Chapter 9 Notes Section 9.1: Information Given by a Chemical Equation, p. 251.

The coefficients in a balanced chemical equation tell us number of molecules of reactants and products. It also tells us the number of moles of each reactant and product. Example: 2NO(g) + 2H2 (g) N2 (g) + 2H2O(l) This balanced equation tells us that 2 molecules of NO react with 2 molecules of H2 to produce one molecule of N2 and two molecules of H2O Section 9.2: Mole-Mole Relationships The mole ratios represented by the coefficients in a balanced chemical equation can be used as conversion factors in calculations. Example 1: Hydrogen sulfide gas reacts with oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide gas and water vapor. Calculate the number of moles of oxygen that are required to react with 5.6 moles of hydrogen sulfide 1st Step: Write the balanced chemical equation. 2H2S (g) + 3O2 (g) 2 SO2 (g) + 2H2O (g) 2nd Step: Figure out what information the problem gives and what it is asking you to find. We have 5.6 moles of H2S. We need to calculate the moles of O2. 3rd Step: Determine the mole ratio between H2S and O2. According to the balanced equation, the mole ratio is: 2 moles H2S to 3 moles O2 4th Step: Use the mole ratio as a conversion factor to calculate the answer. 5. 6 moles H2S

3 mol O2 2 mol H2S

) = 8.4 mol O

Practice 1:

Using the chemical equation above, calculate the number of moles of sulfur dioxide gas that will be produced by reacting 7.3 mol of oxygen with excess hydrogen sulfide.

Section 9.3: Mass Calculations, p. 258. The mole ratios given in a balanced chemical equation can help us calculate mass in grams of reactants or products. Example 2: Solutions of sodium hydroxide absorb carbon dioxide from the air forming sodium carbonate according to the equation given below: NaOH (aq) + CO2 (g) Na2CO3 (g) + H2O (l) Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide gas that is required to react with a solution containing 10.0 g of sodium hydroxide. 1st Step: Make sure the equation is balanced. Balance it if necessary. 2 NaOH (aq) + CO2 (g) Na2CO3 (g) + H2O (l) 2nd Step: Figure out what information is given and what needs to be calculated. We have 10.0 g of NaOH. We need to calculate the mass in grams of CO2 that would be required to complete the reaction. It often helps to write what is given and what is needed over the balance chemical equation.
10.0 g ?g

2 NaOH (aq) + CO2 (g) Na2CO3 (g) + H2O (l) It also helps to write the molar masses of the reactants or products that you need in the calculation below the equation.
10.0 g ?g

2 NaOH (aq) + CO2 (g) Na2CO3 (g) + H2O (l)

40.00g 44.01g

3rd Step: Begin your calculations. You need to do three conversions in this problem. 1. Convert 10.0g of NaOH to moles of NaOH. 2. Using the mole ratio from the balanced equation, convert moles of NaOH to moles of CO2. 3. Convert moles of CO2 to grams of CO2. 10.0g NaOH

1 mol NaOH 40.00 g NaOH

)(

1 mol CO2 2 mol NaOH

)(

44.01g CO2 1 mol CO2

= 5.50 g CO2

Practice 2: Using the balanced equation in the problem above, calculate the mass of sodium carbonate that is produced when 10.0 g of sodium hydroxide reacts with an excess of carbon dioxide.

Section 9.4: Mass Calculations Using Scientific Notation, p. 262. ______________________ - process of using a balanced chemical equation to calculate the relative masses of reactants and products in a chemical reaction Section 9.5: Mass Calculations: Comparing Two Reactions, p. 264. Section 9.6: The Concept of Limiting Reactants, P. 268. In most chemical reactions, one reactant is in excess, which means there is more than enough to go to completion. The other reactant is the one that will be used up first. This reactant is called the limiting reactant because it limits the amount of product that can form. When the limiting reactant is used up, the reaction will stop. Section 9.7: Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant, p. 271. When you know the mass of both reactants in a chemical reaction, and are asked to find the mass of one of the products produced, you must first determine which of the reactants is the limiting reactant. Once you know the limiting reactant, you can use its mass to calculate the mass of product. Example 3: Aluminum reacts with chlorine gas to form aluminum chloride. In a certain experiment, 10.0 g of aluminum is reacted with 35.0 g of chlorine gas. What mass of aluminum chloride will be produced? 1st Step: Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.

2 Al (s) + 3 Cl2 (g) 2 AlCl3 (s) 2nd Step: Write what you are given and what you need to find above the equation. Also, write the molar masses of the reactants and products you will use in your calculations, below the equation.
10.0 g 35.0 g ?g

2 Al (s) + 3 Cl2 (g) 2 AlCl3 (s)

26.98 g 70.9 g 133.3 g

3rd Step: Determine the limiting reactant. Start with the mass of the first reactant, in this case 10.0 g of Aluminum. Ask youself, How much Cl2 would I need to react completely with 10.0 g of Aluminum? Then use the 10.0 g Al to calculate how much Cl2 would be needed. 10.0 g Al

1 mol Al 26.98 g Al

)(

3 mol Cl2 2 mol Al

)(

70.9 g Cl2 1 mol Cl2

= 39.4 g Cl2

So, to completely react with 10.0 g of Al, we would need to have 39.4 g of Cl2. The problem tells us that we dont have 39.4 g. We only have 35.0 g of Cl2. So, there is not enough Cl2 to complete the reaction which means the reaction will stop when the Cl2 is used up. Therefore, Cl2 is the limiting

reactant. 4th Step: Now that you know the limiting reactant, you can use it to calculate the mass of the product. 35.0 g Cl2

1 mol Cl2 70.9 g Cl2

)(

2 mol AlCl3 3 mol Cl2

)(

133.3 g AlCl3 1 mol AlCl3

= 43.9 g AlCl3

Practice 3: Iron (III) oxide reacts with carbon monoxide to form iron metal and carbon dioxide gas. In a certain, experiment 5.0 g of iron (III) oxide is reacted with 5.0 g of carbon monoxide gas. What mass of iron will be produced?

Section 9.8 Percent Yield, p. 277. _________________________ - the amount of product the would be predicted by the stoichiometric calculations _________________________ - the actual amount of product obtained during the chemical reaction in real life Actual Yield _____________ = Theoretical Yield X 100%

Practice 4: In the reaction between CO and Fe3O4, the theoretical yield in an experiment is calculated to be 47.2 g Fe. When a careless chemistry student carries out the experiment, the actual yield is 42.9 g Fe. Calculate the percent yield.

Practice 5: Chlorine gas is a very reactive metal and will combine with most metals. (a) If 25.0 g of potassium metal is reacted with 50.0 g of Cl2 gas, what is the theoretical yield of potassium chloride?
*Hint: You need to write a balanced equation for the reaction. Then you must determine the limiting reactant before you can calculate the mass of KCl.

(b) If you did this experiment and obtained 31.2 g of potassium chloride, what would be

the percent yield?