Solved Problems: Chapter 1

1.1 A magnetic circuit with a single air gap is shown in Fig. 1.24. The core dimensions are: Cross-sectional area Ac = 1.8 10-3 m2 Mean core length lc = 0.6 m Gap length g = 2.3 x 10-3 m N = 83 turns

Assume that the core is of infinite permeability ( ) and neglect the effects of fringing fields at the air gap and leakage flux. (a) Calculate the reluctance of the core Rc and that of the gap Rg . For a current of i = 1.5 A, calculate (b) the total flux , (c) the flux linkages of the coil, and (d) the coil inductance L. Solution:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Rc = 0 since

Rg =

g 2.3 103 = = 1.017 106 A/Wb 0 Ac 4 107 1.8 10 3

Ni 83 1.5 = = 1.224 104 Wb Rc + Rg 1.017 106

= N = 1.016 102 Wb
L=

1.016 102 = = 6.773 mH i 1.5

1.3 Consider the magnetic circuit of Fig. 1.24 with the dimensions of Problem 1.1. Assuming infinite core permeability, calculate (a) the number of turns required to achieve an inductance of 12 mH and (b) the inductor current which will result in a core flux density of 1.0 T. Solution:

(a)
(b)

L=

N2 = 12 103 mH Rg

N = 12 10 3 1.017 10 6 = 110.47

N = 110 turns

Bc = Bg = 1.0 T i=

= B g Ac = 1.8 10 3 Wb

N 110 1.8 103 = = = 16.5 A L L 12 103

1.13 The inductor of Fig. 1.27 has the following dimensions: Ac = 1.0 cm2 lc = 15 cm g = 0.8 mm N = 480 turns Neglecting leakage and fringing and assuming r = 1000 , calculate the inductance.

Solution:

L=

= N = NBc Ac
B Bc l c + g g = Ni r 0 0

mmf equation: H c lc + H g l g = Ni Bc = Bg Bc =

0 Ni g + ( lc / r )

L=

0 N 2 Ac 4 107 480 2 10 4 = = 30.477 mH g + ( l c / r ) [ 0.08 + (15 / 1000) ] 102

1.14 The inductor of Problem 1.13 is to be operated from a 60-Hz voltage source. (a) Assuming negligible coil resistance, calculate the rms inductor voltage corresponding to a peak core flux density of 1.5 T. (b) Under this operating condition, calculate the rms current and the peak stored energy. Solution: (a)

d dB = NAc c Bc = Bmax sin t v (t ) = NAcBmax cos t dt dt 1 1 Vrms = NAc Bmax = (2 60) 480 104 1.5 = 19.2 V 2 2 v (t ) = Vrms = 1.67 A L 1 2 1 LI peak = 30.477 103 ( 2 1.67) 2 = 85.0 mJ 2 2

(b)

I rms =

W peak =

1.16 A square voltage wave having a fundamental frequency of 60 Hz and equal positive and negative half cycles of amplitude E is applied to a 1000-turn winding surrounding a closed iron core of 1.25 x 10 -3m2 cross section. Neglect both the winding resistance and any effects of leakage flux. (a) Sketch the voltage, the winding flux linkage, and the core flux as a function of time. (b) Find the maximum permissible value of E if the maximum flux density is not to exceed 1.15 T. (a)
e E
max v o lta g e

max

(b)

d ( max ) = e(t ).dt E = max = 4 f max = 4 fN max = 4 fNAc Bmax dt T /2 E = 4 60 1000 1.25 103 1.15 = 345 V e( t ) =
1.24 The reciprocating generator of Fig. 1.34 has a movable plunger (position x) which is supported so that it can slide in and out of the magnetic yoke while maintaining a constant air gap of length g on each side adjacent to the yoke. Both the yoke and the plunger can be considered to be of infinite permeability. The motion of the plunger is constrained such that its position is limited to 0 x w . There are two windings on this magnetic circuit. The first has N1 turns and carries a constant dc current I0. The second, which has N2 turns, is open-circuited and can be connected to a load. (a) Neglecting any fringing effects, find the mutual inductance between windings 1 and 2 as a function of the plunger position x. (b) The plunger is driven by an external source so that its motion is given by
x (t ) =

where < 1. Find an expression for the sinusoidal voltage which is generated as a result of this motion.

w(1 + sin t ) 2

(a) (b)

A ( x) L21 = N1 N 2 0 c 2g
v2 = d 2 dt

Ac ( x ) = D ( w x )
dL21 dL dx N N D dx = I 0 21 . = I 0 0 1 2 . dt dx dt 2g dt

2 = L21i1 v2 = I 0

dx 1 N N Dw = w cos t v2 = I 0 0 1 2 cos t dt 2 4g