THHS AP World ISLAMIC EMPIRE

Shirley Lin 5/27/2012

Beliefs of Islam: - Five Pillars o One god = Allah; Muhammad = Prophet o Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca o Fast during Ramadan o Do Charity o Make Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca); if economically possible - Jihad: struggle in the name of god o Greater Jihad: personal struggle o Lesser Jihad: armed/military struggle in defense of Umma o Sharia: Islamic law regulating all aspects of life (religious and political) Origins of Islam: - Rose in Arabic Peninsula (600 CE) spread to Middle East and Asia o Muhammad (Mecca) MeditatedGabriel gave him word of Allah gathered followers Hijra** (kicked out of Mecca, fled to Medina) Medina becomes Umma (Political and Religious community; not based on race/ethnicity) - Pre-Islamic Arabia o Many loyal tribes and clans (because of desert) they were kind of nomadic o Clans fought a lot o Women had rights o Polytheistic/animistic religion but gods were neglected o Each clan had own regulationsNo Central Government - Spread of Islam (Muhammad): o Muhammad political/military and religious leader o Tolerance until betrayal by Jewish; who allied their enemies. o Won battles with Meccas opponents; so Meccans converted peacefully o Ended Period of Warring Tribes in Arabia!!! - Sharia** o Was developed because since beginning of Islam, they experienced religious and political unity o Unlike Christianity in Rome because Christians didnt govern themselves politically. Political Development - Muhammads Death (632) led to confusion over succession because Muhammad left no details to who should succeed him. - First four caliphs o Abu Bakr- chosen after death of Muhammad Tribal rebellions continued o Umar- defeated Persia+Byzantine+Egypt o Uthman- appointed governors o Abi- a lot of civil war!! MurderedSunni Shia Split Sunni: dominant; caliphs were elected Shia: on the side; caliphs must be related to Muhammad - Ummayad takes over - Abbasids rise in power with support from the Shia Umayyad Abbasid

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- Capital: Damascus - Mostly Muslims in Army and Government - Didnt want conversions (Mawali (converts) were not true muslims) - Collected Jizya from non-Muslims - Sunni Vs. Shia Tension - True Muslims receive share of booty from ongoing conquest - Attempted bureaucracy - More expansion - Mawali Muslim converts - Jizya military tax levied on nonmuslims and converts as well - Non-Muslims had hard time getting positions because they werent really considered part of the Umma - Dhimmis- people from the book (Christians/Jews) - Quran~ Men and Women are equal not true in reality - Women had some rights and were almost never veiled - Women were not allowed to lead prayers - Patriarchal - Ignorant; focused on conquest instead of intellectual achievement

- Capital: Baghdad - Strict bureaucracy (Wazir- assisted caliphs) - Accepted converts/ Mawalis - Mawali didnt have to pay Jizya - Caliphs/Military more laid back Less spreading and conquest - Government and Military- non-Muslims allowed - Persian influence in government - Rise of wealth of merchants and landlords - Afro-eurasia trade routes - Accepted Mawalis as equals led to more conversions - Appealed to women and lower class - If youre Muslim; more oppurtunities in everything - Sufi active missionaries

Conquered many regions Spain, Crete, Sicily, Sardinia Big Empire!! (Think Roman Empire) Revolts by those who converted but had no rights - Abassids took over; allied with Shia and Mawali

- Women had very little rights - Women could not participate in many jobs; instead they stayed home - Women must be fully veiled to show modesty - Patriarchal - Focused on preserving greek teachings (Plato; Aristotle; etc) - Recopied and translated greek teachings to Arabic - Advances: philosophy; science; math - Painted Mosque - Did not paint any animals or humans because only Allah is allowed to be worshipped - Size of empire decreased due to lack of governing - Decrease of conquest -

Spread of Islam - Military Conquest o **Main Goal: not to spread Islam, but to capture trade routes; also, god gave them the power to conquer o Tax levied on Non-Muslims: Jizya o Religious tolerance o Islam appealed to conquered because the conquered lost faith in their beliefs Also appealed to lower class because of concepts of heaven.. o TURKS!!! - Trade + Missionary Activity o Simple what to do, what not to do o Sufis: spread Islam to Southern Europe, South Africa, Central Asia, India, and Southeast Asia

** At first, didnt seek converts, eventually, became world religion, and actively seeked conversions **Why was Islam appealing? Similar to Christian, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism Concepts of heaven attracted lower class Non-Muslims had to pay Jizya Since beginning of Empire, Islam was main religion (although no forced converts) Lost faith in own religion because of being conquered

Comparison of the spreading of Islam India Anatolia - Invasions by Turks - Invasion by Turks - Hindus and Buddhists - Only 20% conversions - Appealed to lower class Hindus/Buddhists; and women - Large Population - Regionalism (better to fend off invasions) - Less destruction - Sufis acted as missionaries - Good opportunities for merchants and traders - Sikhism (1 god; reincarnation; karma) resulted from blending of Islam and Hinduism - Christian (Byzantine Em.) - Mass conversions - Appealed to lower class but almost all people converted - Very Small Population - Central Government (Byzantine) - More destruction - Sufis acted as missionaries - Good opportunities for merchants and traders -

W. Africa - Missionaries and Trade - Converted peacefully - Tolerance - Islam Africanized (blended)

Spain - War with Arabs/Berbers - Did not convert - Tolerance at first - Christians learned Arabic; began to veil women; intermarried - Arabic - Eventually; Christians persecuted - Christians reconquered - Muslims kicked out

- Arabic - Islam provided trading partners to W.Africa - Libraries/Quranic schools

THHS AP World AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS AND THE SPREAD OF ISLAM Introduction: - Wealthy land was brought together

Shirley Lin 03/11/2012

Africa was wealthy; a lot of gold (Mansa MusaMali) Byzantium and Islamic world provided link between civilizations in the rest of Afro-Eurasia - Changes after outside contact o Social, religious, technological changes o Significant change: spread of Islam came with commercial and military attributes o Changed by Islam but still kept local traditions and diversity remained o Islamization linked Muslim Africa with world through trade, religion and politics African Societies: Diversity and Similarities - Diversities o Societies are so diverse: geography, language, religion, politics led to no political unity o Christianity and Islam sometimes contributed to large empires in Africa - Stateless Societies o Some rulers controlled through hierarchy of officials o Stateless Societies: less government, organized kinship o Lacked concentration of political power, political power only affected small part of peoples lives o Stateless societies- larger than surrounding states o Secret Societies of men and women controlled customs and beliefs and limited authority of rulers o Stateless societies thrived but couldnt resist outside pressure, warfare, or organize building projects; or continuous long-distance trade - Similarities o Bantu people same linguistic base o Animistic religion, spirits or gods, ritual and worship, dancing, drumming, sacrifice, disasters and illness were produced by witchcraft; elimination of witches. Class of priests who guided religious practice and helped protect community o Cosmologya view of how universe worked and guide to ethics and behavior o Creater diety o Ancestral veneration - Arrival of Islam in North Africa o North Africa had been part of classical world (Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Vandals) Greek city Cyrene, modern Libya, Carthage(Phoenicians) o Pharaohs of Egypt conquered by Alex the Great Part of Greek world Key province of Roman Empire valued for grain Christianity in Mediterranean Africa Warring between Vandals and Byzantines in North Africa (Berbers raided coastal cities. o MuhammadNorth Africa (Suez to Morocco) ruled Tunisia o North Africa converted rapidly because of political unity by Abbasids o After Abbasid unity broke, north Africa broke into separate states o Berbers formed states in Morocco,etc o Almoravids (Islam reform group) Vs. Berbers (Jihad) Same with Almohadis of Spain o Islam attractive because of equality provided - The Christian Kingdoms: Nubia and Ethiotopia o Christianity was first universal religion in Africa

o o

Copts (Christians of Egypt) translated gospels to Coptic Christian kingdom of Azum which eventually grew to become Ethiopian Kingdom** King Lalibela- built 11 churches o Christian communities thrived in Nubia and Egypt (further up Nile) o When Arabs conquered, Copts maintained faith, but were tolerate Kingdoms of the Grasslands - Spreading and Contact with South Africa o Through merchants and traders with caravan routes pass savanna o More resources (gold, salt, dates, forests) o Camels improved possibilities of trade, but they could not live in forest zones o Sahel- grassland belt at southern edge of Sahara- point of exchange/trade o 3rd century: Ghana rose to power because rulers converted to Islam - Sudanic States (Ghana and competing states) o Usually patriarch of council elders )family lineages as leaders) o States had territorial area where everyone came from same ethnic background o Ghana, Mali, Song hay - Similarities between Ghana, Mali, and Song hay o Rulers were sacred and surrounded by rituals o Much of population never converted o Islam was used and eventually became a royal cult - Empire of Mali and Sundiata o Centered between Senegal and Niger River o Created by Malinke people who broke away from control of Ghan o Ruler supported Islam o Economic base was agriculture; but was combined with trade o Juula or merchants carried out trade in partnerships o Sundiata- Manlinke leader - Sundiatas Expansion o Groits- professional oral historians o Sundiata came from difficult childhood and regional fighting o Became mansa (emperor) o Divided the world; clans based on job and status. Clans of armed man, clans devoted to religious duties, clans of specialists o After death, successors expanded border - Mansa Musa o Did the Hajj and brought attention to Mali o Distributed so much gold, the value was decreased o Brought back Muslim Spain architect that developed mosques with beaten clay - City Dwellers and Villagers o Western Sudan cities began to resemble north Africa cities o Towns were commercial o Military expansion of Ghana, Mali, and Song hay o Timbuktu and Jenne- trading ports o Timbuktu- huge population, Sankore mosque with library, university; book trading was lucrative o But life was centered in villages of agriculture Rice, millet, sorghums, wheat, fruit, vegetables Difficulties because of soil and droughts, storage problems - Song hay Kingdom o Dominated middle areas of Niger valley o Rulers became Muslim o Majority of population were pagan

o o

Sources of gold passed through its territory Sunni Ali- great leader known for military tactics and cruelty Expanded borders Provincial administration to rule conquests and recruit military o Muhammad the Great extended boundaries to dominate central Sudan Life in Song hay Empire o Blending of Islamic and Pagan populations o Local interpretations of Islamic law/ Blending Men and women mixed freely Women were unveiled o This blending continued after revolts and etc Hausa people of Nigeria Revolts to reform o Muslims were angered by misinterpretation of Islamic law and the blending of local cultures o Muslim army from Morocco defeated Song hay forces showed weakness internal revolts o Parts of old empire broke away GeneralizedLater Islamicized African States o Small; local o Composed of elite families, free people, and slaves o Intermarriage took place Political Life in the Sudanic States o Unified states allowed various groups and communities to coexist o Common religion and law provided trust o Ruling families used Islamic titles such as caliph, or emir Social Life in the Sudanic States o Islam was fused with existing traditions o Societies became more hierarchical o Slave trade had impact of women and children

o o

MIDDLE AGESSTUDY GUIDE

Shirley Lin EARLY MIDDLE AGES 500-1000DARK AGES 476 After the fall of the Roman Empire, small independent kingdoms arose throughout western Europe. This era also witnessed the birth of feudalism, a system of sovereignty and protection which will be discussed later in this presentation.

Fall of Rome - Rich landowning class resisted tax paying crippled the economy - Power struggles (235 to 284); many emperors was assassinated - Division of empire into Western Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire Byzantine grew strong, Western portion was weak - Plagues reduced population less people to cultivate land economy drop - Nomadic invasions by Ostrogoths, Huns, and Visigoths sacked by Goths in 476 CE Clovis (Merovingian Dynasty) unites Franks under Catholicism - Became king at 16, married Clotilde who was Christian. - At first, refused to worship Christian God as his wife does because their baby died after being baptized - Converted to Christianity when he won a key battle after pleading to God for help and support - Gained control of Gaul (of Roman Empire) and defeated the last Roman army - Converted people to Christian: destroyed the idols but not the temples converted temples to churches. - His conquered men had same social class as his own men. Franks defeat Muslim advances in France - This was the reason European didnt adopt Muslim as did many other states (Western Africa, India) - From the East: Byzantine Empire resisted Islam and helped isolate Western Europe from Muslim Advances but eventually Anatolia was invaded by Muslim Turks Charles Martel and his family of feudal landowners take over the Franks as Monarchs - Continued to expand and defend Frankish kingdom - His son, Pepin took over and was recognized as king by Pope Zacharias Charlemagne becomes emperorreestablishes empire - Defended territory against Vikings, barbarian, and Muslim attacks - Expanded kingdom to become the Carolingian Empire Defeated Lombards (south), Saxons (north), Slavs (east) - Pope Leo III crowned him Holy Roman Empire on Christmas later kings also assumed this name. state and church allied - Biggest state since the fall of Roman Empire - Harsh rulerconverted people and threatened with death if the conquered refused. - Death of Charlemagne: grandsons foughtcivil wars Viking raids decentralization of Carolingian Empire and establishment of FEUDALISM AND MANORIALISM Viking raidsdestabilized states

500

732

750

800

800/ 1000

HIGH MIDDLE AGES 5001300

Christianity became a dominant force, uniting western Europe under the authority of the Catholic Church. The Crusades occurred during this time period, allowing territorial leaders to bring diverse groups together and command authority by ordering people to defend their beliefs against the mounting threat of Islam.

MIDDLE AGESSTUDY GUIDE

Shirley Lin ---------Feudalism emerges as dominant Political System and Manorialism as dominant economic system - States began to decentralized (Viking Raids) no official state government weak military people turned to nobility for protection (in France and Germany700s) - People and roles in Feudalism LordA landowner, usually a wealthy noble, although sometimes lords were bishops VassalA person (usually a soldier) given a Fief (land) by the lord. Manor A basic unit of land, usually big enough for the supervision of a single noble or knight Serfa worker on the lords manor. Though not truly slaves, serfs had no legal rights and were compelled to work on their assigned land. Knightelite military soldiers who follow the Chivalry code of behavior and go through stages of training (page, squire, knight). tended to be lesser vassals of other vassals. o Age 7Pagessocial graces/skillsfencing and hunting o Age 14Squireknight assistant o Age 21Knightwas dubbed on shoulder with sword Noble Womenwives/daughters of noblemenin charge of servants and supervised children took care of sickcould own landwhile husband was away, ruled manorcan send knights to battle - LordVassal Fief (land) with serfs to work the landvaried in size Training to become knights/fighters Protection from physical harm and in court Sometimes regular payments - VassalLord Fealty to lord (loyalty and service) Military services (campaign, escort duty, standing guard) Lodging to lord during visits Gifts to lords son and daughter when knighted and married respectively Financial assistance during bad times Advice as member of court Always be loyal to his Liege lord even if he must harm his other masters - Lords/Vassals Serfs Protection from physical harmserfs found protection in Lords castle during invasions Right to tax his serfs Small plots of land to serf Right to marry, inherit and exist as long as the taille (tax) was paid - Serfs Lord/Vassals Fraction of agricultural products produced to support Vassal Cannot leave manor without consent Must get consent to leave property, marry, and Banalities(tax to use lords mills, ovens, and presses) Must work on Lords land more than half of the workweek. Medieval Manor - Lords estate or castle - Peasants village - Fields for farming - Woodland where food could be gathered and animals hunted

MIDDLE AGESSTUDY GUIDE

Shirley Lin 10961270 Crusades - Causes: knights and lords lost use after invasions from nomadic tribes stopped bored, needed something to do fought with each other Church directed that energy to reclaim Jerusalem. - First Crusade: Byzantine asked fellow Christians for military assistance against Turks who captured Jerusalem Help from Catholic Western Europe success only because Muslims and Turks werent organized - The crusades caused CULTURAL DIFFUSION and increase of trade!Crossing through Constantinople and other major cities, the Catholic Europeans were in awe (Hagia Sophia) and brought knowledge and much more back! - Goals: convert nonbelievers; eliminate heretics; regain Holy Land Magna Carta is signed by King john - Increased the rights of the Nobles! (ex: king needed consent to place taxes, and go to war, etc) - Also enforced Feudalism further. English Parliament is established - Represented the Three Estates: Church//Nobility//Wealthy Townspeople

1215

1265

AgesThis era was characterized by the decline of feudalism and the rise of nation-states LATE MIDDLE AGES ruled by royal families. 1300-1500 ----At first: - Rise of Architecture Cathedrals and churches were built Gothic Style Increase of Trade (mainly caused by the Crusades and exposure to the world around them) Guild System: - Business associations where people of common professions grouped together and established rights. - Price Control: guild decided on the marked price for goods (they were all the same) - Wage Control- guilds decided on a common salary for everyone that was a member of the guild. - Taxes: all owners paid taxes to king - Ladder of Success: Masters: owners of shops Journeyman: after apprentice, was paid and worked for a master Apprentice: received food, shelter and training, not paid. 1348 Black Death - Societal effects: Economy was destroyedLabor shortagemore power to serfspeasant uprisings because serfs became more valued since they supplied foodalso merchants status decreased because lack of people to sell things to Feudal system weakeneddisputes over land because many people died so inheriting land became problematic Knights status decreased due to invention of the GUN Church weakened because people lost faithAlso, deaths in the church (because infected people visited church to pray,etc),--weakened institution of the church

MIDDLE AGESSTUDY GUIDE

Shirley Lin 13371453 Jews were persecuted because people wanted someone to blame Sparked interest in Medicine! Influenced art with dark themes/tones

Hundred Years War - France Vs. England - Over territories the English king controlled in France and feudal rights versus claims of national states

PERSIA + G of Middle Ages G - Western Europe; next to the Byzantine Empire - Eventually separate United Nations formedThese nations make up present day Europe. P - At first: Empires and kingdoms that tried to imitate that of Romes (Clovis and Charlemagne). - Then: Feudalism (as described above)was a inherited hierarchy - The Catholic Church usually had power over kings/lords. - Manorialism strengthened economy after decentralization (caused mainly by Vikings) - High/Late Middle Ages: Trade/commerce increased; banking; markets; trade routes - Hanseatic LeagueMajor trade routes and regulation on taxesfair trade Catholic Churchs Influence: - Functioned as political and spiritual power as well as assistance to improve economy - Somewhat bureaucratic system: POPECardinalsBishops (appointed by kings)priests (In descending order of status) - Church sponsored missionary activities (Papal missionaries Vs. Orthodox Missionaries) - Was used to gain reputation and influence by many rulers (Clovis, Charlemagne, and some Germanic Kings) - Monasteries: community of devout Christians----helped improve economy and cultivation of land as well as unite Christians. Patriarchal but - Higher status women had more rights - Women had some property rights - Received dowries - Could enter religious life but couldnt become priestscould be nuns - Noblewomen could even send knights to war! - Scholasticism- attempted to reconcile learning of Greeks/Romans with God and Christianity - Universities: partly under church influence - Invented: printing press - Advances: Three-field system (one field left untouched to regain fertility); Moldboard (new plow to turn hard soil of Germany, England, etc) - Gothic Architecture styles - Church building - Art influenced by Black Death

THHS AP World

Middle AgesTextbook Outline

Shirley Lin 3/26/2012

I. -

II. -

Middle Ages in Western Europe After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Middle Ages in Western Europe, also called the medieval times features a gradual recovery from Romes collapse helped by Christianity and expanding trade networks. a. Civilization included Western Europe (Germany, Britain, Scandinavia, etc), which was far from Roman reach b. Believers of Pagan polytheistic religions converted to Christianity, as many pagan beliefs of Amalgam, or magic and supernatural spirits blended with Christianity. c. Expanding networks of trade gave Europeans new tools, crops and technology, as well as intellectual advances in math, science, and philosophy, which were key to the development during the Middle Ages. Biased views of the Europeans during the Middle Ages by some Muslim writers were not necessarily true, as Europeans during the time period did have advances in many areas. a. Muslim writers viewed Crusades as having bad manners, and new to civilization because of their less advanced economy b. Thomas Aquinas, and Italian churchman, was one of the most intelligent thinkers in European history. c. Thomas Aquinas often dictated his books to secretaries. Stages of Post Classical Development The fall of Rome led to darker ages where city life, trade, and intellectual life was left in tatters; however one thing that was left growing was the Catholic Church. a. The fall of Rome fragmented Italy, left Spain in the hands of Muslims, and left Ireland and Sicily open to invasion and periodical raids from the Vikings from Scandinavia b. Weak rulers and lack of agriculture lead to a halt in Intellectual life c. Although intellectual life was in tatters, Catholic churches kept learning alive. Although there was little political organization during the Middle Ages, Manorialism kept local economic and political organization. a. Manorialism was the system of economic and political relations between landlords and their serfs, or peasant laborers which was strengthened by lack of political government and the decline of trade. b. Serfs or agricultural workers received protection and land in return for part of their agricultural goods. c. Although serfs led very hard lives and had to do hard jobs such as repairing the lords castles, many escaped, which created more disorders in the middle Ages

d. Agricultural equipment was limited but technological advances such as the moldboard (better plow made of curved iron plate and the three-field system (let a third of the land to regain fertility each year) improved the lives of serfs. The church functioned as a political and spiritual power as well as assistance to improve the economy. a. The churchs political organization was somewhat bureaucratic (pope, bishops, local priests), and functioned to regulate teachings and doctrines, as well as protect the unified Christian faith. b. The church also sponsored missionary activity and sent Papal missionaries, who eventually converted the English to Christianity. c. Christianity was used to gain reputation and influence by many Germanic kings and also Clovis. d. Christian monasteries (community of Christians) united many Christians and also helped improve economy and cultivation of land. When the Carolingians took over France, Belgium, and Germany, Charlemagne and his successors helped restore organization in Western Europe. a. Founded by Charles Martel who defeated the Muslims (and showed strength) b. Charlemagne helped restore church-based education and intellectual life. c. After death, the empire split into three, and regional monarchies were formed d. Regional Monarchies could be durable, but was proved weak due to the absence of bureaucracy As the Middle Ages became more developed, the stable economy and governments increased. a. Contacts and trade introduced new technological advances such as better plows and horse collars, as Monasteries promoted better agricultural methods. b. Viking Raids succumbed due to stronger Regional governments which promoted population growth and stronger economy. c. Population growth encouraged expanding urban vigor, more trade, and expanding land for agriculture Towns grew as durable political and economic systems grew. a. Intellectual life became more significant as literacy spread, cathedral schools formed, and universities of medicine and laws were built. Ex: Cambridge, and Oxford (England). b. Greek and Hellenistic science revived c. Entertainers sparked formation of new beliefs d. Merchant activity increased. Feudal Monarchies gave more political organization during the Middle Ages

a. As encouraged by Charlemagne, Feudal relationships linked the local elite, and less elite (vassals); and required military service, payments, and advice in exchange for protection b. This system, although mostly local, could be and was extended to suit whole kingdoms c. European feudalism inhibited the development of strong central states, but it also gradually reduced purely local warfare (219). What does this mean? The Kings of France began to use Feudalism to build their power over time. a. What were regional feudal lords gradually became kings who would form feudal links with other great lords to gain control of more territory. b. Marriage was often used to gain control of land c. Capetian kings sent out officials to aid regional administration d. Eventually (after a long time), kings could make church pay taxes. Feudal monarchy rapidly grew in England as well as in other centralized societies. a. Duke of Normandy (Viking descent with a strong feudal domain already in France) invaded England. b. William the Conqueror extended his feudal system to England and tied England lords by bonds of loyalty (basically made them vassals) c. Government eventually involved bureaucratic elements such as appointing staff to carry out their deeds. Feudal lords became so powerful that there were limitations to any other regional governments. a. After the split of the Roman Empire, regional units were controlled mostly by popes and feudal monarchies. b. First limitation: churches still had the right to limit political claims because the state was not supposed to intrude on matters of faith. c. Second Limitation- growth of monarchy limited aristocratic power d. Magna Carter was signed by King John (England) because of the opposition to his taxation. AKA he was forced to recognize feudal rights! The parliament was created to represent all privileged groups (nobles, church) in Catalonia (1000) a. England- parliament, although it didnt represent all members of the society, was the first creation of representative bodies and the beginning of distinctive political process b. Parliament represented church, nobles, and urban leaders (key three estates) and eventually gained right to vote on decisions and advise the monarchy c. represented church, nobles, and urban leaders (key three estates) d. Feudal limited government had no concept of citizenship or democracy Feudal Government led to many local wars a. Local wars were a result of limited progress in advancing central authority by European rulers b. Local wars eventually grew into larger wars

c. The Hundred Years War (England Vs. France) was over territories the English king controlled in France and over feudal rights versus claims of national states. Europe began to expand beyond initial postclassical borders as political and economic development strengthened. a. Population grew and many Germanic knights and agricultural settlers settled in opened areas in Germany and Poland (changing population balance and clearing large areas of forests) b. Small Christian states in northern Spain reconquered land originally conquered by the Muslims c. Viking voyagers grossed Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland and Canada. d. Pope Urban II led a dramatic expansion during the Crusades against the Muslims in the Holy land, promising Crusaders forgiveness of sins, entry to heaven, and spoils from the rich Arab lands The presence of the Crusades helped expose Europeans to cultural and economic influences from Byzantium and Islam as they tried to reconquer the holy lands from the Arabs. a. Banding together, crusaders distressed the Byzantine government, won Jerusalem from Turkish armies, murdered the German empire and imprisoned the English king, and attacked commercial rivals in Constantinople. b. Crusades showed aggressive spirit of Middle Ages an because of their military vigor and growing economy c. Crusades helped expose the west to cultural and influences from the Middle East d. Opened European eyes to possibilities of civilizations (Constantinoples luxury) The Catholic Churchs wealth and power led officials to become preoccupied with political interests as it went through several periods of decline and renewal a. The church had a high standing and was wealthy, so many priests were tempted to behave like feudal lords in pursuit for wealth This called for reform as several leaders such as St. Francis and St. Clare from Assisi purified monastic orders and gave the church a makeover St. Clare was declared patron saint of television by Pope Pius XII b. Gregory VII purified the church and freed it from interference by the government or feudal lords, although states still influenced religious affairs. c. All reformers believed that priests should remain unmarried. Postclassical Western civilization reached its zenith in the 12th and 13th century a. Population, agriculture and cities grew b. Feudalism was balanced by central monarchies c. The church sparked intellectual achievements and diversities

THHS AP World

Post-Classical ChinaQuiz Daoism Lao Zi Fourth Century BCE People are too far from nature - Humans shouldnt be too concerned with society and politics - Humans should focus on their connection with nature

Shirley Lin 5/7/2012

Confucianism Vs. Daoism Vs. Buddhism Confucianism Founders Confucius When it End of the Zhou Dynasty came to China Outlook on Harmonious; treat people how you life want to be treated; EDUCATION Human - Humans followed the superior Nature - People can improve and learn - People act on instinct - Humans should respect the superior and children should be obedient - Harmonious - Treat people how you want to be treated Rules - Political Virtue - Government should educate people to be virtuous - Punishment depended on your status

Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama 68 C.E. During the Sui Dynasty Life=Suffering - Humans have the nature to - Desire causes suffering. - Humans should get rid of desires to reach happiness - Follow Four Noble Truths and Eight Fold Path

Relationship with Others

- 5 Relationships - Men>Women - Elderly>Youth - Patriarchy

- Government should be limited - Education is unnecessary. - Life should be simple and contain small selfsufficient communities and no selfimprovement. - People/things should not be judged

- Try to become better person - Be truthful, pure, kind - Meditate to clear mind of desires

- Live your own life and play your part

Timeline: 220 220-581 589-618 581-604

618-907

Collapse of Han; end of classical era Era of Division: Political fragmentation; incursion of Northern Nomads Buddhism takes root Sui Dynasty and the Reunification of China Wendis Reign - Wendi struck marriage alliance between his daughter and ruler of northern Zhou empireWendi takes over the throne of his new son in law Wendi conquers Chen Kingdom to the South Reestablishes Confucian bureaucracy/ Civil Service Exams Establishes granaries throughout kingdom Lowers taxes State support for Buddhism Yangdis Reign - GRAND CANAL CONSTRUCTION BEGINSunites North and South communication and trade Tang Dynasty

Bureaucracy Examination System -

- Golden age of culture - Expansion into Central Asia - Chinese influence in Japan From imperial level to district level Executive department (departments of personnel, finance, rites, army, justice, public works) Censorateagency that exercised surveillance over rest of government (balance check)

690-705

9th Century

907-960 960-1279 1271-1368

Administered by Ministry of Rites. Jinshihigh titled officials who were highly respected and him, his family and friends received special treatment - Birth and family connections still important in securing high office; but commoners CAN rice to high positions - Usually son followed father into office positions - Prevented cheating Reign of Empress Wuonly female empress - Support for Buddhism - Tried to elevate Buddhism to state religion - Liked Buddhist art - State action against BuddhismEmperor Wuzong - - persecution of Buddhism - Monasteries and shrines destroyed - Land was taxed again - Monks/Nuns forced to return to civilian lives Fall of Tang Dynasty Song Dynasty - Economic revolution - Northern China ruled by nomadic people**** Yuan Dynasty: China ruled by Mongols

PERSIA+G Tang and Song Dynasties (D=decline) Tang Song

G - Expanded beyond China to Tibet and Korea - Completed Grand Canal

- North and South had constant exchanging in power - North: Kaifeng - South: Hangzhou 960regained central control Civil Service exam retained prominence Checked power of landed aristocracy No emphasis on military approach, instead established tribute system with nomadic neighbors Capital- Kaifeng New fast growing rice from Champa Trade from Yellow Sea and Grand Canal more merchants--< growth of population Kaifengmanufacturing center-- Cannons, Moveable type printing, water-powered mills, looms, porcelain Copper coins *****Taxes were in cash not goods****** Southern Song established Hangzhoucommerce soared Magnetic compasses powerful navy

- Focused more on scholars than warriors in government - ConfucianismExamination systems revived - Support to Buddhism, Daoism and Confucianism - Military garrisons protected Silk Road - Equal Field Systemall peasants given land for tax in goods, at death, returns it to government (tried to break power of large landowners) - Changanmajor trading center and cityIndian, Iranian, Syrian and Arab traderslargest city in the world at the time

S I A D

Tang Dynasty: Buddhism - Pure Land: part of Mahayana (deity worship); appealed to lower class; provided refuge from an age of war and turmoil; **salvation - Zen: part of Mahayana; appealed to educated upper class; stressed meditation and appreciating for natural and artistic beauty; find enlightenment through a lot of meditation - Empress Wu (640 CE): killed emperors concubines and banned their songs for more power - Started school for Buddhists and Confucian scholarships - Supported Buddhist art** - End of dynasty: backlash of Buddhism---was attacked for economic and political power it had obtained - Anti-Buddhist campaign destroyed monasteries and weakened religions influence Neoconfucianism rising to limit foreign influence o Daoists stressed their own beliefs o Confucians criticized that monastic Buddhist establishments challenged imperial order because monasteries were not taxed Song Dynasty: Neoconfucianism - Buddhism= More rights for women - Neo-Confucianism= restrictions for women (foot binding) - Li Bai and Du FuPoetry - Cannons, Moveable type printingincrease of books, water-powered mills, looms, porcelain, gunpowder, compass dominance in ship navigation - Buddhist Art - 8th century - Scholar controlled army was ineffective - Higher taxation tension within population - Too much paper money= inflation - Peasant rebellions independent regional - Lost northern half to nomadic empires rule - Military threats from north - Abdication of emperor - Invasion of Mongols - All this led too **50 years of rule by regional warlords

Position of Women: Change over time Rise of Buddhism Women had more rights - Upper class women could own property and remarry - If all other heirs die, women can inherit property - Queen Mother of the Westfemale Daoist deity widely worshipped - Women participated in social life (mostly in the north) Decline of Buddhism Neo-Confucianism decline of Womens rights - Restored a lot of earlier Han dynasty images of female submission and passivity - Confucian writers highlighted subordination of women - Sima Guang (1019-1086)guys>girls - Remarriage was condemned and shameful - Footbindingbound young girls feet breaking the bones to increase chances of good marriage - Positions in textiles (silk) for women decreased women operated restaurants, worked as maids, cooks, dressmakers, prostitutes, etc - Song also saw womens property rights expanded; women had new jobs, allowed to keep dowries, inheriting property, - **Offered both tightening restrictions and new opportunities Chinese, Nomads and Tributary System Northern Nomads of Steppes o Unable to sustain Chinese-styled farming

o Impressive horsemanship and military skills o Liked Chinese manufactures foods (silk, wine) o Controlled much of Silk Road o Felt threatened by Chinese Great Wall.. etc Chinese o Felt superior to Nomadic people or barbarians o Saw their society as self-sufficient Tributary System o Non-Chinese had to acknowledge Chinese superiority o Foreigners perform kow-tow (ritual bowings) and present their tribute (gifts, products from their country) o Chinese Emperor grant permission for foreigners to trade and gives them gifts or bestowals o Gifts from Emperor usually worth more**** Tribute System Examples: o Chinese/XiongnuXiongnu agreed to refrain from military incursions if China provided them with goods. o Turks from Mongolia Vs. ChinaUighurs rescued Tang from internal revolt leader gained one of Chinese emperors daughters as a wife and exchanged bad horses for good silk. o ***Chinese clearly not in control here o Steppe Nomads Vs. Chinesebasically Chinese are paying heavily for protection from nomadic incursions

Hangzhou Markets o Extend from Tranquility Gate of palace to north and south sides of New Boulevard o Pearl, Jade, Talismans, Exotic plants, fruit, fish, wild game o Central Square** o At front: performance troupes Commercial Establishments o The capital attracts worldly goods (because Hangzhou is a trading center) o Miscellaneous Market Wine Shops o Sells wine and food to go with it o Inns/ luxuriant inns with prostitutes Teahouses o Famous artwork on walls o Social teahouse, trading teahouse, Water Teahouses(pleasure houses) Warehouseshoused citys people, merchants, etc. Hustlerskind of like beggars

THHS AP World

Shirley lin 6/2/2012

Mongol Empire
The Rise of the Mongols (1200-1260) Large confederation of tribes/clans of nomads who dominated the Steppes Confederations stuck together if it met their needs Political Aspects Military Leadersstrict discipline and demanded absolute loyalty Used spies and informers Some Mongol women commanded their own military forces.** Foreign bureaucrats (Especially Persians) Destruction of cities and then rebuilding Leaders of the Mongols: Genghis Khan Father poisoned by rival clan, at age 15, was enslaved Acquired reputation for courage and genius military tactics followers Age 45- elected ruler of Mongols Ended clan divisions After death; empire was divided amongst sonsinto 4 parts Khanate of the Golden Horde (1240-1502) Invasion of Russia in 1236 and occupation for 150 years Established by Batu Khangrandson of Genghis Khan Settled by turkicized Mongols who ruled over Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Moldova and Caucasus Ilkhan Empire Captured and destroyed Baghdad1258 Ended Abassid Dynasty (Center of Islam) Controlled much of Middle East Yuan Dynasty Conquered by Kublai Khanconquered Song Dynasty 1271 Passed laws to prevent blending of Chinese and Mongol cultures but retained many Chinese advisors and bureaucrats Mongol women had more rights Promoted trade and status of merchant and artisan class. Promoted Buddhism Chaghatay Khanate Remained nomadic Mongols, Turks, and Uighurs Islam Located in Central Asia Military Methods: Heavy cavalry Feign retreat Weapons: exploding arrows, cannons, bamboo rockets All men over age of 20 were eligible for military service Intimidating and terroroccupy a cityseparate familiesscatter inhabitantstake slavesnext town would be scared and surrender maybe. Social Aspects: Nomadism- forced by scarcity of resources Every man was a herdsman, hunter and warrior Both men and women were superb riders and adept at shooting arrows from horses Prisoners of War were slaves No patriarchy** Women were considered equals When father dies, sons may web all deceased mans wives except his mother. Economic Aspects Women were center of economic commercial concerns Traded with agricultural societies Offered wool, leather and horses in exchange

Slaves, livestock, COINS Spread of the Bubonic Plague by leaving infected bodies untended. Controlled silk road trade flourished across Eurasianew ideas and large quantities of good westwards Pax Mongolia Peace facilitated trade through safe travel Postal system similar to the Pony Express Cultural Aspects Respect for scholars, and artisans Craftsmen were moved to Mongolia Empire spread Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, Judaism across Central Asia Iron** Decline of Mongols War amongst Mongolian princes Rebellion of Chinese (Zhu Yuanzhang) Diseases Textbook Outline: The nomads of central Asia returned to center stage in world history during the thirteenth century. The Mongols ended or interrupted the great postclassical empires while extending the world network. Led by Chinggis Khan and his successors, they brought central Asia, China, Persia, Tibet, Iraq, Asia Minor, and southern Russia under their control and dominated most of Asia for one and a half centuries. The Mongols were the most formidable nomadic challenge to the sedentary civilized civilizations since the first century C.E. The Mongols are often portrayed as barbarians and destructive conquerors, but generally in their vast possessions peoples lived in peace, enjoyed religious tolerance, and had a unified law code. Peaceful contacts over long distances opened. Mongol territory was a bridge between the civilizations of the Eastas products and ideas moved among civilized and nomadic peoples. The Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan. The Mongols were nomadic herders of goats and sheep who lived off the products of their animals. Boys and girls learned to ride as soon as they could walk. The basic unit of social organization, the tribe, was divided into kinrelated clans. Great confederations were organized for defensive and offensive operations. Men held dominant leadership positions; women held considerable influence within the family. Leaders were elected by free men. They gained their positions through displays of courage and diplomatic skills and maintained power as long as they were successful. The Making of a Great Warrior: The Early Career of Chinggis Khan. Mongolian peoples established kingdoms in north China in the fourth and tenth centuries C.E. In the twelfth century, Kabul Khan defeated a Qin army, but Mongol organization declined after his death. His grandson, Chinggis Khan, originally named Temujin, was a member of one of the clans disputing Mongol leadership at the end of the twelfth century. Temujin gained strength among the Mongols through alliances with more powerful groups. After defeating his rivals, he was elected supreme ruler (khagan) of all Mongol tribes in 1206. Building the Mongol War Machine. Mongol males were trained from youth to ride, hunt, and fight. Their powerful short bows, fired from horseback, were devastating weapons. The speed and mobility of Mongol armies made them the world's best. The armies, divided into fighting units of 10,000 (tumens), included both heavy and light cavalry. Harsh discipline, enforced through a formal code, brought punishments and rewards for conduct. Another unit, employing spies, secured accurate information for campaigns. New weapons, including gunpowder and cannons, were used. Conquest: The Mongol Empire under Chinggis Khan. Chinggis Khan set forth to conquer the known world. In 1207, the Mongols defeated the northwestern China Tangut kingdom of Xi Xia. They next attacked the Qin Empire established by the Jurchens. In these first campaigns, the Mongols developed new tactics for capturing fortified urban centers. Cities that resisted were utterly destroyed; their inhabitants were killed or made slaves. Cities that submitted avoided this fate; tribute ensured safety. First Assault on the Islamic World: Conquest in China. After China, the Mongols moved westward. Victory over Khwarazm brought many Turkic horsemen into Chinggis Khan's army. The Mongol leader spent the rest of his life fighting in China. The Xi Xia kingdom and the Qin empire were destroyed. At the death of Chinggis Khan in 1227, the Mongols ruled an empire stretching from Persia to the North China Sea.

Life under the Mongol Imperium. The Mongols were both fearsome warriors and astute, tolerant rulers. Chinggis Khan, though illiterate, was open to new ideas and wanted to create a peaceful empire. He established a new capital in the steppes at Karakorum and hired talented individuals from all conquered regions. Chinggis followed shamanistic Mongol beliefs but tolerated all religions. He used the knowledge of Muslim and Chinese bureaucrats to build an administrative structure for the empire. A script was devised for the Mongolian language, and a legal code helped end old quarrels. The Mongol conquests brought peace to much of Asia. In urban centers, artisans and scholars freely worked. Commerce flourished along secure trade routes. The Death of Chinggis Khan and the Division of the Empire.When Chinggis died in 1227, the vast territories of the Mongols were divided among three sons and a grandson. His third son, Ogedei, a talented diplomat, was chosen as grand khan. He presided over further Mongol conquests for nearly a decade. The Mongol Drive to the West. The armies of the Golden Horde moved westward. By the thirteenth century, Kiev was in decline and Russia was divided into many petty kingdoms. They were unable to unite before the Mongols (called Tatars or Tartars by Russians). Batu, Chinggis Khan's grandson, invaded in 1236 and defeated Russian armies one by one. Resisting cities were razed. In 1240, Kiev was taken and ravaged. Novgorod was spared when its ruler, Alexander Nevskii, peacefully submitted, at least temporarily. Russia in Bondage. The Russians became vassals of the khan of the Golden Horde, a domination lasting two and a half centuries. Russian princes paid tribute. Peasants had to meet demands from both their own princes and the Mongols. Many sought protection by becoming serfs. The decision inaugurated a major change in rural social structure: serfdom endured until the middle of the nineteenth century. Some cities, especially Moscow, benefited from the increased commercial possibilities brought by Mongol rule. It grew at the expense of nearby towns and profited as tribute collector for the khans. When the power of the Golden Horde declined, Moscow led Russian resistance to the Mongols. The Golden Horde was defeated at Kulikova in 1380. Later attacks by Timur broke the Mongol hold on Russia. Mongols remained active in the region through most of the fifteenth century, but from the end of the fourteenth century, Moscow was the center of political power in Russia. Although much of their effect was negative, the Mongol occupation was very important in Russian history. Their example influenced military and political organization. Most significantly, the Mongols isolated Russia from developments in western European civilization like the Renaissance and the Reformation. Mongol Incursions and the Retreat from Europe. Christian western Europe initially had been pleased by Mongol successes against Islam. Many in the west thought the Mongol khan was Prester John. When the Mongols moved westward into Hungary, western Europeans had real reason for concern. However, Europe escaped more serious invasions when the death of Ogedei and the resulting succession struggle forced Batu to withdraw. Satisfied with their rich conquests in Asia and the Middle East, the Mongols did not return to Europe. The Mongol Assault on the Islamic Heartland. Hulegu, a grandson of Chinggis Khan, moved westward against Mesopotamia and North Africa. Baghdad was destroyed in 1258. With the fall of the Abbasid dynasty, Islam had lost its central authority; consequently much of its civilization was devastated. A major Mongol victory over the Seljuk Turks in 1243 opened Asia Minor to conquest by the Ottoman Turks. The Mongol advance halted in 1260 when the Mamluks of Egypt defeated the Mongols. Hulegu, faced with other threats to his rule, including the conversion of the khan of the Golden Horde to Islam, did not resume the campaign. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History. The Mongol advance into China resumed after Ogedei's election. Kubilai Khan, another grandson of Chinggis Khan, during the middle of the thirteenth century led the Mongols against the Song. In 1271, Kubilai's dynasty became the Yuan. As his conquests continued, Kubilai attempted to preserve the distinction between Mongols and Chinese. Chinese were forbidden from learning the Mongol script and intermarriage was prohibited. Mongol religious ceremonies and customs were retained. Kubilai refused to reestablish exams for the civil service. Despite the measures protecting Mongol culture, Kubilai was fascinated by Chinese civilization. He adopted much from their culture into his court; the capital at Tatu (Beijing) was in Chinese style. A new social structure emerged in China. The Mongols were at the top; their nomadic and Islamic allies were directly below them. Both groups dominated the highest levels of the administration. Beneath them came first the north Chinese, and then ethnic Chinese and peoples of the south. Gender Roles and the Convergence of Mongol and Chinese Culture. Mongol women remained aloof from Confucian Chinese culture. They refused to adopt foot binding and retained rights to property and control in the household, as well as freedom of movement.

Some Mongol women hunted and went to war. Chabi, wife of Kubilai, was an especially influential woman. The Mongol interlude in China was too brief, and Mongol numbers too small, to change Confucian patterns. The freedom of women declined under Kubilais successors. Mongol Tolerance and Foreign Cultural Influence. The openness of Mongol rulers to outside ideas, and their patronage, drew scholars, artists, artisans, and office seekers from many regions. Muslim lands provided some of the most favored arrivals; they were included in the social order just below the Mongols. They brought much new knowledge into the Chinese world. Kubilai was interested in all religions; Buddhists, Nestorian and Latin Christians, Daoists, and Muslims were all present at court. He welcomed foreign visitors. The most famous was the Venetian Marco Polo. Social Policies and Scholar-Gentry Resistance. The ethnic Chinese, the vast majority of Kubilai's subjects, were never reconciled to Mongol rule. The scholar-gentry regarded Mongols as uncouth barbarians with policies endangering Chinese traditions. The refusal to reinstate the examination system was especially resented. The Mongols also bolstered the position of artisans and merchants who previously not had received high status. Both prospered as the Mongols improved transportation and expanded the supply of paper money. The Mongols developed a substantial navy that helped conquest and increased commerce. Urban life flourished. Mongol patronage stimulated popular entertainment, especially musical drama, and awarded higher status to formerly despised actors and actresses. Kubilais policies initially favored the peasantry. Their land was protected from Mongol cavalrymen turning it into pasture, and famine relief measures were introduced. Tax and labor burdens were reduced. A revolutionary change was formulatedbut not enacted for establishing elementary education at the village level. The Fall of the House of Yuan. By the time of Kubilai's death, the Yuan dynasty was weakening. Song loyalists in the south revolted. Mongol expeditions of 1274 and 1280 against Japan failed. Other Mongol forces were defeated in Vietnam and Java. Kubilais successors lacked talent, and the Yuan administration became corrupt. The suffering peasantry was called upon by the scholar-gentry to drive out the "barbarians." By the 1350s, the dynasty was too weak to control all of China. Famines stimulated local risings. Secret societies dedicated to overthrowing the dynasty formed. Rival rebels fought each other. Many Mongols returned to central Asia. Finally, a peasant leader, Ju Yuanzhang, triumphed and founded the Ming dynasty. In Depth: The Eclipse of the Nomadic War Machine. The incursions of small numbers of militarily skilled nomads into the civilized cores have had a major effect on world history. Nomads destroyed entire civilizations, stimulated great population movements, caused social upheavals, and facilitated cultural and economic exchanges. The Mongol and Timurid invasions were the high point of nomadic success. During the fourteenth century, the effect of the Black Death on nomads gave sedentary peoples numerical superiority. Sedentary civilizations became better able to centralize political power and to mobilize resources for developing superior military organization. With the Industrial Revolution, sedentary dominance became permanent. Aftershock: The Brief Ride of Timur. Just when the peoples of Eurasia began to recover from the effects of Mongol expansion, a new leader, the Turk Timur-i Lang, brought new expansion. Timur, a highly cultured individual from a noble, landowning clan, moved from his base at Samarkand to conquests in Persia, the Fertile Crescent, India, and southern Russia. Timur is remembered for the barbaric destruction of conquered landshis campaigns outdid even the Mongols in their ferocity. His rule did not increase commercial expansion, cross-cultural exchanges, or internal peace. After his death in 1405, Timur's empire fell apart, and the last great challenge of the steppe nomads to Eurasian civilizations ended. Global Connections: The Mongol Linkages. The legacy of the Mongol period was both complex and durable. The Mongols brought the Muslim and European worlds new military knowledge, especially the use of gunpowder. Trade and cultural contact between different civilizations throughout Eurasia became much easier. The trading empires established in their dominions by Venetians and Genoese provided experience useful for later European expansion. An unintended consequence was the transmitting of the fleas carrying the bubonic plaguethe Black Deathfrom China and central Asia to the Middle East and Europe.