concept of traveling and transportation. With time, man wanted speed as well as capacity in his transportation. This need as well as the man's curious nature subsequently led to the invention of various machines like steam engines and aircraft. The evolution of transportation can be broadly divided into 4 categories based on their medium. Land Transport: Transportation by road is probably the oldest method of transportation and travel. As early as the prehistoric times, man knew how to walk, both on twos and fours. After the invention of wheels, road transport revolutionized in a big way. Roads 'literally' were first constructed by Romans in order to enable the armies to travel faster. Roads

made the use of wheels very comfortable which was otherwise inconvenient and uncomfortable on rugged surfaces. When it came to ice, land transport has always consisted of only and only sledges. Initially, sledges were pulled by animals and with the advent of machines, animals were relieved of this burden. Still animals are widely used in many places. Now coming back to roads, man kept inventing means that would speed the process, giving birth to machines like bicycles, buggies and later, cars and various machinery using engines. Transportation was very slow and costly till the Industrial revolution. After the revolution, transportation changed thoroughly. The invention of engines in this time period (steam and fuel) subsequently led to inventions of vehicles of different capacities and speeds. So today we have cars, trucks, buses, bikes and many more machines that help us travel and transport faster and more efficiently. Water Transport: Historically, water transportation became very important because of man's tendency to settle down around water bodies. Important cities were established along the banks of rivers and shores of oceans in order to make sure that the civilization never ran out of both food and water. Transportation actually came into picture when man discovered his business skills and also when man's greed to conquer and rule grew. Some people traveled to learn and some traveled to fight. Both ways human beings had to find means of transportation on water. Initially, it was simpler; boats were constructed by tying bamboo shafts together. But this was a very basic invention and came handy when traveling for short distances. With the passing time and rising need, man learned to create bigger boats that used manpower or winds for propagation. Man is known to have traveled far and wide using boats and ships. Even wars on seas are reported as old as 30 BC. The invention of engines revolutionized this mode as greatly as any other mode of transport. These days, huge ships travel the lengths of ocean in the form of either the naval forces of a country or luxurious cruise ships, a style statement for the rich and famous. They are unsinkable cities that are propelled by huge engines, on the water surface. This is however, a slow medium of transportation these days, as compared to many others that have come into picture. But who wants to hurry up when he is actually inside a five star cruise which is as good as a complete city with no flaws at all? Rail Transport: The usage of rails for the purpose of transportation started around 500 years ago. Initially, it consisted of man or horse power and sometimes also of rails made of wood. The modern railway system finds its origin in England in early 1800s. Historically it was known as wagon way and its traces have been found as early as 600 BC in Greece. The Greek system also used wagons that were pulled by either men or animals on the grooves made in limestone. Making of grooves on flat surfaces made the wagons follow a particular path without being manually directed to do so. In their initial days, they were only 6-9 kms long. There are discoveries that indicate their use in the Roman empire also. As the centuries passed, man invented various machines that helped the growth of railways indirectly. Like the invention of steam engine gave rail transportation a new meaning and remained an astounding invention of the century, that was upgraded only in late 1900s by the fuel engine. Railways these days form the backbone of any given economy. They are a very fast and economic way of travel as well as transport through huge distances. Air Transport and Space Travel: Man has always been a very curious and revolting child of God. He has always wanted to possess things he doesn't have. This characteristic invariably gave way to many inventions that have made (and will continue making) our lives easier and luxurious every day. One of the most revolutionizing inventions of the history of mankind is airplanes. It was invented by the Wright brothers in 1903. Since their invention, it has been modified and glorified into the fastest known method of transportation and travel. A man can now think of traveling thousands of miles in just a few hours. This would have sounded like a wild dream a few centuries ago but man's curiosity and willingness have made it a reality. Inventions and discoveries of fuels, that are efficient both in terms of money and usage, have given man easy accessibility to this mode of transport. Nowadays, even a common man can dream of taking a plane home.

These days, air transport is not only being used to connect two places on Earth, but it is also being used in connecting two random places in the Universe. The inventions and discoveries have led man to travel to the moon and learn about it. Hence, the most speculated phenomenon since ages, 'The Moon' is no longer a mystery, thanks to the Jet Age or shall we say the Space Age. Transportation is one of the very initial processes that man started. The history of transportation cannot be dated back to an exact time period. But we can easily assume, that it has existed since man wanted to move around and explore. So one can guess how old this process is and one can also be sure how long this process will go on. It can easily be concluded that the process of transportation is as old as man himself and will remain till man exists on the face of the Earth.

By Chaitra Suraj Saxena

What are different types of transportation?

Cars, trucks, SUV's Motorcycles, 4 Wheelers Boats, ships Trains, trolley, Tram Buses Airplanes, helicopters Bicycles Subway Skateboards, snowboards Canoe Sled, dog sled,cross country ski,ski Hovercraft Submarine Horse, other animals Hot air balloon Sleigh, carriage Rocket, shuttle Metro line,taxi

Mode of transport
Air Land Road Rail Water

Mode of transport
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Part of a series on

Transport

Modes

Animal-powered

Aviation

Cable

Human-powered

Pipeline

Rail

Road

Ship Space Topics

History

Outline Transport portal

Mode of transport (or means of or transport mode or transport modality or form of transport) is a term used to distinguish substantially different ways to performtransport. The most dominant modes of transport are aviation, land transport, which includes rail, road and off-road transport, and ship transport. Other modes also exist, including pipelines, cable transport, and space transport. Humanpowered transport and animal-powered transport are sometimes regarded as their own mode, but these normally also fall into the other categories. Each mode of transport has a fundamentally different technological solution, and some require a separate environment. Each mode has its own infrastructure, vehicles, andoperations, and often has unique regulations. Each mode also has separate subsystems. A subsystem is a group of many parts that make up one part. All modes of transportation have 6 subsystems. They are: Propulsion, Suspension, Control, Guidance, Structural, and Support. Transport using more than one mode is described as intermodal. Transportation that carries around many people and can be used by the public is known as Mass Transportation.

[edit]Air

Main article: Aviation

Air France Airbus A318 landing atLondon Heathrow Airport

A fixed-wing aircraft, typically airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both a fixed-wing and rotarywing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo aircraft.

The shape of the wing causes air to travel faster over its upper surface. This reduces air pressure above the wing. It also helps increase the pressure on the wings lower surface, pushing it upward and creating lift. Air transport is the second fastest method of transport, after spacecraft. Commercial jets can reach speeds of up to 955 kilometres per hour (593 mph), while single-engine piston aircraft may reach up to 555 kilometres per hour (345 mph). Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places, helicopters can be used.[1] WHO estimates that up to 500,000 people are on planes at any time.[2]
[edit]Land

Main article: Ground transportation See also: Off-road transport

[edit]Rail

Main article: Rail transport

German ICE 1 on the NurembergMunich high-speed railway

Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail track, known as a railway or railroad. The rails are anchored perpendicular to railroad train consists of one or more connected vehicles that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The locomotive can be powered by steam, dieselor by electricity supplied by trackside systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity,pneumatics and gas turbines. Railed vehicles move with much

less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as ships. Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;[3] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially built track. Regional andcommuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramwaysand rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominant solution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated trains.
[edit]Road

Main article: Road transport

Traffic on the Eastshore Freeway(Interstate 80) near Berkeley, California, United States

A road is an identifiable route,through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.[4] The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles worldwide.[citation needed] Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.[5] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.
[edit]Water

Main article: Ship transport

Car ferry in Split, Croatia

Water transport is the process of transport that a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship orsailboat, makes over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. If a boat or other vessel can successfully pass through a waterway it is known as a navigable waterway. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance. When a boat is floating on the water the hull of the boat is pushing aside water where the hull now is, this is known as displacement. In the 1800s, the first steamboats were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now, most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans. Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Commercial vessels, nearly 35,000 in number, carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2007.[6] Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for transcontinental shipping;[7] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.[8][9]
[edit]Other

modes

The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Systemconveys crude oil from the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field to Valdez, Alaska

Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can also send solid capsules using compressed air. For liquids/gases, any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural gas. Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyortransport. Space transport is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of aspacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific experiments. However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been sent to all the planets of the Solar System.
[edit]Components

of a mode of transport

A transport mode is a combination of the following:

Transportation infrastructure: thoroughfares, networks, hubs (stations, bus terminals, airport terminals), etc. Vehicles and containers: automobiles, motorcycles, trucks, wagons, trains, ships, and aircraft A stationary or mobile workforce Propulsion system and power supply (traction) Operations: driving, management, traffic signals, railway signalling, air traffic control, etc.

[edit]