Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

Potential of Biogas Production from Sustainable Biorefinery Concepts

Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

30.05.2007

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

Biofuels in the EU: Development & Technology Roadmap

350

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

300

250

Mtoe Biomass

200

150

100

Integrated biorefining complexes 2nd generation: EtOH, Syn Diesel, DME from lignocellulosic biomass, SNG 1st generation: EtOH, ETBE, FAME, FAEE
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

50

2000

Source: Final report of the Biofuels Research Advisory Council; EUR 22066
30.05.2007 Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon 2

Biorefinery of Biomasses
(Source: modified after Kamm et al. 2006)

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

Biomasses Biomass of maize, sudanund meadow grass etc.; Sec. Agric. biomasses and by products: straw, sugar beet leaves, pulp; glycerin, raps seed cake, etc. Wood for energy, wood waste-products

Technology Enzymatic fermentation Biogas production Mechanical pressing Gasification Polygeneration Combustion Co-combustion

Biorefinery usage Fuels: - Bioethanol E85 - Biodiesel - Bio-CNG - Synfuel (Bio-CNG, Diesel) Energy: - Electricity - Heat Chemicals: - synthetic polymers - solvents - adhesives - Fetty acids - Drugs dyestuffs - Tenside, etc. Food and Feed

30.05.2007

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

Objectives/challenges :

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

To increase substantially the production of biofuels that are commercially viable, CO2- efficient and compatible with vehicle engines. To promote the transition towards second generation biofuels which will be produced from a wider range of feedstock (including waste biomass and bio based products from industry). To promote the transition towards fully integrated biorefinery concepts. To reduce competition for land and food. To produce biofuels in the most efficient way.
30.05.2007 Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon 4

European biogas initiative to improve the yield of Agricultural biogas plants (EU-Agro Biogas)
Aim

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

Demonstrate and optimize innovative approaches to improve biogas yield and energy output and economic efficiency at selected biogas plants in Europe.

Partners
BOKU, RTD Sevices, GE Jenbacher, Thoeni Industriebetriebe (Austria), Research Institute of agricultural engineering (Czech Republic), Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences (Denmark), Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Agricultural Research Centre, KTBL, Vogelsang GmbH (Germany), Universita degli Studi di Torino (Italy), EC Baltic Renewable Energy Center (Poland), Agrotechnology & Food Innovations (The Netherlands), Institute of Grassland & Environmental Research (UK)

30.05.2007

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

Energiepark Bruck

Axiom
TU Wien Verfahrenst.

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

BOKU DNAS

WP1: Raw materials & Biogas production

Biogas Bruck

WP2: Gas purification & grid interface

EVN

WP3: Accounting, certification of Biogas content, economy of operations OMV Gas

Virtual Biogas WP6: Fleet test

Opel C&K Taxi AVL

Wien Energie Gasnetz

TU Wien IVK.

WP5: Vehicle / increased Magna pressure

WP4: Fuel station / increased pressure

OMV R&M

WP7: Power train efficiency

30.05.2007 Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

WP Leaders

Platform Bio-CNG-Traffic

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

Bio-CNG = 80 % Natural Gas + 20 % Biogas

Chamber of Agriculture

Austria

30.05.2007

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

Geographic allocation of field experiments in Austria Loimersdorf

Experiments 2004 - 2005 New experiments 2006 Lenzing, Schrfling a. AS, Schwanenstadt wheat, rye, triticale Haidershofen maize wheat

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

Gro-Enzersdorf maize, sunflower, sorghum

St.Margareten am Moos F.Sch Tulln Hundsheim sorghum, maize, sunflower

Irdning (Gumpenstein), Admont (Buchau) grass

30.05.2007

Ruden maize

Ludersdorf maize, sorghum

8

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

Biogas-laboratory University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

120 Batch-Fermenters (1000 ml) For 27 different Substrates, Standards and Inoculum with 3 replicates

30.05.2007

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

Setup of new trial in the biogas laboratory

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

30.05.2007

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

10

R&D Exampel: Biogas from residues and by-products

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

30.05.2007

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

11

Is the glycerine a possible additive for biogas production?

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

Glycerine

Glycerine from biodiesel production Volume (actual): 64,000 t a-1 outlook:

30.05.2007

180,000 t a-1 to 2010

12

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

Effect of glycerine addition on the specific methane yield of agricultural raw materials

30.05.2007

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

13

Effect of glycerine on the methane yield of a mixture from maize, CCM and swine manure
500 400 300 200 100 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Spec. methane yield [Nl * kg VS-1]

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

90 75 60 45 30 Methane content in the biogas [%]

14

3 % glycerine 0 % glycerine Basic mix Methane content in the biogas [%]

15 0 60

Days from start of anaerobic digestion

30.05.2007 Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

Effect of glycerine on the methane yield of a mixture from maize, CCM and swine manure
500 400 300 200 100 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Spec. methane yield [Nl * kg VS-1]

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

90 75 60 45 30 Methane content in the biogas [%]

15

6 % glycerine 3 % glycerine 0 % glycerine Basic mix Methane content in the biogas [%] h

15 0 60

Days from start of anaerobic digestion

30.05.2007 Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

Effect of glycerine on the methane yield of a mixture from maize, CCM and swine manure
500 400 300 200 100 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Spec. methane yield [Nl * kg VS-1]

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

90 75 60 45 30 15 0 60 Methane content in the biogas [%]

16

15 % glycerine 8 % glycerine 6 % glycerine 3 % glycerine 0 % glycerine Basic mix Methane content in the biogas [%]

Days from start of anaerobic digestion

30.05.2007 Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

R&D Exampel: Biogas with raw materials from Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien sustainable crop rotation systems

30.05.2007

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

17

Co-Fermentation of energy crops, Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien organic manures and industrial based by products
Content of used mixtures (% of FM). Raw materials Sun flower silage 0 20 15 30 20 5 5 5 0 20 30 35 15 grass silage 0 0 0 0 0 30 40 30 40 10 5 7,5 0 Rye silage 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 30 20 10 5 7,5 10 Maize silage 31 30 25 20 40 10 0 5 5 20 10 35 45 CCM Pig manure 54 20 10 20 30 40 35 20 30 20 20 0 15 Sugar beet silage 0 20 30 30 10 0 0 10 5 20 20 10 15

Block --Block 1 (energy rich)

Mix M11 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6

15 10 20 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 10 5 0

Block 2 (protein rich)

M7 M8 M9 M10

Block 3 (balanced)

M11 M12 M13

Der Mischung M1 wurde 4% Rohglyzerin zugelegt.

30.05.2007

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

18

Effects of co-fermentation

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

Spec. Methane yield Block --Block 1 (energy rich) Mix M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 Block 2 (protein rich) M7 M8 M9 M10 Block 3 (balanced) M11 M12 M13
a,b

Additional methane yield Absolut (lN/kg VS) +125a +79ab +54abc +28bc +66abc +104ab +96ab +111ab +115a +89ab +99ab -7c +129a Relative (% of expected) +49 +28 +18 +10 +23 +39 +36 +39 +42 +32 +36 -2 +43

Measured (lN/kg VS) 383 367 349 302 347 371 363 395 386 369 378 303 427

Expected (lN/kg VS) 258 287 295 274 281 267 267 283 271 281 279 311 298

Signifikant differences (P<0.05; Scheff-Prozedur).

30.05.2007

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

19

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

Using energy crop mixtures

Regression equations to estimate the specific methane yield of the energy crop mixtures (n = 48)
Model 1 Regression equation CH4 = 1410,48 VS*** 1876,97 XL*** 451,46 XF*** + 937,16 C*** + 8309,46 GE*** + 139,38 CN*** 59293*** CH4 = 7399,91 XP*** + 2405,65 ADL*** 193,76 Cell*** + 1721,50 GE*** 442,94 Sug*** + 3076,48 CN*** 197204*** CH4 = 2811,98 DM*** + 4400,48 XA*** 3872,16 XP*** + 3532,00 XF*** + 1983,89 H-Cell*** + 1476,69 Zuc*** 192070*** adj. R
2

Relationship between measured and estimated specific methane yield (Model 4)

450 425

Significance ***

0,5418

0,6003

0,5416

0,6001

***

Estimated specific methane yield (L N/kg VS)

400 375 350 325 300 275 275 Y = 0,8337 X + 60,826 R2 = 0,8337

0,5412

0,5998

***

CH4 = 3911,18 XP* + 4515,25 XL* + 4864,12 ADL* + 1665,29 Cell* + 3840,62 H-Cell* + 936,88 Sta* + 1955,44 Sug* 213356 CH4 = 7,19 XP 23,22 XL** + 1,96 XF + 527,80***

0,5307

0,6006

***

0,2385

0,2871

**

6 7 8

CH4 = 13,15 H-Cell*** + 172,82*** CH4 = 2,01 VS + 533,12*** CH4 = 1,92 XF + 327,07***

0,2498 0,0230 0,0044

0,2658 0,0438 0,0256

*** n.s. n.s.

ADL = lignin (% DM); C = carbon (% DM); Cell = cellulose (% DM); CH4 = specific methane yield (LN/kg VS); CN = C/N quotient; DM = dry matter (% FM); FM = fresh matter; GE = gross energy (MJ/kg DM); H-Cell = hemicellulose (% DM); Sta = starch (% DM); Sug = sugar (% DM); VS = volatile solids (% DM); XF = 2 crude fiber (% DM); XL = crude lipids (% DM); XP = crude protein (% DM); adj. R = adjusted coefficient of 2 determination; R = coefficient of determination Level of significance for the models and the regression coefficients: * < 0,05; ** < 0,01; *** < 0,001; n.s. = not significant

300

325

350

375

400

425

450

Measured specific methane yield (LN/kg VS)

30.05.2007

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

20

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

Using residues from food industry

Fermenter 1 (F1) Diet composition Average values for F1: Methane concentration = 61,9 Vol.% Specific methane yield = 581 LN/kg VS

Sugar beet silage Vegetable litter Old food Lecithin Grease Canteen litter Soya residues

Fermenter 2 (F2) Diet composition Average values for F2: Methane concentration = 63,6 Vol.% Specific methane yield = 574 LN/kg VS

30.05.2007

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

21

Maize, cereals

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

Straw
Straw 11,6 t ha-1 a-1

Maize corn

Maize corn 8,9 t ha-1 a-1

Ethanol production

Ethanol 22.560 kWh ha-1 a-1

22.560 kWh ha-1 a-1 100%

30.05.2007

Stillage
(DDGS)
22

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

Maize, cereals

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

Straw
Straw 11,6 t ha-1 a-1

Maize corn

Maize corn 8,9 t ha-1 a-1

Biogas Stillage 9.080 kWh ha-1 a-1

Biogas plant

Stillage

Ethanol production

Ethanol 22.560 kWh ha-1 a-1

Residue
30.05.2007

31.640 kWh ha-1 a-1 140%

23

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

Maize, cereals

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

Straw
Straw 11,6 t ha-1 a-1

Maize corn

Maize corn 8,9 t ha-1 a-1

Biogas Stillage 9.080 kWh ha-1 a-1 Straw 26.510 kWh ha-1 a-1

Biogas plant
Stillage

Ethanol production

Ethanol 22.560 kWh ha-1 a-1

Residue
30.05.2007

58.150 kWh ha-1 a-1 258%

24

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

Maize, cereals

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

Straw
Straw 11,6 t ha-1 a-1

Maize corn

Maize corn 8,9 t ha-1 a-1

Steam explosion Biogas Stillage 9.080 kWh ha-1 a-1 Straw (Steam explosion) 35.980 kWh ha-1 a-1

Biogas plant
Stillage

Ethanol production

Ethanol 22.560 kWh ha-1 a-1

Residue
30.05.2007

67.620 kWh ha-1 a-1 300%

25

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

Hydrolyse via steam explosion technical development

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

30.05.2007

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

26

Methane yield from untreated and steam exploded wheat straw

450 400
N kg Spec. methane yield [l VS ] -1

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Days from start of anarobic digestion steam exploded straw untreted straw

-1

30.05.2007

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

27

Energy potentials of bioethanol production from maize

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

Energy output [MJ/kg DM] Ethanol Ethanol and stillage Ethanol, stillage and straw Ethanol, stillage and straw (Steam explosion) 3,96 5,56 10,21 11,87

Energy input [MJ/kg DM] 3,00 1,96 2,19 ?

Input/output Ration 1:1,3 1:2,8 1:4,7 ?

utilisation level*

22% 31% 57% 66%

* 1 kg DM contained 18 MJ Energy (corn and residues)

30.05.2007

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

28

Biogas production from integrated biorefinery Concepts and sustainable crop rotations
Seeds Press 7 t/ha RME

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

Straw 1,9 t/ha

Intercrop clover 2,7 t/ha

Meadow gras

Brewers barley
70 %

3 t/ha 1,9 t/ha

Spring barley

Rape

Raps
5 t/ha Straw Rape oel meal

MHY of crop rotation

3.231m3CH4/ha*a

Feeding barley 30 % 2,7 t/ha Intercrop clover

Maize
70% GPS, 30 % CCM

Corn

Wheat

100%

Maize straw

4,3 t/ha

2,7 t/ha Intercrop clover

5,3 t/ha

CCM

Wheat straw

30.05.2007

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

29

Methane energy potential of agricultural residues Calculation basis EU25

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

Cereals: Rapeseed: Sun flowers: Sugar beets: Fallow land: Manure: Grassland: Cropping system:

Straw and grain depending on degree of self-sufficiency (DSS) Straw and rape oil meal Straw and sun flower oil meal Leaves and sugar production residues 100% use for biogas production 100% use for biogas production Grassland depending on DSS milk Preceding or succeeding crop, 15% of arable area

Not yet included: - Residues of bioethanol production (DDGS, distilled dry grain solubles) - Residues of biodiesel production (crude glycerin and oil seed cake) - Residues of starch production

30.05.2007

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

30

Methane energy potential of agricultural residues

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

EU25 2005

14%

(Source: Eurostat)

6%

36%

Cereal Rapeseed Sun flowers Sugar beets

7%

Fallow land Manure Grassland

207 Mio. tons of oil equivalent (toe)

Cropping system

26% 3%

6% 2%

Energy consumption by transport of EU25 (2004) = 350 Mio. toe

(Source: Eurostat)

30.05.2007

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

31

Kosts and shares of biogas production from biomasses. Total power: 1,5 MW 250 m3/h
Costs of electricity production: 14,0 15,0 cent/kWhel. 9% 7% 7% 42%

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

Cost of bio-methane production for feeding into the gas distribution system: 4,5 5,6 cent/kWhBiomethanenergie
Quelle: D. Hornbachner et a. 2005

Kapitalkosten Substratkosten Transportkosten Arbeitskosten Sonstiges*

* repairs, electricity, management, insurance, analyses etc.
Sourse: Walla 2006

39%

30.05.2007

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

32

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

Fuel-oriented, fully-integrated biorefinery system

Biomass Energy production

Food and feed

Bioethanol

Energy

Other fuels Crops

Residues

Biodiesel

Manure

Biohydrogen

Industrialbased byproducts

Biogas

30.05.2007

Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon

33

Conclusion / Outlook

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

Biogas is the key technology within integrated biofuels based biorefinery systems. It enables: high land productivity, whole crop utilisation and reduce competition for land and food. Further developments are required to fully maximise the potentials of already existing conversion technologies. Ways must be found that make it possible: to combined the production of food, feed, chemicals and energy witch are based on already existing conversion technologies within sustainable, regional adapted crop rotation systems In the longer term the implementation of full-scale integrated biorefineries using new energy crops, crop residues and Industrial based by-Products will be necessary.
30.05.2007 Dept. fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon 34

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

Department fr Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme
ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon Dr. Katharina Hopfner-Sixt DI. Alexander Bauer Dr. Vitaliy Kryvoruchko Dr. Barbara Amon DI Vitomir Bodiroza Dr. Dejan Milovanovic Dr. Andrea Machmller Mag. Violetta Simic DI Regina Hrbek DI Debora Fistarol Lyson Mag. Markus Lyson DI Andreas Moser Dr. Helmut Wagentristl
Peter-Jordan-Strasse 82 A-1190 Wien Tel. +43-1-47654-3502 Fax. +43-1-47654-3527 Dept. fr Nachhaltige 30.05.2007 thomas.amon@boku.ac.atAgrarsysteme E-mail:

Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

founded June 2006

http://www.forum-biogas.net
l Institut fr Landtechnik l Ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Thomas Amon 35