1

Fluid Mechanics

Density and Specific gravity
The density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume. That is,
a substance of mass m and volume V has a density given by
=
V
m
(
3
m
kg
)
Specific gravity

The specific gravity (SG) of a substance is defined as the weight of a certain
volume of substance devided by the weight of the same volume of water.
This equal the ratio between the density of substance and the density of
water. It is a dimensionless quantity that has no units.

Since the density of water is 1gm/m
3
=10
3
Kg/m
3
then the specific gravity
will be equal numerically to its density measured in gm/m
3
, or 10
-3
times its
density when given in Kg/m
3
.

Pressure

Pressure (P) is defined as the normal force per unit area in a gas or
a liquid.. For a solid the normal force per unit area is called stress

P =
A
F

The units of pressure
- (N/m
2
) which is called Pascal (Pa),
- Dyne /cm
2.
(1N/m
2
= 10 dyne /cm
2
)
- Atmospheric Pressure (atm.) (1atm = 1.o13x10
5
pa).
- The height of a column of mercury (Hg) in mmHg or cmHg.

The height of a column of mercury is the most common method of indicating
pressure in medicine. For example, a peak (systolic) blood pressure reading
of 120 mmHg indicates that the blood pressure equals the pressure at the
base of a mercury column of this height.

2
P = F/A = mg/A = (hA) g/A
P = gh
Where g is the acceleration due to gravity
If P
a
is the atm. Pressure, the total or absolute pressure is
P = P
a
+ gh
For two liquids of densities
1
and
2
, heights h
1
h


and h
2
producing the same pressure

1
gh
1
=
2
gh
2

1
h
1
=
2
h
2


The pressure under a column of liquid
The pressure P under a column of liquid can be expressed in terms of the
liquids height (h) and density (), P
a

Example 1
What height of water is needed to produce the same pressure as 1 cm of
Hg. Given that the density of mercury is 13.6 g/cm
3

Solution
Since
1
gh
1
=
2
gh
2
therefore
1
h
1
=
2
h
2

13.6 g/cm
3
x 1 = 1 x h
2
h
2
= 13.6 cm

Since the density of mercury is 13.6 g/cm
3
, a column of water has to be 13.6
times higher than a given column of mercury in order to produce the same
pressure.
Sometimes it is more convenient to indicate pressure differences in the
human body in terms of the height of a column of water.

Gauge Pressure
The pressure measured relative to the atmospheric pressure is called gauge
pressure.

Absolute pressure.
The sum of the gauge pressure and atmospheric pressure is called absolute
pressure.
P = P
a
+ P
gauge


For example, if the pressure in a bicycle tire is 300 cm Hg, the absolute
pressure is 300+76 = 376 cm Hg. The 300 cm Hg is the gauge pressure.

The gauge pressure P under a column of liquid is P= gh and the total or
absolute pressure is given by
P = P
a
+ gh
3
Example 2
What is the gauge pressure and the absolute pressure at a depth of 20 m in
sea water ( =1003 kg/m
3
)
Solution
The gauge pressure P =gh
P
gauge
=1003 x 9.8 x 20 = 2 .0 x10
5
Pa 2.0 atm.
P = P
a
+ P
gauge

= 1.013 x10
5
+2 .0 x10
5

=3 .01 x10
5
3 atm

Negative pressures
Pressures lower than the atmospheric are called negative pressures.

There are a number of places in the body where the pressures are lower than
atmospheric, or negative. For example,

1- When we breathe in (inspire) the pressure in the lungs must be lower than
atmospheric pressure. The lung pressure during inspiration is a few
centimeters of water negative.

2- When a person drinks through a straw, the pressure in his mouth must be
negative by an amount equal to the height of his mouth above the level of
the liquid he is drinking.

Pressure measurements
a) Atmospheric pressure measurements

Atmospheric pressure is measured by an instrument called barometer. The
barometer as invented by Torricelli consists of a long tube closed at one. The
tube is filled with mercury (Hg) and then inverted into
a dish of mercury. The closed end is nearly a
vacuum, so the pressure at the top of the Hg
column can be taken as zero. The atmospheric
pressure is found to support a column of Hg
4
The manometer
The instrument used to measure pressure is called manometer. The shaped
manometer shown in figure is filled with a liquid. The pressure to be
measured is applied at one arm of this tube. The pressure to be measured
produces changes the level of the liquid in the two arms. The level difference
between the liquid surfaces in the two arms is measured and the pressure is
calculated.

















4 Pressure Inside the Body

a) Pressure of the heart
The heart acts as a pump, producing quite high pressure (~ 100 to 140
mmHg) to force the blood through the arteries. The returning
venous blood is at quite low pressure and
needs help to get from the legs to the heart.
The failure of this return system in the legs
often results in varicose veins





5

b) Pressure inside the skull:

The brain contains the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a series of interconnected
openings called ventricles.
This fluid is generated inside
the brain and flows to the
spinal column and then into
the circulatory system. One
of the ventricles, the aqueduct,
is especially narrow.
If at birth this opening is locked
for any reason, the CSF is trapped
inside the skull and increases the
internal pressure. The increased
pressure causes the skull to enlarge.
This serious condition is called hydrocephalus (water-head).


c) Eye pressure:

The clear fluids in the eyeball (the aqueous and vitreous humors) that
transmit the light to the retina are under pressure and maintain the eyeball in
a fixed size and shape.
If you press on your eyelid
with your finger you will
notice the resiliency of the
eye due to the internal
pressure. The pressure in
normal eyes ranges from
1 to 23 mmHg. The eye
continuously a partial
blockage of this drain
system occurs, the pressure
increases and the increased
pressure can restrict the blood
supply to the retina and thus
affect the produces aqueous humor and a drain system allows the surplus to
escape. If vision. This condition is called glaucoma


6
5- Surface tension
One of the most important properties of a liquid is the tendency of its surface
to contract. The surface behaves as if it were elastic skin that tries to
decrease its surface area. Because the surface tension tends to minimize the
surface area of a liquid, small drops of liquid are very nearly spherical.
Consider a wire frame with a sliding crosspiece shown in Fig. (2.3). The
frame is doped into a soap solution and a film is formed as shown.

Since the surface of the film tends to become a minimum it tends to pull the
crosspiece up. In order to keep the crosspiece at rest, it is necessary to apply
a force F .





x

Fig 2.3 F

If the film is stretched by moving the crosspiece a distance x down then,
The work done W.= Fx
The increase in surface area of the film is 2Lx, the factor 2 appearing
because there are two surfaces.

The surface tension coefficient
It is defined as the surface potential energy per unit area of the surface that
equal the work needed to increase the surface area by unit area.

= ( work done / increases in area) = F.x / 2Lx

= F/2L N/m ( J /m
2
)

The units of are J/m
2
or N/m. From the equation above, we can also define the
surface tension as the force per unit length on any line on the surface.



6- Laplace's Law
7
Across any elastic membrane separating two fluids there exists a difference in
pressure.
Laplace's law relates the difference in pressure across any closed elastic membrane
or liquid film to the surface tension. The form of Laplace's law depends on the shape
of the surface.

For a spherical membrane, the pressure inside P
i
is greater than the pressure at the P
o

outside side by AP = P
i
- P
o
.

1- For a spherical liquid bubble, The force due to the surface tension balances the
force due to the excess pressure, so,
F = L = AP.A
or,
(4tr) = AP (tr
2
)

AP = 4 / r

where r is the radius of the bubble.

2- For a spherical drop, a bubble in liquid or Alveoli there is only one surface and

AP = 2 / r

3- For a cylindrical membrane (arteries, viens,) of radius r

AP = / r



Interconnected bubbles

8
Vapor solid Vapor

Solid u u


liquid liquid
In the above cases if P
o
= 0, we see that P
i
o / r . For a soap bubble the surface
tension g is constant so that as the radius of the bubble increases its inside pressure
decreases.

Consider two soap bubbles at the ends of a tube with a valve separating them as
shown in fig.( ) .


When the valve is opened the smaller bubble will empty its air to the larger one
because it has a higher pressure than the larger one. This process continues until the
radius of the large bubble equal the radius of the remainder of the smaller one where
their pressures are equal..

Capillarity or capillary action.
The rise or fall of a liquid in a capillary tube is also a consequence of surface tension.
Figure (2.4) shows that there exists three boundaries; between the tube wall and
liquid, between the wall and vapor, and between the liquid and its vapor.
(a) u < 90 (b) u >90

Fig (2.4) The contact angles for two liquids in contact with solid

The surface of the liquid in contact with the solid surface makes an angle u as in Fig.
u is called the angle of contact.
a) If u < 90, in this case the surface is convex and the liquid wets the walls and rises
in capillary tubes.
b) If u >90, in this case the liquid does not wet the walls, and it is depressed in the
capillary.
9
u u cos u

c) If u =90, the liquid neither rise nor fall .

The rise or fall of a liquid in a capillary tube is called capillary or capillary action.


Fig 2.5


In Fig.(2.5), liquid rises in the capillary and comes to equilibrium when the upward
force of surface equals the weight of the liquid column. So,

( 2t r ) ( cosu) = (t r
2
h)g

h = 2 cosu / (gr)
1- For u = 90
o
., h= 0, and the fluid neither rise or depressed
2- For u > 90
o,
cos u is negative and so h is negative and the fluid will
depress. The surface of the liquid is convex in shape
3- For u < 90
o,
cos u is positive and so h is positive and the fluid will rise.
The surface of the liquid is concave in shape
Surfactant in the lungs
The tension in the walls of alveoli results from both the membrane tissue and
a liquid in the walls called surfactant.

The surfactant gives the membrane the tension needed to make the
required adjustments in the wall tension.

Laplace's law for alveoli gives that at equilibrium
r ( P
I
-P
o
) = r AP = 2

For the membrane of alveoli to be in equilibrium the product of the radius
and the pressure difference must equal 2.

In alveoli during exhalation
11
- The pressure P
o
increases, so AP decreases
- Muscle contraction reduces the radius r
If AP and r decreases and is constant, the equilibrium condition of
Laplace's law cannot be satisfied and the alveoli will collapse.

During inhalation the pressure P
o
decreases and the radius r increases, if g is
constant the equilibrium condition of Laplace's law cannot be satisfied and
the alveoli will increase in size and rupture.

Surfactant solves this problem by changing the surface tension of the walls of
alveoli. During inhalation it increases the walls tension and it decreases the
walls tension during exhalation to maintain equilibrium.

Fig (2.7) Shows the change in the surface tension of lung walls containing
surfactant during inhalation and exhalation. The surface tension decreases as
the area increases while for water there is no change.
Area

them? Because the smaller one has a higher internal pressure it will empty its air into
the larger one until the radii of curvature of the large bubble and of the remainder of
the small bubble are the same (Fig. 12.5b). Although alveoli are not exactly the same
as soap bubbles there is a tendency for the smaller alveoli to collapse. The condition
that results when a sizable number collapse is called atelectasis. The reason most
alveoli donot collapse is related to the unique surface tension properties of surfactant.

The surface tension of the surfactant that lines the alveoli of healthy individuals plays
a major role in lung function. The surface tension of the surfactant is not constant.
Figure (12.6) shows the surface tension of a film of normal lung extract containing
surfactant. Note the large decrease of as the area decreases. This characteristic
causes the surface tension of the alveoli to decrease as the alveoli decrease in size at
which the surface tension decreases sufficiently fast that the pressure starts to drop
instead of stabilize at about one-fourth its maximum size. Alveoli not covered with
surfactant, such as those of infants with RDS*, collapse like small bubbles, and quite
a large pressure is needed to reopen them. An infant with RDS may not have the
energy to breathe with its low compliance lungs.
Surface tension
11

12.7 Lung P-V Curves:

The P-V curves for an excised human lung are shown in Fig.(12.7). If the lung is
completely collapsed, a considerable pressure is needed to start its inflation, similar
to the extra effort needed to start blowing up a rubber balloon. From this point the
lung inflates rather easily until it is close to its maximum size. The pressure curve
during deflation looks quite different. When the pressure has dropped to zero the lung
still retains some air. Much less pressure is needed to them reinflate the lung,
although reinflate will not follow the deflation curve. A cyclical process in which
different curves are followed on the two halves of the cycle is said to show hysteresis.
The area inside the loop is proportional to the energy lost as heat during the cycle.
During normal tidal breathing the hysteresis loop is very small.
12
Problems

12.1 What is negative pressure ?

12.2 Calculate the pressure in millimeters of mercury equal to a pressure of 20 cm
H
2
O.

12.3 Assume you are a shallow-water diver preparing for a 10 m dive into salt water.
a) What absolute pressure and gauge pressure will you experience.
b) Normally your lungs have an available volume of 6 liters. What will happen to that
volume?
c) Suppose you cannot equalize the pressure in your middle ear. What will happen
during the dive ?

12.4 The venous pressure is typically about 5 mmHg. Describe a method to measure
this pressure.

12.5 Positive pressure is used in blood transfusions. Suppose a container is placed 1
m above a vein with a venous pressure of 2 mmHg; if the density of the blood is 1.04
g/cm
3
, what is the net pressure acting to transfer the blood into the vein?

12.6 Suppose you are a deep-sea diver preparing for a dive to 30 m.
a) What absolute pressure and gauge pressure will you experience ?
b) What will be your rate of air consumption compared to that at sea level ?

12.7 Negative pressure or suction is often used to drain body cavities. In the drainage
arrangement for the gastrointestinal region shown, the negative pressure supplied to
the collection bottle is 100 mmHg and the top end of the tube is 37 cm above the end
of the tube in the body. Find the negative pressure at the lower end of the tube.

12.8 Atmospheric pressure is due to the weight of the air above us. The density of air
is 1.3 x 10
-3
g/cm
3
. What is the weight in dynes of 1 cm
3
of air ? If this weight spread
over 1 cm
2
, what would be the pressure ? What fraction of 1 atm would it be ?

12.9 Using the density of air given in question (12.8), calculate the pressure
difference in dynes per square centimeter and in millimeters of mercury between the
bottom and the top of a building 30 m tall (8 stories).


12.10 If the surface tension of a soap solution is 0.04 n/m, what is the excess pressure
inside a spherical bubble of radius 0.05 m?

13
12.11 Use the result of question 11.3 and the average value of the surface tension of
the surfactant (2.5 x 10
-2
n/m) to calculate the excess pressure inside an alveolus.

12.12 A glass tube of internal diameter 0.5 nm is placed vertically in a water
container. If the surface tension of water is 0.072 n/m, how far does the water rise in
the tube.


14
HYDRODYNAMICS

The fluid flow
A fluid is a type of matter that has no fixed shape. Gases and liquids are
fluids. A fluid can flow.

The types of fluid flow
When a fluid is in motion, its flow can be one of two types
a) Steady or laminar flow:
The flow is said to be steady or laminar if each particle of the fluid
follows a smooth path, so that the paths of different particles never cross
each other, and the velocity of the fluid at each point remains constant in
time.



Fig. 13.1
b) Nonsteady or turbulent flow Above a critical
speed, fluid flow becomes nonsteady or turbulent flow. Turbulent flow is
an irregular flow characterized by small whirlpool-like regions (vortices).
As an example of turbulent flow, the flow of water in a stream becomes
turbulent in regions where rocks and other obstructions are encountered
forming white water rapids

13.2 Internal friction and viscosity The term
viscosity is used in fluid flow to characterize the degree of internal
friction in the fluid. The internal friction force (also called viscous force)
is the resistance to two adjacent layers of the fluid to move relative to each
other.

13.3 Ideal Fluid The
properties of an ideal fluid are given by the following four assumptions :

a) Nonviscous fluid. In a
nonviscous fluid, internal friction is neglected. An object moving in a non
viscous fluid experiences no viscous force
15

b) Steady flow.
In a steady flow the velocity of fluid at each point remains constant with
time.

c) Incompressible fluid.
The density of an incompressible fluid remains constant with time.

d) Irrotational flow.
The irrotational flow has no angular momentum about any point. If a small
wheel is placed in irrotational fluid it will not rotate about its center of
mass.

13.4 Streamlines and the equation of continuity
a) The streamline
The path taken by a fluid particle in a steady flow is called a streamline.
The velocity of the fluid particles is tangent to the streamlines. In steady
flow, no two streamlines can cross each other, for if they did, the flow
would not be steady.






Stream lines,

b) The tube of flow A set of
streamlines forms what is called a tube of flow. The fluid particles cannot
flow into or out of the sides of a tube of flow, since if they did, the
streamlines would be crossing each other.

b) Equation of continuity
To derive the equation of continuity for a fluid moving with streamline
flow through a pipe of varying cross-sectional area, we consider an ideal
fluid flowing through a pipe as that shown in fig. 13.2. In a small time At
we have the followings:
16

1) the fluid at the lower end (end 1) moves a distance Ax
1
= v
1
At. If A
1
is
the cross-sectional area in this region , then the mass of fluid crossing the
area A
1
in the time At is

Am
1
= A
1
Ax
1
= A
1
v
1
At (13.1)

2) the fluid at the upper end (end 2) moves a distance Ax
2
= v
2
At. If A
2
is
the cross-sectional area in this region , then the mass of fluid crossing the
area A
1
in the time At is

Am
2
= A
2
Ax
2
= A
2
v
2
At (13.2)

The mass entering the pipe at the lower end (end 1) must equal the mass
leaving the tube at the upper end (end2) in the time At. From equations
(13.1) and (13.2) we have

A
1
v
1
At = A
2
v
2
At from this we get,

A
1
v
1
= A
2
v
2
(13.3)

Equation (13.3) is the continuity equation. It says that:
The product of the cross-sectional area (A) and the fluid speed (v) at
all points along the pipe is a constant for incompressible fluid.

The volume flow rate
The volume flow rate of a fluid is the volume of fluid crossing the
cross-sectional area per unit time. It equals the quantity Av. From equation
(13.3) we see that the volume of fluid entering the pipe at one end in a
given time interval equals the volume leaving the pipe at the other end in
this time.

13.5 Bernoullis equation
As a fluid moves through a pipe of varying cross-sectional area and
elevation (height from earth's surface), the following quantities change
(1) the pressure (P) of the fluid
17
Ax
1

h
1
Ax
2


h
2
(2) the velocity (v) of the fluid particles and its kinetic energy (KE)
(3) The potential energy (PE)
Bernoulli derived an expression that relates the pressure (P) to fluid
velocity (v) and height (h) by applying the principle of conservation of
energy to an ideal fluid flow. This relation is known as Bernoullis
equation.

v
2

A
2

v
1

A
1





Consider the flow of an ideal fluid through a nonuniform pipe, as
illustrated in fig 13.2.
In a time At we have the followings
(a) The force on the lower end (end 1) of the pipe is P1A1, where P1 is the
pressure in the end1. The work done by this force is given by:
. W
1
=F
1
Ax
1
=
P
1
A
1
Ax
1
= P
1
AV

Where AV is the volume of section 1at the end 1
(b) The work done on the fluid at the upper end (end 2) in the time At is

W
2
= -F
2
Ax
2
= - P
2
A
2
Ax
2
= - P
2
AV

Thus the net work done on the fluid is

W = (P
1
- P
2
)AV (13.4)

Part of this work goes into changing the kinetic energy of the fluid, and
part goes into changing the gravitational potential energy. If Am is the
mass passing through the pipe in the time At, then

(1) The change in its kinetic energy is:
Fig. 13.2
18

AK= (Am) v
2
2
- (Am) v
1
2
(13.4)

(2) The change in the potential energy is:

AU=Amgh
2
-Amgh
1
(13.5)

From 13.3,13.4 and 13.5, we get,

(P
1
- P
2
)AV = (Am) v
2
2
- (Am) v
1
2
+ Amgh
2
-
Amgh
1


Dividing through by AV and using = Am/AV we get,
P
1
- P
2
= v
2
2
- v
1
2
+ gh
2
-gh
1


Rearranging terms we get,

P
1 +
v
1
2
+ gh
1
= P
2
+ v
2
2
+ gh
2
(13.6)

This is Bernoullis equation as applied to an ideal fluid flow. It is often
written as: P
+
v
2
+ gh =
constant (13.7)

Bernoullis equation says that the sum of the pressure, (P), the kinetic
energy per unit volume ( v
2
), and the potential energy per unit volume
( g h) has the same value at all points along a streamline

Special cases of Bernoullis equation
(a) Fluid at rest
When the fluid is at rest, v
1
= v
2
= 0, in this case Bernoullis equation
becomes:

P
1
- P
2
= g (h
2
- h
1
) (13.8)

(b) A horizontal constricted pipe ( The Venturi meter)

19
V
1
Main
Tube
P
2
P
1
For the horizontal tube with conical constriction shown in fig. 13.3 (which
is called Venturi meter), h
1
= h
2
and Bernoullis equation applied to points
1 and 2 gives

P
1 +
v
1
2
= P
2
+ v
2
2
(13.8)

From the equation of continuity, we see that A
1
v
1
= A
2
v
2
or,

v
1
= (A
2
/ A
1
)

v
2


Substituting this expression into equation (13.8) gives:

P
1 +
(A
2
/ A
1
)
2

v
2
2
= P
2
+ v
2
2







Manometer.







Since v
1
= (A
2
/ A
1
)

v
2
, then


A
1
V
2
A
2

Fig 13.3 Venturi tube
Throat
) 10 . 13 (
) (
) ( 2
2
2
2
1
2 1
2 1
A A
P P
A v

) 9 . 13 (
) (
) ( 2
2
2
2
1
2 1
1 2
A A
P P
A v

21
Since (A
2
< A
1
), it follows that P
1
>P
2
i.e. the pressure is reduced in the
constricted region of Venturi tube. This device can be used to measure the
speed of flow of an incompressible fluid.

Example 2
A Venturi tube has a main diameter of 4 cm and a throat diameter of 2 cm,
is used the rate of flow of water. The pressure difference indicated by the
manometer is 22 torr. Calculate the velocity of water in the main tube and
the volume of flow of water.
Solution
The pressure difference AP = P1 - P2 = 22 torr
= 22 x (1.03x10
5
/ 760) ~ 300 n/m
2
Since the area of a circle is given by A=t (diameter/2)
2

The cross-sectional areas A
1
=t (4x10
-2
/2)
2
= 2t x10
-4
m
2


and, A
2
= t (2x10
-2
/2)
2
= t x10
-4
m
2

The speed at the main tube is given by equation 13.9
v
1
= t x10
-4
m
2
v
2(300)/10
3
|(2t x10
4

2
)
2
(t x10
2
)
2
}
= 4.45 t x10
3
/o
The volume flow rate = A
1
x v
1
= 2t 10
4

2
x 4.45 t x10
3
/o
= 8.79
3
/o

13.6 Torricellis law
To get this law we consider a tank containing a liquid of density and
have a small hole in its side at a distance h1 from its bottom. The open top
of the tank is at height h from the open hole.
(1) The pressure at the open top and the hole is the atmospheric pressure
P1=P2 =Pa.
) (
) ( 2
2
2
2
1
2 1
2 1
A A
P P
A v

) (
) ( 2
2
2
2
1
2 1
2 1
A A
P P
A v

21
p
a

h
1

Pa

h
2
(2) we assume that the tank is large in cross-sectional area (A2>> a1) ,
then the fluid will be approximately at rest at the top, point 2 (i.e. v2 = 0)
(3) applying Bernoullis equation to points 1 and 2 (see fig. 13.4) and
noting that the length of the tank is h
2
, we get
p
a
+ v
1
2
+ gh
1
= p
a
+ gh
2

v
1
2
= g ( h
2
- h1) = g h
v
1
= \2 gh
This equation is Torricellis law

Reynolds number
This number is used to determine whether the flow is turbulent or laminar.
It is given for a liquid of viscosity q and density r flowing in a tube of
radius r at speed v by

R = 2vr/q

(a) If R < 2000 the flow is laminar
(b) If R >3000 the flow is turbulent
(c) If 2000> R >3000 the flow is unstable

At any time the flow can change from one type to another.
In the turbulent flow the energy is converted into heat and some is
converted into sound. The noise associated with the turbulent flow
facilitates to measure the blood pressure.

The blood viscosity
1- The viscosity decreases with temperature.
2- the viscosity of blood depends on the plasma, the proteins, red blood
cells counts, and temperature.
3- viscosity is measured by a device called viscometer.

22
P
1

P
2
L
13.7 Poiseuille s law
The rate of flow of a liquid of viscosity , through a tube of radius r and
of length L is given by:




Q/t= (tr
4
/8 q) AP/L

AP/L: is called the pressure gradient.
AP: is the pressure difference across the ends of the tube.
The liquids, which obey Poiseuilles law, are called Newtonian fluid (e.g.
water). Nonnewtonian fluids do not obey Poiseuille s law





Example 3
A large artery in a dog has a radius is 4mm. Blood flows through it at a
rate 1cm/s, ( = 2.084x10
-3
). Find
(a) The average and maximum velocity
(b) the pressure drop in 0.1 m segment of artery



13.8 Stok's law
According to Stok's law, the viscous (frictional or drag) force due to the
motion of a spherical body of radius r with velocity v in a fluid of
viscosity is given by
F = 6pqrv

The terminal velocity (terminal velocity)
When a spherical body falls under gravity through a fluid of density r and
viscosity its velocity will increase gradually until reach a constant value
when the retarding forces equal the weight of the body. This velocity is
called terminal velocity or sedimentation velocity.
23
F
(4/3) t r
3
t g
In this case the forces acting on the sphere are
1- The body weight W= mg = x volume x g = (4/3) t r
3
g
2- The buoyant force = (4/3) t r
3

o
g
3- The Stock's force F=6pqrv
When the body moves at constant velocity the resultant of these forces is
zero or
6pqrv = (4/3) t r
3
g - (4/3) t r
3

o
g
6pqrv = (4/3) t r
3
g (
o )
v = (2/9 q) t r
2
g (
o )




mg = (4/3) t r
3
g