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Date Date
08/03/20 12 13/03/20 12
1.0 Objective
1.1. To examine how shear force varies with an increasing point load. 1.2. To examine how shear force varies at the cut position of the beam for
2.0 Introduction In structures with large loadings, the columns that support the loadings of the structure are always subjected to various factors and therefore, during the design process, it is necessary that it satisfies specific strength, deflection and stability requirements. In this case, the columns are considered as compressive strength members. A compressive strength member can fail in two ways, the first is via rupture due to direct stress and the second is by an elastic mode of failure called buckling. Short and wide compressive members tend to fail by material crushing, which would be the first way. When buckling occurs, the strut will no longer carry any more load and it will simply continue to buckle. For example its stiffness becomes zero and it is useless as a structural member. To be specific, long slender members are called columns and the lateral deflection that occurs is called buckling. Quite
often, the buckling of a column can lead to a sudden and dramatic failure of a structure or mechanism and as a result, special attention must be given to the design of columns so that they can safely support their intended loadings without buckling.
3.0 Theory
1. To predict the buckling load Euler buckling formula is used.
The critical
value in Euler Formula slenderness ratio, which is the ratio of the length of the strut to its radius of gyration (L/K).
2. The Euler formula become inaccurate for struts with L/K ratio of less
4.
2 EI L2 Where, Pe = Euler buckling load (N) E = Youngs Modulus (Nm-2) I = Second moment of area (m4) L = Length of strut (m)
Pe =
4.0 Apparatus
(This is to provide the condition of two pinned ends). The shortest strut is selected (number 1), and the cross section is measured using the vernier provided. The second moment of area, I for the strut (bd3/12) is calculated. 2. The position of the sliding crosshead is adjusted to accept the strut and using the thumbnut to lock off the slider when in position. 3. It is ensured that there is a maximum amount travel allowed on the hand wheel thread to compress the strut. The locking screw is finally tightened. 4. The hand wheel is then backed-off so that the strut is resting in the notch but not transmitting any load. The force-meter is calibrated to zero using the dial control located at the front panel.
5. The strut is carefully loaded. At times, the strut will buckle to the left and
thus it would be flicked to the right and also vice-versa (this reduces any errors associated with the straightness of the strut) the hand-wheel is
turned until there is no further increase in load (the load peaks and then Strut Numbe r 1 2 3 4 5 Buckling Load (N) Experimental -189 -147 -109 -99 -74 Buckling Load (N) Theory 102.965 76.781 59.588 47.584 38.873
drops as it settles in the notches). 6. The final load is recorded in table 1 are repeated with strut members 2, 3, 4 and 5. The crosshead is adjusted as required to fit.
Part 2
1. To study the effect of end conditions, the same procedures from 1 to 6
are repeated but the bottom chuck is removed and the specimen strut is clamped using the cap head screw and plate to make a pinned-fix condition.
2. The result is recorded into table 2, and the values of 1/L2 for the struts. 3. The top chuck is fitted with the two cap head screws and both ends of
Strut Number 1 2 3
4 5
-197 -107
4.938 4.000
Strut Number 1 2 3 4
5
Table 3
= 69 x 109 Nm-2 Width, b = 19.75 x 10-3 m Thick, d = 2.05 x 10-3 m From Equation, I =
= 102.65 N Length = 0.420 m Buckling Load = Theory = Length = 0.470 m Buckling Load = Theory = = 47.584 N = 59.588 N Length = 0.520 m Buckling Load = Theory =
= 38.873 N
For Table 2 For, L 1/L2 = = 11.110 m-2 For, L 1/L2 = = 4.938 m-2 = 0.450 m For, L 1/L2 = = 4.000 m-2 = 0.300 m For, L 1/L2 = = 8.163 m-2 = 0.500 m = 0.350 m For, L 1/L2 = = 6.250 m-2 =0.400 m
For Table 3 For, L 1/L2 = = 12.755 m-2 For, L 1/L2 = = 5.408 m-2 = 0.430 m For, L 1/L2 = = 4.340 m-2 = 0.280 m For, L 1/L2 = = 9.183 m-2 = 0.480 m = 0.330 m For, L 1/L2 = = 6.925 m-2 =0.380 m