Stage 1: Glycolysis

Happens in the cytoplasm Breakdown of Glycogen 1. Glycogen converted to glucose (6 carbons) 2. 2 ATP break down glucose to intermediate 3C compounds 3. Intermediate 3C compound is oxidised 4. 2 hydrogen atoms removed and taken up by coenzyme NAD 5. Pyruvate produced 6. Substrate level phosphorylation occurs- phosphate from intermediate compounds is transferred to ADP creating ATP Net gain of 2 ATP 2 Pairs of hydrogen atoms produced 2 pyruvate molecules produced

3. resulting 2 carbon molecule combines with coenzyme A to form Acetyl CoA (2C) 2. It is then dehydrogenated (2 hydrogens are removed and taken up by coenzyme NAD) 1. Pyruvate is decarboxylated (Carbon dioxide is released as a waste product)

Stage 2: Link reaction

Products: 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, 2 Pairs Hydrogen atoms Pyruvate from glycolysis passes into mitochondria
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Stage 4: Electron transport chain

Inner mitochondrial membrane 1. Reduced coenzyme (Red.NAD and Red. FAD) carries H+ and electron to electron transport chain 2. Electrons pass from one electron carrier to the next in a series of redox reactions (Carrier is reduced when recieves the electrons and oxidised when it passes them on) 3. Protons (H+) move across inner mitochondrial membrane creating high H+ Concentrations. 4.H+ diffuse back into mitochndrial matrix down electrochamical gradient 5.H+ diffusion allows ATPase to catalyse ATP synthesis 6. Electrons and H+ ions combine to form hydrogen atoms which combine with oxygen to create water This method of producing ATP is called Oxidative Phosphorylation

8. This happens twice as there were 2 pyruvate molecules(therefore 2 Acetyl CoA) from one glucose 7. 4C compound remains, to start cycle again, combining with a new Acetyl CoA molecule 6. Dehydrogenation happens 3 more times (twice taken up by NAD, once by FAD) 5. Substrate level phosphorylation occurs (releasing 1 ATP) 4. Decarboxylation reoccurs 3. 5C compound is left 2. Decarboxylation (release of CO2) and dehydrogenation (release of H2, taken up by NAD) occur 1. Acetyl CoA combines with a 4C compound to create a 6C compound.

Stage 3: Krebs cycle

Products for 2 Acetyl CoA: 4 CO2, 2ATP, 16 pairs H atoms

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How much ATP is produced?

Each Reduced NAD produces 3ATP when reoxidised Each Reduced FAD produces 2ATP when reoxidised So: Glycolysis- 2ATP, 2NAD Link reaction- 2NAD (one for each Pyruvate molecule) Krebs Cycle- 2ATP (one for each Acetyl CoA), 6NAD (3 for each Acetyl CoA), 2FAD (one for each Acetyl CoA) Electron transport chain- 10 reduced NAD (3x10=30ATP), 2 reduced FAD (2x2=4ATP) 2ATP(glyc.)+2ATP(Krebs)+34ATP(ETC)= 38ATP Total of 38ATP produced per glucose molecule