ARCTAN DIFFERENTIATED DIGITAL DEMODULATOR FOR FM/FSK DIGITAL RECEIVERS

Haitham M Eissa
I,

Khaled Sharaf ' Hani Ragaie ,

(1) Mentor Graphics, 51 Beirut St., Heliopolis, Cairo 11341, Egypt.

(2) Ain Shams University, Faculty of Engineering, 1 Elsarayat St., Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt

ABSTRACT
In this paper a new FM/FSK digital demodulator based on the digital ARCTAN algorithm, is proposed. The proposed digital FM/FSK demodulator is called ARCTAN Differentiated demodulator. The demodulator is based on quadrature ARCTAN algorithm. Direct division of quadrature signals rejects amplitude modulation components. The proposed demodulator works for both narrow & wide band FM/FSK signals & it is suitable for integration in digital-IF receivers. Behavioral simulation analysis is shown for system validation.

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1. INTRODUCTION
Recently, there has been a strong trend towards fully integrated wireless transceiver systems. Full integration reduces off-chip components leading to low cost, low power & low size systems. Frequency modulation with its superior performance over amplitude modulation is used in many different wireless communication standards such as GSM, DECT, BlueTooth and others. Analog signal processing techniques are conventionally used in FM/FSK receivers. There are different analog FM demodulators such as Foster-Seely Limiter-Discriminators & analog PLL. Reliability, scalability & ease of integration of digital CMOS circuits attract more work in the field of Digital Signal Processing techniques. Digital signal processing can offer more system flexibility, programmability & on-fly upgrading than fixed analog systems. The Software defined Radio "SDR" applications rely on re-programmable digital hardware such as FPGA & SOPC to implement different communication standards on the same hardware platform. These advantages call the need to digital FM demodulators to replace the conventional analog FM demodulators in digital receivers. Examples of FM digital demodulators are Digital PLL [4], Zero crossing detectors [2][3], digital quadricorrelator algorithm[ I ] and ARCTAN method algorithm [S][61[S]. The basic idea of the ARCTAN method is to take the ratio of both the quadrature signals Q & I, and then extracts the phase angle by a man.' operator. The phase angle is then differentiated to obtain the needed message information, see Figure 1. The idea of the ARCTAN algorithm is limited by W Odrawbacks. First, when the I signal is relatively very small to the Q signal or the I signal crosses a zero value. This drawback causes saturation or an overflow in the divider. Second, the input FM signal must be limited to the principle range of the ARCTAN operator, which is il, limiting the receiver input to narrow band FM signals only.

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Figure 1. Conventional ARCTAN Receiver Hagiwara & Nakagwa proposed in [6] a modified Range Extended ARCTAN demodulator. A look-up table in a ROM is used to get the ARCTAN values directly to avoid zero divisions & a jump detector is used to extend the limited narrow band FM to wide band FM range. This current work is based on a modified ARCTAN algorithm, called ARCTAN Differentiated method. In section 2, a complete mathematical analysis for the modified system is presented. In section 3, practical system design considerations are shown In section 4, behavioral simulation and case study are shown.

2. FM/FSK ARCTAN Demodulation 2.1 FM/FSK Digital Receivers

In a recent work, Bang-Sup Song er a1 presented a complete digital FM receiver in [I]. This system is based on an oversampling Band-Pass Sigma-Delta modulator to quantize the analog IF signal. The quantized IF signal is converted to quadrature baseband signals Q & I by a digital down converter. Digital components do not suffer from mismatches found in analog ones leading to exact path matching between quadrature signals needed for accurate quadrature demodulation. The oversampling signals are then decimated to near the Nyquist rate & low pass filtered by a Sinc' decimation filter. A digital FM demodulator based on quadricorrelator algorithm is then used. Based on the same system approach, the current work replaces the quadricorrelator digital demodulator with the proposed digital FM demodulator based on ARCTAN Differentiated method. The proposed work takes the same advantages of the quadrature technique but fewer complexes than the quadricorrelator demodulator. Digital division is used to divide both Q & I signals. Division output is applied to digital differential ARCTAN operator. A digital-to-analog converter is used followed by a low pass filter to smooth the quantized signal output, see Figure 2.

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IF Film

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Current Work

case when the receiver inrrut is a single sinusoidal tone of the

.
-

(7)
Equation (7) shows one of the advantages of using the quadrature method. Note that direct numerical division of the two out-ofphase signals Q & I rejects the Amplitude Modulation component (l+asinw,t) leading to better AM rejection. This also omits the need for the conventional heavy limiters before the demodulation section. Applying ARCTAN for both sides of equation (7) tan-'yr=tan- I (-)=psino,t Q

form:
m(t) = odcoso,r
m(t) is an input single tone signal at

o ,

od is the maximum frequency deviation

T h e FM demodulated signal is expressed as follow:

I
Then taking time derivative for equation (8) leads to:

(8)

= 0 coso,r ,

(9)

X(t)=(I+asino,t)cos[o,r+Bsinw,t]
Such that:

a o,

is the magnitude of the AM component

is the canier frequency

Equation (9) shows that the original single tone demodulated signal can be retrieved back by the differentiation of the phase angle of the FM demodulated signal in equation (2) Since that

is the modulation index

2
om
Therefore we can get the input tone signal by applying the following formula:

By using digital down conversion to baseband and using a low pass filter, signal is expressed as fallows: The in-phase real part:
I (t) = -(I + a s i n wat)cos(psin mmt)
1

(5)
Such that

Q w =I

The out-of-phase imaginary part

~ ( t =~(I+asino,t)sin(psino,t) )

(6)

Using 2's complement Fixed point DSP, equation (1 I ) can be digitally implemented to present this current work. See Figure 3

Dividing equation (6) by ( 5 ) :

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FM demodulated 0Ua"t

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Figure 3. Proposed Hardware Digital Implementation

3. DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION
The following are the system design considerations

3.1 Zero crossings detection:

A division by zero results in overtlow & saturation in the divider. Simulation analysis shows these saturation conditions as spikes in the signal output. These spikes can be removed using the smoothing low pass filter in the output stage, see Figure 5

Figure 4. Gain compensation for correct division

Also a zero detector circuit can he used before division. The circuit senses the I signal before division & disable the digital divider. Since input modulated signals are continuous signals, a good approximation for the divider output at zero detection is to use the last correct division output calculated before zero detection

4. CASE STUDY & SIMULATION RESULTS

The proposed FM demodulator was tested & behaviorally verified using Matlab software from Mathwork [9].A simple test case is used to make sure from system validity. Two input signals are added together before FM modulation using a VCO. fl=70Hz & f2=50 Hz. VCO carrier frequency is 4000Hz. The output of the VCO is applied to a modeled digital FM receiver system
The complete digital FM receiver consists of a band-pass sigma-

3.2 Narrow band & Wide band FM

Current demodulator is suitable for both narrow & wide band FM signals. No jump detector is needed here as in [ 6 ] . The differentiated ARCTAN input
I 7 any input value accepts
1+W

3.3 Digital Division

Current work avoids the use of the ROM by using the differentiation of the ARCTAN formnla instead of the ARCTAN itself Digital division is performed for both quadrature signals as shown in Figure 3. Since amplitudes of the W O out;of-phase signals are nearly equal, many division values are a fraction of one. Digital divider output in this case will be truncated to the nearest integer, which is zero; this leads to truncation errors in the demodulated output signal. In order to minimize truncation error, the Q-signal is amplified by a fixed known gain before division. This gain increasing in the Qsignal must be compensated in the following stages. Modifymg the formula I + y 2to be s2 + s vzoffers a solution. But the final gain in this case is reduced by a factor of s so we need to increase the gain in the output stage to obtain the same gain output. Choosing the proper gain to be a multiple of power 2 will lead that this gain will be just a shifl operation in the word length. Figure 4 shows how to compensate this gain in the Q-signal.

delta modulator, a digital down conversion, a Sinc' decimation filter & the proposed ARCTAN Differentiated digital demodulator. Figure 5 shows the demodulator output. It shows the spikes due to zero crossings & the effect of the digital truncation errors

Figure 5. Gutput before Smoothing Low Pass Filter

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Figure 6 shows the final output of the FM receiver. The output signal is a replica of the input signal s h o w in Figure I but shifted with a delay. All spikes and truncation errors are removed with the smoothing low pass filter.
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7. REFERENCES
[ I ] P. Jaejin, J. Eurho, C. Myung-Jun and Bang-Sup Song, A 5MHz IF digital FM demodulator. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 34, NO. I ,January 1999. [2] E.K.B. Lee, Zero-Crossing Zero-IF demodulator, Electronics Letters, ~01.31, No.15, 201hJuly 1995 [3] H.Kwon and K.Lee, A novel digital FM receiver for mobile and personal communications, IEEE Trans. Commun., 44, II,1466-1476(1996). [4] J.Garodnick, J.Greco and D.L.Shilling, Response of an All Digital Phase-Locked Loop, IEEE Trans. Commun. Techno/.,vol.COM-22, pp.751-764. 1974 [ 5 ] M. Hagiwara and M. Nakagawa, Digital signal processing type stereo FM receiver, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. CE-32, pp. 37-43, Feb. 1986. [6] M. Hagiwara and M. Nakagawa, Range Extended Tangent type FM Demodulator with wide linear range using Digital Signal Processing,. Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Circuifs and Systems, Kyoto, Japan, pp.1481-1482, June 1985. [7] Mentor Graphics Cooperation. Www.mentor.com [E] N. Boutin, An arctangent m wideband PM/FM e demodulator with improved performance, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. 38, pp. 5-9, Feb. 1992. [9] The Mathworks. Www.mathworks.com

Figure 6 . Dual Tone Output Signal After Smoothing

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Figure 7. Dual Tone Input Signal

5. CONCLUSION
Based on the digital ARCTAN algorithm, a new FM/FSK digital demodulator has been introduced. The ARCTAN Differentiated demodulator is based on quadramre demodulation and has been shown to be suitable for integration in digital FM receivers. Matlab simulation results are shown, using a complete FM receiver system with an oversampling band-pass sigma-delta modulator & decimation low pass filters. VHDL coding for the whole system using HDL Designer, digital simulation in Modelsim & synthesis in Leonard0 Spectrum all from Mentor Graphics is under development [7]. The target hardware platform will be on Xillinx Virtex-2 FPGA. More performance analysis are needed to be done on the proposed FM demodulator in comparison to other digital demodulators.

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank Noha Medhat - Ain Shams University, Assem
Abdou, Ehab Sami & Mostafa Mosleh of IT1 Egypt .for their remarkable feedbacks. Also I would like to thank Dr. Mohamed Tawfik-Mentor Graphics for his continuous support.

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