TMA 2023 / SMA 3013 Semester 2010/ 2011 Assignment Vector Spaces

No. 1 2

Name NAJWA HANIM BINTI YUSOFF NUR AMANINA NAJIHAH BINTI AB LATIB NOR ATIQAH BINTI FAHRUL RADZI NUR FATIHAH BINTI MOHD KARIM JENIFER JOSLI

Student ID D20091034560 D20091034561

3 4 5

D20091034569 D20091034574 D20091034575

VECTOR SPACES Definition: A set V is called a vector space over the real numbers provided that there are two operationsaddition, denoted by + , and scalar multiplication, denoted by - that satisfy all the following axioms. The axioms must hold for all vectors u, v, w in V and all scalars c and d R. Vector addition: This assigns to any u, v V a sum u + v in V Scalar multiplication: This assign to any u V, k K, a product ku V. These are the 10 axioms in Vector Space: 1. u + v V ( V is closed under addition) 2. u + v = v + u (commutative law) 3. (u + v ) + w = u (v + w) (associative law) 4. There exists a vector Ov, V where u + Ov = u = Ov + u, all elements in u ( the existing of a zero vector) 5. For each vector u V, there exists a vector u V where u + (-u) = Ov. (existing inverse of addition or a negative vector). 6. c u V (V is closed under multiplication) 7. c (u +v) = cu + cv (left distributive law) 8. (c + d) u= cu + du 9. c(du) = (cd)u 10. I u = u In this section, we use the special symbols + and of the previous definition to distinguish vector addition and scalar multiplication from ordinary addition and multiplication of real numbers (R).

Euclidean Vector Spaces The set V = R with the standard operations of addition and scalar multiplication is a vector space.

Vector Spaces of Matrices Show that the set V = M mxn of all m x n matrices is a vector space over the scalar field R, with + and defined componentwise. Since addition of matrices is componentwise, the sum of two m x n matrices is another m x n matrix as is a scalar times an m x n matrix. Thus, the closure axioms (axioms 1 and 6) are satisfied.

Exercises 1. Determine whether these matrices are vector spaces or not. A= ,B=

i.

A + B V ( V is closed under addition) A+B= =

ii.

A + B = B + A (commutative law) LHS A+B= =

RHS B + A = = =

iii.

(A + B ) + C = A + (B + C) (associative law) which is C = LHS (A + B) + C = = =

RHS A + (B + C) = = =

iv.

A + 0= A = 0 + A

v.

A + (-A) = 0

vi.

cA V (V is closed under multiplication) which is c = x, x is a scalar.

vii.

c(A + B) = cA + cB (left distributive law) LHS c(A + B) = = = =

RHS cA + cB = = =

viii.

(c + d) A= cA + dA, which is d = y, y is a scalar. LHS (c + d) A = = =

RHS cA + dA = = =

ix.

c(dA) = (cd)A LHS c(dA) = = =

RHS (cd)A = =

x.

IA = A, which is I =

Therefore, the 10 axioms are satisfied. Thus, these matrices are vector spaces.

2.

Let V = R. Show that this addition A + B = 3A + 3B is commutative but not

associative. i. To show whether + is commutative. A+B=B+A A + B = 3A + 3B = 3 (A + B) = 3 (B + A) =B+A This operation is commutative. commutative

ii. To show whether + is associative. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) LHS (A + B) + C = (3A + 3B) + C = 3(3A + 3B) + 3C = 9A + 9B + 3C

RHS A + (B + C) = A + (3B + 3C) = 3A + 3(3B + 3C) = 3A + 9B + 9C This operation is not associative. Thus, V is not a vector spaces.

Counter example: Let A = 1, B = 2 and C = 3.

LHS

(1 + 2) + 3 = [3(1) + 3(2)] + 3 = (3 + 6) + 3

=9+3 = 3(9) + 3(3) = 27 + 9 = 36

RHS

1 + (2 + 3) = 1 + [3(2) + 3(3)] = 1 + (6 + 9) = 1 + 15 = 3(1) + 3(15) = 3 + 45 = 48

LHS

RHS.

Thus, it is not a vector spaces.

3. Show that the operation is a vector space or not. i) To show whether + is a commutative A+B=B+A A + B = 5A + 5B = 5(A + B) = 5(B + A) =B+A Therefore, the operation is commutative commutative

ii)

To show whether + is associative (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)

LHS : (A + B) + C = (5A + 5B) + C = 5 (5A + 5B) + 5C = 25A + 25B + 5C RHS : A + (B + C) = A + (5B + 5C) = 5A + 5(5B + 5C)

= 5A + 25B + 25C LHS RHS Thus, V is not a vector space.

Counter example: Let A = 3, B = 6, C = 9 LHS : (3 + 6) + 9 = [5(3) + 5(6)] + 9 = [15 + 30] + 9 = 45 + 9 = 5(45) + 5(9) = 270 RHS : 3 + (6 + 9) = 3 + [5(6) + 5(9)] = 3 + [30 + 45] = 3 + 75 = 5(3) + 5(75) = 390 LHS RHS Thus, it is not a vector space.

4. Given A =

, B=

, C=

Show that this operation from two matrices is a vector space or not. i) To show whether + is commutative: A + B = B + A LHS: A + B = 3 = = +3 +

RHS: B + A = 3

+3

= Thus, the operation is commutative.

ii)

To show whether + is associative: (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) LHS: (A + B) + C = ( = (3 =( =3 = = RHS: A + (B + C) = = = =3 = = The operation is not associative. Thus, this is not a vector space. +( + (3 +( +3 + + +3 + ) ) ) + + +3 + +3 )+ )+ )+

Counter example: Given A =

, B=

, C=

LHS: (A + B) + C = (

)+

= (3 =( =3 = = RHS: A + (B + C) = = = = =3 = = LHS RHS

+3 + +3 +

+ )+

+( + (3 +( + +3 +

+ +3 + ) )

Thus, this is not a vector space.

REFERENCES Bronson, R., Costa, G, B. (2007). Linear Algebra: an Introduction. Elsevier Inc. pp: 85 97. Cullen, C. (1997). Linear algebra with application. Addison-Wesley. pp: 136 - 139.

Lipschutz, S., Lipson, M, L. (2001). Theory and Problems of Linear Algebra(3). McGRAWHILL International Edition. pp: Lipschutz, S., Lipson, M, L. (2009). Linear Algebra(4). McGRAW-HILL International Edition.

Group discussion / Meeting report No 1 Date 5 March 2011 Activities Group discussion at library. Finding reference books Task Assign From this discussion, we have found out the definition and also the 10 axioms in Vector Spaces. From this discussion, we have prepared the module of Vector Spaces. From this group discussion, we have prepared for the presentation slides in Vector Spaces.

9 March 2011

Preparing for the Vector Spaces module at library.

12 March 2011

Prepare the powerpoint and ready for the presentation.