Course Manual 2011-2012

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
COURSE INFORMATION MANUAL
MSc in THERMAL POWER 2011/2012
Course Director: Professor Pericles Pilidis
https://intranet.cranfield.ac.uk/Students/Pages/default.aspx
This document should be read in conjunction with the School of Engineerings Students Information CD 2011/2012
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING MSc COURSE INFORMATION MANUAL
October 2011
Dear Course Member
Welcome to the Department of Power and Propulsion within the School of Engineering (SoE). This document contains information about the Thermal Power MSc course and those available to help you. Please look at it carefully and keep it for future reference. If you have problems please contact the appropriate member of staff or the Course Administrator.
We will see quite a lot of each other in the forthcoming year and we all look forward to working with you and to several enjoyable social occasions.
The staff at Cranfield hope you will have a successful and pleasant year with us and we welcome this opportunity to make a contribution to your career development.
ACADEMIC/ SUPPORT STAFF

Head of School of Engineering Professor Phil John Secretary: Ms Lisa Rice tel ext: 4769 Building 83
Head of Department of Power and Propulsion & MSc Thermal Power Course Director Professor Pericles Pilidis Whittle Building/Room 142 tel ext: 4646 email: p.pilidis@cranfield.ac.uk Secretary to Professor Pilidis & Department Administrator: Mrs G Hargreaves Tel ext: 4765 Email: g.hargreaves@cranfield.ac.uk Head of Gas Turbine Engineering and Technology Group Professor R Singh Secretary: Mrs Maria Negus tel ext: 4740 email: m.negus@cranfield.ac.uk Head of GT Engineering Dr. D. MacManus
Ext: 4735 Email: d.g.macmanus@cranfield.ac.uk
Whittle Building /Room 140
Whittle Building /Room312
Consultant GT Technology Programmes Dr Ken Ramsden tel. ext. 4712 email: k.w.ramsden@cranfield.ac.uk Manager - G T Education Mrs Claire Bellis tel ext: 4764 email: c.bellis@cranfield.ac.uk MSc Course Administrator Mr Joshua Redmond tel ext: 5339 email: j.redmond@cranfield.ac.uk MSc Course Administrator Mrs Many Hong Tel ext: 4747 e.mail: d.m.hong@cranfield.ac.uk
Whittle Building/Room 321
ACADEMIC STAFF:
Dr Abdulamajid Addali Research Fellow Tel ext: 4602 Email: a.addali@cranfield.ac.uk Dr Joao Amaral Teixeira Lecturer tel ext: 4679 email: j.a.amaral.teixeira@cranfield.ac.uk Dr Ossama Badr Course Director: Process System Engineering tel ext: 4766 email: o.badr@cranfield.ac.uk Dr G Di Lorenzo Research Fellow g.dilorenzo@cranfield.ac.uk Dr Georgios Doulgeris Research Fellow tel ext: 4636 email:g.doulgeris@cranfield.ac.uk Dr E Goodger (Part-time) Fuels & Combustion Specialist. tel ext: 5292 Dr David Hammond Senior Scientist & Manager Icing Tunnel tel ext: 4651 email: d.w.hammond@cranfield.ac.uk Mr Tony Haslam (Part-time) Mechanical Integrity Specialist Tel ext 5292 Dr AJB Jackson (Part-time) Tel ext: 5292 Home number 01332 841 110 Dr Jenny Kingston Lecturer tel ext: 4703 email: j.kingston@cranfield.ac.uk Dr Panos Laskaridis Lecturer tel ext: 4643 email: p.laskaridis@cranfield.ac.uk
Whittle Building/Room 130 Whittle Building/Room 135
Whittle Building /Room322
Whittle Building
Dr Ivan Li Lecturer tel ext 4723 email: i.y.li@cranfield.ac.uk Dr Vassilios Pachidis Head GT Engineering & Technology Group Deputy Director of UTC tel ext: 5663 email: v.pachidis@cranfield.ac.uk Professor Mark Savill Head Power & Propulsion Sciences Group tel ext : 4752 email : mark.savill@cranfield.ac.uk Dr Bobby Sethi Research Fellow tel ext: 8270 email: v.sethi.2003@cranfield.ac.uk Dr Pavlos Zachos Research Fellow tel ext: 4633 email: p.zachos@cranfield.ac.uk External Contributors Professor John Evans Dr Denis Griffiths Mr Brian Hardy-Bishop Mr Ian James Dr Timos Kipouros Mr Ken Langley Dr Hisham Mashmoushy Mr R Parkinson Dr P Rubini Mr Tony Salisbury Mr Noel Seyb Mr Peter Wharton Mr Darrell Williams Dr Martin Yates
LIST OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ..8

1.1 AIMS OF CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY .8 1.2 SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING MISSION STATEMENT ..8 1.3 COURSE AIMS ..8 1.4 THE DEPARTMENT OF POWER AND PROPULSION AN OVERVIEW.9 1.4.1 Introduction .9 1.4.2 Sponsored Research 9 1.4.3 Continuing Professional Development ..........10
2.0 THERMAL POWER MSC .11

2.1 COURSE AIMS AND INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES 11 2.2 PROGRAMME SPECIFICATIONS 12 2.3 MSC THERMAL POWER COURSE DESCRIPTION .30 2.3.1 MSC Thermal Power Course Options 30 2.3.2 Course Structure 31 2.3.3 Credit Structure ..31 2.3.4 Choosing Your Course Options ..36
3.0 OTHER ELEMENTS OF THE COURSE, REGULATIONS AND PROCEDURES ...37

3.1 PRESENTATIONS AND SEMINARS 37 3.2 ATTENDANCE AT LECTURES AND ASSESSMENTS .37 3.3 ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES .37 3.3.1 Assessment of Individual MSc Theses 37 3.4 MINIMUM MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS .38 3.5 QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTORS FOR NON-NUMERICAL COURSEWORK AND PROJECT WORK ......39 3.6 EXAMINATION RESIT POLICY .....41 3.7 PLAGIARISM AND COLLABORATION ....41 3.8 THESIS/RESARCH PROJECT ..42
4.0 ACADEMIC YEAR ACTIVITIES ..43

4.1 INTRODUCTORY TRAINING SESSIONS ...43 4.1.1 KINGS NORTON LIBRARY .43 4.1.2 INTRODUCTION TO CRANFIELD COMPUTER CENTRE SYSTEM ..44 .
4.2 4.1.2a PC-CCNT Training 44 4.1.2b FORTRAN ..44 4.1.3 CAREERS SERVICE PRESENTATION .44
PRESENTATIONS ...44
4.2.1 4.2.2 Seminar Presentations 44 Project Progress Presentations .45
4.3 MANAGEMENT FOR TECHNOLOGY COURSE ..45 4.4 COMPRESSOR BLADING LECTURES AND WORKSHOPS ...46 4.5 ORIGIN OF LOADS AND TURBINE BLADE DESIGN LECTURES .46 4.6 WRITTEN EXAMINATIONS .46 5.0 THESIS, ORALS AND RESEARCH POSTER ..48 5.1 Thesis Project ..48 5.2. MSc Thesis Submission Date ..48 5.3. Thesis Hand-in Procedure 48
5.4 Thesis Orals and Poster Presentation ..49
6.0 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION

6.1 Course Members Representative..50 6.2 Absence .50 6.3 Illness .50 6.4 REFERENCES AND STUDY CONFIRMATIONS...50
APPENDIX A - PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING 52 APPENDIX B - MODULE DESCRIPTORS ... 61 APPENDIX C - FORMS ...86 APPENDIX D - PROJECT TOPICS .94
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 AIMS OF CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY The general aims of the University are: to advance, disseminate and apply learning and knowledge in science, technology and management; to promote and encourage the application of that knowledge and learning.
1.2 SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING MISSION STATEMENT The Aim of the School of Engineering is to continue to be an International Centre of Relevance and Leadership in postgraduate education, research, design development and management in selected areas of engineering and applied science, working in partnership with industry and government. In its teaching provision, the Schools aim is to deliver a postgraduate education which is of a high academic standard leading to the acquisition of employable skills at an advanced professional level in areas of practical economic relevance. The aim of the School in its research programme is to provide an advanced engineering and engineering science base, in collaboration and with the support of industry and Government, and to use this base to further the academic and business development of the School
1.3 COURSE AIMS Britain is a world leader and a major exporter in the international fields of propulsion and power. This industrial prowess requires a strong multidisciplinary academic base. The aim of the Thermal Power M.Sc. is to provide the skills required for a challenging career in this field.
1.4 THE DEPARTMENT OF POWER AND PROPULSION AN OVERVIEW

1.4.1 Introduction The Thermal Power MSc is one of the major activities of the Department of Power and Propulsion at Cranfield. The School runs, arguably, the largest university based gas turbine activity of its kind. The Thermal Power MSc is a major beneficiary of this activity. Other elements include the Gas Turbine Continuing Professional Development programme, Research and Consultancy. These elements each strengthen one another. Strong industrial links are a feature of the Cranfield gas turbine activity. These have enabled Cranfield to provide a very good service to industry by providing a continuous update of technical developments and contacts. The wholly post-graduate nature of Cranfield fosters a very responsive climate for industrial research and the rapid adaptation to changing research needs is an important factor in the successful development of the University as a whole. Active advanced course teaching, through the MSc. programmes and a wide range of specialist short courses, maintains the momentum of academic change The main activities of the Department are: Sponsored Research and Consultancy Gas Turbine Continuing Professional Development (CPD) Programme MSc Thermal Power
1.4.2 Sponsored Research The research undertaken by the Department can be broadly characterised as either academic, in the sense of comparatively lengthy programme duration and course member involvement, or industrial, centred on the professional research staff. An extensive range of programmes are currently running which involve sponsorship or direct contract support through industrial companies and government bodies. The School of Engineering maintains an impressive range of specialist test facilities which, combined with the professional skills of the staff within the various groups, offers a high quality, comprehensive research facility in key energy and power related fields. High pressure and high mass flow rate air supplies, for example, permit the realistic simulation of gas turbine operation in relation to both aerodynamic components, turbomachinery and combustion. The application of advanced laser diagnostic techniques and computational modelling of the flow and thermodynamic problems arising in these components is a particular interest in the Department.
1.4.2 Sponsored Research (continued) Especially active areas of study currently in the gas turbine field relate to the following: Low emissions combustor design, in relation to both NOx and smoke. Computational fluid dynamics applied to internal flows, both isothermal and combusting High density and high intensity gas turbine combustion chamber performance Variable geometry compressor cascade performance Design and assessment of advanced industrial gas turbine cycles Heat transfer and erosion studies of nozzle guide vanes and turbine blades. Gas turbine performance and diagnostics Gas turbine simulation Gas turbine mechanical integrity and lifing studies
1.4.3 Continuing Professional Development An important element of the Gas Turbine activity in SoE is the Continuing Professional Development Programme. The Department runs a large portfolio of advanced Gas Turbine Technology short courses, focusing on the design, performance and operation of the gas turbine engine, its components and its integration within the aircraft and power systems. These courses fall into three major categories: overall plant performance component design and performance gas turbine end user issues
A large proportion of these short courses are run at Cranfield on a regular yearly basis. The remainder are special courses offered in the U.K. and abroad in response to demands from industrial and government organisations. These courses attract large numbers of professionals each year. A full list of CPD course run by the Department of Power and Propulsion can be found at http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/soe/shortcourses/gas-turbine/index.html Thermal Power MSc Course Members are welcome to take part in this activity provided they obtain the agreement of their supervisor and the Short Course Director. An application form for this purpose is attached in appendix C of this manual. Once permission has been received, please return the completed form to Mrs Faye Winstanley, no later than the end of the 7th week of the first term. After this date it will not be possible to secure places on the courses. Please note that given the nature of the CPD programme, only a small number can be accepted on each course. Please note that whilst there is no charge for MSc Thermal Power Course Members attending a short course, there is a charge for lunches and dinners should a student wish to attend these For further information on CPD, please contact Mrs Faye Winstanley, CPD Administrator, (Ext: 4683).
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2.0 THERMAL POWER MSC

INTRODUCTION The rapid controlled release of large quantities of energy in a compact device, features characteristic of the turbulent burning of fossil fuels, remains a key element in most transportation, power generation and manufacturing processes. Pressures for improved fuel economy and performance, diversification of fuel sources and concerns regarding the exhaust emissions from such sources make Thermal Power a most challenging field, occupying a central position in industry. The fine control of this energy release and the extraction of useful mechanical work via rotating or reciprocating machinery involve the complex interplay of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and mechanical design. The aircraft gas turbine epitomises the advanced technology needed to achieve these goals and forms a significant part of the teaching and research within the Department. Increasingly the gas turbine finds application in non-aeronautical areas - for example, in marine propulsion, for industrial processing in combined heat and power systems, in off-shore pumping and power generation for the oil and gas industries. These developments are reflected in specialist course options within the Thermal Power programme. 2.1 COURSE AIMS AND INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES The major objective of the MSc Thermal Power course is to provide MSc.graduates with the necessary skills and background to make them attractive to employers in the Thermal Power Sector and so that they can make an immediate impact in a demanding workplace. These skills include: Technical Skills - Detailed technical knowledge of the gas turbine - Understanding of the applications of gas turbine engines - Technical analysis and computational tools Generic Skills - Introduction to management skills and project management - Ability to work independently and within an organisation - Presentation experience On successful completion of the course a graduate will be able to Make better decisions in a very advanced technology field using the all-round knowledge imparted in the course and the skills acquired in the thesis project. These skills have made Thermal Power MSc graduates very attractive to organisations in the arena of power and propulsion. The intended learning outcomes are set out in the Programme Specifications which follow.
DETAILED INFORMATION OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING ARE CONTAINED IN APPENDIX A OF THIS MANUAL.
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2.2 PROGRAMME SPECIFICATIONS
2.2.1 MSc in Thermal Power (Gas Turbine Technology Option)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Date last updated Awarding institution Teaching institution Course accredited by (if applicable) Final qualification Course title UCAS Code (UG courses only) Relevant QAA subject benchmark statement(s) Course aims September 2004 Cranfield University Cranfield University IMechE Master of Science (MSc) Gas Turbine Technology N/A N/A
(1) To provide graduates with the in-depth knowledge and skills to meet the needs of the gas turbine and related industries through high technology courses that are focused on the gas turbine engine and associated technologies. (2) To enable graduates to make better informed decisions in an advanced technology field using the all-round knowledge imparted on the course (3) To enable graduates to make an immediate impact in demanding workplaces using the knowledge gained on the course (4) To provide the skills required to enhance the careers of graduates in a challenging field of high technology
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Intended learning outcomes and the means by which they are achieved and demonstrated A. Knowledge & understanding Teaching/learning methods & strategy Understand the design, performance, operation and maintenance requirements of complex gas turbine engines, their components and The course is primarily delivered through the medium of lectures and associated equipment. seminars. However, where appropriate, tutorial sessions, workshop Demonstrate a working knowledge of gas turbine cycles and seminars, practical laboratory sessions and oral presentation to peers on performance under steady-state and transient conditions. a researched topic are used to enhance the learning experience. In Identify candidate materials for particular applications in gas turbine addition, the simulation and diagnostics module requires the hands-on engines recognising their relative merits and limitations. use of specialist software. A wider understanding of the subject matter is reinforced by industrial visits, invited lectures and assessed exercises Appreciate the function and design requirements of current and future throughout the taught elements of the course. gas turbine engine systems. Critically assess the mechanical design and integrity of the major gas turbine components and identify methods of improving the mechanical Assessment integrity and safety of existing designs. Appreciate the interaction between the gas turbine engine/jet engine Formal examinations, assignments and oral presentations are used to and its host airframe, intake and exhaust system. assess student performance where appropriate. Assessment strategies Demonstrate a working knowledge of the aerodynamic design of are appropriate to specific subject areas and have been developed over turbomachinery cascades for both the compressors and turbines of gas time. In general, the more academic subjects are assessed by turbine engines. examination and vocationally based subjects by assignment. Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of combustion chemistry, the combustion process as encountered in practice and the In the engine systems course, students are required to write a paper on a influence of fuel properties on combustion performance. selected engine system and to present the paper at a symposium. The Apply the basic concepts and theories of heat transfer and cooling technical content of the written paper and the presentation are the basis technologies to the cooling of turbine blades. of the assessment. Demonstrate a critical awareness of current research and development in the field of gas turbine technology.
On successful completion of the course a student will be able to:
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B. Skills & other attributes Teaching/learning methods & strategy The skills are developed throughout the course through various activities associated with the lecture courses, assignments, group based exercises, project work, presentations and interaction with external agencies. The engine systems symposium is organised entirely by the students and is a team activity involving the marketing the symposium to external delegates and the raising of funds to cover its cost. Students are encouraged to start their projects as early as possible and to learn independently through research, consultation with subject matter experts both within and outside the university and through frequent contact with their supervisor. Assessment The application of the skills is assessed through the formal assessment process and by continuous assessment which takes place throughout the course by assignments, oral presentations and group activities. The research thesis is examined on the basis of literature survey, effort, application and results, analysis, discussion, conclusions and originality. In addition to having to present 3 oral progress reports to their peers during the year, students are also subject to a viva voce examination on technical aspects of their thesis.
Use appropriate computer based tools such as CFD, FEM and simulation software for the design and evaluation of gas turbine engines and their components. Effectively manage time to produce work to a required schedule. Present technical work in an acceptable written format. Make oral presentations to an expert audience and defend technical work. Appreciate the cost, management and social effects of engineering decisions. Work effectively either as an individual or as a member of a team to produce solutions to engineering problems. Employ appropriate methods to identify and solve engineering problems. Critically evaluate and select appropriate information in the compilation of research literature. Effectively manage a project by planning work, imposing deadlines and ensuring that they are met. Liaise with subject matter experts from industry to elicit information and assistance in project work. Confidently make well-informed decisions on operational and economic aspects of gas turbine operation. Undertake a research project and write a thesis on a gas turbine related topic to include a literature survey, analysis, evaluation of results and discussion as appropriate. Make effective and immediate contributions to the work of a prospective employer.
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Course structure, content & assessment scheme Entry requirements
See Section 2.3 1st or 2nd class honours degree in a science, mathematics based or engineering subject or their international equivalent. An individual with an HNC/HND or equivalent with considerable industrial experience may also be considered. (IELTS 6.5, TOEFL 580/237, TOEIC 830) Professor P Pilidis
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Course Director/Academic Leader (proposed at course approval stage)
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2.2.2 MSc in Thermal Power (Aerospace Propulsion Option)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Date last updated Awarding institution Teaching institution Course accredited by (if applicable) Final qualification Course title UCAS Code (UG courses only) Relevant QAA subject benchmark statement(s) Course aims September 2004 Cranfield University Cranfield University IMechE/RAeS Master of Science (MSc) Aerospace Propulsion N/A N/A
(1) To provide graduates with the in-depth knowledge and skills to meet the needs of the aero-gas turbine and related industries through high technology courses that are focused on the jet engine and associated technologies. (2) To enable graduates to make better informed decisions in an advanced technology field using the all-round knowledge imparted on the course (3) To enable graduates to make an immediate impact in demanding workplaces using the knowledge gained on the course (4) To provide the skills required to enhance the careers of graduates in a challenging field of high technology
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Intended learning outcomes and the means by which they are achieved and demonstrated A. Knowledge & understanding Teaching/learning methods & strategy Understand the design, performance, operation and maintenance requirementsof complex gas turbine engines, their components and The course is primarily delivered through the medium of lectures and associated equipment. seminars. However, where appropriate, tutorial sessions, workshop Demonstrate a working knowledge of gas turbine cycles and seminars, practical laboratory sessions and oral presentation to peers on performance under steady-state and transient conditions. a researched topic are used to enhance the learning experience. In Appreciate the function and design requirements of current and future addition, the simulation and diagnostics module requires the hands-on gas turbine engine systems. use of specialist software that has been developed at Cranfield. A wider understanding of the subject matter is reinforced by industrial visits, Critically assess the mechanical design and integrity of the major gas turbine components and identify methods of improving the mechanical invited lectures and assessed exercises throughout the taught elements of the course. integrity and safety of existing designs. Appreciate the interaction between the gas turbine engine/jet engine and its host airframe, intake and exhaust system. Assessment Demonstrate a working knowledge of the aerodynamic design of turbomachinery blading for both the compressors and turbines of gas Formal examinations, assignments and oral presentations are used to turbine engines. assess student performance. Assessment strategies are appropriate to Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of combustion specific subject areas and have been developed over time. In general, chemistry, the combustion process as encountered in practice and the the more academic subjects are assessed through examination and influence of fuel properties on combustion performance. vocationally based subjects by assignment. Understand the thermofluid dynamic concepts underlying rocket and air-breathing space propulsion and their implications for launch vehicle In the engine systems course, students are required to write a paper on a and spacecraft system performance and design. Appreciate the function and design requirements of spacecraft systems selected engine system and to present the paper at an open symposium. The technical content of the written paper and the presentation are the in relation to their environment, power requirements and control. basis of the assessment. Demonstrate a critical awareness of current research and development in the field of aero-gas turbine technology.
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B. Skills & other attributes Teaching/learning methods & strategy The skills are developed throughout the course through various activities associated with the lecture courses, assignments, group based exercises, project work, presentations and interaction with external agencies. The engine systems symposium is organised entirely by the students and is a team activity involving the marketing of the conference to external delegates and the raising of funds to cover its cost. Students are encouraged to start their projects as early as possible and to learn independently through research, consultation with subject matter experts both within and outside the university and through frequent contact with their supervisor. Assessment The application of the skills is assessed through the formal assessment process and by continuous assessment which takes place throughout the course by assignments, oral presentations and group activities. The research thesis is examined on the basis of literature survey, effort, application and results, analysis, discussion, conclusions and originality. In addition to having to present 3 oral progress reports to their peers throughout the year, students are also subject to a viva voce examination on technical aspects of their thesis.
Use appropriate computer based tools such as CFD, FEM and simulation software for the design and evaluation of gas turbine engines and their components Effectively manage time to produce work to a required schedule. Present technical work in an acceptable written format. Make oral presentations to an expert audience and defend technical work. Appreciate the cost, management and social effects of engineering decisions. Work effectively either as an individual or as a member of a team to produce solutions to engineering problems Employ appropriate methods to identify and solve engineering problems. Critically evaluate and select appropriate information in the compilation of research literature. Effectively manage a project by planning work, imposing deadlines and ensuring that they are met. Liaise with subject matter experts from industry to elicit information and assistance in project work Confidently make well-informed decisions on operational and economic aspects of gas turbine operation Undertake a research project and write a thesis on a gas turbine related topic to include a literature survey, analysis, evaluation of results and discussion as appropriate. Make an effective and immediate contribution to the work of a prospective employer
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See section 2.3 1st or 2nd class honours degree in a science, mathematics based or engineering subject or their international equivalent. An individual with an HNC/HND or equivalent with considerable industrial experience may also be considered. (IELTS 6.5, TOEFL 580/237, TOEIC 830) Professor P Pilidis
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2.2.3 MSc in Thermal Power (Rotating Machinery Engineering and Management Option)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Date last updated Awarding institution Teaching institution Course accredited by (if applicable) Final qualification Course title UCAS Code (UG courses only) Relevant QAA subject benchmark statement(s) Course aims (1) To provide graduates with the in-depth knowledge and skills to meet the needs of the power production, oil and gas and related industries through high technology courses that are focused on gas turbine engines and associated technologies. (2) To enable graduates to make better informed decisions in an advanced technology field using the all-round knowledge imparted on the course. (3) To enable graduates to make an immediate impact in demanding workplaces using the knowledge gained on the course. (4) To provide the skills required to enhance the careers of graduates in a challenging field of high technology. September 2004 Cranfield University Cranfield University IMechE Master of Science (MSc) Rotating Machinery Engineering and Management N/A N/A
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Intended learning outcomes and the means by which they are achieved and demonstrated
A. Knowledge & understanding Teaching/learning methods & strategy Understand the design, performance, operation and maintenance requirementsof complex gas turbine engines, their components and The course is primarily delivered through the medium of lectures and associated equipment. seminars. However, where appropriate, tutorial sessions, workshop Demonstrate a knowledge of the basic concepts and theories of seminars, practical laboratory sessions and oral presentation to peers on combustion emissions, the greenhouse effect and the technology a researched topic are used to enhance the learning experience. In available for the reduction of combustion emissions. addition, the simulation and diagnostics module requires the hands-on Understand the design, operation, maintenance and the safety issues use of specialist software. A wider understanding of the subject matter is concerning different driven equipment such as electric motors, reinforced by industrial visits, invited lectures and assessed exercises generators, pumps, gas compressors and ship propellers. throughout the course. Demonstrate a working knowledge of gas turbine cycles and performance under steady-state and transient conditions. Assessment Appreciate the function and design requirements of current and future gas turbine engine systems. Formal examinations, assignments and oral presentations are used to Critically assess the mechanical design and integrity of the major gas turbine components and identify methods of improving the mechanical assess student performance. Assessment strategies are appropriate to specific subject areas and have been developed over time. In general, integrity and safety of existing designs. the more academic subjects are assessed through examination and Appreciate the interaction between the gas turbine engine/jet engine vocationally based subjects by assignment. and its host airframe, intake and exhaust system. Demonstrate a working knowledge of the aerodynamic design of In the engine systems course, students are required to write a paper on a turbomachinery blading for both the compressors and turbines of gas selected engine system and to present the paper at a symposium. The turbine engines. technical content of the written paper and the presentation are the basis Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of combustion of the assessment. chemistry, the combustion process as encountered in practice and the influence of fuel properties on combustion performance. Apply management skills to financial issues, project organisation and control, marketing, negotiation and presentation. Demonstrate a critical awareness of current research and development in the field of gas turbine technology.
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B. Skills & other attributes

Teaching/learning methods & strategy The skills are developed throughout the course through various activities associated with the lecture courses, assignments, group based exercises, project work, presentations and interaction with external agencies. The engine systems symposium is organised entirely by the students and is a team activity involving the marketing of the conference to external delegates and the raising of funds to cover its cost. Students are encouraged to start their projects as early as possible and to learn independently through research, consultation with subject matter experts both within and outside the university and through frequent contact with their supervisor.
Use appropriate computer based tools such as CFD, FEM and simulation software for the design and evaluation of gas turbine engines and their components. Effectively manage time to produce work to a required schedule. Present technical work in an acceptable written format. Make oral presentations to an expert audience and defend technical work. Appreciate the cost, management and social effects of engineering decisions. Work effectively either as an individual or as a member of a team to produce solutions to engineering problems. Employ appropriate methods to identify and solve engineering problems. Critically evaluate and select appropriate information in the compilation of research literature. Effectively manage a project by planning work, imposing deadlines and ensuring that they are met. Liaise with subject matter experts from industry to elicit information and assistance in project work Confidently make well-informed decisions on operational and economic aspects of gas turbine operation.
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Assessment Undertake a research project and write a thesis on a gas turbine related topic to include a literature survey, analysis, evaluation of results and discussion as appropriate. Make an effective and immediate contribution to the work of a prospective employer The application of the skills is assessed through the formal assessment process and by continuous assessment which takes place throughout the course by assignments, oral presentations and group activities. The research thesis is examined on the basis of literature survey, effort, application and results, analysis, discussion, conclusions and originality. In addition to having to present 3 oral progress reports to their peers during the year, students are also subject to a viva voce examination on technical aspects of their thesis.
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See Section 2.3 1st or 2nd class honours degree in a science, mathematics based or engineering subject or their international equivalent. An individual with an HNC/HND or equivalent with considerable industrial experience may also be considered. (IELTS 6.5, TOEFL 580/237, TOEIC 830) Professor P Pilidis
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2.2.4 MSc in Thermal Power (Power, Propulsion and the
Environment Option)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Date last updated Awarding institution Teaching institution Course accredited by (if applicable) Final qualification Course title UCAS Code (UG courses only) Relevant QAA subject benchmark statement(s) Course aims (1) To provide graduates with the in-depth knowledge and skills to meet the needs of the power production, oil and gas and related industries through high technology courses that are focused on gas turbine engines and associated technologies vis--vis their environmental impact and mitigation. (2) To enable graduates to make better informed decisions in an advanced technology field using the all-round knowledge imparted on the course. (3) To enable graduates to make an immediate impact in demanding workplaces using the knowledge gained on the course. (4) To provide the skills required to enhance the careers of graduates in a challenging field of high technology. April 2008 Cranfield University Cranfield University IMechE Master of Science (MSc) Power Propulsion and the Environment N/A N/A
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Intended learning outcomes and the means by which they are achieved and demonstrated A. Knowledge & understanding Teaching/learning methods & strategy Understand the design, performance, operation and maintenance requirements of complex gas turbine engines, their components and The course is primarily delivered through the medium of lectures and associated equipment. seminars. However, where appropriate, tutorial sessions, workshop Evaluate the human impact on the environment and updated knowledge seminars, practical laboratory sessions and oral presentation to peers on of pollution control equipment and environmental management systems a researched topic are used to enhance the learning experience. In and tools addition, the simulation and diagnostics module requires the hands-on Demonstrate a knowledge of the basic concepts and theories of use of specialist software. A wider understanding of the subject matter is combustion emissions, the greenhouse effect and the technology reinforced by industrial visits, invited lectures and assessed exercises available for the reduction of combustion emissions. throughout the course. Demonstrate a working knowledge of gas turbine cycles and performance under steady-state and transient conditions. Assessment Appreciate the function and design requirements of current and future gas turbine engine systems. Formal examinations, assignments and oral presentations are used to Critically assess the mechanical design and integrity of the major gas turbine components and identify methods of improving the mechanical assess student performance. Assessment strategies are appropriate to specific subject areas and have been developed over time. In general, integrity and safety of existing designs. the more academic subjects are assessed through examination and Appreciate the interaction between the gas turbine engine/jet engine vocationally based subjects by assignment. and its host airframe, intake and exhaust system. Demonstrate a working knowledge of the aerodynamic design of In the engine systems course, students are required to write a paper on a turbomachinery blading for both the compressors and turbines of gas selected engine system and to present the paper at a symposium. The turbine engines. technical content of the written paper and the presentation are the basis Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of combustion of the assessment. chemistry, the combustion process as encountered in practice and the influence of fuel properties on combustion performance. Apply management skills to financial issues, project organisation and control, marketing, negotiation and presentation. Demonstrate a critical awareness of current research and development in the field of gas turbine technology.
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B. Skills & other attributes

Teaching/learning methods & strategy The skills are developed throughout the course through various activities associated with the lecture courses, assignments, group based exercises, project work, presentations and interaction with external agencies. The engine systems symposium is organised entirely by the students and is a team activity involving the marketing of the conference to external delegates and the raising of funds to cover its cost. Students are encouraged to start their projects as early as possible and to learn independently through research, consultation with subject matter experts both within and outside the university and through frequent contact with their supervisor.
Use appropriate computer based tools such as CFD and simulation software for the design and evaluation of gas turbine engines and their components. Effectively manage time to produce work to a required schedule. Present technical work in an acceptable written format. Make oral presentations to an expert audience and defend technical work. Appreciate the cost, management and social effects of engineering decisions. Work effectively either as an individual or as a member of a team to produce solutions to engineering problems. Employ appropriate methods to identify and solve engineering problems. Critically evaluate and select appropriate information in the compilation of research literature. Effectively manage a project by planning work, imposing deadlines and ensuring that they are met. Liaise with subject matter experts from industry to elicit information and assistance in project work Confidently make well-informed decisions on operational and economic aspects of gas turbine operation.
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Undertake a research project and write a thesis on a gas turbine related topic with environment relevance to include a literature survey, analysis, evaluation of results and discussion as appropriate. Make an effective and immediate contribution to the work of a prospective employer
Assessment The application of the skills is assessed through the formal assessment process and by continuous assessment which takes place throughout the course by assignments, oral presentations and group activities. The research thesis is examined on the basis of literature survey, effort, application and results, analysis, discussion, conclusions and originality. In addition to having to present 3 oral progress reports to their peers during the year, students are also subject to a viva voce examination on technical aspects of their thesis.
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11
See Section 2.2.4 and 2.4 1st or 2nd class honours degree in a science, mathematics based or engineering subject or their international equivalent. An individual with an HNC/HND or equivalent with considerable industrial experience may also be considered. (IELTS 6.5, TOEFL 580/237, TOEIC 830) Professor P Pilidis
12
13
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2.3
MSC THERMAL POWER COURSE DESCRIPTION
2.3.1 MSC Thermal Power Course Options Within the Thermal Power MSc. a range of lecture courses are presented, linked by the gas turbine theme, which permit differences in emphasis and application to be explored and courses selected to reflect particular course member interests and career goals. All these courses involve a blend of lecture programme and an extensive design or research thesis.
Gas Turbine Technology: This option covers the complete range of engine design tasks, embracing turbomachinery, combustor and aerodynamic components. Aerospace Propulsion: This option permits the course member to study methods of propulsion such as the rocket, in addition to air breathing ramjets and gas turbines. Power, Propulsion and the Environment: This option covers all aspects of the gas turbine and other industrial prime movers. It also provides course members with knowledge of, and the ability to assess, anthropogenic emissions. Rotating Machinery Engineering and Management: This option reflects the increasing interest in the gas turbine for industrial use. The procurement and operation of gas turbine based plant requires a different blend of lecture courses from those appropriate to the engine designer and these are also reflected in the range of specialist options offered. More information about the various options and subject selection follows in section 2.3.4 of this manual. 2.3.2 Course Structure Taught Part The taught elements of the course comprising lectures, assignments and other forms of coursework are delivered and concluded in the first half of the academic year, i.e., by October-May. Lecture programmes are assessed by continuous assessment (project reports, assignments, etc.) and/or formal written examinations. The taught element accounts for 50% of the marks required for the MSc. All taught courses at Cranfield are quantified in terms of a credit tariff structure, which is explained in Section 2.3.3 below. Thesis/Research Project MSc. candidates have to undertake a project to complement the lecture programme. The choice of subject is left to each candidate and a list of topics is provided in Appendix D for guidance. Many of the project topics include interaction with externally sponsored research and the Department's professional research officers. This project will form the written thesis which makes up the other 50% of the mark required for the MSc.
2.3.3 Credit Structure 30
Credits are a measure of Course Member input into the course, defined in terms of notional learning hours. Please note that credits in themselves are not a measure of achievement and a Masters level degree at Cranfield is not awarded on the basis of credits accumulated for individual elements (modules, project/thesis, Group Design Project, etc) on the course. Instead, the number of credits attached to an individual element on the course reflects the total number of notional learning hours (i.e. class contact hours plus private study hours) associated with that element. The credit tariff for the MSc in Thermal Power is 200 credits in total, which equates to 2000 notional learning hours. The taught element of the course equates to 100 of the credits needed. The thesis project accounts for the remaining 100 credits. The credit structure for MSc in Thermal Power is given in tabular form for each option on the following pages.
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CREDIT MAPPING FOR TAUGHT COURSES

M.Sc.Exams.0151Crdt.Trf MSc in Thermal Power [With options in Gas Turbine Technology, Rotating Machinery Engineering & Management and Aerospace Propulsion, Power, Propulsion and the Environment ] Taught Component = Mandatory Modules = 80 100 Credits/ NLH/50% of MSc Optional Modules = 20
Gas Turbine Technology

Option Module Title Class Contact Hrs (a) Private Study Hrs (b) Total NLH (a) + (b) 50 50 100 150 50 100 100 100 100 Method of Assessment Weighting w/in MSc (%) Credits
Gas Turbine Technology: Mandatory Modules [totalling 80 credits]
Materials Selection Blade Cooling Combustors Engine Systems Fuels & Combustion Gas Turbine Performance Mech Des of Tmachinery Simulation & Diagnostics Turbomachinery
10 10 30 40 10 30 30 30 30
40 40 70 110 40 70 70 70 70
Assignment Exam Exam Exam Exam Exam Assignment Assignment
2.5 2.5 5 7.5 2.5 5 5 5 5
5 5 10 15 5 10 10 10 10
Gas Turbine Technology: Optional Modules [Course Members select a minimum of 20 credits]
Comp. Fluid Dynamics Spec & Perf of Mechanical ERE Fatigue & Fracture Gas Turbine Applications Jet Engine Control Management for Technology Propulsion Systems Performance & Int. Piston Engines Space Propulsion Spacecraft System Industrial Prime Movers Taught Component: IRP/Thesis: Totals:
30 30 20 20 30 46 30 20 20 10 20
70 70 55 80 70 54 70 55 80 40 80
100 100 75 100 100 100 100 75 100 50 100
Assignment Exam Exam Exam Exam Exam Exam Exam Exam Assignment Assignment
5 5 3.75 5 5 5 5 3.75 5 2.5 5
10 10 7.5 10 10 10 10 7.5 10 5 10
50 50
100 100
100
200
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CREDIT MAPPING FOR TAUGHT COURSES MSc in Thermal Power (contd.)
Rotating Machinery Engineering & Management

Class Contact Hrs (a) Private Study Hrs (b) Total NLH (a) + (b) Method of Assessment Weighting w/in MSc (%)
Option
Module Title
Credits
Rotating Machinery Engineering & Management : Mandatory Modules [totalling 80 credits]
Combustors Spec & Perf of Mechanical ERE Engine Systems Fuels and Combustion Industrial Prime Movers Gas Turbine Performance Management for Technology Turbomachinery
30 30 40 10 20 30 46 30
70 70 110 40 80 70 54 70
100 100 150 50 100 100 100 100
Exam Exam Assignment Exam Assignment Exam Exam Assignment
5 5 7.5 2.5 5 5 5 5
10 10 15 5 10 10 10 10
Rotating Mach. Eng. & Man. Opional Modules [Course Members select a minimum of 20 credits]
Materials Selection Blade Cooling Comp. Fluid Dynamics Fatigue & Fracture Simulation & Diagnostics Mech Des of Tmachinery Piston Engines Gas Turbine Applications
10 10 30 20 30 30 20 20
40 40 70 55 70 70 55 80
50 50 100 75 100 100 75 100
Assignment Exam Assignment Exam Assignment Exam Exam Exam
2.5 2.5 5 3.75 5 5 3.75 5
5 5 10 7.5 10 10 7.5 10
Taught Component: IRP/Thesis: Totals:
50 50
100 100
100
200
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Aerospace Propulsion
Option
Module Title
Credits
Aerospace Propulsion: Mandatory Modules [totalling 80 credits]
Combustors Engine Systems Gas Turbine Theory and Performance Mech Design of Turbomachinery Propulsion System Performance & Int. Simulation & Diagnostics Space Propulsion Turbomachinery
30 40 30 30 30 30 20 30
70 110 70 70 70 70 80 70
100 150 100 100 100 100 100 100
Exam Assignment Exam Exam Exam Assignment Exam Assignment
5 7.5 5 5 5 5 5 5
10 15 10 10 10 10 10 10
Aerospace Propulsion: Optional Modules [Course Members select a minimum of 20 credits]
Materials Selection Blade Cooling Comp. Fluid Dynamics Spec & Perf of Mechanical ERE Fatigue & Fracture
Fuels and Combustion
10 10 30 30 20 10 20 30 30 20 10
40 40 70 70 55 40 80 70 70 55 35
50 50 100 100 75 50 100 100 100 75 50
Assignment Exam Assignment Exam Exam Exam Exam Exam Exam Exam Assignment
2.5 2.5 5 5 3.75 2.5 5 5 5 3.75 2.5
5 5 10 10 7.5 5 10 10 10 7.5 5
Gas Turbine Applications Jet Engine Control Management for Technology Piston Engines Spacecraft System
50 50
100 100
100
200
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Power, Propulsion and the Environment

Option
Module Title
Credits
Power, propulsion and the Environment: Mandatory Modules [totalling 80 credits]
Combustors Environmental Management Engine Systems Fuels and Combustion Industrial Prime Movers Gas Turbine Performance Management for Technology Turbomachinery
30 30 40 10 20 30 46 30
70 70 110 40 80 70 54 70
100 100 150 50 100 100 100 100
Exam Assignment Assignment Exam Assignment Exam Exam Assignment
5 5 7.5 2.5 5 5 5 5
10 10 15 5 10 10 10 10
Power, propulsion and the Environment : Operational Modules [Course Members select a minimum of 20 credits]
Materials Selection Blade Cooling Comp. Fluid Dynamics Fatigue & Fracture Simulation & Diagnostics Mech Des of Tmachinery Piston Engines Gas Turbine Applications
10 10 30 20 30 30 20 20
40 40 70 55 70 70 55 80
50 50 100 75 100 100 75 100
Assignment Exam Assignment Exam Assignment Exam Exam Exam
2.5 2.5 5 3.75 5 5 3.75 5
5 5 10 7.5 10 10 7.5 10
50 50
100 100
100
200
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2.3.4
Choosing Your Course Options
Each MSc Course Member is required to fill in an Option Selection Form (Appendix C) specifying the subjects that he/she will be attending and on which he/she will be assessed. The assessment of these subjects is by means of written examination, assignment, continuous assessment or a combination of these methods. The University requires that course members take modules which total 100 credits towards their MSc degree. Please note that it does not matter if the total comes to slightly more than 100 credits (ie 102.5 or 105) due to the allocation of credits per subject. The mandatory modules on each of the Thermal Power options are allocated 80 credits (85 credits for Aerospace Propulsion). Course members must therefore select optional modules totalling 20 credits (or 15 credits for Aerospace Propulsion as close as possible to 20 credits) or as close to this number of credits as possible. If course members wish to attend lectures on modules which they do not want to be credited towards their MSc (ie they want to attend the lectures to broaden their knowledge and not to be assessed), then they should indicate this in the appropriate space provided on the bottom of the subject selection form. The final subject selection form can be found in Appendix C and must be returned to the Course Administrator no later than Friday 14 October 2011. Course members may consult their supervisors for advice about the subjects. Please note that after expiry of the deadline no further changes in the subject selection is possible. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF COURSE MODULES CAN BE FOUND IN APPENDIX B OF THE COURSE MANUAL. PLEASE CONSULT TOO, THE PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING SECTION IN APPENDIX A
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3.0 OTHER ELEMENTS OF THE COURSE, REGULATIONS AND PROCEDURES

3.1 PRESENTATIONS AND SEMINARS The ability to present material lucidly is an increasingly important skill which must be acquired by professional engineers. Consequently, course members are given opportunities to improve their communication skills during the course.
3.2 ATTENDANCE AT LECTURES AND ASSESSMENTS All students are expected to attend all components of the course for which they are registered unless excused, for good cause, under the University's procedures. Students are also required to complete all the assessments (assignments and exams) associated with the course. Failure to comply with the above could lead to the award being withheld. Students are also expected to remain at Cranfield in the period between thesis hand-in and their oral examination.
3.3 ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES Formal lecture courses are examined in accordance with School of Engineering practice. Prior to the examinations taking place all examination papers are seen and approved by the course external examiner. A penalty is applicable for late handing in of assignments which is equivalent to a 5% reduction per working day of delay. The penalty is subtracted from the final total mark. Each course member is required to make a formal presentation on his/her thesis progress at set times in the academic year. 3.3.1 Assessment of Individual MSc Theses The assessment of the individual thesis will be based on the following guidelines. The examiners reserve the right to vary the percentages given where the marking scheme does not produce a fair reflection of the thesis due to the nature of the work involved. The individual thesis tests the ability to: Define the project by reference to the scientific, technical and/or commercial literature, the critical appraisal of such literature and the justification of the research. Plan and manage the research programme, to define the work to be carried out and to report the results in a clear manner.
3.3.1 Assessment of Individual MSc Theses (continued) 37
Analyse the work, relate it to the work of others where appropriate and to be selfcritical. Communicate the work, its results and analysis in a technical and well presented document.
Upon submission all Theses are reviewed by two internal examiners (one examiner being the course members supervisor), plus the external examiner. If the thesis mark awarded by the internal examiners varies significantly, then a third internal examiner is appointed. All course members are subject to a Presentation or Viva Voce or Poster Examination in the presence of the External Examiner, the Head of Department and/or Course Director, as well as other members of Academic staff. The Board of Examiners reserve the right to vary an agreed thesis mark of any course member following the oral or poster examination. The thesis is assessed as follows: 15% 35% 40% 10% 100% The examiners reserve the right to vary the above percentages where the marking scheme does not produce a fair reflection of the thesis due to the nature of the work involved. 3.4 MINIMUM MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS In order to qualify for nomination for the award of a MSc. the Course Member must satisfy the following criteria set by the Board of the Faculty of Engineering, Science & Manufacturing: 1. the overall weighted average mark for all examinable courses must not be less than 50%. 2. the thesis project mark must not be less than 50%. 3. no more than 30% of the minimum examination credits may have a score of less than 40% 4. core subjects: all marks count for final overall assessment. 5. optional subjects: course members may elect to attend lectures and to sit examinations for more than the minimum 100 credits required for the MSc. However, they must nominate the minimum number of credits that they require to be assessed for their MSc. In certain circumstances, this may be as high as 105 credits due to the credit weighting of individual optional subjects. The choice of whether a subjects is to be assessed must be done on either:- For Assignments: on the 'Assignment Hand-in Sheet' in Appendix C This needs to be handed in with each assignment - For Examinations: Students will be requested to sign-up for the examinations and lists for this will be available in room 315 prior to examination period. Introduction, Background and/or Literature Survey Work carried out: effort, application and results Analysis, discussion and conclusions Style, presentation and reporting
the
The overall weighted average mark must not be less than 50%. This figure is based on weighting factors of 50% for the examination results, and 50% for the thesis. 38
3.5 QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTORS FOR NON-NUMERICAL COURSEWORK AND PROJECT WORK The following descriptors of what might be typically expected of students within different mark ranges are adopted within the Faculty of Engineering, Science and Manufacturing. These descriptors are offered as a tool for moderation and calibration after assessment in line with approved marking schemes for non-numerical coursework assignments and reports, group projects and individual projects. The mark ranges indicated reflect the current policy of a 40% pass mark for individual elements of an MSc course.
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MSc Qualitative Descriptors Mark

80-100%
Standard
Excellent 1. Demonstrating a comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the subject and subfields. 2. High capacity for critical evaluation. 3. Novel application of the subject matter to a specific context.
Process
Requiring a student to have: 1. 2. 3. 4. Undertaken extensive further reading. Produced a well structured piece of work. Demonstrated excellent communication skills. Exercised a high level of original thought.
70-79%
Very Good 1. Demonstrating an extensive knowledge and understanding of the subject and subfields. 2. Very good capacity for critical evaluation. 3. Effective application of the subject matter to a specific context.
Requiring a student to have: 1. 2. 3. 4. Undertaken substantial further reading. Produced a well structured piece of work. Demonstrated very good communication skills. Exercised a significant level of original thought.
60-69%
Good 1. 2. 3. Demonstrating a good knowledge and understanding of the subject and subfields. Good capacity for critical evaluation. Competent application of the subject matter to a specific context.
Requiring a student to have: 1. 2. 3. Undertaken some further reading. Produced a well structured piece of work. Demonstrated good communication skills.
50-59%
Satisfactory 1. 2. 3. Demonstrating a satisfactory knowledge and understanding of the subject and subfields. Standard critique of the subject matter. Adequate application of the subject matter to a specific context.
Requiring a student to have: 1. 2. Undertaken adequate reading. Produced an adequately structured piece of work. Demonstrated basic but satisfactory communication skills.
3.
40-49%
Poor 1. 2. 3. Demonstrating an inadequate knowledge and understanding of the subject and subfields. Lacking critique of the subject matter. Limited application of the subject matter to a specific context.
Requiring a student to have: 1. 2. 3. Undertaken some relevant reading. Produced a piece of work with a simple structure. Demonstrated marginal communication skills.
0-39%
Very Poor 1. 2. 3. Demonstrating a lack of knowledge and understanding of the subject and subfields. Absence of critique of the subject matter. Lacking application of the subject matter to a specific context
Requiring a student to have: 1. 2. 3. Undertaken inadequate reading. Produced a poorly structured piece of work. Demonstrated poor communication skills.
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3.6
EXAMINATION RESIT POLICY
The School of Engineering only allows resits under exceptional circumstances, for example through illness or personal problems. If due to an illness, a letter from an doctor, dated within one week of the illness is mandatory. Please note that doctors may charge for such a letter. 3.7 PLAGIARISM AND COLLABORATION
Cranfield University defines plagiarism as follows:Plagiarism is the use, without acknowledgement, of the intellectual work of other people, and the act of representing the ideas or discoveries of others as one's own in any work submitted for assessment or presented for publication. To copy sentences, phrases or even striking expressions without acknowledgement of source (either by inadequate citation or failure to indicate verbatim quotations)is plagiarism; to paraphrase without acknowledgement is also plagiarism. The University takes a very serious view of plagiarism and regards it in the same way as it regards cheating in written examinations. While it is perfectly correct to reference other work in theses and assessments, it is unacceptable to "lift" or copy tracts of other work from literature on the internet. Furthermore, while it is acceptable to seek the advice of university staff and other course members on assignment work, it is generally unacceptable (unless otherwise advised by university staff) to submit identical work for assessment. If you are found to have collaborated in circumstances where it is not permitted or to have plagiarized someone else's work, the likely outcome is that you will be zero marked for that subject or in more serious cases, you could be excluded from the University. If the subject in question is one of your optional subjects, then the zero mark will be included in your final average, irrespective of any additional optional subjects that you may have selected. In any case, the process is very unpleasant and could have severe implications for your future career prospects. If you are in any doubt about either plagiarism or collaboration, you must seek the advice of your supervisor or the member of university staff who is responsible for teaching the course. The University has recently introduced the anti-plagiarism software Turnitin to check assignment work. The assignments in the MSc Thermal Power course that will be subject to checks using the Turnitin software are: Materials Selection Computational Fluid Dynamics Engine systems Individual theses
You will be able to access the Turnitin software through the medium of Blackboard so that you can check your own work (as many times as you wish) for plagiarism before finally submitting it. The University requires your work shows a similarity index of less than 10% when checked against the software. The final submitted work will need to be both electronic, through Blackboard and a hard copy.
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3.8 THESIS/RESARCH PROJECT The project should be defined by the end of the fourth week (Friday 28th October 2011) of the first term by handing the Project Selection Form (see appendix D) to the Course Administrator. Responsibility of Supervisors and Students The supervisor will: 1. give general guidance on the nature and standard of the thesis required 2. agree with the student: - the aims and objectives of the thesis - the methodology, resource needs and safety risk assessment - the thesis structure and contents list 3. agree with the student a regular programme of consultation. This timetable will depend on the nature of the project and where it is undertaken. This consultation may be made in person, by phone or email 4. provide detailed feedback on one chapter of the thesis in the context of item 2 above provided that this is submitted within a timescale previously agreed between supervisor and student 5. ensure that adequate training on relevant equipment is provided. The student will: 1. be responsible for the content of his/her own thesis 2. be responsible for discussing with the supervisor the type of guidance and comment which is found most helpful and agreeing a schedule of meetings (see (iv) above) 3. be responsible for taking the initiative in raising problems or difficulties (personal or technical) which may adversely affect his/her progress 4. be responsible for maintaining the progress of the work in accordance with advice sought from supervisor, including the presentation of written material in sufficient time to allow for appropriate feedback 5. behave in an appropriate manner in all dealings with external sponsors/bodies 6. be responsible in his/her use of facilities and equipment both on campus and off.
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4.0 ACADEMIC YEAR ACTIVITIES

The MSc. Thermal Power is of twelve months duration. The Academic Year is outlined in the timetable provided. 4.1 INTRODUCTORY TRAINING SESSIONS In the first three weeks of the course a number of special lectures, seminars and training sessions are included. The aim of these activities is to provide course members with the required information and skills for the efficient use of computational resources, library facilities and the careers service. 4.1.1 Kings Norton Library http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/library/cranfield/ There are two dedicated subject information specialists who are your main point of contact within the Library. They are Emma Turner and Malcolm Pratt. Contact them on ext 4447or via email at eturner.mpratt@cranfield.ac.uk. They will provide individual and group training and support throughout your time on the course and are available to help you with your information enquiries during library opening times. The Librarys philosophy is to provide you with the material you need, regardless of your location, or whether or not the material is held in the Library. It provides access to a wide range of subject databases and electronic journal services, many of which can be accessed from off-campus. These allow you to search for relevant articles, conference papers and reports, many of which are immediately available electronically in PDF format, or physically within the Library. Any items that you need which it does not have in stock can usually be obtained through its fast, efficient interlibrary loans document supply service. In addition to providing access to electronic information, the Cranfield University Kings Norton Library is well-stocked with technical literature, books, journals, reports and reference material available in traditional printed format. Special training sessions are timetabled to enable course members to take full advantage of the available library facilities: Quick Start to the Library The aim of this session is to introduce you to your subject specialist and provide a general overview of the Library and the services it offers to you, including the Support off Site (SOS) (http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/library/cranfield/support/sos/index.html) service for parttime students. You will learn how to locate material we have in stock using the Library Catalogue. We also have available and are producing short audio-visual tutorials which can be found on our website at: http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/library/cranfield/training/page43228.html. Discovering quality information (for your assignments, projects and theses)
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This session shows you how to search the Library's electronic resources efficiently and effectively. You will learn how to create a search strategy, find out about the different types of resources that are available for your particular needs and when it is appropriate to use them, learn how to evaluate your search results and how to obtain documents. You will have plenty of opportunity for hands on experience through several practical exercises.
After attending this session your Information Specialists are available for you to consult on an individual basis. Writing and referencing If you have not already had sessions on Referencing and avoiding plagiarism this is organised as part of your course timetable, the Library also provides a training timetable that runs these sessions regularly. You are welcome to book to attend these. Alternatively, they are happy to arrange group training sessions for your course. 4.1.2 INTRODUCTION TO CRANFIELD COMPUTER CENTRE SYSTEM Cranfield University provides an extensive range of computational hardware and software which is available to Course Members. The distributed computer system includes PCs and UNIX workstations. Training sessions are scheduled that deal with the use of the NT network of PCs and the UNIX workstations to enable course members to use the available resources efficiently and effectively. 4.1.2a PC-CCNT Training The organised training session deals with the use of the CCNT PC network that provides access to information tools, e-mail, internet access, programming tools office software and large engineering packages. 4.1.2b FORTRAN A course on Fortran is offered for those who would like an introduction to this programme.
4.1.3 CAREERS SERVICE PRESENTATION
The Cranfield University Careers Service provides specialist resources and services to assist course members in their search for jobs. The careers service organises a number of seminars aimed to assist in application form completion, CV preparation, interview technique, etc. Course members have always found these seminars to be a very valuable part of their planning and preparation for employment upon course completion.
4.2 4.2.1
PRESENTATIONS
Seminar Presentations from Guest Speakers
The subject of the visiting presenters will be varied. If Thermal Power MSc. Course Members wish to nominate and invite such speakers they are very welcome to do so. The details would need to be discussed and agreed with the Course Director. Such initiatives have proved very successful in the past. 44
4.2.2
Project Progress Presentations
On two occasions during the year, the candidates have to make presentations highlighting the progress of their project. This is normally February and July. The presentations are in the GOLD LECTURE ROOM. Each will consist of a 10-minute talk followed by a 5-minute question period. Chairmen will give a verbal report at the end of the presentation. Chairmen will also produce a brief report summarising their views of the quality of their session. All Course Members will be required to attend ALL the project presentations taking place on the day of their own presentation. If one or more presenters wish to change the timetable, they should organise an alternative. The agreement of the appropriate Chairman/Chairmen must be obtained. No sessions should take place where the Supervisor of the presenter is also the Chairman. You should complete the top half of the Project Seminar Presentation Feedback Form and hand it to the session Chairman before you start your presentation. (Spare copies can be obtained from the Course Administrator). 4.3 MANAGEMENT FOR TECHNOLOGY COURSE
The Management for Technology Course is a [core/optional] subject. The course is organised by the Cranfield School of Management in collaboration with the School of Engineering. The lecture courses are given over a period of two weeks and are immediately followed by a written examination. For the duration of the Management course, course members do not attend any other course of lectures. The lectures for the Management for Technology Course are programmed to take place at the end of the second term. The dates set for this course for 2012 are as follows: Monday 12th March to Tuesday 20th March 2012 Friday 23 March Management for Technology Course Examination Course Members are advised that once they have agreed to undertake the Management for Technology Course, they cannot withdraw without consent from the Course Director. Withdrawal must be at least FOUR weeks before the course starts. Course Members may incur the cost of the course if short or no notice is given.
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4.4 COMPRESSOR BLADING LECTURES AND WORKSHOPS This short series of lectures and workshop forms part of the Turbomachinery Module and offered by a visiting lecturer, Mr Noel Seyb. 4.5 ORIGIN OF LOADS AND TURBINE BLADE DESIGN These Origins of Loads lectures form part of the Mechanical Design of Turbomachinery Module. The Turbine Blade Design lectures are part of the Turbomachinery course. Both sets of lectures are presented by a visiting lecturer, Mr Ken Langley. 4.6 ENGINE OVERALL STRUCTURE This is a three hour lecture programme to provide useful background knowledge for many of the other Thermal Power lectures. The first two hours will cover basic engine structure - mounts, casings, spoked structures, bearings, assembly, blade fixings and a few other small items. The third hour will concentrate on all the secondary air flows for cooling and sealing and how they should be represented in performance calculations 4.7 WRITTEN EXAMINATIONS Regulation Calculator for Examinations Non-programmable calculators - Cranfield University has selected the Casio FX83MS or the FX85MS as the model to be used for examination purposes. The difference is that the FX85MS runs on solar power and is a little more expensive than the FX83MS. The suffix MS changes from time to time, but FX 85 or FX83 remains the same. Both calculators are available from the CSA Shop. Please note that you will not be allowed to take any other model into the examinations.
January Examinations An examination check sheet will be displayed in Nov 2011 asking Course Members to check that their names and examination subjects are listed correctly. Course Members must ensure that sufficient notice of alterations to their examination programme is given to the Course Administrator in writing, signed by the Course Member and Course Director. Spring Examinations An examination check sheet will be displayed in February 2011, asking Course Members to check that their names and examination subjects are listed correctly. Course Members must ensure that sufficient notice for alterations to the examination programme are given to the Course Administrator in writing, signed by the Course Member and Course Director. Course Members need to ensure that they have sufficient subject credits before withdrawing from any optional subjects.
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It is necessary that Course Members check carefully the list of examinations entered. If any doubt arises, the candidate needs to contact the Course Administrator URGENTLY. Marks can only be released after they have been approved by the Board of Examiners. Special meetings of the Board are conveyed for this purpose 6-8 weeks after each set of exams.
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5.0 THESIS, ORALS AND RESEARCH POSTERS

5.1 THESIS PROJECT The project is a very important part of the M.Sc. and it enables Course Members to focus on a topic of their particular interest. Projects may be undertaken individually or in a group. Throughout the year, Course Members will make two project presentations: one in February and one in July (also with draft poster). In these presentations the Course Member/s will be expected to describe the details of their project content, development and progress to their peers. The overall project mark of 100% is based on the thesis and the oral/poster presentation. The thesis is marked by the supervisor and the internal examiner, and is moderated by the external examiner. An overall project mark of not less than 50% must be achieved. A list of available thesis topics is included in Appendix D at the end of this manual. 5.2. MSC THESIS SUBMISSION DATE The thesis hand in date for this academic year is not later than
17.00 hours on Wednesday 15 August 2012.

The thesis hand in date is fixed and extensions are granted only under exceptional circumstances. 5.3. THESIS HAND-IN PROCEDURE Detailed instructions regarding thesis submission will be forwarded to you by the Course Administrator well in advance of submission dates. Venues for hand-in will also be confirmed. SUBMISSION TO DEPARTMENT 15TH AUGUST 2012 Three Bound and labelled copies of your thesis UNLABELLED THESES WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED One cd with pdf version of your thesis for the Department Powerpoint Poster (see section 4.5.4 below for details of poster) Corrections: You may be required to make corrections to your thesis and you will be notified of any necessary corrections on 6th September. Correction must be completed before submitting to the Library on 12th September 2012.
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LIBRARY SUBMISSION:- 12 SEPTEMBER 2012 Students with no corrections need only supply:One unbound copy of their thesis in cardboard wallet One cd with pdf version of their thesis - cd case and cd must be labelled. 3 copies of online thesis hand-in document
Students with Informal Corrections will need to amend and re-submit the three bound Department copies One unbound copy of corrected thesis in cardboard wallet One cd with pdf version of their thesis - cd case and cd must be labelled. 3 copies of online thesis hand-in document
Student with Minor Corrections You will be notified of the corrections by your supervisors and given a new date to resubmit your amended thesis. You will then need to resubmit to the department and to the library. . 5.4 THESIS ORAL AND POSTER PRESENTATIONS The Oral and Poster Examination will take place on 5th September 2012.
Thesis Oral Presentation PLEASE NOTE: Course Members are required to remain on the Cranfield campus for at least three working days after the completion of the oral examinations. This is in order for all academic and administrative procedures to be finalised. The oral examinations take place over a two day period early in September. Not all students will be required to make a presentation. However, all Course Members should prepare and be ready to present to the examiners if so required. Course Members must submit a copy of their presentation by means of a shared drive. This would normally be done 5 working days prior to the oral date. The oral examination lasts for half an hour for each candidate and is conducted in the presence of a panel of examiners. This half hour is made up of the elements: Project presentation Question session Examiners deliberation 15 minutes 10 minutes (candidate departs after this) 5 minutes
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Thesis Poster Presentation All Course Members are asked to produce a powerpoint A1 poster summarising their thesis research for submission to a shared drive (details to be notified) on or before 17 August 2012. A template and details for the creation of the poster will be distributed to Course member nearer the due date. The posters will be displayed and examined and will, along with the oral examination, determine the final thesis score of each course member.
6.0 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION

6.1 COURSE MEMBERS REPRESENTATIVE
Each year the Course Members elect a representative who acts as a channel of communication between the Course Members and the staff, passing on comments or ideas about the course and associated issues. They may also organise computer courses concerning programming or languages. The Staff highly recommends this practice, as it helps to create a co-operative staff/course member rapport and also provides the Course Members with a voice concerning matters that directly affect them.
6.2 ABSENCE From the point of view of management of the course it is advisable for Course Members to inform the Course Administrator if they are going to be absent for more than 2 days by completing the form on page 51.
6.3 ILLNESS It is important in the case of illness for Course Members to immediately complete the Absence Form in Appendix C and forward it to the Course Administrator. Please remember to keep a personal copy of completed forms.
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6.4 REFERENCES AND STUDY CONFIRMATIONS References The Course Director and Project Supervisors will be only too happy to provide you with a reference in support of job applications etc. towards the end of the course. However, it is unreasonable for course members to expect references anytime before the first set of examination results are known (usually about the middle of March). It is suggested that, if you require a reference before this time, you should really rely on either your previous employer or the university where you completed your first degree. Study Confirmations, Certificates of study, etc. Some of you may be required to provide documents for your sponsors and home universities. Please not that we require 5 working days notice to provide these. This is to allow us time to ensure that documents are corrects and to get signatures from academic staff. Such documents will not be produced on an ad hoc basis.
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PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
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PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

Personal Development planning is linked to higher level learning and concerned with learning in the holistic sense (academic and non-academic). It involved self-assessment, looking at your existing strengths and developing these further as well as considering areas in which you would like to be more competent, and from that, drafting a personal development plan to help you focus on the actions required. Personal Development planning will help: integrate your personal and academic development enhance your self-awareness about your strengths and weaknesses better prepare you for seeking employment introduce you to a framework used widely in the workplace better prepare you for continuing professional development (CPD) First you need to think about your current skills and prioritise which could be further developed. Consider the skills you will need both here at Cranfield for academic success and the skills that you will need in your future employment. The skills specifically addressed in your MSc course are identified in the matrix on the next page. When you encounter each skill on your courses, you should pay particular attention to areas where you feel you have an opportunity to improve. If necessary, you should request the help of appropriate members of staff. For each skill, there are a set of competencies. The competency model has been designed to help you consider how competent you are in each area. In addition a sheet has been provided for you to assess yourself at each skill at the beginning and at the end of your course. In summary, if you wish to use this scheme to enhance and develop your skills for the future, you should: a. Look at the skills matrix. Think about how the skills listed will help you through the course and your future employment. b. Look at the competencies. Assess how competent you are at these skills now and record this on the table provided. c. Actively consider skills through the course. Each time you encounter a skill in a module, think about how you can develop your competence in that area. d. Request help and feedback if required. Do not be frightened to ask staff for extra help and feedback, if you think that it would be beneficial to you. e. Record your improvement. Review the competencies at the end of the course and identify areas where you feel you have developed.
PDP Skills Matrix for MSc Thermal Power
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Communications - written
Communications- spoken
Project Management
Presentations (Oral)
Teamwork
Subject
Materials Selection Blade Cooling Combustors Engine Systems Fuels and Combustion Gas Turbine Performance Mechanical Design of Turbomachinery Propulsion Systems Performance and Integration Turbomachinery Computational Fluid Dynamics Specification and Performance of Mechanical and Electrical Rotating Machinery Fatigue and Fracture Gas Turbine Applications Jet Engine Control Simulation and Diagnostics Piston Engines Space Propulsion Spacecraft Systems Management for Technology Steam Plant and Diesels
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
X X X X x X X
x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x
x x
X X X
x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
X X X X X X
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x x
X X
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Computer Literacy x x x x x x x x x
Time Management
Critical Evaluation
Problem Solving
Numeracy
COMPETENCIES
Communicating Effectively and Presentation Skills Definitions Listens to others and effectively gets the message across to a wide variety of people and groups, using the most relevant means and style; presents information in visual form to enhance communication Negative Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 0 Communication Communicates Accurately Adapts written Presents Uses written - written written communicate communication written communication information in a s factual to suit the communication to positively way that can be information in purposes of and chooses influence the misinterpreted a written the recipient language that desired format builds and outcome and develops create positive enthusiasm relationships Communication Talks in a way Articulates Articulates Plans oral Uses language - spoken that causes simple information in communication in a way which confusion or an information in a way which for maximum influences, inappropriate a clear way. ensures the impact, inspires and emotional meaning is including enthuses response clear to the consideration others. recipients. of factors such Checks for as timing & understanding. group size. Constantly seeks nonverbal and verbal feedback to check audience response. Presentations Fails to use Uses suitable Adapts visual Uses visual Uses visual (Oral) visual aids visual aids aids to aids as an aids to professionally with neutral illustrate and integral part of maximum or in a way that impact on clarify communication impact to distracts from audience. information in to create a create spoken an organised positive image discussion and communication and positive of own (and feedback. way. others) work. Role model for others.
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Management and Teamwork Skills Definition: Planning and engagement to achieve objectives for both self and others.
Negative Level 0
Teamwork Works in isolation. Only thinks of own needs.
Level 1
Solicits guidance when in doubt. Acknowledges the behaviour of others
Level 2
Works and communicates effectively within and across teams, responding to the behaviour of others. Considers deadlines to set aside adequate time for completion of tasks.
Level 3
Works constructively with others, dealing with internal conflict. Seeks solutions for the benefit of the team. Plans schedule to allow completion of tasks, with additional time for accommodating unexpected tasks or events. Designs, plans and articulates projects in an organised manner. Incorporates effective decision making and problem solving skills within a multifunctional team.
Level 4
Actively initiates, builds, and maintains teams. Acts as a role model in relationship building. Anticipates workload allowing capacity for multitasking and assistance of others. Actively assesses project process and outcomes. Evaluation of projects used to implement changes for the benefit of future projects.
Time Management
No forward planning or consideration of time required to complete tasks.
Completes tasks on time as required
Project Management
Embarks on projects with no clear aims or objectives
mentally formulates aims, objectives and project plans without structure or dissemination
Follows basic rules of design and planning to deliver outcomes within time resource constraints.
Critical Evaluation and Problem Solving Definitions: Questioning or inquiry to understand, evaluate or solve problems. Gathering and
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analysing information to develop appropriate solutions. Negative Level 1 Level 2 Level 0 Critical without Accepts Questions to Critical voicing without evaluate Evaluation substantiated question or status opinion. evaluation.
Level 3 Encourages questioning and critical thinking and contributes towards improvement. Works with others to recognise potential problems and engages appropriately with others to solve them. Utilises information from a wide range of sources in problem solving.
Level 4 Constantly questions and seeks a better way.
Problem Solving
Fails to recognise problems or contribute to the problem solving process
Recognises problems and uses basic knowledge to solve problems where required.
Recognises potential problems and gathers information to improve situation on own initiative.
Actively encourages others to anticipate potential problems. promotes collective responsibility for problem solving. Communicates to encourage a logical approach to problem solving.
Numeracy and Computer Literacy
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Definitions: Ability in mathematics and use of information technology. Negative Level 0 Poor mental arithmetic or inability to use a calculator Level 1 Articulates basic calculations accurately. Awareness of the need for statistical analysis. Level 2 Articulates more complex calculations with provision of appropriate formulae. Ability to indicate nature of statistical analysis required. Regular use of e-mail as a mode of communication. Confident use of MS Office programmes. Routine use of databases and search engines for gaining information. Level 3 Shows evidence of the use of mathematics and statistics to analyse results and promote an argument. Level 4 Actively considers mathematical and statistical problems at the experimental design stage.
Numeracy
Computer Literacy
No experience of computer use.
Familiar with basic use such as sending and receiving email, accessing the www and basic wordprocessing.
Professional use of MS Office. Use of programmes for specialist tasks. Good knowledge of specialist websites.
Use extends to programming to meet own needs.
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3Self Assessment Table for PDP Skills (0 = low, 4 = high) Skill Communications (Written) Communications (Spoken) Presentation (Oral) Time Management Team Work Problem Solving Project Management Critical Evaluation Numeracy Computer Literacy Competency at Start of Course (Rank at 0-4) Competency at End of Course (Rank at 0-4)
Particular Skills for Improvement Skill Date of next module where skill is introduced, practised or assessed
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Module Title Name of module co-ordinator (a) Class contact (b) Private study hours: 10 hours: 40 Assessment method: Examination
Blade Cooling Dr PA Rubini (c) Total notional Credit rating: 5 hours: 50 Compulsory/Optional: Compulsory for Gas Turbine Technology option; Optional for Aerospace Propulsion and Rotating Machinery Engineering and Management, Power, Propulsion and theEnvironment
Prerequisites: None Aim: To introduce Course Members to the technology of blade cooling through analytical and practical approaches of heat transfer principles, convection cooling, impingement film transpiration cooling and liquid cooling. Syllabus/Curriculum: Heat Transfer Principles: Brief review of heat transfer principles and physical significance of non-dimensional groupings. Conditions around blades, boundary layers, external heat transfer coefficient distribution, effect of turbulence. Root cooled blades and NGVs:analytical and numerical methods of determining spanwise temperature distribution. Example. Fibre strengthened and nickel base alloys. Need for high turbine entry temperature: effect on engine performance. Development of materials, manufacturing processes and cooling systems. Convection Cooling: Convectively cooled aerofoils: analytical approach for metal and cooling air spanwise temperature distribution. Cooling passage geometry and heat transfer characteristics. Cooling efficiency, cooling effectiveness and mass flow function: application at project design stage for determining metal and cooling air temperatures. Methods for optimising cooling system design: secondary surfaces and multipass. Internal temperature distribution of cooled aerofoils: calculations, comparisons with experimental results. Impingement, Film and Transpiration Cooling: Principles, steady state and transient performance, characteristics, advantages, limitations, comparison with convection cooling. Cooling air feed and discharge systems. Integration of cooled turbine with aerodynamic performance and main engine design. Co-ordination of design responsibilities. Example of cooled turbine stage design. Liquid Cooling: examples. Liquid cooling: principles, advantages and limitations, practical
Intended Learning Outcomes: On completion of the course the Course Member should be able to: apply the basic concepts and theories of heat transfer and different cooling technologies to cooling of turbine blades.
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Module Title Name of module co-ordinator (a) Class contact (b) Private study hours: 30 hours: 70 Assessment method: Examination
Combustors Professor R Singh (c) Total notional Credit rating: 10 hours: 100 Compulsory/Optional: Compulsory for all Thermal Power options
Prerequisites: None Aim: To make Course Members familiar with design, operation and performance criteria of gas turbine combustion and reheat systems and to explore issues related to gas turbine pollutant emissions. Syllabus/Curriculum: Introduction to gas turbine combustion systems: Role of the combustor within the gas turbine. Introductory comments on combustion The elements of a gas turbine combustor. Types of combustors used in gas turbines Life consideration. Design changes and drivers for design change. Fuel preparation and the ignition process for gas turbine combustion systems: Fuel preparation and atomisation using spray nozzles, airblast or vaporizing systems. Mixing and recirculation in combustors, relation to stability and outlet temperature profiles. The ignition process and ignition systems. Diffusers: The role of diffusers in the gas turbine engine. Flow characteristics and limitations. Performance parameters and the influence of inlet conditions. Correlation charts. Design methods. Sudden expansions and short diffusers. Test techniques. Operational criteria for gas turbine combustion systems: Pressure loss and combustion approaches to optimising combustor dimensions. Combustion efficiency considerations, implications of fuel type on fuel evaporation and efficiency. Gas turbine combustion generated pollutant emissions: Background, fuel utilisation, pollutant types and implications. Legislation, design implications and design options. Current technology status. Pollutant production processes. Combustor cooling and metal temperatures: Nature of the problem and possible design solutions. Basis of film cooling and design considerations. Heat transfer by internal and external convection. Internal and external radiative heat exchange. Determination of combustor wall metal temperatures. Combustor materials and coatings. Learning Outcomes: On completion of the course the Course Members should understand basic concepts and theories of combustors concerning combustor structures, fuel preparation, ignition, diffuser performance calculation, operational criteria, pollutant emissions, cooling and material technology and reheat systems.
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Module Title Name of Module Co-ordinator (a) Class Contact (b) Private Study Hours: 30 Hours: 70 Assessment Method: Assignment
Computational Fluid Dynamics in Gas Turbines Dr PA Rubini/Dr Amaral Teixeira (c) Total Notional Credit Rating: 10 Hours: 100 Compulsory/Optional: Optional for all options of Thermal Power.
Prerequisites: None Aim: To introduce Course Members to computationally-based flow modelling, applicable to engines, and to provide experience in the use of a widely available commercial CFD code through enhanced understanding of the complex viscous flow and heat transfer phenomena involved.
Syllabus/Curriculum:
Flow Modelling Strategies Introduction to computational fluid dynamics and the role of CFD in engine component evaluation and improved design. Review of current capabilities and future directions. Physical Modelling Governing Navier-Stokes equations. Approximate forms. Turbulence - turbulent averaging, mathematical closure and turbulence modelling. Scalar transport and chemical reaction. Reynolds averaging, Large Eddy Simulation, Direct Numerical Simulation. Finite Difference Equations Problem classification. Discretisation. Solution methods. Pressure correction. Boundary conditions. Mesh generation for practical flow geometries. Practical Demonstration Introduction to a commercially available general purpose CFD code ( FLUENT ) Case study tutorial and assessed assignment. Learning Outcomes: On completion of the course the Course Member should: understand basic concepts and theories of computational fluid dynamics and would be capable of using a commercial CFD package ( FLUENT).
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Module Title: Name of Module Co-ordinator (a) Class Contact (b) Private Study Hours: 40 Hours: 110 Assessment Method: Assignment
Engine Systems Dr I Li (c) Total Notional Credit Rating: 15 Hours: 150 Compulsory/Optional: Compulsory for all options of the Thermal Power MSc.
Prerequisites: None Aim: To familiarise Course Members with engine systems for stationary and aero gas turbines.
Systems Symposium Topics Engine systems and auxiliaries for both aero and stationary gas turbines is covered by means of a 'Systems Symposium', run by the MSc class. Topics covered by the Systems Symposium are: Intake systems for aero engines and industrial gas turbines; Anti-icing for aeroengines and industrial gas turbines; Start systems for aeroengines and industrial gas turbines; Start sequences for industrial gas turbines; Compressor bleed and variable guide vanes; Variable geometry nozzle guide vanes; Gas path sealing of aero gas turbines; Noise control of gas turbines; Air filtration for industrial gas turbines; Compressor and turbine cleaning systems; Full authority and other electronic control systems Outline syllabus for a few sample individual topics: Ignition system: Requirements and problems of altitude relight. Types of system booster coils, high frequency, high energy and their application. Starting Systems: Electrical systems - low and high voltage, turbine systemscartridge, iso-propyl nitrate, fuel-air, gas turbine, low pressure air and hydraulic systems and their applications. Air systems: requirements, methods of cooling, pressure balancing of end loads, sealing, applications. Learning Outcomes: On completion of the course the Course Member should demonstrate an understanding of the performance, running procedure and design requirements for different engine systems. Course members would also demonstrate an understanding of how to find, summarise and present the material.
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Module Title Name of module convenor/leader/coordinator (a) Class (b) Private study contact hours: 70 hours: 30 Assessment method: Assignment
Environmental Management Dr Ossama Badr (c) Total notional hours: 100 Credit rating: 10
Compulsory for the Power, Propulsion and the Environment Option
Prerequisites: None Aim: Full appreciation of the human impact on the environment and updated knowledge of pollution control equipment and environmental management systems and tools.

Environmental pollution an introduction Atmospheric pollution Environmental impacts of atmospheric pollution Dispersal of atmospheric pollutants Control of atmospheric pollution Water pollution Water and wastewater treatment Overview of waste management Environmental legislation Environmental liabilities Introduction to environmental impact assessment .
Learning outcomes: On successful completion of the module the student will be able to:

Demonstrate a knowledge of the sources of atmospheric and water pollution and their environmental impacts Appreciate environmental issues commonly facing industrial organisations
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Module Title: Name of Module Convenor/Leader/Coordinator (b) Class Contact (b) Private Study Hours: 20 Hours: 55 Assessment Method: Examination
Fatigue and Fracture Mr A S Haslam (c) Total Notional Credit Rating: 7.5 Hours: 75 Compulsory/Optional: Optional for all options of the Thermal Power MSc.
Prerequisites: None Aim: To enable Course Members to estimate the cyclic life of machines and machine components using both stress and strain based methods and to provide an understanding of machine lifing philosophies.
1. Brief overview of conventional stress based lifing methods and the estimation of factor of safety using Goodman Diagrams. 2. Multi-axial fatigue: The use of Sines method to estimate equivalent mean and alternating stresses. 3. Cycle counting methods involving variation in fatigue stress concentration factor, in particular the Rainflow Cycle Counting Method. 4. Low cycle fatigue: a. The significance of using strain based methods as opposed to stress based methods b. The use of the Neuber and Linear rules in conjunction with the Coffin and Manson equation or Mansons Equal Slopes equation to estimate the cyclic life of a component 5. Introduction to linear elastic fracture mechanics and the use of the Paris equation to estimate the cracked life of a component. 6. Lifing philosophies including deterministic, damage tolerance and probabilistic methodologies. Learning Outcomes: On completion of the course, the course members should be able to: 1. Assess the safety/mechanical integrity of a component loaded in mult-axial cyclic loading. 2. Determine the life of a component from a complex alternating load history using an appropriate cycle counting method and stress based lifing methodology. 3. Determine the total strain in a component subject to low cycle fatigue loading making use of an elastic-perfectly-plastic stress-strain hysteresis loop and use the result in an appropriate strain/life equation to estimate the cyclic life. 4. Understand the criteria for using the methods Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics to estimate the cracked life of a component and demonstrate the use of the Paris equation to estimate such a life. 5. Describe the lifing philosophies used in the lifing of major machine components which are subject to low cycle fatigue failure.
Module Title: Name of Module Co-ordinator
Fuels and Combustion Dr E Goodger
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(a) Class Contact (b) Private Study Hours: 10 Hours: 40 Assessment Method: Examination
(c) Total Notional Credit Rating: 5 Hours: 50 Compulsory/Optional: Compulsory for all options of the Thermal Power MSc
Prerequisites: None Aim: To familiarise Course Members with the thermodynamic principles underlying combustion calculations based on chemical equilibrium and finite rate chemistry; to identify the influence of fuel properties on combustion performance and to provide an understanding of the combustion process as encountered in practice.
Combustion Thermochemistry Basic concepts - stoichiometry, product analysis, combustion temperature. Combustion at constant pressure and constant volume - heats of formation and reaction, sensible enthalpy. Adiabatic flame temperature and product composition. Chemical equilibrium. Chemical kinetics. Pollutant formation. Basic Fuel Properties and Combustion Performance Structure of hydrocarbon fuels. Hydrocarbon series. Aviation blends. Combustionrelated fuel properties -distillation, volatility, spontaneous ignition temperature, flash point, thermal stability and smoke point - and test methods.
Flames and Flame Structure

Combustion applications. Laminar homogeneous combustion. Flammability, quenching and ignition. Flame stability. Non-premixed ( diffusion ) flames. Turbulent combustion - time-averaged and instantaneous representations of flame structure, turbulence interaction, theoretical modelling concepts. Learning Outcomes: On completion of the course the Course Members should demonstrate an understanding of the basic theories and combustion calculations, as well as flames and flame structure.
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Module Title: Name of Module Co-ordinator (a) Class Contact (b) Private Study Hours: 20 Hours: 80 Assessment Method: Examination
Gas Turbine Applications Professor R Singh (c) Total Notional Hours: 100
Credit Rating: 10
Compulsory/Optional: Compulsory for the Rotating Machinery Engineering and Management option; Optional for the gas Turbine Technology, Aerospace Propulsion and Power, Propulsion and the Environment options.
Prerequisites: None Aim:. To familiarise Course Members with applications of gas turbines for both land based use and as propulsion systems and to consider criteria which influence design and selection. Syllabus/Curriculum: General considerations in selecting land and marine gas turbines Relationship of application to design. Specific power and efficiency considerations. Emergency standby, peaking and continuous duty operation. Design layouts, implications of single and multi-spool systems. Choices for power generation and compressor, pump or propeller drives. Engine ratings, types of usage and life implications. Introduction to availability and reliability issues. Emissions, fuel types and power systems layouts. Civil aero gas turbine design and strategy consideration. Historical background, nature of industry and market size. Technology drivers, core excess power, cycle temperatures, materials and cooling. Component efficiencies, cycle and propulsion efficiencies. Overall efficiency trends, design implications and unusual solutions. Growth, risk management and globalisation of industry. Availability, reliability, engine health monitoring and risk management. Availability and reliability concerns for single and multiple engine configurations. Engine health monitoring, linear and non-linear gas path analysis. Role of instrumentation, life usage and risk assessment. Reliability and availability of components and multi-engine installations. Use of heavy, blended, contaminated or crude fuels. Introduction, type and range of fuels considered, fuel specifications. Fuel properties and implications for fuel system and combustor design. Hot section corrosion considerations, additives, fouling, cleaning and rating considerations. Implications on choice of engine and economic operation. Coal and solid fuels. Relevance of coal as a fuel for gas turbine utilisation. Routes to coal utilisation, gasification, coal derived liquid fuels. Combustion of solid coal, atmospheric and pressurised fluid bed combustion.Current developments, technology and commercial risks. Learning Outcomes: On completion of the course the Course Members should demonstrate an understanding of the different criteria and design and selection requirement for gas turbine applications.
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Gas Turbine Theory and Performance Professor P Pilidis (c) Total Notional Credit Rating: 10 Hours: 100 Compulsory/Optional: Compulsory for all options of the Thermal Power MSc.
Prerequisites: None Aim: To familiarise Course Members with different types of gas turbine; their applications, design and transient performance. Also, to introduce simulation techniques.
Gas Turbine Types and Applications Effect of design pressure ratio and turbine temperature on the basic gas turbine cycle. Modifications of the basic cycle, compounding, intercooling, reheating, heat exchange, bypass and fan cycles. Performance Design point performance of turbojet and turboshaft cycles, effect of bypass ratio. Off design performance, effect of ambient temperature, altitude, throttle setting and flight speed. Non-dimensional representation. Gas turbine simulation. Effects of bleeds and power offtakes. Compressor turbine matching. Gas Turbine Transient Performance Accelerations, decelerations, effects on surge margin. Transients of single shaft and multi-shaft engines. Transient performance simulation. Method of Continuity of Mass Flow (CMF) and method of Intercomponent Volumes (ICV). Effects of heat transfer on transient performance. Variable Geometry Surge alleviation, performance performance.
improvements,
steady
state
and
transient
Variable Cycle Aircraft Engines Requirement, effects on compressor operating lines, compressor variable geometry, turbine variable geometry. Learning Outcomes: On completion of the course the Course Members should demonstrate an understanding of the basic concepts and theories of gas turbine cycles and components performance calculation under steady-state and transient conditions
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Module Title: Name of Module Convenor/Leader/Coordinator (a) Class Contact (b) Private Study Hours: 20 Hours: 80 Assessment Method: Assignment
Industrial Prime Movers Dr H Mashmoushy/Dr D Griffiths (c) Total Notional Credit Rating: 10 Hours: 100 Compulsory/Optional: Optional for Rotating Machinery Engineering and Management option. Compulsory for the Power, Propulsion and Environment Option
Prerequisites: None Aim:. To familiarise Course Members with steam plants and their properties, the Rankline and Diesel cycles, nuclear reactors and boilers and their performance parameters, and recent developments in engine design and performance.
Steam Plant Steam properties, the Rankine cycle. The effects on cycle efficiency of steam temperature, boiler pressure and condenser pressure. Rankine cycle with superheat. Rankine cycle with superheat and reheat. Supercritical Rankine cycle. Efficiency and optimum reheat pressure. Regenerative cycle, single feed heater, regenerative cycle - multiple feed heaters. Steam turbines, simple impulse, velocity compounded, pressure compounded pressure velocity compounded. Reaction turbines, blading condensers. Nuclear Power Plant Gas cooled reactors. Liquid cooled reactors. Boiler plant, fire tube boilers, water tube boilers, closed feed systems, feed water treatment, coal firing systems. Diesel Engine Performance Performance parameters, Diesel cycle, distribution of heat in diesel engines, diesel engine operation, Mechanical details, auxiliary systems, fuel, lubricating oil and cooling water. Recent developments. Waste heat recovery systems. Single pressure cycles, dual pressure steam cycles, organic fluid cycles, CHP - process requirements, district heating, back pressure turbines. Learning Outcomes: On compltion of the course the Course Members should demonstrate an understanding of the layouts and basic concepts of seam plant and diesels as well as the associated performance calculations.
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Module Title: Name of Module Convenor/Leader/Coordinator (a) Class Contact (b) Private Study Hours: 30 Hours: 70 Assessment Method: Examination
Jet Engine Control Dr K Ramsden/Professor P Pilidis/Mr M Yates (c) Total Notional Credit Rating: 10 Hours: 100 Compulsory/Optional: Optional for the Gas Turbine Technology and Aerospace Propulsion options.
Prerequisites: None Aim:. To explain the philosophy of jet engine control requirements and systems to gas turbine engineers.
The course content will cover the following: Description of jet engine components interactions, limitations and the need for control. Control mechanisms and their influences on jet engine performance. Compressor and Turbine Characteristics and matching. Variable Geometry in compressor, turbines and propelling nozzles. The use of bleed valves. Acceleration and deceleration fuel schedules. Explanation of fuel transfer from aircraft to engine. Hardware Design: Hydromechanical control systems. control. Electronic and digital control systems. Future issues. Learning Outcomes: On completion of the course the Course Members should demonstrate an understanding of the objectives of control philosophies and systems, means to influence aero gas turbine engine performance and the different mechanisms that allow the safe and efficient operation of a jet engine. Speed and acceleration
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Module Title
Materials Selection
Name of module convenor/leader/co-ordinator (a) Class (b) Private contact study hours: 40
hours: 10
Professor J Evans (c) Total notional hours: 50

Compulsory/Optional:
Credit rating: 5
Assessment method: Assignment
Compulsory for the Gas Turbine Tech. Option: Optimal for Rotating Mach & Mgt Aerospace Propulsion and Power, Propulsion and the Environment options. Prerequisites: None Aim: To make course members aware of factors controlling materials performance and procedures for selection of materials. Syllabus/Curriculum: This module will focus on the predominant materials used in engineering manufacture. Brief mention will be made of other engineering materials, such as titanium alloys. Material factors and materials selection principles to optimise resistance to the major failure modes, fatigue and wear will be included. Special attention will be paid to surface treatments to optimise resistance to fatigue, wear, oxidation and erosion. The factors influencing choice of hardening treatment and substrate material will also be defined. Practical examples will be used to illustrate material selection principles, and guidance will be given on the use of handbooks and databases in support of materials selection. Topics Covered: In service failure processes- fatigue, wear, corrosion and erosion, oxidation and creep. Design failure criteria. Mechanical properties. Materials selection principles. Surface treatments. Standards, handbooks and data bases. Learning outcomes: On completion of the course the Course Member should be able to short list candidate materials for particular applications; recognising the relative merits and limitations of materials.
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Module Title:
Name of Module Convenor/Leader/Coordinator (c) Class Contact (b) Private Study Hours: 30 Hours: 70 Assessment Method: Examination
Mechanical Design of Turbomachinery Mr A S Haslam (c) Total Notional Credit Rating: 10 Hours: 100 Compulsory/Optional: : Compulsory for the Gas Turbine Technology and Aerospace Propulsion options of the Thermal Power MSc; Optional for the Rotating Machinery Engineering and Management option.
Prerequisites: None Aim: To familiarise course members with the common problems associated with the mechanical design and the lifing of the major rotating components of the gas turbine engine
Loads/forces/stresses in gas turbine engines: The origin of loads/forces/stresses in a gas turbine engine such as loads associated with: rotational inertia, flight, precession of shafts, pressure gradient, torsion, seizure, blade release, engine mountings within the airframe and bearings. Discussion of major loadings associated with the rotating components and those within the pressure casing including components subject to heating. Failure criteria: Monotonic failure criteria: proof, ultimate strength of materials. Theories of failure applied to bi-axial loads. Other failure mechanisms associated with gas turbine engines including creep and fatigue. Fatigue properties including SN and RM diagrams, the effect of stress concentration, mean stress etc. Cumulative fatigue, the double Goodman diagram technique to calculate the fatigue safety factor of gas turbine components. The rainflow cycle counting technique and cumulative fatigue used to estimate the life of a component. Methods of calculating the creep life of a component using the Larson-Miller Time-Temperature parameter. Applications: The design of discs and blades. Illustration of the magnitude of stresses in conventional axial flow blades by means of a simple desk-top method to include the effects of leaning the blade. The stressing of axial flow discs by means of a discretised hand calculation which illustrates the distribution and relative magnitude of the working stresses within a disc. The design of flanges and bolted structures. Leakage through a flanged joint and failure from fatigue. Blade vibration: Resonances. Desk top techniques for calculating the low order natural frequencies of turbomachine blades. Allowances for the effects of blade twist and centrifugal stiffening. Sources of blade excitation including stationary flow disturbance, rotating stall and flutter. Derivation of the Campbell diagram from which troublesome resonances may be identified. Allowances for temperature, pre-twist and centrifugal stiffening. Methods for dealing with resonances. Turbomachine rotordynamics: Estimation of the critical speeds of shafts using the Rayleigh-Ritz and Dunkerleys methods and their relevance to gas turbine engines.
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Learning Outcomes: On completion of the course the Course Members should be able to: 1. Describe the loads encountered by gas turbine components during normal operation 2. Demonstrate an understanding of the design requirements of gas turbine turbomachinery components. 3. Perform straightforward calculations involving bi-axial monotonic loads on gas turbine rotating components and to apply appropriate failure criteria. 4. Estimate the fatigue safety factor of a gas turbine blade or shaft subject to two cyclic amplitudes of fatigue loading. 5. Perform hand calculations to estimate the stresses in turbomachine blades and discs 6. Calculate the low order natural frequencies of turbomachine blades and use them in conjunction with Campbell diagrams to suggest solutions to problems with dangerous resonances in the running range of the engine. 7. Design a flanged joint making allowances for leakage and fatigue failure. 8. Calculate the critical speed of a shaft with point loads representing a turbine and compressor.
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Piston Engines Dr D Griffiths (c) Total Notional Credit Rating: 7.5 Hours: 75 Compulsory/Optional: Optional for all options of the Thermal Power MSc
Prerequisites: None Aim:.To provide course members with a general understanding of piston engine operation
Syllabus/Curriculum: Ideal cycles: the Otto cycle, the diesel cycle, the dual combustion cycle. Ideal cycle internal combustion engine cylinder performance, power calculations and efficiency. Operating cycles: the four stroke and two stroke cycle engine. Gas exchange processes and the essential difference between spark and compression ignition engines. Basic power calculations. Fuels and combustion for internal combustion engines; air fuel ratios and stoiciometric conditions. Fuel delivery systems; carburettor and fuel injection systems for petrol engines; fuel delivery arrangements for gas engines; fuel injection (including common rail) systems for diesel engines. Spark ignition engines (petrol and gas); design and operation including performance defects. Diesel engines (including duel fuel gas and liquid fuel); design and operation including performance defects. The Wankel engine. Supercharging: methods of supercharging and the effect on engine performance and power development. Emissions and emission control
Learning Outcomes: On completion of the course the Course Members will be able to: Perform calculations on ideal internal combustion cycles given boundary conditions. Describe the differences between the two and four stroke internal combustion engine operating cycles and explain how the cylinder gas exchange is achieved. Find the stoiciometric air supply required for a fuel of given composition and the air mass required when excess air is supplied. Explain how fuel is supplied to an engine and how precise fuel measurement is achieved for a carburettor or fuel injection system. Explain how and why accurate timing of diesel fuel injection and a spark are required and the consequences of advanced or retarded fuel injection or spark timing. Describe the essential differences between the petrol and compression ignition engine and between two and four stroke cycle engines. Calculate cylinder power and specific fuel consumption from basic data. Describe the reasons for and the means of achieving supercharging; basic air requirement calculations. State the emissions from petrol and diesel engines and explain emission reduction. Describe the Wankel engine and state its advantages over the reciprocating engine.
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Module Title: Name of Module Convenor/Leader/Coordinator (a) Class Contact (b) Private Study Hours: 30 Hours: 70 Assessment Method: Assignment
Gas Turbine Simulation and Diagnostics Dr I Li, Dr V Pachidis (c) Total Notional Credit Rating: 10 Hours: 100 Compulsory/Optional: Compulsory for Aerospace Propulsion: Optional for all options of the Thermal Power MSc
Prerequisites: None Aim: To provide course members with an understanding of gas turbine component performance calculations, diagnostics and the evaluation of gas turbine performance and deterioration.
The lecture content covers: Basic theory and calculations for components (intake, nozzle, duct, compressor, turbine, combustor, intercooler and recuperator). Design-point performance calculations. Off-design performance calculations and iteration techniques. Gas Turbine Performance Code: TURBOMATCH. Description of gas turbine performance degradation and faults. Description of most commonly used gas turbine condition monitoring techniques. Linear and on-linear GPA, and other performance analysis based diagnostic techniques. The practical content involves the use of the small gas turbine engine test facility and covers: Laboratory performance test (in teams of 3). Simulation of the engine performance using TURBOMATCH. Simulation of the deteriorated performance of the engine. Fault diagnosis using linear Gas path Analysis (GPA) by hand calculation. Fault diagnosis by non-linear GPA using available software. Learning Outcomes: On completion of the course the Course Members should d be able to: Describe and calculate gas turbine component performance. Analyse gas turbine performance at design and off-design points. Assess the influence of ambient conditions on gas turbine performance. Understand the nature of different gas turbine degradation and faults. Understand different diagnostic techniques. Detect gas turbine faults with linear and non-linear GPA. Carry out analytical procedures as part of a team. Nb This course is split into 15 hours by Dr Pachidis and 15 hours by Dr Li
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Propulsion Systems Performance and Integration Mr D Williams/Professor P Pilidis (c) Total Notional Credit Rating: 10 Hours: 100 Compulsory/Optional: Compulsory for Gas Turbine Technology and Aerospace Propulsion options of the Thermal Power MSc
Prerequisites: None Aim:. To equip Course Members with background knowledge of aircraft propulsion, component performance integration.
Syllabus/Curriculum: The course is divided into two major components: Component Performance System Performance and Integration Component Performance Three main topics are dealt with in this section: Aircraft Performance, Jet Engine Performance and Intakes and Exhaust Systems. Aircraft Performance: Deals with the major topics of flight and aerodynamics, such as lift, drag, range, performance and a section on the design of aircraft for different purposes. Jet Engine Performance: Focuses mainly on the off-design performance of jet engines. Engine behaviour at different altitudes, flight speeds, ambient conditions and throttle settings are described. This topic features a presentation on the design of engines for various types of aircraft. Intakes and Exhaust Systems: Outlines the major design features and operation of the components for subsonic and supersonic aircraft applications. System Performance and Integration: This portion of the course starts with the analysis of fundamental aerodynamics of unducted and ducted bodies. This is followed by the development, via the formal definitions of thrust and drag and the concept of stream-tube momentum force, of the relationship between the net propulsive force of the powerplant, engine thrust and nacelle forces. Alternative performance accounting relationships are developed for various choices of thrust interface using force, drag and the hybrid force/drag method. These are employed to illustrate the interplay between component forces. The treatment addresses the long and short-cowl podded nacelles, appropriate to civil engine installations, on- and off-wing; and the highly integrated installations encountered in military aircraft.
Learning Outcomes: On completion of the course the Course Members should demonstrate an understanding of component performance and system performance and Integration.
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Space Propulsion Mr R Parkinson (c) Total Notional Credit Rating: 10 Hours: 100 Compulsory for Aerospace Propulsion Option/ Optional for all other options of the Thermal Power MSc
Prerequisites: None
Aim:. To provide an understanding of the thermofluid dynamic concepts underlying rocket and air-breathing space propulsion and of their implications for launch vehicle and spacecraft system performance and design. Syllabus/Curriculum: Introduction to the interactions between propulsion system, mission and spacecraft design. Launch Vehicle Performance : Mission requirements, Vehicle dynamics, Tsiolkovski rocket equation, Launch vehicle sizing and multi-staging, Illustrative launcher performance ( Scout, Ariane, Shuttle programmes ) - launch site / range safety constraints, Geostationary orbit acquisition. Expendable Launch Vehicles - Current Options : Vehicle design summaries, Orbital transfer vehicles, Comparative launch costs, and Reusable launchers. Propulsion Fundamentals : Systems classification, Nozzle flows, Off-design considerations (under/over-expanded flows ), Thermochemistry. Space Propulsion Systems and Performance : Propellants and combustion, Solid and liquid propellant systems, Engine cycles: Spacecraft propulsion - orbit raising, stationkeeping and attitude control, Propellant management at low-g - alternative storage and delivery systems: Electric propulsion, Separately-powered rocket performance, Low thrust manoeuvres, Thruster concepts and configurations. Learning Outcomes: On completion of the course the Course Members should: 1. Demonstrate an understanding of the constraints imposed by launch vehicle performance and operation on mission analysis. 2. Be able to perform preliminary mission design studies which accommodate the capabilities of the major launch systems currently available. 3. Be able to use one-dimensional gas dynamic relationships to perform initial propulsion system design point and off-design calculations. 4. Be familiar with the principal options for propulsion system design in relation to both boosters and secondary spacecraft propulsion and to be able to assess critically their relative strengths in a range of mission applications. 5. Understand the determining factors in high speed flows which constrain the application of air-breathing propulsion to space launcher applications and the current responses to the technical challenges posed.
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Module Title: Name of Module Convenor/Leader/Coordinator (a) Class Contact (b) Private Study Hours: 10 Hours: 40 Assessment Method: Workshop + Presentations
Introduction to Spacecraft Systems Engineering Dr Jenny Kingston (c) Total Notional Credit Rating: 5 Hours: 50 Compulsory/Optional: Mandatory for the Aerospace Propulsion course. Optional for the Gas Turbine Technology Course.
Aim:. To instruct Course Members on the development and design of space systems, from a clean sheet of paper, through logical progression from defined user requirements.
1. Brief history: Background to the development of space systems; the European Space Agency; BNSC; future missions. 2. Mission Analysis & System Design Definition: Mission definition; System Design Methodology; Trade-Off Analysis; design specifications; configuration control; System Budgets 3. Space and Spacecraft Environment: Gravitational field; Geomagnetic field; Spacecraft charging; Material Outgassing and self-atmosphere; Radiation Dose, the Dose-depth curve. Spacecraft sub-systems; Power, the power budget and solar array and battery sizing; Communications and the link budget; Attitude measurement and control; Structural and thermal analysis and test procedures. 4. Spacecraft configuration: examples of configuration of spacecraft designed for various mission types; case study. Mission design workshop.
Learning Outcomes: On completion of this module the Course Members should know how to structure a spacecraft design and development programme through: establishing mission requirements characterising the mission and identifying optional solutions evaluating the performance of options by means of a trade-off analysis defining system engineering requirements establishing a baseline system definition outlining a programme plan to verify the system performance
Larson, W.J., and Wertz., (eds.) Space Mission Analysis and Design, Second Edition, Microcosm Inc. and Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992. (ISBN 0-7923-1998-2).
Reference texts:
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Module Title:
Name of Module Co-ordinator (a) Class Contact (b) Private Study Hours: 30 Hours: 70 Assessment Method: Examination
Specification and Performance of Mechanical and Electrical Rotating Equipment Mr B Hardy-Bishop/Mr P Wharton (c) Total Notional Credit Rating: 10 Hours: 100 Compulsory/Optional: Compulsory for Rotating Machinery Engineering and Management option; Optional for Aerospace Propulsion and Gas Turbine Technology options
Prerequisites: None Aim: To familiarise the course member with developments in driven equipment, including design, operation, maintenance and safety.
Syllabus/Curriculum: Electric Motors And Generators An overview of the important electrical features of power generation. This will provide an understanding of the design features of synchronous or asynchronous machines often driven by gas turbines, and in motors for driving auxiliaries or as part of the resulting power system. The mechanical engineer is typically involved as a member of a design team, often as the lead engineer, with the important requirement of discussing electrical design features with specialist engineers and then being expected to take part in the decision making process about a power generation package. The machinery covered is: Synchronous and Asynchronous Machines Electrical Variable Speed Drive System Hazardous Area Protection Power System Design Electrical Power Calculations Operation and Maintenance Integrated Motor & Generator Control Systems Pumps and Pumping Systems Participants will be introduced to the basic principles of pumps, to the problems encountered when pumps are applied to well injection duties, product transfer systems and to general process pumping. In particular, attention will be given to cavitation, gas-liquid and other multiphase problems, and to the drive systems used, particularly gas turbine drives. Pump Principles Euler equation, relation of pump geometry to design performance, cavitation, viscosity effects, part load behaviour, gas liquid pumping. Matching of Pumps and Systems Steady and transient matching of systems with pumps; choice of constant or variable speed operating modes and their implications. Gas turbine drives; an overview of their principles and modes of operation.
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Pump Application Off-shore applications; tanker loading/unloading, gas turbine fuel and oil pumping, process plant - petro-chemical, heavy chemicals. A survey of multi-phase pumping. Gas Compressors An insight will be given into the theory, selection, operating range and installation of the various types of compressor. Some common installation problems will be discussed and analysed. Ship Propellers A brief introduction will be given to propeller installations and operations. The basic theory will be discussed. Some major operational features will be outlined and construction details of propellers will be explained. Learning Outcomes: On completion of the course the Course Member should understand the design, operation, maintenance and safety issues for different driven equipment such as: electric motors and generators, pumps, gas compressors and ship propellers.
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Module Title: Name of Module Co-ordinator (a) Class Contact (b) Private Study Hours: 30 Hours: 70 Assessment Method: Assignment
Turbomachinery Dr K W Ramsden/Dr D G MacManus (c) Total Notional Credit Rating: 10 Hours: 100 Compulsory/Optional: Compulsory for all options of the Thermal Power MSc
Prerequisites: None Aim:. To familiarise Course Members with compressor and turbine aerodynamic design and performance by instruction, investigation and example. Syllabus/Curriculum: Compressor design and performance Comparison of axial and centrifugal compressors Overall performance, achievable pressure ratio and efficiency. The problem of compression The basic diffusion process, analogy with conical diffusers, definition of pressure losses; separation and friction losses. Definition of pressure recovery parameters, delta P on D, de Haller Number, etc. The compressor cascade Performance, correlations, deflection, pressure losses, deviation, choice of incidence. Limitations due to stall and choke. Effect of space to chord ratio, stagger, camber, etc. Reynolds and Mach number effects, alpha Mach number diagram. Transonic/supersonic cascade performance, unique incidence. Diffusion factor, choice of base profile and blade numbers. The axial compressor stage Stage loading and flow parameters, limitation in design on pitch line basis. Definition and choice of reaction at design, effect on stage efficiency. The ideal and real stage characteristic, stall and choke. Radial Equilibrium The free vortex solution, limitations due to hub/tip ratio. Alternative solutions; prescribed vortex, half vortex, graded work applied to fans and low hub/tip compressor stages. Compressor/Fan performance Definition of isentropic and polytropic efficiency, effect of pressure ratio, performance at constant speed, surge and surge margin definitions, running line, choking effects, effects on performance of: inlet flow distortion, tip clearance, snubbers bleed slots etc. Compressor overall performance maps, effect of inlet temperature and pressure changes.
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Off design performance Types of stall, rotating stall, flutter. Use of conventional variable IGV/stators, part chord variable IGVs, bleed, multi-spooling, variable axial temperature rise distribution. Choice of overall annulus geometry: design for rising line, constant mean diameter, falling line. Choice of axial spacing, aspect ratio, limitations of rear hub/tip ratio. Intercompressor losses, swan-neck duct considerations. Compressor Design Example Multi-stage compressor design example: Fully interactive activity involving extensive calculation and the use of Q-curves. Turbine Design and Performance The problem of expansion Blade passage shape, choice of base profile, direct and indirect methods of design, prescribed velocity distribution, choking. The axial turbine stage Velocity triangles, reaction, stage loading, flow coefficients. The ideal and real characteristic. Design for maximum power: effect of choking and change of inlet temperature and pressure. Stage efficiency: isentropic and polytropic, overtip leakage, profile losses, correlations. Turbine blading: choice of base profile, blade numbers and aspect ratio. Zweiffel's and alternative lift coefficients. Overall performance: choice of stage loading and flow coefficient according to engine overall performance requirements, overall annulus geometry and layout; rising line, constant mean diameter and falling line. Turbine Design Example A complete aerodynamic design is carried out for both a low and a high TET engine, to represent industrial and aeronautical applications respectively. This is a fully interactive session involving extensive use of the Q-curves. The results are analysed and debated. Learning Outcomes: On completion of the course the Course Members should demonstrate an understanding of how to design compressors and turbines basic concepts from the blade design to whole performance calculations.
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Management for Technology Cranfield School of Management (c) Total Notional Credit Rating: 10 Hours: 100 Compulsory/Optional: Compulsory for the Rotating Machinery Engineering and Management and Power, Propulsion and the Environment options; optional for the Gas Turbine Technology and Aerospace Propulsion options of the Thermal Power MSc
Prerequisites: None Aim:. To provide an overview of management, to develop a better understanding of how the commercial world operates, advance your career and to have fun!
Syllabus/Curriculum: Method of Assessment: Written Examination and Business Game The engineer with a Master's degree has the expectancy of attaining a position of responsibility in a business organisation which requires attributes other than technical expertise. The objective of this course is to provide a knowledge of those aspects of management which will enable an engineer to fulfil his wider role more effectively. The subject matter has been selected to give a general awareness of the structure of a company, its business policy, financial matters and the working environment. It covers those topics which are common to both commerce and industry, but places emphasis on those functions which have greater application in a company engaged in the manufacture of a product or provision of a technical service. As the title of the course implies, technical management, with particular reference to management for design, research and development, is highlighted. Corporate Planning Finance and Accounting Legal Responsibilities Industrial Relations and Organisational Behaviour Office Automation Business Policy Industrial Marketing Management for Research and Development Management for Design Business Game Format Highly intensive and successful management course running over a 2 week period. There is a key emphasis on participation via case studies and group exercises. Assessment is by a three hour open book examination, plus the results of a group run business game. Learning Outcomes: On completion of the course the Course Members would develop management skills in financial issues, project management, marketing, negotiation and presentations.
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SHORT COURSE ATTENDANCE FORM Thermal Power MSc Course Members Application to attend Short Courses:
Title of Course........
Date of Course.......
Student Name (please print).... Permission of Supervisor: Supervisor Signature..... Permission of Course Director: Short Course Director Signature..
Each attendance on any course cannot be guaranteed and confirmation of your place will be made 2 3 weeks before the Short Course start date. You will also be notified if, for any reason, the short course you have registered on is cancelled. Please note that in return Thermal Power Course Members will be asked to assist with tasks associated with the course they are attending. Participation on social events will be included as appropriate.
Please note that whilst there is no charge for MSc Thermal Power Course Members attending a short course, there is a charge for lunches and dinners should a student wish to attend these
Mrs Faye Winstanley Room 340 Telephone Extension 4683. Email f.winstanley@cranfield.ac.uk
Whilst attending a short course you [the course members] are ambassadors of Cranfield University. Please remember the following:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Punctuality is essential. Be in the room at least 5 minutes prior to the lecture commencing. If you are late for a session you may not enter the room but wait for the next break. You should attend for the whole of the lecture and may not leave early. If you cannot attend the whole session please do not attend. Please do not use laptops to surf the internet during lectures No talking during the lectures. Talking disrupts the class and may distract the presenter No eating or drinking of anything other than the water provided Please do not ask questions/Please keep any questions to a minimum. Question sessions are designed to give opportunities for external delegates who are only hear for five days to ask questions. You have other resources available to you to answer these questions outside of the presentation. You may not enter into any communication with the course contributors, by email or otherwise, without the express written agreement of the course director.
7.
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M.Sc. IN THERMAL POWER GAS TURBINE TECHNOLOGY Hand to course administrator by Friday 14 October 2011 COURSE Core subjects (80 Total Credits) J Evans P A Rubini R Singh/V Sethi I Li E Goodger P Pilidis A Haslam/P Laskaridis V Pachidis/I Li K W Ramsden/D G MacManus 5 5 10 15 5 10 10 10 10 STAFF CREDIT LECTURES
Materials Selection Blade Cooling Combustors Engine Systems Fuels and Combustion GT Theory and Performance Mechanical Design of Turbomachinery Simulation and Diagnostics Turbomachinery
sub-total Optional Subjects (not less than 20 Credits) Recommended Subjects Computational Fluid Dynamics Jet Engine Control Management for Technology Space Propulsion Gas Turbine Applications Other Subjects Spec & Perf of Mech ERE Fatigue and Fracture Piston Engines Spacecraft Systems Propulsion Systems Performance and Integration Industrial Prime Movers AS/BHB/PW A Haslam/P Laskaridis D Griffiths J Kingston G Doulgeris/D Williams D Griffiths & H Mashmoushy 10 7.5 7.5 5 10 10 Total SUBJECTS FOR LECTURE ATTENDANCE ONLY (Please list): P Rubini/ J Amaral Teixeira M Yates/I James School of Management R Parkinson R Singh/G Di Lorenzo 10 10 10 10 10
80 TICK
( ( ( ( (
) ) ) ) )
( ( ( ( (
) ) ) ) )
( ) ( )
______________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ _
STUDENT NAME: ______________________________________________DATE____________________ STUDENT ID NUMBER: __________________________________________________________________ SUPERVISOR NAME: __________________________________________________________________
SUPERVISOR SIGNATURE: _______________________________________________________________
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The appropriate option selection form has to be completed and handed in to the TP MSc Administrator by the end of the second week of the first term.
M.Sc. IN THERMAL POWER - AEROSPACE PROPULSION Hand to course administrator by Friday 14 October 2011
COURSE Core Subjects (80) Total Credits)
STAFF
CREDIT
LECTURES
Combustors Engine Systems GT Theory and Performance Propulsion System P & I Mechanical Design of Turbomachinery Simulation and Diagnostics Space Propulsion Turbomachinery
R Singh/V Sethi I Li P Pilidis G Doulgeris/D Williams A Haslam/P Laskaridis V Pachidis/I Li R Parkinson K W Ramsden/D G MacManus
10 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 Subtotal 85 TICK
Optional Subjects Recommended Subjects Materials Selection Blade Cooling Computational Fluid Dynamics Gas Turbine Applications Jet Engine Control Management for Technology Spacecraft Systems Other Subjects Spec & Perf of Mechanical ERE Fatigue and Fracture Fuels and Combustion Piston Engines Simulation & Diagnostics
(not less than 20 Credits)
J Evans P A Rubini P Rubini/J Amaral Teixeira R Singh/G Di Lorenzo M Yates/I James SoM J Kingston
5 5 10 10 10 10 5
( ( ( ( ( ( (
) ) ) ) ) ) )
AS/BHB/PW A Haslam/P Laskaridis E Goodger D Griffiths V Pachidis/I Li
10 7.5 5 7.5 10 Total
( ( ( ( ( (
) ) ) ) ) )
SUBJECTS FOR LECTURE ATTENDANCE ONLY (Please list): ______________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________
STUDENT NAME: ______________________________________________DATE_______________ STUDENT ID NUMBER: _____________________________________________________________ SUPERVISOR NAME: ______________________________________________________________
SUPERVISOR SIGNATURE: _________________________________________________________
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The appropriate option selection form has to be completed and handed in to the TP MSc Administrator by the end of the second week of the first term.
M.Sc. IN THERMAL POWER ROTATING MACHINERY ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Hand to course administrator by Friday 14 October 2011 COURSE Core subjects (80 total Credits) R Singh/V Sethi TS/BHB/PW I Li E Goodger HM/DG P Pilidis SoM K W Ramsden/ D G MacManus 10 10 15 5 10 10 10 10 STAFF CREDIT LECTURES
Combustors Spec & Perf of Mech ERE Engine Systems Fuels and Combustion Industrial Prime Movers GT Theory and Performance Management for Technology Turbomachinery
Sub-total Optional Subjects Recommended Subjects (not less than 20 Credits)
80 TICK
Materials Selection Mechanical Design of Turbomachinery Piston Engines Gas Turbine Applications Other Subjects Blade Cooling Computational Fluid Dynamics Fatigue and Fracture Simulation & Diagnostics
J Evans AH/PL D Griffiths R Singh/G Di Lorenzo
5 10 7.5 10
( ( ( (
) ) ) )
P A Rubini PAR/JT P Laskaridis VP/IL
5 10 7.5 10 Total
( ( ( ( (
) ) ) ) )
SUPERVISOR SIGNATURE: _________________________________________________________ The appropriate option selection form has to be completed and handed in to the TP MSc Administrator by the end of the second week of the first term.
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M.Sc. IN THERMAL POWER POWER, PROPULSION AND THE ENVIRONMENT Hand to course administrator by Friday 14 October 2011 COURSE Core subjects (80 total Credits) Combustors Engine Systems Environmental Management Fuels and Combustion Industrial Prime Movers GT Theory and Performance Management for Technology Turbomachinery STAFF CREDIT LECTURES
R Singh/V Sethi I Li O Badr

E Goodger
HM/DG P Pilidis SoM K W Ramsden/ D G MacManus
10 15 10 5 10 10 10 10
Sub-total Optional Subjects Recommended Subjects (not less than 20Credits)
80 TICK
J Evans Materials Selection Mechanical Design of Turbomachinery A Haslam/P Laskaridis D Griffiths Piston Engines R Singh/G Di Lorenzo Gas Turbine Applications Other Subjects Blade Cooling Computational Fluid Dynamics Fatigue and Fracture Simulation & Diagnostics P A Rubini PAR/JT A Haslam/P Laskaridis VP/IL
5 10 7.5 10
( ( ( (
) ) ) )
5 10 7.5 10 Total
( ( ( ( (
) ) ) ) )
SUPERVISOR SIGNATURE: _________________________________________________________ The appropriate option selection form has to be completed and handed in to the TP MSc Administrator by the end of the second week of the first term.
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ABSENCE FORM
Name: .
Course Member No:
Date of Absence:
Reason:
Course Member Signature: ..............
Date:
.......
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ASSIGNMENT HAND-IN SHEET

This form must be attached as a cover sheet to the front of every piece of assessed work including theses. Work submitted without this form as the cover sheet will not be marked. Name: Course Member No Subject Title: . ..... ..
Assignment Title:.. .. .. .. Marking Tutor: Hand-in Date: .. ..
Cranfield University defines plagiarism as follows:Plagiarism is the use, without acknowledgement, of the intellectual work of other people, and the act of representing the ideas or discoveries of others as one's own in any work submitted for assessment or presented for publication. To copy sentences, phrases or even striking expressions without acknowledgement of source (either by inadequate citation or failure to indicate verbatim quotations)is plagiarism; to paraphrase witout acknowledgement is also plagiarism. I declare that the work handed in with this sheet is entirely my own effort. It is not in any way a collaborative effort with another course member nor has it been extracted (plagiarised) from someone else's work. I fully understand that if this is not the case, then I am likely to be reported to the University Authorities and my work will, at the very least, be zero marked. I am also aware that collaboration and plagiarism are considered in the same way as cheating by the University authorities and could have quite severe implications for my future career prospects. I require/do not require* this optional assignment to be assessed as part of the 100 credits needed for my MSc (*delete as appropriate). Course Member Signature: Date: ...........................
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This document provides information concerning the project lists. It can be used in two different ways. A project can simply be selected from the list. Alternatively, you may look at the list of available topics on the basis of research areas identified. You may then provide your own idea for a project topic, identify who would be the most appropriate supervisor and negotiate with him/her to supervise your project idea.
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MSC THERMAL POWER
PROJECT TOPICS 2011/2012
Dr. A. Addali and Dr Joao Amaral Teixeira

Tesla Turbine
A Tesla turbine (patented by Nikola Tesla in 1913) consists of a set of smooth disks, spaced along a shaft, with nozzles applying a moving fluid to the edge of the disk. The fluids drag on the disk by means of viscosity and adhesion of the surface layer of the fluid, which results in momentum exchange between the fluid and the disks. As the fluid slows and adds energy to the disks, it spirals into the centre exhaust. Since the rotor has no projections, it can rotate up to 35,000 revolutions per minute (rpm). The main drawback in the early versions of this turbine was the poor knowledge of materials characteristics and behaviors at high temperatures. The best metallurgy of the day could not prevent the turbine disks from moving and warping unacceptably during operation. In the subsequent years, many investigations have been carried out to determine the performance and efficiency of this type of turbo-machinery. These have been both analytical and experimental. It has been reported that even the most modern Teslas turbine could not exceed 30-40% efficiency. This project will focus on reviewing, understanding and improving drawbacks of the current designs of the Tesla turbines, and a small working model of this machine will be designed and built for demonstration.
Stress Analysis of Gas Turbine Components Using FEA (3 projects)
Gas turbines are designed to operate at high speed and high temperature, these operating conditions will of course have their contribution to the mechanical failure of gas turbine components such as turbine disc, rotating blades, stationary blades etc. This research will focus on using numerical method such as Finite Element Analysis FEA packages (e.g. I-deas, Abaqus ) to investigate the effect of both mechanical and thermal stress on the turbine components. The following topics will be the main objective for these research projects; each topic will form an individual project: Using FEA to calculate the hot section components mechanical stresses, using different design parameters such as blade material, blade type (shrouded and un-shrouded) Using FEA to simulate the components thermal stresses for turbine blade at different design parameters (material, cooled and un-cooled blades etc), operating condition (TET, PCN, altitude) and working environments (ambient temperature, humidity etc). Stress analysis of the turbine disc due to the rotational speed including detailed comparative investigation of different blade roots designs such as dove tail, fir tree tail, straddle Tetc.
Students who are interested in these projects must have a prior knowledge on using CAD/CAE packages as all the above topics will include CAD and CAE modelling using commercial packages such as I-deas, Catia , Abaqus.
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Dr Joao Amaral Teixeira

Experimental Investigation of Rotating Stall in Low Speed Axial Flow Fans
Inducted axial flow turbomachinery stall phenomena is characterized by the emergence of a number of discrete stall cells within a given blade row. Typically these cells modify the flow conditions of the blades adjacent to it such as inducing a stall in that group of blades while leading to the un-staling of the sector the cell previously occupied. A succession of these events will repeatedly take place in the direction of rotation of the blades, with an angular velocity in the range of one third to three quarters of the rotor velocity. This phenomenon known as rotating stall is well understood in high speed turbomachines with high blade counts but much less reported for low speed industrial fans with a small number of blades. The present project is a continuation of a previous experimental study. The student will carry out a number of experiments in a dedicated rig and extract data for comparison with results obtained from a concurrent numerical study.
Numerical Investigation of Rotating Stall in Low Speed Axial Flow Fans

This project seeks to describe, numerically, what the previous study will investigate experimentally. A commercial CFD code, Ansys CFX, will be employed in the analyses. Close collaboration between the two students taking these projects is expected. The two projects are carried out in collaboration with a fan manufacturer. Since a strong interaction with the sponsors is anticipated good communication skills are desirable.
Numerical Investigation of OWC Systems

Oscillating Water Column (OWC) methods for power extraction from ocean waves have been actively investigated for quite a number of years but there is still much work to do in this promising area of wet renewables. Although most of the OWC installations have in the past been shore based, a move towards the use of near and off-shore buoys is taking shape and therefore the extension of predictive capabilities to cover these installations is highly desirable. The use of commercial CFD codes for this type of application is relatively novel but offers great modelling promise. The project will be based on work carried out in the preceding year and will seek to extend the simulation capabilities whilst covering more complex OWC configurations.
The Effects of Marine Fouling on the Performance of Tidal Turbines

It is proposed that the student will study the effects marine fouling will have upon the blades of tidal turbines and demonstrate how this will affect turbine performance over its lifetime. A literature survey should be undertaken in order to better understand how fouling can affect blade surface roughness with time. Data derived from this will be used as the basis for constructing an empirical model used to determine how the lift and drag characteristics of a turbine blade will change over time when exposed to the marine environment. It expected that CFD software will be used to study the effect surface roughness has on an airfoil in order to quantify the anticipated degradation in lift and drag. Furthermore, by making use of a turbine performance code, the student will then determine how these changes will alter the operating characteristics of the turbine over the course of its life. The outcomes of this work will be used to better understand both the economics and forces on tidal turbines.
Tip Clearance Control in Industrial Fans

Industrial fans are to some extent the poor relations of turbomachinery design. However some of the design challenges for these types of fans are no less demanding that those facing the designers of more glamorous applications. This is because some of the high quality constructional features seen in gas turbines, for example close component tolerances, cannot be taken for granted in these machines. In addition industrial fans employed in ventilation applications may be required to operate at high temperatures for extended periods of time. Tip clearance flows, always a source of losses in turbomachinery, become more problematic in these operating conditions. The project will investigate a number of strategies for reducing the losses associated with these flows. Although CFD is the central tool to be employed in the study it is not wholly excluded that a limited amount of complementary experimental work might be carried out as well.
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Dr Joao Amaral Teixeira (cont)

Modelling Leakage Flows in High Pressure Axial Flow Turbines
The physics of the interaction of cavity leakage flows with the main flow in Turbomachinery are the subject of current research interest. High pressure turbines have highly complex three dimensional flow fields, including secondary flows that are characterised by distinct vortical structures. These flows, acting in addition to the bulk flow, and caused by a number of mechanisms, play important roles in the redistribution of losses and heat transfer patterns. This already complex scenario is further complicated by the effect of leakages, arising from the tips in unshrouded blades and from, as well as towards, cavities such as those that exist underneath the stationary hubs of stators. This project seeks to model a representative turbine stage and the effects of the leakage flows described above on the flow patterns of the blades and hence their performance. The work will employ Computational Fluid Dynamics methods to characterise the flow and is suited for a student interested in the deeper physical mechanisms that apply to these types of components.
Investigation of Abrasive Flows in Centrifugal Pumps

Centrifugal pumps are employed with a vast range of fluids including those which act as carriers of solid particles. The erosive action of sand and slurry is manifested trough a removal of material from the blades edges. This action will eventually lead to a degradation of the profile of the blades and to a consequent increase in losses. Numerical models offer the opportunity to predict the distribution and concentration of the particles and in conjunction with an erosion model to identify the regions of the blading more at risk of damage as well as the expected erosion pattern. The project is carried out in collaboration with a pump manufacturer with whom the student is expected to interact. Good presentation skills are therefore desirable as well as a genuine interest in these types of machines.
Dr G Di Lorenzo
Off-design models for low/zero carbon emission concepts
In the last years the problem of global warming is becoming more and more alarming. All main developed countries are supporting carbon reduction programmes as the emission of CO2 is the main contributor to the anthropogenic global warming. There is much interest in novel gas turbine thermodynamic cycles for power generation (mainly to be implemented in combined cycle arrangements) able to reduce, or completely avoid, the disposal of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This interest is boosted by the awareness that these cycles will dominate the power generation market in the short-medium term. Cranfield University invested some years of work to investigate a number of promising novel thermodynamic cycles with low/zero carbon emission. Further work is necessary in order to complete the development of the computational tool in order to assess comprehensively the new concepts. In particular the off-design power plant models should be implemented and integrated with the other pieces of software already available.
Dr G Doulgeris/Prof P Pilidis
Gas turbine integration in marine applications; Poseidon ship performance
Gas turbines are an attractive candidate for marine propulsion in a wide range of applications (naval warships to commercial ships). In this direction, Poseidon, a ship performance tool has been developed in Cranfield University in order to simulate the performance of any ship, coupled with any gas turbine configuration and be an invaluable tool in the design of marine gas turbines. This project gives the opportunity to the course member to work on Poseidon and obtain wide understanding of ship performance, as well as marine gas turbine performance. Previous experience on computer programming (both Fortran and Matlab) recommended.
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Dr G Doulgeris/Prof P Pilidis( Continued)

Nacelle design group project
The increase of BPR and engine dimensions for higher efficiency, raises the installation issue of the propulsion system on the aircraft. As a result, the integration of the gas turbine is expected to play a major role on aircraft design. This project offers the opportunity to two course members to study the various design aspects of nacelles for conventional and novel configurations investigate the effect of variable inlet and nozzle areas on engine performance with the use of CFD methods Previous experience on computer programming (Fortran) and CFD recommended.
Hermes aircraft performance: trajectory optimization

Towards more efficient and environmentally friendly airplanes, highly coupled airframe-power plant designs become of major importance. The Hermes aircraft performance model, allows for taking into account overall aircraft performance, while designing the propulsion system. This project involves work on the Hermes tool, that will give to the course member a wide understanding of aircraft and gas turbine performance while it will enable the investigation of interaction between airframe and propulsion system. Previous experience on computer programming (Fortran) recommended.
Propulsion systems for an Aerodynamically Alleviated Marine Vehicle

A novel hybrid vehicle is being developed in the School of Engineering. It is a high-speed marine vehicle, utilising aerodynamic and hydrodynamic surfaces, with several applications, such as civil transportation, military and UAV. Such a configuration requires a novel approach in the design of the propulsion system. This project involves the design of a propulsion system, including preliminary design, engine and vehicle performance.
Dr G Doulgeris and Mr D Williams

Intelligent compressor for an intelligent engine
Substantial engine performance gains can be obtained by applying advanced control systems on aeroengines. An aspect of major importance is the compressor stability under highly distorted inlet flows, which is a significant issue in military and advanced civil aircraft applications (embedded engines, UAVs, etc.). The proposed study involves the application of parallel compressor theory in conjunction with variable stator stagger angles. The outcome should be a compressor able to adapting to any given inlet distortion, resulting at optimum off-design performance. Previous experience in programming (Fortran) is highly recommended.
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Dr David Hammond
A handy cloud moisture meter
Even today, measuring the wetness of clouds accurately remains a somewhat open problem. Making relative measurements is a useful start. This project involves working with ourselves and NASA in helping to develop and prove a cloud moisture meter to help the users of icing tunnels to make quick checks on cloud moisture content and cloud uniformity.
Ice build up on gas turbine components:

Ice forming on early stage components in turbine engines can result in flow problems and mechanical damage. Preventing it from forming completely can involve considerable performance penalties. Work with Rolls-Royce and ourselves on getting the right balance.
Wind Turbine Icing

Active ice removal is often not seen as cost effective for wind turbines though alternative counter measures are needed for many wind farms. Join our work on coatings technologies and the evaluation of their effectiveness in keeping wind turbines running for more of the year.
Mr Tony Haslam
Effect of Change in Role of an Aircraft on Engine Life
Due to the high cost of aircraft development, it has been necessary to change the role of existing fleets to meet current demand. For example, civilian passenger aircraft (BAe VC10, A320) have been used by air forces in the airborne tanker role. It is also likely that aircraft such as Eurofighter Typhoon which was primarily designed for air defence (mainly at high altitude over Europe) will be used in the close air support role (at low altitude in much warmer climates). This project is an investigation into the effect that such a change in role/sortie profile is likely to have on the life of engine components and the probable increase in life cycle cost of the engine.
Cycle Counting/Low Cycle Fatigue

A critical cause of failure in large rotating components such as gas turbine discs and shafts is low cycle fatigue. This project requires that a course member investigates the low cycle fatigue environment of such a component with a view to estimating (or checking) its low cycle fatigue life. The operating profile of the machine will need to be known as will the dimensions and material specification of the component. Various techniques are available for counting the number of low cycle fatigue cycles accumulated by the component and for assessing the plastic strain range associated with each cycle. The course member could also extend the project by using fracture mechanics methods to make an estimate of the safe cracked life of the component.
Investigation into methods of Estimating the Life of Components Subjected to Multiple Forms of Damage
There have been many papers written, in the past, on the subject of creep/low cycle/thermal fatigue/thermal oxidation interaction. This project requires that a course member investigates a hot rotating component such as a turbine blade with a view to assessing the combined creep/thermal fatigue/oxidation cycle. An extensive literature survey will need to be undertaken to identify the best methods of assessing creep/thermal fatigue/oxidation interaction and then applying them to a component of known dimensions and material.
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Mr Tony Haslam (continued)

Steam/Water Injection Effect on Life
Water (or steam) injection for emissions control or power augmentation can have an effect on component life and maintenance intervals. In particular, steam/water injection change the gas conductivity and increase the heat transfer to the rotating turbine blades and nozzle guide vanes and can lead to higher metal temperatures. This project requires the investigation of changes in the gas transport properties with water/steam injection and the consequent rise in metal temperature. Estimates can then be made of the reduction in the life of the blade and the resulting change in life cycle costs of the machine. The control system on most base load applications in fact reduce the firing temperature as water/steam is injected to conserve the component life. The advantages/disadvantages of injecting water/steam and controlling the firing temperature in this way could also be investigated.
Application of Probabilistic Methods to the Lifing of Gas Turbine Engines

The life usage in any gas turbine component will depend on a large number of variables which, in themselves, are subject to a degree of scatter. These variables may include material properties, manufacturing processes, probability of detection of material defects using specified inspection techniques (visual, NDT etc), inspection schedules and operating profiles. Probabilistic analysis provides a means of allowing for the scatter that exists in each of these variables across the population sample thereby giving a more accurate indication of the safe operating limits of the component. This project could be an extension of previous work that has been done in this area in which a probabilistic model was devised from a Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) methodology that was promulgated after the Sioux City disaster in 1992 (in which a fan disc burst as a result of a crack emanating from an inclusion). Alternatively, methods have been devised to estimate component lives using Weighbull analysis. The main objective of this project is to determine life extensions for in-service turbine discs and any cost savings that may result,
Variable Geometry
Most gas turbines incorporate mechanical components which change to vary the flow or to adapt to changing power conditions. Examples of these components are variable stators in compressors which turn the flow to appropriate angles and variable area nozzles which can accommodate changes in mass flows. In the past, many course members have been involved in the thermodynamic and aerodynamic design of variable cycle engines which involve variable geometry but very few have had the time to do any detailed design of the moving parts. It is suggested that a course member could select an existing variable geometry component and could look at ways of improving the design or even at innovative ways of producing the same effect. Alternatively, a review of the designs for variable cycle engines might throw up some interesting mechanical problems associated with the variable components on these engines. In each case, it would be expected that some analysis could be carried out to illustrate problems of strength and reliability.
Gas Turbine Engine /Component Lifing Studies from engine simulation software
A major factor that influences the time between engine maintenance actions is the fatigue and creep life of gas turbine engine critical components. The life of a component is also dependent on the operational profile of the engine ie how the engine is used. In all lifing studies, it is essential to be able to estimate the stress in the component of interest. Stress in an engine component can arise from rotational motion or from the physical conditions of pressure, air velocity and temperature under which the component has to work. We can use engine simulation software to provide data on the physical conditions at any point in the engine gas path. With known rotational speeds, we can then calculate the stresses in the components. We are now in a position to superimpose a usage profile and produce fatigue and creep lives for the components. The effect of engine/component degradation could also be incorporated into the software model. A difficulty with this type of project is in obtaining adequate materials data. However, reverse engineering/internet/library searches usually enable us to produce respectable results. This project is equally applicable to aero and ground based gas turbine engines.
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Mr Tony Haslam (continued)

General Mechanical Integrity Analysis
Occasionally, individuals join the course with an existing interest, and skills, in topics such as stress analysis of blades, discs, bolted structures etc., or in the lifing of specific components making use of techniques such finite element analysis, CATIA etc. Such projects can be undertaken, but interested course members must be proficient in the particular techniques that they have chosen to do their project. There is not enough time for course members to become proficient in these techniques during the course.
Gas Turbine Lifing Methodologies and Philosophies

Most critical aero-engine components are lifed using the safe-life philosophy which extrapolates statistical distributions of failure from empirical data taken from spin-pit tests and other sources. This lifing method has been in use for decades and was developed from the airframe lifing methodologies of the 1950s. In more recent times there have been attempts to life critical parts using fracture mechanics techniques and to apply advanced probabilistic methodologies to lifing. The objective of this project is to look at the feasibility of using fracture mechanics to life engine components. Ideally, the course member selecting this project should have access to data on a specific engine component that might benefit from a life extension through fracture mechanics methods.
Gas Turbine Fleet Maintenance Study

Major gas turbine components all have different maintenance intervals and require a variety of engine down times. The object of this project is to simulate the workload of a gas turbine maintenance organisation to optimise the turnaround times of engines requiring repair and maintenance by matching the stores and labour requirement with maintenance arisings. The economic implications of varying maintenance practices could also be examined. If a course member had access to in-service data, this project could be used to examine existing maintenance methods with a view to reducing maintenance down times and operating costs. Projects have been completed in this area in the past and the course member would be required to progress this work.
Gas Turbine Shaft Design

Gas turbine shafts are, possibly, one of the most complex, critical components of the machine. Apart from the purely mechanical aspects of designing a shaft with varying diameters which is able to accept multiaxial, torsiona and fatiguel loading, there is also the problem of the avoidance of critical speeds. Traditionally, calculative methods such as the Rayleigh-Ritz and Dunkerleys methods have been used to estimate the critical speeds and it has also been possible to use transfer matrix methods. This project involves an investigation into current methods of shaft design. The main objective of the project will be to develop a methodology that can be used by future course members who may need readily available methods to design complex shafts.
Dr A J B Jackson
Weight Estimation Method Development for Aero Gas Turbines
Estimation of the weight of a gas turbine at the early design stages is notoriously difficult. However, progress has been made recently at Cranfield based on a method published by Sagerser. The method is applicable to all aero gas turbines including open rotors. However, more work is needed to incorporate the effects of various parameters including overall pressure ratio and the compressor delivery temperature.
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Dr A J B Jackson (continued)
Weight Estimation of Cowlings and Installation Features
A method for estimating cowl weight is needed for the early stages of high bypass ratio gas turbine design so that correct choice of engine cycle and parameters can be made. This involves features such as cowl length, thrust reverser size and possibly variable bypass nozzles. Account must also be taken of the engine accessories such as the control system, fuel pumps, oil pumps, hydraulic pump, electrical generator and air conditioning pipes and valves. Some data exists in the literature but additional fundamental work is also required.
Noise Estimation for Propfans

Propeller noise has been measured and studied for many years. However, some of the information is not applicable to propfans, which usually have more blades, may have two stages and have supersonic relative tip velocities. Some work has been started in 2008-2009 including the writing of a simple noise code to incorporate some of the propfan features. Propfans offer better fuel burn and direct operating costs than even the best turbofan. However, the noise of propfans is a deterrent to their use. More work is needed to develop rules for designing quieter propfans.
Dr P Laskaridis and Dr K W Ramsden

Helicopter Gas Turbines Effect of Airborne Contamination on Performance
The following types of airborne contamination can have a negative effect on gas turbine engine performance: Foreign Objects (FOD) Sand/Dust Ice Snow Heavy Rain (and slugs of water) Salt Spray Exhaust gases Volcanic Ash For each of these contaminants, provide the following information:(A) Definition (including photographic examples) (B) How, Where & When it typically occurs. (C) Why and How it affects engine performance (including graphs) (D) Why and how these affect SFC (E) Why & How these affect the TGT As a minimum, the following phenomena should be explained Compressor erosion Turbine blade glazing Turbine blade vibration & fatigue problems Blockage of blade cooling passages and guide vanes Blockage of main air inlet Other failure modes?
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Dr P Laskaridis and Dr K W Ramsden (Continued)

Helicopter Gas Turbines Effect of Air Intake Filtration on Performance
In order to protect gas turbine engines from the effect of airborne contamination, several types of air inlet protection system can be installed. This chapter focuses on the Centrisep Air Cleaner, also known as an Engine Air Particle Separator (EAPS), and its effect on the engine performance and the overall helicopter performance. What is the effect of an additional pressure drop in the system? (eg.15 mbar and 20 mbar across the Pall unit how does that work in the Cranfield model?) We have been advised by Engine manufactures that as a rule of thumb 1 mbar of pressure loss equates to approximately 0.2% power loss on the gas generator of the engine. Also have a statement from a helicopter OEM that 1.7% p2 bleed = 10% power loss. Is this valid? Any more accurate data?
What is the effect of using a fan scavenge system to clean the Centrisep system? What is the effect of using an ejector scavenge system (engine bleed air) to clean the Centrisep system? What is the effect of additional weight at the engine air intake? Provide a definition and methods of measuring inlet distortion / swirl angle? and the effect these have on engines.
For each of these issues, which engine parameters are affected? What is the effect on the available engine power at different phases in flight? (eg hover, hover in ground effect, forward flight)
Dr P Laskaridis and Professor Singh

Life estimation of Stationary Gas Turbine Engines
The proposed MSc project are part of a wider ongoing research activity that Cranfield University and the Department of Power and Propulsion. The proposed project includes elements of gas turbine performance and application of lifing techniques. The objective of this project is to cascade the gas turbine component stress and temperature estimation into the component life. The essential modes of failure in the case of stationary gas turbine need to be considered and identified. Then the different techniques available in the literature need to be examined to identify the merits and demerits of their usage for the stationary gas turbine components. The theories pertaining to the combined damage due to the interaction of the different modes of failure has to be studied with respect to different damage models.
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Dr P Laskaridis and Professor Singh (Continued)
Performance Improvements and Lifing Analysis of Stationary Gas Turbine Engines

This is an area that the Department of Power and Propulsion has significant experience and an ongoing interest. In this context a number of MS projects are offered:
Gas Turbine Cleaning Optimisation and Associated Performance Improvement Analysis.

Industrial gas turbines suffer from compressor fouling. As a result the efficiency and the capacity of the compressor deteriorates. Furthermore, the power output and the overall efficiency of the gas turbine are also reduced. Several cleaning options exist. Each one present its own advantages and limitations. The aim of the proposed MSc project is to examine the different cleaning options need to be considered and identified. The different options available in the literature need to be examined to identify their advantages and limitations. The effects of fouling will be quantified by using an existing engine performance code, called Turbomatch. It is the scope of this project to also examine the associated performance improvement. This will be achieved by identifying and carrying out a suitable analysis that will enable the gas turbine user to quantify the benefits arising from applying different cleaning techniques. Optimisation of cleaning techniques is also of interest.
Power Augmentation Options for Stationary Gas Turbines

Many power installations are power constrained due to high ambient temperatures and fouling. The scope of this MSc project will be to identify and consider different power augmentation options. The available options can be found in the open literature and they should be examined to identify their advantages and limitations. Selected options should be further examined and their benefits along with their limitations should be quantified using a typical gas turbine engine. In this context the effect of overfiring on the creep life of the high pressure turbine should be considered.
Dr Panos Laskaridis
Life Estimation of Stationary Gas Turbine Engines
The proposed MSc project are part of a wider ongoing research activity that Cranfield University and the Department of Power and Propulsion. The student will work closely with a PhD student. The proposed project includes elements of gas turbine performance and application of lifing techniques. The objective of this project is to study the effects of humidity on the performance and lifing of stationary gas turbine performance.
Performance analysis of Aero-Engines in Enclosed Test bed Facilities Experimental Project using a Micro Gas turbine
The proposed project is part of a larger research activity. The student will work closely with a PhD student. The project combines experimental and analytical CFD work and it has a strong performance element. No previous experience is required. When a gas turbine is tested indoors in enclosed test bed several aerodynamic phenomena are taking place. The phenomena are affecting the performance of the engine and the measurement of the thrust. Cranfield has invested in the design and built of a small test cell which is used along with a micro gas turbine to study these effects. The student will perform experiments using the small gas turbine. In addition CFD models representing the facility will also be run and the results will be compared with the experimental results.
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Dr Panos Laskaridis(Continued)
Design Space and Optimisation of High Bypass Ratio Engines and Open rotors
Historically the reduction of sfc in aero-engines has been achieved through the increase of turbine entry temperature and bypass ratio. Despite the positive effect of bypass ratio on propulsive efficiency and sfc there are a number of disadvantages associated with it. This includes the increased drag, size and mass of the engine. In additions increase of bypass ratio may need to be accompanied by implementation of variable geometry. Further more the existing optimisation metrics may change as we move towards higher values of bypass ratio. The project will define the design space available for existing and future bypass ratio engines and open rotors.
A Study of the Performance and Operating Conditions of an Industrial Gas Turbine

This project is concerned with a reheat (or sequential combustion) cycle industrial gas turbine. The aim is to have improved understanding of engine operation and the parameters affecting deposition, erosion and corrosion (particularly in the hub region). Consequently, the scope includes overall performance analysis and more detailed component investigations. It may also be necessary to consider relevant structural implications, due to phenomenon such as fretting. The project is for Alstom and the student will work closely with a PhD student.
Dr Yiguang Li
Gas turbine performance adaptation (Li/Pilidis)
Gas turbine engine performance differs from one type of engines to another, and even differs from one engine to another in a fleet of engines. Gas turbine performance may be simulated using thermodynamic models but the accuracy of the simulation for real engines may not be satisfactory. With gas turbine performance tools (such as TURBOMATCH/PYTHIA) combined with performance data and assumed component characteristics, design and off-design engine performance can be approximately predicted. Significant progress has been achieved in previous year MSc projects in gas turbine engine design point and off-design point performance adaptation. The task of this project is to further explore design point and offdesign performance adaptation models in order to accurately simulate individual engine performance at design and off-design points. The developed techniques will be applied to either industrial or aero gas turbine engines. Collaboration with an industrial partner to apply the method to an operating gas turbine is likely. An interest in gas turbine performance simulation is preferred.
Gas turbine performance and health analysis using adaptive GPA

Gas turbine performance vary due to different ambient and operating conditions and health deteriorates over time. Many performance and health parameters of gas turbine engines are not visible in measurement. However, the deviation of measurement information indicate the change of these parameters. In this study, an adaptive GPA method developed at Cranfield will be used to assess the performance and health condition of gas turbine engines. A set of simulated performance measurement data at both clean and degraded conditions of a chosen gas turbine engine will be given to the students. The students will be required to build up a performance model of the engine and carry out performance and diagnostic analysis using our in-house software Pythia. The deeded performance and degradation will be given at the end of the study for comparison.
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Dr Yiguang Li (continued)
Gas turbine performance prognostics
Gas turbine performance degrades over time during its operation. After certain period of operation with certain level of degradation happened, gas turbine operators may wish to know how the degradation of the engine will develop in the future in order to plan the necessary maintenance action in advance. Gas turbine prognostics is a technique to forecast the engine health development with time in the future. Good progress has been made in this research field by MSc students in the last few years. The aim of the project is to extend the work further and to investigate the fault patterns of gas turbine engines, features of gas turbine degradation development with time, equivalent operation hours/cycles and different forecasting techniques. Different diagnostic techniques, such as Gas Path Analysis (GPA), Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Neural Networks (NN), and different prognostic techniques, such as linear and non-linear regressions, may be investigated in the research.
Gas turbine component and sensor fault diagnosis

In applications, gas turbine diagnostics is a complicated procedure that includes gas turbine performance model generation and adaptation, getting measurement data, data pre-processing, optimal measurement selection, sensor fault detection and component fault diagnosis. The project would try the whole procedure of gas path diagnostics and apply our in-house gas turbine diagnostic software, Pythia, to either aero or industrial gas turbine engines of interest.
Gas turbine leakage fault analysis and detection

Similar to gas turbine component degradation, gas turbine cooling flows or bleed flows may change significantly due to air leakage fault. When air leakage fault happens, engine performance will degrade and gas path measurement may deviate. Such a leakage fault detection and diagnosis has not been explored sufficiently so far. The purpose of this project task is to analyze the impact of air leakage on whole engine performance and apply the Gas Path Analysis to the air leakage diagnostic process. The developed idea and method will be useful for gas turbine maintenance and overhaul practice.
Gas turbine diagnostics observability analysis

Gas turbine availability and maintainability can be improved by using advanced diagnostic techniques. Performance analysis based gas turbine diagnostics provides better observability of component health condition by using the information provided by gas turbine measurement. In this research, the sensitivity and correlation of gas path measurement will be analyzed and the observability of gas turbine component degradation for different measurement set will be investigated. One of the gas turbine diagnostics techniques, such as GPA, ANN or GA, will be used for degradation prediction using selected gas path measurement set. The techniques will be applied to either aero or industrial gas turbine engines.
Combined cycle gas turbine performance analysis (Li/Pilidis)

Significant research has already been done at this University to simulate combined cycle gas turbine performance and a computer program, SteamoMatch, for CCGT performance simulation has been developed. The aim of this project is to improve and apply the developed techniques and program to different types of CCGT power plants and investigate the influence of different ambient conditions and power setting. Consequently, you will benefit from understanding the performance simulation and analysis techniques on both gas turbines and steam cycles. Collaboration with an industrial company is very likely.
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Dr Yiguang Li (continued)
Gas turbine performance diagnostics using Weighted-Least-Squares (WLS) method
Gas turbine performance diagnostics has been applied to gas turbines for condition based maintenance and has great potential to improve engine availability and reduce maintenance costs. Weighted-Least-Squares (WLS) is one of Gas Path Analysis (GPA) methods and has been used by General Electric (GE) in their gas path diagnostic product for many years. The objective of this project is to investigate the details of WLS diagnostic technique and apply the WLS to selected gas turbine engines for performance diagnostics and compare the advantages and disadvantages of WLS with the GPA method used at Cranfield. Such research will provide students with detailed understanding of the particular gas turbine performance diagnostic technique used by one of major gas turbine manufacturers and make their own judgement of the technology.
Gas turbine gas path diagnostics using artificial neural networks

Neural networks have been used in gas turbine diagnostics and shown to be a powerful algorithm. The most popular type of neural networks is the Feed Forward Back Propagation (FFBP) neural networks. However, there are also other types of neural networks that have different features and would provide similar diagnostics capabilities or even better capabilities in some situations. The objective of this research is to explore the application of different types of neural networks in gas turbine gas path diagnostics. Matlab neural network package may be used in the project.
Gas turbine performance simulation gas property calculation (Li/Sethi)

Accurate gas property calculation is very important in accurate performance simulation of gas turbine engines. Gas properties across gas turbine engines vary from inlet to outlet of engines due to different gas composition (air mixed with different fuels such as liquid fuel, natural gas, diesel, biofuel or hydrogen, and maybe water at different pressure and temperature). The objective of the project is to produce a new numerical model of gas property calculation based on the application of NASA CEA (Chemical Equilibrium and Applications) software. The developed model may be compared with our existing model in TURBOMATCH to validate the accuracy of the new model. .
Gas turbine performance diagnostics using Kalman Filter method

Kalman Filter based gas path diagnostic technique is one of Gas Path Analysis (GPA) methods and has been used by gasa turbine manufacturers such as Rolls-Royce and Pratt Whitney in their gas path diagnostic product for many years. The objective of this project is to investigate the details of the diagnostic technique and apply the method to selected gas turbine engines for performance diagnostics and compare the advantages and disadvantages of the method with the GPA method used at Cranfield. Such research will provide students with detailed understanding of the particular gas turbine performance diagnostic technique used by major gas turbine manufacturers and make their own judgement of the technology.
Performance simulation of gas turbine combined heat and power

Combined heat and power is one of the effective ways of using energy and reducing CO2 emission footage. It will become one of the best options to use energy for both industrial and domestic applications. It has great potential to improve the thermal efficiency of energy systems. The current study will focus on the investigation of the feasibility of different combined heat and power systems for both industrial and domestic applications, potential design problems, performance and economic implications, etc. Turbomatch/Pythia may be used to simulate the performance of prime mover of the system (gas turbines). Basic thermodynamic modelling may be set up to analyze the performance of heat generation. The typical application of the system may be a hotel, a hospital of even a family house.
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Dr David MacManus
1. Distortion ingestion for aero-engines (UTC)
Moving away from the conventional podded underwing configuration, many novel architectures place the engines in a region where the aircraft aerodynamics could have a significant impact on the engine. Although this would not be expected to be a problem during cruise, it is envisaged that conflicts could arise during take-off, approach or manoeuvre. Examples include rear mounted engines, military air vehicles, blended wing body aircraft, as well as architectures with forward lifting surfaces which present the risk of aircraft flow distortions being experienced by the engine. These concerns are valid for either turbo-fan or open-rotor engine architectures although the impact and consequences are engine specific e.g. the open rotor may be more sensitive to noise generating distortions in comparison with the more traditional turbo-fan. Although the source and risk posed by the flow distortions will depend on the exact architecture, the specific types of flow features include discrete vortical flows, separated shear layers as well as unsteady wakes. The vortical flows could originate from a variety of sources such as the wing-body root junction, the fuselage slender body vortices, forward lifting surfaces or wing flap junctions. Although there are some existing data on the characteristics of these source disturbances there is little or no information on the flow physics of ingestion through a large aerodynamic contraction ratio as experienced in the non-cruise flight phases. Indeed, there also are very little data on the interaction of such disturbances with the nacelle, turbomachinery, or the impact on the intake performance. This area is currently being addressed at Cranfield University though an experimental PhD research programme which will provide detailed flow field measurements of the distortion ingestion. The aim of this MSc project will be to investigate the aerodynamics of vortex ingestion through a combination of analytical and computational models. The analytical work will be based on existing empirical databases of vortex characteristics and the computational studies will be performed using CFD packages. The key areas of interest include the detailed vortex aerodynamics as well as development of parameters to characterize the flow distortions and the likely impact on the engine.
2.
Ground vortex and foreign object ingestion (UTC)
For many aircraft engines there is the possibility of ingesting foreign objects during ground operations. This can have a notable effect on the engine operation or indeed its integrity. Of particular interest is the potential to ingest objects when the engine generates a ground vortex. The aerodynamics of a ground vortex have been previously studied at Cranfield through both computational and experimental Investigations. This has enabled a model to be developed of the vortex thresholds and characteristics. The aim of this project is to establish the risk of foreign object ingestion for engines in ground operations. The work will focus on the aerodynamic flow features and will require the use of computational fluid dynamics. There is an existing CFD database which will provide a useful starting point for the work and enable the development of a more simple analytical model to predict the likelihood of FOD ingestion - particularly for aircraft operating in untreated surfaces.
3.
Civil aircraft intake aerodynamics (UTC)
The intake and nacelle of an aero-engine is an important component that plays a significant role in the performance propulsion system in a variety of ways. It is designed to perform a variety of functions from aerodynamic, acoustic and safety points of view. Furthermore, one of the aerodynamic requirements are that it can deliver the necessary engine airflow characteristics under a wide range of conditions. This includes ground operations, take-off, crosswind, cruise and approach where the aerodynamics are notably different for each situation. Consequently, there is particular interest in ensuring that the aerodynamic design is optimized. Some of the aerodynamic features of interest are the intake pressure loss, flow uniformity, peak Mach numbers, shock interactions and boundary layer transition. The aim of this project is to explore the intake aerodynamic design and primary aerodynamic sensitivities. It is envisaged that this will include aspects such as boundary layer transition and well as investigating the effect of the intake shape profile on the aerodynamic performance. This will require the use of computational aerodynamic methods and tools with particular interest in validating the performance in comparison with provided experimental data from the Installations Group at Rolls Royce Derby. The project will also consider the nacelle and intake design for a new family of Ultra High Bypass Ratio engine where the requirement for a slimmer nacelle profile becomes a more pressing design requirement. This is mainly a CFD based project.
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Dr David MacManus (continued)

4. Bypass diversion flow aerodynamic design performance (UTC)
Many concepts for advanced engines with novel cycles rely on the use of a heat exchanger such as for an intercooled device or for a system which avails of cooled cooling air. In many situations the success of this technology will depend on the efficiency with which the bypass flow can be drawn off and used in the cooling process. It also then needs to be re-introduced back into the mainstream bypassflow as efficiently as possible. This project will examine the design of air diversion ducts and will consider the effect of their performance on the overall cycle changes for the engine. It will use CFD to study the design and aerodynamic performance and will investigate design solutions to improve the performance and most importantly to reduce the size and effect on the bypass geometry.
5.
Engine integration for novel architectures
Moving away from the conventional podded underwing configuration, many novel aircraft architectures place the engines in a region where the aircraft aerodynamics could have a significant impact on the engine. Examples include rear mounted engines, military air vehicles, blended wing body aircraft, as well as architectures with forward lifting surfaces which present the risk of aircraft flow distortions being experienced by the engine.. Although the source and risk posed by the flow distortions will depend on the exact architecture, the specific types of flow features include discrete vortical flows, separated shear layers as well as unsteady wakes. One such example is for a rear mounted engine which is partially embedded in the airframe and therefore has to ingest the flow close to the aircraft surface. Some analytical assessments of this type of arrangement indicate that there is an overall benefit to the vehicle efficiency. However, the key aspect is to understand if the engine intake and fan can accommodate this type of flow distortion. The aim of this project will be to consider a novel engine/airframe architecture and to evaluate the effect of the airframe flow on the engine intake. This will require a combination of engine modeling as well as more detailed simulations using CFD.
6.
High-speed intake aerodynamics (with [dstl])
There is an ever-pressing requirement to develop new technologies for high-speed intake designs particularly under supersonic conditions where the complex aerodynamics have a significant influence. For many applications there are is wide range of operating conditions and the performance of the intake aerodynamics is sensitive to both the flight conditions as well as conditions within the engine. Of particular interest is the aerodynamic stability of the intake flow as well as the ability to predict the operation boundaries, the engine mass capture, overall pressure ratio and sensitivity to intake angle of attack. Previous MSc work at Cranfield has established some of the aerodynamic modeling requirements and has explored the characteristics of an axisymmetic supersonic intake. This project will build on these previous investigations and will explore the aerodynamics of supersonic intakes. Specific aspects that can be considered within the project is aerodynamic flow control of the intake boundary layer, 2D and axisymmetric configurations, the effect of shock boundary layer interactions as well as the modeling of the intake in conjunction with the compression or combustor system.
7.
Aerodynamic flow control
The advent of novel manufacturing capabilities and flow measurement systems has raised the opportunites for the use of micro-flow devices. These offer the potential of controlling the aerodynamic flows in key parts of the gas turbine. This is particularly so for intakes, ducts and nozzles. One such micro-scale device has been successfully manufactured and tested at Cranfield. The objectives of this project are to evaluate the performance of this device for a gas turbine application, to simulate the micro-scale flow field and to compare the predicted performance with the flow measurements. An additional objective is to develop an analytical model of the flow device and to compare the results with the numerical predictions and measurements. The work will comprise a literature review of the current micro-scale data bases and the investigation of these flows using a commercial CFD tool.
8.
Turbine aerofoil film cooling
Cooling technology is a key aspect of modern turbine systems. This has evolved from relatively simple configurations to more complex arrangements driven by the ever present need to improve efficiency and reliability. One of the important developments has been the use of relatively cold air to provide a protective aerodynamic layer to the turbine components. The success of this technique depends on the detailed aerodynamics of how this cold air is introduced around the turbine aerofoil. Consequently, there is a strong interest in having a technique to predict such flows. The aim of this project is to use a computational method to evaluate the film-cooling performance and to determine the capability of the prediction technique by comparing with experimental data.
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Dr. David MacManus and Bernard Charnley

9. Experimental unsteady nozzle aerodynamics
For some aerodynamic applications it is beneficial to have an unsteady flow field which can be generated without the requirement of any moving parts. An example of this is in the potential development of unsteady heat transfer technologies which could be implemented in a wide range of applications such as aeroengines, micro-electronics and manufacturing processes. A key part in the development of this technology is the generation of an unsteady jet flow with no moving parts but also without a significant loss in the jet efficiency. One such was to achieve this is through the use of a flip-flop nozzle. This is a device that achieves a low-loss unsteady jet purely through aerodynamic means. The device is simple to construct but there is a lack of data on the performance of such devices particularly at the small scale that is of primary interest for these cooling systems. A previous MSc project has successfully designed such a device and performed initial test. The aim of this project will be to perform a full experimental investigation of the existing device and to design, build and test a smaller scale flip-flop nozzle.
Dr. V. Pachidis
1. Gas Turbine Engine Shaft Over-speed/Failure Studies
1.1 Compressor Performance Modelling at Reverse Flow Conditions Aircraft gas turbine manufacturers need to give confidence during the engine certification process that a shaft over-speed situation in the engine is highly unlikely and that in any case it will not result in a disc bursting. A comprehensive understanding of the interactions between the thermodynamic performance of the engine and the compressor characteristics beyond the conventional stall/surge line is central to the analysis of such a complex process and the safety issues involved. This particular work aims at the development of appropriate analytical models for predicting the performance of the compression system during surge and while operating at fully reversed flow conditions. This work is of fundamental academic interest since it will contribute to the currently limited knowledge on compressor post-stall performance prediction. This project continues previous work done on the development, implementation and testing of a numerical compressor reverse flow model, supplemented by CFD analyses.
1.2 Compressor Performance Modelling during Rotating Stall Rotating stall is a serious instability that affects compressor performance. There is still a lack of understanding of this phenomenon and the tools available to model compressor rotating stall are unreliable and usually very time consuming. During rotating stall the flow field inside the compressor becomes even more complex and several features such as entropy rise mechanisms, pressure losses, mass redistribution and blockage need to be further investigated and ultimately modelled. This work focuses on the development of appropriate numerical models to account for the presence of a stall cell within the flow passage and its effects with respect to pressure loss and blockage. These models will ultimately be implemented in an unsteady compressor throughflow code for the prediction of performance during stall.
1.3 Secondary Air System Dynamics Modelling During Shaft Failure Following a shaft failure event, it is the response of the compression system in time, including the dynamics of the Secondary Air System, which will eventually determine the terminal speed of the free-running shaft. Both core and secondary air flows can alter the amount of axial force acting on the free-running turbine wheel, and hence change the magnitude of frictional force between the wheel and surrounding stationary structure. The exact unsteady phenomena taking place are not well understood at this stage and need to be researched through numerical and engine test data analysis.
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Dr. V. Pachidis (continued)

1.4 Compressor Stability Limit (Surge Line) Prediction
Being able to predict accurately enough the compressors stability limit (surge line) early on in the design process is of paramount importance. Various analytical and semi-empirical compressor stall models have been developed in the past and tested against experimental data. The objective of this project is the further investigation and integration of these models into a 2D compressor performance prediction tool. A 2D compressor through flow analysis software offers several advantages compared to higher fidelity flow solvers such as 3D CFD. It is more portable, easily expandable and allows the rapid design and performance assessment of turbomachine components whilst offering sufficient levels of accuracy. The inhouse through flow analysis code SOCRATES (Synthesis Of Correlations for the Robust Assessment of TurbomachinES) has been under development and continuous improvement for a number of years and it can now be used for the steady state and transient performance analysis of turbomachinery. It can also be fully interfaced with whole-engine cycle analysis tools, for component zooming studies in the context of the whole engine performance. This project focuses on the further development of the tool and particularly on the expansion and verification of its existing libraries of compressor stall models.
1.5 Impact between Rotors and Stators Following a Shaft Failure Event The geometric characteristics of the structures in contact seem to play a significant role in the determination of the blade tangling, blade failure mode and the size of the blade fragments released after a shaft failure event. Different engine architectures can be investigated to provide a better insight into the areas that are vulnerable from the axial displacement of the turbine rotor. So far the investigations conducted considered only one scenario based on a particular engine geometry i.e. that the first contact interaction occurs between the lock-plate of the disc and the seal segment. Modern turbine architectures allow for a more direct contact of the seal segment with the IPT blade roots. This may lead to the rapid release of a considerable amount of blades from the root. The object of this project is to expand the knowledge and the methods used to model similar events. The project aims to carry on parametric studies and FE analyses on 3D "colliding turbine" models using LS-DYNA. Every model will have a different engine geometry and investigate scenarios like blade failure or rotor burst.
1.6 Secondary Air System and Turbine Friction/Wear Model Integrated Tool A tool that links the dynamic Secondary Air Systems performance model and the structural analysis model of turbines in contact has been developed last year. The map based scheme for the friction and wear modelling can be further expanded to include the effects of blade tangling/ blade release mode on friction power, moment of inertia, driving torque etc. In some shaft failure events, the occurrence of blade tangling seems to influence the terminal behaviour during an over-speed case. In order to further enhance our current understanding of the events, more work has to be done regarding the modelling of the impact between components and the influence of the structural/thermal interactions in the loss of energy of a free turbine. This project continues last year's work on Fortran and 3D finite elements using LS-DYNA. 1.7 Performance Improvement Assessment of a New Technology for VIGVs New technologies to substitute the Variable Inlet Guide Vanes in a modern axial IP compressor are being investigated. The objective of the project is to evaluate the reduction in pressure losses the new technology offers, during off-design engine operation. The effect of the most important geometrical parameters will be analysed (solidity and blade shape). This is an open research area which allows exploring original ideas to improve the compressor variable geometry system of future engines.
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Dr. V. Pachidis(continued)
1.8 Transonic Compressor Performance Prediction
This project focuses on the numerical analysis of the performance of modern transonic compressors and particularly the modelling of the shock patterns observed and associated losses in performance. The objective of this project is the further verification and application of public domain models previously implemented into a 2D compressor performance prediction tool. A 2D compressor through flow analysis software offers several advantages compared to higher fidelity flow solvers such as 3D CFD. It is more portable, easily expandable and allows the rapid design and performance assessment of turbomachine components whilst offering sufficient levels of accuracy. The in-house through flow analysis code SOCRATES (Synthesis Of Correlations for the Robust Assessment of TurbomachinES) has been under development and continuous improvement for a number of years and it can now be used for the steady state and transient performance analysis of turbomachinery. It can also be fully interfaced with whole-engine cycle analysis tools, for component zooming studies in the context of the whole engine performance. This project focuses on the further development of the tool and particularly on the expansion and verification of its existing libraries of shock loss models.
2.
Gas Turbine Engine Wind-milling and Altitude Relight Studies
2.1 Numerical Analysis of the Flow through a Windmilling HP Compressor This project is the continuation of previous ones and aims at understanding the unsteady flow mechanisms within the HP compressor blade rows under windmilling conditions and identifying the flow loss sources. Earlier projects looked into the same case from a steady state point of view. The existing analytical model describing the above-mentioned compressor will be improved and the effect of different compressor configurations will be evaluated. This work will involve CFD related tasks as well as mathematical analysis preferably using MATLAB or Fortran programming. 2.2 Spray Dynamics and Combustion Systems Numerical Analysis of an Engine under Ground Starting and Altitude Re-light Conditions Currently, the combustion efficiency during start-up and re-light situations is not well defined and this leads to uncertainties in engine performance simulation. This project is the continuation of previous work done towards the accurate prediction of combustion conditions at sub-idle and/or start-up. This involves simulating evaporating but non-reacting flows with a CFD solver under the above mentioned conditions, in an attempt to extract appropriate combustor performance characteristics, which could then be implemented in an engine performance simulation tool.
2.3 Aero-engine Sub-idle Mixer Performance Modelling The accurate performance simulation of aero engines at sub-idle conditions is an extremely challenging task due to the complexity of the flow physics throughout the engine. At such far off-design conditions, the performance of the mixer (the device upstream of the propelling nozzle mixing the hot stream from the core with the cold air stream from the by-pass duct) is considered to be rather critical. Traditionally, the performance modelling of the mixer has been carried out using some very simplistic assumptions for the hotto-cold pressure ratios at the inlet, which may be inadequate for sub-idle performance calculations. The aim of this project is to continue on previous 3D CFD and modelling work done on a low-bypass mixed turbofan and expand the research to a wider range of engines, including lobe mixed engines, to extend the range of the mixer models capability and continue to improve the knowledge on mixing of dissimilar coaxial flows. The project involves a significant amount of CFD modelling and meshing. Additionally, the results are to be integrated into a surrogate mixer model implemented in MATLAB.
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Dr. V. Pachidis (continued)

2.4 Numerical Modelling and Optimisation of a Fan Stage under Low Speed and Windmilling Conditions Fan operation under windmilling conditions is crucial as most of the internal drag is produced by this system. A numerical model of a LP compressor will be generated aiming at understanding the flow mechanisms developed within the previously described conditions. Design optimisation studies will be also carried out in order to minimise the drag by a better design of the fan and OGV blades. This project will involve CFD related tasks such as mesh generation and CFD simulations as well as optimisation theory and practice. Coupling of CFD and optimisation solvers will be also required.
3.
Inlet Flow Distortion Studies
3.1 Effect of Inlet Flow Distortion on Engine Compatibility The current industry established method of accounting for non uniform intake flows effect on fan/compressor stability is based purely on the circumferential and radial variation in total pressure at the engine face. Engines are tested with known amounts of circumferential and radial distortion plus combinations such that a methodology can be developed that allows the loss in engine surge margin to be equated if the levels of radial and circumferential total pressure distortion are known. This practice has proven adequate for many years where intakes have had low curvature and consequently low swirl levels. With the advent of stealth requirements for military vehicles and the need to both hide the engine face and reduce the overall intake size, intakes have become shorter and highly offset leading to greater duct curvature. This in turn has led to significant swirl both in terms of concentrated vortices caused by bend separations in straight and level flight and bulk swirl in sideslip. Thus a new methodology is needed to take into account the effect of swirl distortion plus the combined effect of pressure and swirl distortion on the turbo-machinery. The main objective is to enhance the applicability and reliability of existing numerical models using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) under various inlet distortion conditions and to compare it with the available experimental data.
3.2 Effect of Inlet Flow Distortion on Turbomachinery S-shaped Intakes and AIP The presence of flow distortion at the engine face has been identified as an area of concern for modern civil and military aircraft engines. In particular, S-shape ducts upstream of the compression system, which can be found in both civil and military aircraft, can lead to distorted flow conditions at the engine face. The potential consequences of inlet flow distortion include the loss in stability pressure ratio, blade vibration and mechanical damage due to ingestion of foreign objects. An initial validation of the CFD method and toolkit employed in this work has been undertaken for both the NASA Rotor 67 and S-shaped intake RAE M2129, linked together, under clean inlet flow conditions. The work now focuses on mainly unsteady CFD simulations of low fidelity and high fidelity coupled rotor-duct models to address the swirl distortion problem and in particular the aerodynamics of tightly wound vortices inside S-shaped ducts and their effects on turbomachinery. The aim of the research is to develop appropriate swirl descriptors to quantify the impact of swirl distortion. The work will also encompass an analysis for the position of the Aerodynamic Interface Plane (AIP). This is an upstream of the engine face cross-flow plane, where the measured swirl represents the swirl entering the engine.
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Prof Pericles Pilidis/ Dr Panos Laskaridis:

Considerations and limitations of advanced aircraft propulsion integration concepts
The proposed MSc projects are part of a wider ongoing research activity that Cranfield University and the Department of Power and Propulsion is involved during the last three years. The research project is supported by a major global aerospace company. The proposed projects concentrate on the performance modelling of advanced propulsion systems based on the Brayton Cycle. The students will become part of an existing research team and will work closely with two PhD students. Several topics are available and some of them are shown below:
Performance modeling and assessment of an advanced propfan engine

In the pursue of more fuel efficient aircraft engines the unducted propfan concept is being considered by aircraft and engine manufacturers, while the conventional turbofan engine reaches its limits. The accurate performance modelling of such unconventional engines is vital for their further study and assessment. It is the purpose of this project to examine the different modelling methods available in the literature, and identify their merits and demerits. Emphasis shall be given to the study of the different characteristics used to describe the performance of open rotors and their integration into an existing gas turbine performance simulation tool (Turbomatch).
Applications of more electric technologies to aircraft engines performance modelling and evaluation
The detrimental effects of air bleed extraction from the engine were identified more than 50 years ago. The elimination of air bleeds and the parallel increase of electric power generation could offer performance benefits and facilitate the integration with the aircraft. The aim of this project is to evaluate different configurations for the installation of electric motors and generators in a propulsion system in terms of performance, maintenance, emissions and systems integration. The study of the operation and performance of electrical components shall be an essential part of the project. The characteristics of the motors and generators will be included in the in-house gas turbine simulation code (Turbomatch) and the aircraft/engine system will be assessed using the aircraft simulation code Hermes.
Effect of variable geometry technologies in the overall performance of aircraft engines

Variable geometry is widely used in gas turbine engines mainly to assure a stable off design performance. Variable stators are used in compressors to avoid surge and for the same reason variable area nozzles are common to reheated engines. Variable pitch fans and bypass nozzles can be used in very high bypass ratio engines to ensure stable operation during the takeoff. Another benefit recently investigated by the Silent Aircraft Initiative was the reduction of noise by implementation of variable bypass nozzles. In general, variable geometry is an additional way of controlling the operating point of the engine and adds another degree of freedom. Within this project the different extents of application of these technologies will be investigated. Variable geometry schedules will be created for optimum performance in terms of emissions, life consumption, fuel consumption and noise. The Turbomatch/Hermes simulation platform will be used to evaluate the performance of each application
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Dr K W Ramsden
Turbomachinery Blading
A suite of computer programs have been developed to facilitate preliminary design and performance of axial flow compressors and turbines. These were developed in a user friendly spreadsheet environment. A further project is offered to extend the compressor programme to include estimation of blade numbers, base profile shape, aspect ratios etc. The project involves a detailed study of the literature on blade cascade data and conversion of mainly graphical information to digital format. The eventual user of the program will need to assess the effect the choice of blading has on both aero-thermal and mechanical integrity issues. The Course Member undertaking this project will acquire an in depth understanding of the conflicting requirements of aero-thermal and mechanical integrity issues in compressor design and performance.
Turbomachinery Design
A suite of computer programs (Cassandra) have been developed to facilitate preliminary design and performance of axial flow compressors and turbines. These were developed in a user friendly spreadsheet environment. It is proposed to set up a design project team of TWO individuals to use Cassandra and design both compressors and turbines for a selective bleed turbofan for military aircraft application. The turbo-machinery in this case is required to operate over a wide range of pressure ratios and ambient conditions. The project team would have an opportunity to examine the potential benefits of the selective bleed cycle as well as become familiar with the conflicting requirements of compressor and turbine design. The project would focus equally on aero-thermal and mechanical integrity issues. The Course Members undertaking this project would acquire an in depth understanding of the conflicting requirements of aero-thermal and mechanical integrity issues in turbomachinery design and performance.
The Effect of Compressor Detailed Design on Performance Characteristics

The choice of stage numbers and operating conditions, like rotational speed, can have a profound effect on the eventual shape and performance of the compressor over a range of speeds and flow rates. This project would investigate for say two nominal design pressure ratios, solutions involving high speed (transonic) stages and low speed very efficient stages. The outcome of the project would be to facilitate more realistic representation of the compressor within in the Turbomatch code in use widely for overall engine performance prediction.The requisite software already exists. The student undertaking this work would acquire a very good feel for the detailed design and performance of the compressor within both stationary and aero gas turbine engines
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Dr K W Ramsden (Continued)
A Novel Model Aircraft Propulsion System
An opportunity to design a novel propulsion system for model aircraft has arisen which will involve small scale single stage fan driven by an electric motor. The project will include a detailed blading exercise for a range of fans in a power range one quarter to a full kilowatt. The nacelle, intake and exhaust ducting design will also play a key role in the success of a suitable lightweight and efficient total propulsion system. This project would give the course member the opportunity to become familiar with the key design and performance issues in small scale turbofan engines. In addition, the course member would gain a good understanding of the conflicting requirements in the blading design and performance prediction using a range of existing software
Design and Performance of a Generic Multistage Industrial Compressor

The design of a compressor to fulfil certain performance requirements can be done using methods from hand-calculations to 3-dimensional CFD simulations. The latter are computationally very demanding and therefore generally a compromise has to be found between time consumption and detail of the solution. Based on an industrial engine the course member will design multiple stages of the compressor using a suite of computer programs that have been developed on campus to facilitate preliminary design. Generic blade cross-sections will lead to a simplified streamline study to check performance data and if necessary iterate the process. For future examination, a 3 dimensional geometry will be generated involving CAD to conclude the project. The project will focus on aerodynamic issues and will provide an in depth knowledge in turbomachinery design and performance. The application of CAD to achieve the geometry will combine theoretical with practical design experience.
Engine Design Project (K W Ramsden with Mr Tony Haslam)

The actual engine project(s) that will be developed will depend on the number of Course Members who wish to participate and upon their interests and backgrounds. Following the specification of the engine requirements, the first part of the project will be to analyse appropriate thermodynamic cycles and operational requirements using the TURBOMATCH computer programme. Subsequently, individuals will study particular components with the object of arriving at all the principle dimensions, blade shapes etc. Ideally, this would be a group project with the work split between the members of the group who liaise at regular project meetings. The project would extend to the engine/airframe interface and would require liaison with the aircraft design and computer aided design groups within the university.
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Group Design Project on Marine Gas Turbines (K W Ramsden with Mr Tony Haslam)
The marine gas turbine is receiving ever increasing use as a propulsion system for both naval and commercial ships. In all cases, it would be interesting to undertake a techno-economic analysis of a particular application to establish how fuel burn, engine life and maintenance methodologies would be affected by changes (say) in operating profile. The following three business cases are considered viable for evaluation: (a) A techno-economic evaluation of gas turbine powered fast ferry ships. This study could include a comparative evaluation of alternative propelling devices. (b) A techno-economic evaluation of gas turbine powered frigates. This study could include the evaluation of combined cycle gas turbines with and without intercooling. (c) A techno-economic evaluation of gas turbine powered cruise liners. This study could include a comparative evaluation of combined gas and diesel propulsion systems. Initially one, two or three individuals could work together as a team to establish the important parameters relevant to each case and collectively make an appropriate final selection. Subsequently, each individual would undertake a detailed techno-economic study appropriate to his or her chosen case. A suite of computer programs (Cassandra) already exists to facilitate the preliminary evaluation of both design point and off-design performance of gas turbine engines. This has been written in a user friendly spreadsheet environment. A more comprehensive code (Turbomatch) exists for detailed performance analysis. This project will give the student a wide understanding of marine technologies together with a thorough knowledge of gas turbine performance.
Aero-derivative gas turbine for power generation (K W Ramsden with Mr Tony Haslam)
GROUP PROJECT FOR NOT MORE THAN 4 STUDENTS Large 3 shaft turbofan aero engines are usually converted to industrial use by removing the fan and placing a power turbine downstream of the remaining gas generator to provide drive for an external load. It is proposed to examine the feasibility of replacing the LP fan with a low pressure booster compressor ahead of the gas generator (IP/HP shafts) and modifying the original LP turbine to both drive the booster and an external load for power generation. An essential aspect of this project includes investigations of both aero and mechanical design objectives. This project would give the course member the opportunity to become familiar with the key performance issues in industrialising aero engines. In addition, the course member would gain a good understanding of the conflicting requirements in the design and performance of compressors and turbines.
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Design project in aircraft propulsion (To compliment an aircraft design project) (K W Ramsden with Mr Tony Haslam)
GROUP PROJECT FOR NOT MORE THAN 4 STUDENTS
Traditionally students of the Aerospace Technology group of the department undertake a group design project for a novel aircraft concept. The propulsion systems requirements are simultaneously researched by a small team of students of the Gas Turbine technology Group. An essential aspect of this project includes investigations of both aero and mechanical design objectives.
This project would give the course member the opportunity to become familiar with the key design and performance issues in aero engines. In addition, the course member would gain a good understanding of the conflicting requirements in the design and performance of compressors combustors and turbines.
Techno- economic studies of Compressor Washing (K W Ramsden with Professor Pilidis)

On line compressor washing can improve the performance of a gas turbine engine by washing away impurities attached to the compressor aero-foils. The present project has two objectives. Firstly, the interpretation and improvement of measurements to ascertain the effectiveness of washing and secondly to optimise the frequency of compressor washing based on the operation of the engines
Droplet trajectories in a compressor stage (K W Ramsden with Professor Pilidis)

There are different scenarios where fluid droplets can enter a compressor. Especially within the rotor droplets are experiencing centrifugal forces and may be significantly deflected from the streamlines. For a generic industrial compressor stage a parametrical study of different droplet sizes and inlet distributions is offered. The influences of rotor and stator on the initial droplet distribution will be investigated. For this study a three dimensional blade and annulus geometry of the first stage of an industrial compressor has to be designed using a suit of computer programs. The project has therefore strong aerodynamic and turbo-machinery design aspects as well as a focus on CFD. This project is being carried out in collaboration with an industrial concern and can be taken on by an individual or a group of 2-3 candidates. Similar techniques could be applied to a casing.
Combined Heat and Power

There is an interesting opportunity to examine the feasibility of small scale CHP for hospitals, residential high rise apartment blocks etc and for air conditioning in very warm climates. The study would be technoeconomic and cover issues of operating costs and plant availability for gas turbine powered systems up to 10 mw power range. This project is being carried out for a major oil company This project will give the student a wide understanding of CHP technologies together with a thorough knowledge of small gas turbine performance limitations.
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Compressor Performance Prediction Maps
A new piece of software is to be developed and incorporated into an existing programme to allow the prediction of a compressor characteristic given only stage numbers, pressure ratio and annulus geometry. The Course Member undertaking this project will acquire an in depth understanding of the conflicting requirements of aero-thermal and mechanical integrity issues in compressor design and performance.
Prof M Savill and Dr. T Kipouros

Multi-disciplinary Optimisation for Aircraft Configurations
This project will involve the detailed analysis of multi-objective aerodynamic design methodologies established for multi-element aerofoil performance optimisation, and their extension to include loading considerations and aeroelastic effects. A three-dimensional geometry parameterisation approach will be adapted with definition and evaluation of detailed fluid-structural metrics as additional objectives or constraints to the design problem. Optimisation will be performed using an integrated design system incorporating commercial CFD meshing and solution software with the geometry model and an existing and well established multi-objective optimisation algorithm. Further extension to aero-structural optimisation for aircraft wing configurations is envisaged. The project is for two students.
Design Optimisation for Micro-Fluidic Devices

In a previous investigation the Lattice Boltzmann Methods (LBM) were combined successfully with the MultiObjective Tabu Search (MOTS) optimisation algorithm for the configuration and performance design of micro-scale flow devices. We can now extend the application of this design system to more complicated micro-mixing concepts and devices. Standard Navier-Stokes CFD methods solve transport equations for flow variables on a geometric mesh. LBM solves diffusion-like equations for distributions of flow particles across a lattice representation of the flow domain. It is particularly well suited to low speed flow through small-scale devices where the flow properties are determined by more than just the Reynolds number. As there is strong current interest in the development and application of micro-scale devices (for flow control, health purposes; as fluidic switches, actuators, and sensors; as micro-reactors, and micro-combustors) this project will investigate the use of LBM in place of CFD approaches for computational design optimisation of such devices.
Aero-thermal Design Optimisation for HP Turbine Blades

An existing integrated design system, comprising a Free Form Deformation geometry management approach, commercial CFD packages, and a well established heuristic optimisation algorithm, will be enhanced with advanced modelling for the prediction of thermal performance metrics of an HP 2D turbine blade. An appropriate reduced order model based on the Radial Basis Function implementation will be deployed to accelerate the design process. Further investigation will extend the application of the system to the design of three-dimensional turbine blades.
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Prof M Savill and Dr. T Kipouros (continued)

Post-optimisation Analyses of Aircraft Configurations using Parallel Coordinates
A collection of data from previous investigations for the aerodynamic performance optimisation of multielement aerofoils is available. In addition, an advanced visualisation technique of multi-dimensional data, Parallel Coordinates, has been combined with the analysis of aerodynamic optimisation results that can reveal the connections and significance between the design parameters and the objective functions, as well as their physical links. This is an innovative technique applied only recently in the design of compression systems, producing exciting results and conclusions. There is this opportunity now to expand the application of this type of analysis to the design of high-lift devices. Additional executions of optimisation cases will be undertaken in order to enrich the database for postoptimisation analysis.
Aero-acoustical Design Optimisation for Axial Compressors

Multi-objective aerodynamic shape optimisation is well advanced for compressor rotor blades and has led to candidate designs with improved peak efficiency and a better working-line through minimisation of spanaveraged blockage simultaneously with tip, hub and overall profile losses. There is now an interest to address additional multi-disciplinary aspects and specifically to ensure also optimised trailing edge noise generation for such designs. It is therefore proposed to extend methods previously applied to aerofoil to address aero-acoustic design optimisation of an initial standard datum compressor blade, using in-house multi-objective optimisation methods and appropriate geometry parameterisation with commercial CFD applications.
The students undertaking these projects should have good computing skills (Fortran, C/C++, Linux, CAD, graphics display) and a sound working knowledge of CFD application.
Dr. V. Sethi
TERA FOR CIVIL AVIATION
Cranfield University is leading the development of the TERA Framework for many applications. Within the European Union, the TERA Framework for civil aviation is being developed, with the support of several leading European Universities, for the VITAL, NEWAC, DREAM and Clean Sky projects these projects focus on advanced environment friendly civil aircraft gas turbines. There is an increasing concern that current trends of consumption of natural resources cannot continue. It is imperative that major targeted investments are made into economical and reliable environment friendly propulsion and power solutions. Many novel and promising concepts are being proposed. The selection of the best candidates to pursue for investment becomes a very difficult choice. The TERA framework, which is essentially a multi-disciplinary optimisation tool, is a useful tool to quantify risks and to compare and rank competing schemes on a formal and consistent basis. This technique is based on detailed and rigorous thermodynamic representations of power plants. A layer of environment, economic, weather and other models to describe the appropriate local conditions are superimposed to this. The TERA related MSc Thermal Power projects available for the 2011/2012 academic year comprise the following:
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Dr. V. Sethi (continued)

TERA RELATED PROJECTS Gas Turbine Emissions Prediction Modelling
Due to the increasing awareness and concern about the impact of gas turbine emissions on the environment, engine certification requirements are currently being refined to reflect stringent environmental legislations. This has resulted in a need for integrating environmental considerations during the early stages of the aircraft (both fixed wing and rotorcraft)/engine design process, and for more systematic investigation and quantification of the trade-offs involved in meeting specific environmental constraints. Consequently a need has arisen for the development of new methodologies and/or tools capable of quantifying, directly or indirectly, the impact of aircraft operations, particularly gas turbine emissions, on the environment. As a result, a robust emissions model, either integrated into or coupled with a gas turbine simulation software, is now a fundamental requirement for performance simulation. The proposed projects will involve a comparative analysis of the various empirical and semi empirical correlations as well as other techniques, which are currently available, to predict the concentration of the main gas turbine pollutants which include: 1. 2. 3. 4. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) Carbon monoxide (CO) Unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) Soot/smoke
These analyses will be geared towards the development of Cranfield Universitys emissions prediction software Hephaestus. In addition to the other mandatory modules, the following MSc Thermal Power modules are mandatory for this project: Simulation and diagnostics Propulsion systems performance and integration Fuels and Combustion The proposed projects will be supported by and will make a useful contribution to the project of two doctoral researchers Mr. H. Pervier and Mr. A. Prakash
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Design and Trajectory Optimisation of Integrated Rotorcraft Powerplant Systems
Rotorcraft operations are expected to grow sharply in the future in order to meet the increasing demands of citizens. Recent developments in the worldwide economic state in conjunction with the corresponding political ramifications and the constantly diminishing oil reserves indicate that the price of crude oil will continue to rise. Thus it is only reasonable that the price of aviation fuel will follow the same trend. This trend is responsible for constituting the total operational fuel consumption a key factor in minimizing the overall operational cost of a rotorcraft mission. Consequently the deployed rotorcraft designs along with the respective operational procedures must be devised in an optimal fashion depending on the type of mission for which they are designated for. Therefore an integrated methodology capable of evaluating the required operational resources of any specified rotorcraft-powerplant system design within any specified mission is essential. This is economically most efficient method of assessing the feasibility of implementing design alterations to satisfy these requirements. Through the context of iterative design, mission profiles requiring lower fuel consumption as well as critical design characteristics leading to increased overall rotorcraft efficiency in critical regiments within the operational envelope can be identified.
The following two projects within the aforementioned context are proposed. 1. Deployment of CUs rotorcraft flight dynamics and mission analysis simulation framework for the optimization of conceptual rotorcraft designs targeting specific applications. 2. Deployment of CUs rotorcraft flight dynamics and mission analysis simulation framework for the optimization of conceptual rotorcraft engine cycles. 3. Deployments of CUs rotorcraft flight dynamics and mission analysis simulation framework towards trajectory optimization of existing rotorcraft designs used within given applications. In addition to the other mandatory modules, the following MSc Thermal Power modules are mandatory for this project: Simulation and diagnostics Propulsion systems performance and integration The proposed projects will be supported by and will make a useful contribution to the project of a doctoral researcher Mr. I. Goulos.
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Multi-disciplinary Aircraft Trajectory Optimisation
It is well known that environmental issues associated with aircraft operations are currently one of the most critical aspects of commercial aviation. Currently several organisations worldwide are focussing their efforts towards large collaborative projects whose main objective is to identify the best alternatives or routes to reduce the environmental impact of aircraft operations. The TERA framework was essentially developed for power plant selection for a given application. However, an interesting area of research is extending the applications of the TERA to include aircraft trajectory multidisciplinary optimisation studies within physical and Air Traffic Control (ATC) constraints. There are several projects available in this area, which can broadly be classified into four main groups: 1. Development of new (e.g. contrails and preliminary engine weight) and existing models (engine performance, aircraft performance, noise and emissions). 2. Further development of an existing optimiser to improve its suitability, capabilities and robustness for multi-disciplinary aircraft trajectory optimisation. 3. Integration of the various models and the optimiser into a suitable interfacing framework. 4. To utilise a pre-existing Optimisation tool and framework to establish environmental gains by optimising for 2 or more objectives, which would include (for full trajectories between city pairs) - Fuel consumption, Noise and Emissions (CO2 and NOx ) In addition to the other mandatory modules, the following MSc Thermal Power modules are mandatory for this project: Simulation and diagnostics Propulsion systems performance and integration The proposed projects will be supported by and will make a useful contribution to the projects of two doctoral researchers Mr. W. Gu and Mr. R. Navaratne
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Dr V Sethi (Continued)
Aero-engine Preliminary Weight Estimation
The projects available can be broadly classified into the following five areas:
1.
Empirical Weight Estimation Method at a Conceptual Design Phase
Previous studies have shown a connection between the thermodynamic characteristics of the engine and its weight. However, none of them concluded in a clear correlation that covers all cases. This project aims to identify the key parameters that influence engine weight and produce a method that will be able to calculate it at the conceptual design phase. Work has already been done to determine the main layout and characteristics of this method, resulting in a tool developed in MATLAB based on the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) theory. However, several improvements on this tool and further studies on the weightparameters connections are required.
2. Evaluation and Correction of Preliminary Weight Estimation Methods for Aero Gas Turbines
The estimation of weight of a gas turbine at the early design stages is notoriously difficult, but several old preliminary weight estimation methods are available within the public domain. The evaluation of some of these methods has already been performed within Cranfield University, followed by attempts to improve them. However, several more methods have to be evaluated and further improvements have to be made on them to model accurately the weight of recent turbofans. 3.
Sizing of Engine Components to be Used in a Weight Prediction Module
Accurate weight prediction is very important during a conceptual design stage. The available weight prediction model calculates the weight of each component separately by performing a design procedure and determining their dimensions. A series of component sizing models need to be improved or created. These include combustors and afterburners, heat exchangers and intercoolers, propellers, casings and frames, shafts, gearboxes, and secondary systems. Several suggestions for each component exist in the literature, but depending on the component, different methodologies and approaches have to be used. Following the determination of the sizing procedure a code will be created and integrated into the main weight calculation module.
4.
Weight Estimation of Cowlings and Installation Features
A method for estimating cowl weight is needed for the early stages of high bypass ratio gas turbine design so that the correct choice of engine cycle and parameters can be made. This involves features such as cowl length, thrust reverser size and possible variable bypass nozzles. Engine accessories such as the control system, fuel pumps, oil pumps, hydraulic pump, electrical generator and air conditioning pipes and valves must also be taken into account. Some data exists in the literature but additional fundamental work is also required.
5.
Effect of Engine Weight on Aero Gas Turbine Performance
Preliminary weight estimation of gas turbine engines provides important information to engine design engineers for the estimation of engine thrust-to-weight ratio to assist the design selection during engine preliminary design period. The objective of this project is to explore and evaluate the methods for the preliminary estimation of engine weight based on preliminary engine performance and configuration information, such as engine type, engine configuration and technology level. Furthermore, the student will determine the influence of engine weight on other engine parameters (incl. performance, design, emissions, noise, cost, etc) by performing multi-disciplinary optimisation and trade-off studies within a TERA environment. For this purpose, weight models for various engine types and configurations will be developed where necessary. The proposed projects will be supported by and will make a useful contribution to the project of a doctoral researcher Mr. P. Lolis.
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Effects of Degradation on Engine and Aircraft Performance
Performance has become pivotal to an engines economic viability, and it is critical to reducing the environmental impact of aviation growth that the aviation industry no longer focus only on the technical aspects of an engine and/or aircraft, but rather to understand how the economic or business model influences the choice between the environmental impact and the economical performance. Performance is inseparable from the economic model as performance measures such as fuel burn, life and maintenance requirements among others are all driven by the performance parameters. Airliners now seek to improve aircraft performance by knowing how aircraft contribute to emissions and noise and there is growing interest in developing technologies to reduce emissions and noise in the way the aircraft manages its trajectory. In order to develop optimised environmental trajectories that can be actually flown by airlines, it is important to understand the impact of these trajectories on the engine maintenance. The aim is to enable the evaluation of the engine deterioration during the trajectory optimisation to be able to put constraints on those trajectories that have a strong impact on engine deterioration. Two projects are on offer to investigate the impact of engine degradation on emissions and noise levels, and how optimising for noise and emissions influences degradation. These projects cover both conventional and innovative turbofans. In addition to the other mandatory modules, the following MSc Thermal Power modules are mandatory for thus project: Simulation and diagnostics Mechanical design of Turbomachinery Propulsion systems performance and integration The proposed projects will be supported by and will make a useful contribution to the project of a doctoral researcher Mr. N. Khani.
Assessment and Characterisation of Losses within Reverse Flow Core Engine Ducting
The proposed project involves studies related to the analysis and design of ducts within reverse flow core gas turbines. In conventional aero gas turbines, the primary passage of air through the core is approximately axial and unidirectional. However, in a reverse flow core engine the passage of air and subsequently exhaust gasses is far more complex. The unique layout of a reverse flow core engine means that the working fluid will pass through a series of parallel ducts and bends. The purpose of this layout is to redirect the flow in order to take advantage of a separate rear mounted high pressure spool and combustor. An intrinsic drawback of the design is the increased duct length and flow turning. It can therefore be deduced that these factors affect the overall performance of the engine to a greater degree than in a conventional engine layout. This project may include: 1. Analytical characterisation of pressure losses in engine ducts and bends 2. Application of characteristic equations to an existing reverse flow core engine 3. Identification of design rules for different engine duct configurations 4. Simulation of an existing reverse flow core engine including duct losses (as well as comparison with ideal case) for both design point and off-design conditions 5. Development of design criteria for different duct geometries to be applied in reverse flow core engines. 6. Elaboration of a preliminary CFD model which includes: CAD model and meshing. In addition to the other mandatory modules, the following MSc Thermal Power module is mandatory for this project: Simulation and Diagnostics The proposed projects will be supported by and will make a useful contribution to the projects of two doctoral researchers Mr. E. Anselmi, Mr. W. Camilleri
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Investigation of Mechanical Loads Particular to Reverse Flow Core Engines
The proposed project involves studies related to the analysis of different mechanical loads, particular to reverse-flow gas turbines, and the effects of these loads on the engine design. In conventional aero gas turbines, the primary passage of air through the core is approximately axial and unidirectional. Also in conventional multi-spool engines each spool is mounted concentrically. In reverse flow core engines the high pressure spool is mounted to the rear of the other spools. Also, the passage of air is reversed through the high pressure compressor as well as through each turbine. As a consequence the loads across the LP and IP shaft assembly are large as the axial force brought about by the pressure difference across the fan and IP compressor are not counteracted by the pressure difference across the corresponding turbines. This factor is of particular concern when designing a new reverse flow core engine operating at even higher pressure ratios. This project may include the following studies: 1. Identification and analytical characterisation of different loading cases and its component failure modes 2. Identification of design rules for system integration of new engine configurations/dimensions 3. Development of design criteria for system integration to be applied in reverse flow core engines In addition to the other mandatory modules, the following MSc Thermal Power modules are mandatory for this project: Simulation and Diagnostics Mechanical Design of Turbomachinery
The proposed projects will be supported by and will make a useful contribution to the project of two doctoral researchers Mr. E. Anselmi, Mr. W. Camilleri
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Professor Riti Singh/ Dr Panos Laskaridis

Considerations and limitations of advanced aircraft propulsion integration concepts
The proposed MSc projects are part of a wider ongoing research activity that Cranfield University and the Department of Power and Propulsion is involved during the last three years. The research project is supported by a major global aerospace company. The proposed projects concentrate on the performance modelling of advanced propulsion systems based on the Brayton Cycle. The students will become part of an existing research team and will work closely with two PhD students. Several topics are available and some of them are shown below:
Performance modeling and assessment of an advanced propfan engine In the pursue of more fuel efficient aircraft engines the unducted propfan concept is being considered by aircraft and engine manufacturers, while the conventional turbofan engine reaches its limits. The accurate performance modeling of such unconventional engines is vital for their further study and assessment. It is the purpose of this project to examine the different modeling methods available in the literature, and identify their merits and demerits. Emphasis shall be given to the study of the different characteristics used to describe the performance of open rotors and their integration into an existing gas turbine performance simulation tool (Turbomatch).
Applications of more electric technologies to aircraft engines performance modelling and evaluation The detrimental effects of air bleed extraction from the engine were identified more than 50 years ago. The elimination of air bleeds and the parallel increase of electric power generation could offer performance benefits and facilitate the integration with the aircraft. The aim of this project is to evaluate different configurations for the installation of electric motors and generators in a propulsion system in terms of performance, maintenance, emissions and systems integration. The study of the operation and performance of electrical components shall be an essential part of the project. The characteristics of the motors and generators will be included in the in-house gas turbine simulation code (Turbomatch) and the aircraft/engine system will be assessed using the aircraft simulation code Hermes. Effect of variable geometry technologies in the overall performance of aircraft engines Variable geometry is widely used in gas turbine engines mainly to assure a stable off design performance. Variable stators are used in compressors to avoid surge and for the same reason variable area nozzles are common to reheated engines. Variable pitch fans and bypass nozzles can be used in very high bypass ratio engines to ensure stable operation during the takeoff. Another benefit recently investigated by the Silent Aircraft Initiative was the reduction of noise by implementation of variable bypass nozzles. In general, variable geometry is an additional way of controlling the operating point of the engine and adds another degree of freedom. Within this project the different extents of application of these technologies will be investigated. Variable geometry schedules will be created for optimum performance in terms of emissions, life consumption, fuel consumption and noise. The Turbomatch/Hermes simulation platform will be used to evaluate the performance of each application
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Professor Riti Singh/ Dr Panos Laskaridis (Continued)

Life Estimation of Aero-Engines
The proposed MSc projects are part of a wider ongoing research activity that Cranfield University and the Department of Power and Propulsion is involved during the last three years. The research project is supported by a major global aerospace company. The proposed projects include elements of gas turbine performance, aircraft performance and application of existing lifing techniques. The students will become part of an existing research team and will work closely with two PhD students. Several topics are available and some of them are shown below:
Effect of High Temperature Cycles on Gas Turbine Life Consumption The objective of this project is to examine the effects of increased turbine entry temperature on the performance, emission and life of aero engines. The turbine entry temperature is regarded as a technology factor and the aim of the designer is to strike a balance between efficiency, emissions and life. Generally speaking, increased turbine entry temperature will have a positive impact on efficiency and CO2 emissions and a negative effect on the life of the high pressure turbine and NOx emissions. During the recent years, much emphasis has been given on the life and maintenance aspects of aero engines. However, with the increased pressure to minimise fuel consumption and emissions, the existing metrics may have to change and higher turbine entry temperatures may be adopted at the expense of component life. The proposed project will examine the benefits and detrimental effects of increased cycle temperatures by performing trade off studies. Block fuel, emissions indexes, and life consumption will be used as figures of merit.
Life Estimation Methods for Aero Engines

The objective of this project is to cascade the gas turbine component stress and temperature estimation into the component life. The essential modes of failure to be estimated are low cycle fatigue, creep and oxidation. The different techniques available in the literature need to be examined to identify the merits and demerits of their usage for the aero engine components. The theories pertaining to the combined damage due to the interaction of the different modes of failure has to be studied with respect to different damage models. Special consideration should be given to the modeling and the effects of oxidation .
Engine Flight Path Cycle Study and Life Consumption Assessment for Commercial Aircraft
The aim of the project is to assess the effect of the mission flight profile of typical commercial aircraft on the life of critical engine components. An existing gas turbine performance tool will be used to model and study the performance of a typical high bypass ratio engine. The Hermes and inhouse aircraft performance model will be used in conjunction with the engine performance tool to study the overall performance of the aircraft/engine system. Different mission profiles will be examined and assessed. Emphasis will be placed on the different segments of the flight profile including, take-off, climb and cruise. Different climb profiles, cruise altitudes and Mach numbers will be studied. The outputs from the engine and aircraft performance models will then be used with an existing life estimation tool to assess the effects on the life of critical engine parts.
Effect of All Electric Technologies on Gas Turbine Life Consumption Current engines provide secondary power in addition to the primary power which is thrust. The secondary power extracted and delivered to the airframe systems may be in the form of bleed air, shaft power, hydraulic power and/or electric power. In the recent years the trend has been towards the elimination of bleed air and hydraulic power and the increase of electrical power. This can have a positive impact to the mass of the aircraft and the efficiency of the engine. In addition, elimination of bleed air may increase the service life of the gas turbine. Previous projects studied the mass and fuel savings. The lifing aspects will be
129
considered by the current project. The project includes elements of gas turbine performance, aircraft performance and application of lifing techniques and methods.
Professor Riti Singh/ Dr Panos Laskaridis (continued)

Considerations and Limitations of Advanced Aircraft Propulsion Integration Concepts In an attempt to reduce direct operating costs and emissions engine and aircraft manufacturers are considering a number of advanced aircraft propulsion integration concepts. The nature and extent of these new technologies vary greatly along with their potential benefits and their limitations. It is the purpose of this project to consider a number of selected propulsion technologies (high and very high bypass ratio engines, open rotors, more electric technologies, variable bleed cycles, geared fans, variable nozzle cycles) and study the projected benefits and limitations. Emphasis should be given to the life of the critical parts of the engine as well as performance, emissions and integration effects.
Impact of Engine Deterioration and Aging on Fuel Consumption and Lifing When an engine becomes operational its components start to degrade due to fouling, erosion and other effects. As a result the operation and efficiency of the individual components and the engine deteriorate. Generally speaking two major effects are taking place the efficiency and fuel consumption of the engine increases and the exhaust gas temperature margin reduces. Different engines will exhibit different levels of degradation and aging depending on their operation and their design. The aim of the proposed project is to study the effects of engine deterioration and aging on fuel consumption and lifing.
Direct Operating Cost Estimation Methods for Commercial Aircraft The objective of this project is to cascade the gas turbine and aircraft performance into direct operating costs. The operating costs include many different elements including fuel and maintenance costs. The different techniques for estimating the operating costs of an aircraft are available in the literature and need to be examined to identify the merits and demerits of their usage. The theories pertaining to the combined costs of the different elements have to be studied with respect to different inputs. Special consideration should be given to the estimation of fuel costs, engine maintenance costs and also the potential introduction of emissions tax.
Performance Improvements and Lifing Analysis of Stationary Gas Turbine Engines

This is an area that the Department of Power and Propulsion has significant experience and an ongoing interest. In this context a number of MS projects are offered: Gas Turbine Cleaning Optimisation and Associated Performance Improvement Analysis. Industrial gas turbines suffer from compressor fouling. As a result the efficiency and the capacity of the compressor deteriorates. Furthermore, the power output and the overall efficiency of the gas turbine are also reduced. Several cleaning options exist. Each one present its own advantages and limitations. The aim of the proposed MSc project is to examine the different cleaning options need to be considered and identified. The different options available in the literature need to be examined to identify their advantages and limitations. The effects of fouling will be quantified by using an existing engine performance code, called Turbomatch. It is the scope of this project to also examine the associated performance improvement. This will be achieved by identifying and carrying out a suitable analysis that will enable the gas turbine user to quantify the benefits arising from applying different cleaning techniques. Optimisation of cleaning techniques is also of interest.
130
Professor Riti Singh/ Dr Panos Laskaridis (continued)

Power Augmentation Options for Stationary Gas Turbines Many power installations are power constrained due to high ambient temperatures and fouling. The scope of this MSc project will be to identify and consider different power augmentation options. The available options can be found in the open literature and they should be examined to identify their advantages and limitations. Selected options should be further examined and their benefits along with their limitations should be quantified using a typical gas turbine engine. In this context the effect of overfiring on the creep life of the high pressure turbine should be considered.
Prof Riti. Singh / Dr G. Doulgeris

Distributed propulsion utilising full electric propulsion systems
The advances in electric motors/generators in the recent year have led to a continuous improvement in specific power. As a result, it is expected that in the next decades such technology will be available for aviation purposes. In this context a feasibility study is focused on the performance benefits that high speed motors can provide through the implementation of distributed propulsion. A holistic approach needs to be followed in order to assess the feasibility of such complex system. Several aspects need to be taken into account, such as the boundary layer ingestion, installed drag, thrust vectoring and multiple propulsion systems. Two MSc projects are offered on a blended wing body, where various technologies will be studied: -Development of a distributed propulsion system model able to predict the effects of ingestion of highly distorted flow. -Development of the integrated aircraft model that will analyse the overall performance of a blended wing body aircraft, powered by electric distributed propulsion systems.
Integrated component design & control for CO2 compression systems

Energy consumption in multi-stage high-pressure compressors for CO2 capture and storage technologies can be minimised by optimum component design and control. Uncertainties in fluid properties near the liquid phase boundary present significant challenges. It is believed a compression system that produces some liquid CO2 without recourse to refrigeration is possible and desirable. The advances in electric motors/generators in the recent year have led to a continuous improvement in specific power. As a result, it is expected that in the next decades such technology will be available for aviation purposes. In this context a feasibility study is focused on the performance benefits that high speed motors can provide through the implementation of distributed propulsion. A holistic approach needs to be followed in order to assess the feasibility of such complex system. Several aspects need to be taken into account, such as the boundary layer ingestion, installed drag, thrust vectoring and multiple propulsion systems. MSc projects are offered in the following areas: 1 Definition of the compression system (number of sections & intercoolers) 2 Intercooler design including layout & cost 3 Heat transfer prediction accuracy and uncertainties 4 Computational fluid dynamic modelling of compressor inlet duct 5 Identification of stabilising mechanisms (stored liquid CO2 and level control, heat in liquid coolant)
131
Prof Riti. Singh / Dr G. Doulgeris

Novel cycles for the 4th generation nuclear power plant
Towards a zero-emission world, nuclear energy appears as a technology to be revisited. In this direction, maximum efficiency and minimum risk is desired from future nuclear thermodynamic cycles. This project focuses on the techno-economic and risk analysis of cycles that use as a medium: CO 2, or Helium, but also for combined cycles, in order to identify the benefits and risks associated with such technology. MSc projects are offered in the study of fast cooled reactors coupled to cycles operating with: 1 Supercritical CO2 2 Helium 3 Combined cycle
Compressed air energy storage system

One of the contemporary challenges faced in power energy industry, is storage of energy, but also management of large base load, at off-peak and peak request. A technology to replace the use of expensive battery systems is the compressed air energy storage system. Such technology utilizes an underground cavern to store compressed air, during off-peak (night), so that base-load plants do not need to reduce their power. Furthermore, the stored air, is extracted, burned and expanded through a turbine system to satisfy the peak power request. Configurations that can be studied include various choices of underground storage, compressor train architectures, power generation architectures, head addition configurations (oxi-fuel, combustion, adiabatic). MSc projects are offered in the area covering the technoeconomic and environmental analysis of various configurations.
132
Prof. Riti. Singh and Dr. V. Sethi

Development of Advanced Models for TERA
Cranfield University is leading the development of the TERA Framework for many applications. There is an increasing concern that current trends of consumption of natural resources cannot continue. It is imperative that major targeted investments are made into economical and reliable environment friendly propulsion and power solutions. Many novel and promising concepts are being proposed. The selection of the best candidates to pursue for investment becomes a very difficult choice. The TERA framework, which is essentially a multi-disciplinary optimisation tool, is a useful tool to quantify risks and to compare and rank competing schemes on a formal and consistent basis. This technique is based on detailed and rigorous thermodynamic representations of power plants. A layer of environment, economic, weather and other models to describe the appropriate local conditions are superimposed to this. While a lot of the past TERA related research has been focussed on developments of engine performance, aircraft performance, emissions and noise models, which are based on sound physics and thermodynamics, a very interesting area for research could be the development of philosophical models. Development of such novel models will involve significant research, collection of data via questionnaires, and development and will be based on probabilistic and statistical methodologies. Integrating such models into the TERA framework could justify power plant selection not only with respect to sound thermodynamics and physics but also with respect to policies and data uncertainties. Each of the main project topics suggested, and available in this area may each be undertaken by a group of students and can comprise several individual sub-projects 1. Improvement of an existing Aviation Policy model for the TERA framework. For example questions such as what are the impacts of carbon taxes on power plant selection? can be addressed. Different scenarios have been studied in a previous MSc project which included a business as usual scenario (BAU), a progressive environmental awareness scenario (PEA) and a high environmental awareness scenario (HEA).It is sought to further improve the existing model. Further work in this direction may be aimed at reconfiguring this model to understand the implications of the EU ETS( European Union Emission Trading Scheme) on aviation in Europe and how it will aid in reductions of emissions 2. Often when performing TERA assessments, research establishments do not have access to proprietary information and have to develop models based on information available from the public domain coupled with reasonable guesses and assumptions. An additional TERA module which can assess the embedded risks of uncertainties in each component or system can be developed . 3. A preliminary study of the feasibility of converting a Large Military Turboprop Aircraft to a Civilian Passenger aircraft with an investigation into possible improved Fuel burn performance and reduced emission characteristics in comparison to High Bypass Turbofan propelled Civil Aircraft in the same MTOW/ Payload category. 4. An existing tool to assess the medium and long term impacts of human activities (particularly civil aviation) on climate change and global warming has been developed. Several projects are available to further develop this tool to assess the impact of gas turbine technology advances, alternate fuels including biofuels and hydrogen, and technology diffusion to help form an independent view, based on information available, of aviations medium and long term impact on global warming and climate change. In addition to the other mandatory modules, the following MSc Thermal Power modules are mandatory for this project: Simulation and diagnostics Propulsion systems performance and integration Fuels and Combustion The proposed projects will be supported by and will make a useful contribution to the project of a doctoral researcher Mr. D. N. Karumbaiah
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Prof. Riti. Singh and Dr. V. Sethi (Continued)

Design, Evaluation and Performance Analyses of Present, Novel and Low Emissions Combustors
The following projects are available Development of Novel combustors (CFD and/or Analytical) One of the below options could be selected. 1. Some researchers believe that the hydrogen based cryo-plane is a promising solution for future civil air transport. This project will involve an investigation of new hydrogen fuel based combustors. This could include investigating the design and performance of micro-combustors, micro-mix combustors and other options. 2. 3. A novel combustor (for Jet Fuel and Hydrogen) has been proposed which would have small length with features for low emission, better temperature profile and other improvements. This would help in decreasing the emissions, fuel consumption and other related factors. This project will involve CFD or analytical study about this proposed novel combustor. Development of Design Methodologies for Different Combustors This project will involve undertaking preliminary designs of low emissions gas turbine combustors with novel technologies. In addition to design methodologies for overall combustor design, detailed analyses of one or a combination of the following will be investigated: Fuel injector types Fuel types Heat transfer methodologies Combustion processes Cooling mechanisms Liner performance The proposed projects will be supported by and will make a useful contribution to the project of a doctoral researcher Mr. B. Khandelwal.
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Dr Pavlos Zachos
1. Numerical Modelling and Performance Optimisation Of a Single Stage Low Pressure Compressor
Fan performance is crucial as it defines the propulsive efficiency of the engine. A numerical model of a LP compressor will be generated aiming at understanding the flow mechanisms developing within the stage. Design optimisation studies will be also carried out in order to minimise the drag by a better design of the fan and OGV blades. This project will involve CFD related tasks such as mesh generation and CFD simulations as well as optimisation theory and practice. Coupling of CFD and optimisation solvers will be also required.
2. GUI Development For a Turbomachinery Aerodynamic Design System

Cranfield University owns a large number of in-house developed analytical tools for aerothermal and mechanical turbomachinery design. In order to increase the flexibility of the suite, the development of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) of the design system is initiated. This will be carried out in two-steps; initially, the implementation of the design process in FORTRAN scripts will be carry out, followed by the design and implementation of an appropriate GUI in Python to drive and evaluate the design process and summarise the outcome. Requirements: FORTRAN and Python programming skills essential GUI design experience is also desired.
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PROJECT SELECTION FORM
Project Title:
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_____________________________________________________
Thesis Hand in Date
15 August 2010
_____________________________________________________
Course member's Name: (Print)
Course member's Signature:
_____________________________________________________
Supervisors Name (Print)
_____________________________________________________
Supervisor's Signature:
_____________________________________________________
Date:
_____________________________________________________
Notes: Thesis hand in date is fixed and extensions are granted only under exceptional circumstances. This form has to be completed and handed in to Sarah Sheen by the end of the fourth week of the first term. NOTIFICATION OF ANY CHANGES TO THESIS TITLE OR SUPERVISOR MUST BE SENT TO THE COURSE ADMINISTRATOR ================================================================== FOR EXPERIMENTAL PROJECTS ONLY: A meeting between the course member, the EOF/laboratory support staff and the supervisor is required to agree the following: Plan and timing of Cranfield resource demand, including the plant, manpower, design and experimental contents and requirements of the project (attach to this form). Anticipated cost: ______________________________________
Agreed with EOF/Laboratory Support Staff. Signed: _______________________________________
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SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

COURSE INFORMATION MANUAL

MSc in THERMAL POWER 2011/2012

Course Director: Professor Pericles Pilidis

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING MSc COURSE INFORMATION MANUAL

Dear Course Member

ACADEMIC/ SUPPORT STAFF

Whittle Building /Room 140

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Whittle Building/Room 130 Whittle Building/Room 135

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LIST OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ..8

2.0 THERMAL POWER MSC .11

3.0 OTHER ELEMENTS OF THE COURSE, REGULATIONS AND PROCEDURES ...37

4.0 ACADEMIC YEAR ACTIVITIES ..43

5.4 Thesis Orals and Poster Presentation ..49

6.0 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION

1.4 THE DEPARTMENT OF POWER AND PROPULSION AN OVERVIEW

2.0 THERMAL POWER MSC

2.2 PROGRAMME SPECIFICATIONS

2.2.1 MSc in Thermal Power (Gas Turbine Technology Option)

On successful completion of the course a student will be able to:

On successful completion of the course a student will be able to:

Course structure, content & assessment scheme Entry requirements

Course Director/Academic Leader (proposed at course approval stage)

2.2.2 MSc in Thermal Power (Aerospace Propulsion Option)

On successful completion of the course a student will be able to:

On successful completion of the course a student will be able to:

Course structure, content & assessment scheme Entry requirements

Course Director/Academic Leader (proposed at course approval stage)

B. Skills & other attributes

Course structure, content & assessment scheme Entry requirements

Course Director/Academic Leader (proposed at course approval stage)

2.2.4 MSc in Thermal Power (Power, Propulsion and the

On successful completion of the course a student will be able to:

B. Skills & other attributes

Course structure, content & assessment scheme Entry requirements

Course Director/Academic Leader (proposed at course approval stage)

MSC THERMAL POWER COURSE DESCRIPTION

2.3.3 Credit Structure 30

CREDIT MAPPING FOR TAUGHT COURSES

Gas Turbine Technology

Gas Turbine Technology: Mandatory Modules [totalling 80 credits]

Assignment Exam Exam Exam Exam Exam Assignment Assignment

2.5 2.5 5 7.5 2.5 5 5 5 5

100 100 75 100 100 100 100 75 100 50 100

5 5 3.75 5 5 5 5 3.75 5 2.5 5

CREDIT MAPPING FOR TAUGHT COURSES MSc in Thermal Power (contd.)

Rotating Machinery Engineering & Management

_

STUDENT NAME: DATE STUDENT ID NUMBER: SUPERVISOR NAME: ______________________

STUDENT NAME: ______________________________________DATE_ STUDENT ID NUMBER: _ SUPERVISOR NAME: ________

STUDENT NAME: ______________________________________DATE_ STUDENT ID NUMBER: _ SUPERVISOR NAME: ________

STUDENT NAME: ______________________________________DATE_ STUDENT ID NUMBER: _ SUPERVISOR NAME: ________