Principle of Conservation of Energy

Another important physics principle that we learned in SPM is Principle of Conservation of Energy. In form 4 we've learned about these following energy; i. Kinetic energy - energy due to movement ( 1/2mv^2) ii. Gravitational potential energy - energy due to height or position of an object (mgh) iii. Elastic potential energy - energy stored in an elastic material (1/2Fx) iv. Heat energy (Q=mc@) Meanwhile in form 5 u'll be learning the following energy: i. Electrical energy (E=VIt) ii. Nuclear energy Ok..all these energy that u've learned will obey a physics principle called conservation of energy. So what does this principle tells u?? Principle of conservation of energy states that; 1. energy can't be created or destroyed by human 2. energy can only be transformed from 1 form to another 3. total energy during the transformation is constant

Pascal's Principle
Pascal principle states that: Pressure appllied in a confined liquid is transmitted uniformly in all direction through out the liquid. ..to those who dontt undrstand the word 'confined liquid', take out a dictionary & apply its meaning in the context of this principle. So if the liquid is trapped in a container and pressure is applied, according to the principle; this pressure will be transmitted equally in all direction.

Archimedes Principle
If an object is fully / partially immersed in a "FLUID" the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. The term 'fluid' is used in the statement above..do u understand what fluid is? Senang cerita fluid ni adalah benda yang mengalir such as liquid & gas. In the case of hot air balloon, the object is the balloon. The fluid is the surrounding air ( udara) which is the one that was displaced. THEN according to archimedes principle..we can deduce a formula like this: Buoyant force = Weight of AIR displaced ( since W=mg) Buoyant force = mg [(mass of air displace ) x (g)] (since density = m / V , so m = V) Therefore, Buoyant force = Vg (air displace) ( =density, V =volume) From the formula, Buoyant force depends on the air density. We can say that the bigger the density, the larger the buoyant force... make sure that u are able to describe the following applications by relating it to Archimedes principle: 1. submarine 2.hydrometer 3.cargo ship

4.hot air ballon 5.plimsol line and other

Bernoulli Principle
"if the velocity of fluid increase, the pressure decrease"... Bernoulli is one of the fascinating physics principle & yet it's easy to understand..it relates the effect of fluid velocity on pressure. ..if u notice, the term fluid is used just like in Archimedes..

Hooke's Law & Elasticity

In physics , the term ELASTICITY is almost similar to the one defined in dictionary, i.e... A property of object that enable it to return into its original length & shape after an applied external force is removed However, we science stream student should be able to understand the term elasticity beyond what have been understood by the lament. Again, lets look in depth the term elasticity in physics point of view. In SPM, the concept of elasticity leads us to appreciate another famous physics law called a Hooke's Law. This is the law that relates the force applied and the extension or compression of the elastic object such as spring and rubber band. Hooke's law states that; The extension of elastic material such as spring is directly proportional to the force applied provided the elastic limit is not exceeded. In simple word it means, the larger the force applied, the longer the extension of the spring as long as it doesnt exceed the elastic limit. Please take note that extension means increase in length.. not the total length of the spring when the force is applied. If we look at mathematics point of view, we have a relation between F( force) and x (extension), thus we arrived to a variation formula of

F= kx
where k is the 'spring constant or force constant'

Elastic Potential Energy = 1/2 (F)(x)

Usually every physics's law has graphical explanation. Seems it is a directly proportional relation between F & x, so we'll have a straight line passes through origin.

From the graph, u must acknowledge that.. Gradient = force constant (k) where, the steeper the gradient, the bigger the spring constant,i.e the stiffer the spring Meanwhile, from the graph its area represents potential energy, Area under the graph = Elastic potential energy

Newton's 2nd Law

According to this law,the force of a moving object is equal to product of its mass & acceleration. These two factors i.e the mass & acceleration will determine how big the force is produced. In other word, Newton 2nd law is concerned in relating acceleration, mass & the net force.

Fnet= ma
If u notice, i use the term net force instead of force only. This is because, in SPM most of the question we deal with a case that involves more than one force. The net force means that we need to add or minus all the forces involved.

Newton's 1st Law

Newton's 1st law of motion often stated as: An object at rest has tendency to stay at rest and object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction UNLESS there is unbalance force acting on it.