Please use this study guide along with your book and notes.

Make sure you understand what the enzymes involved in mechanical digestion are. STUDY A little bit each night (20 minutes or so).

Pathway of Food Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine (colon) Rectum Anus

DIGESTION- STUDY GUIDE

Digestive Helpers Send things to the food, but the food doesnt send things to them 1. Pancreas 2. Liver 3. Gall Bladder Appendix has no purpose in body Mechanical vs. Chemical Digestion Mechanical Digestion - physically breaking food into smaller pieces occurs in the: Mouth chew with teeth and tongue Stomach churns food into chyme (a blended liquid) Small Intestine - receives bile from gall bladder. Bile is produced in the Liver and stored in the gall bladder. Bile breaks up large droplets of fat into tiny drops of fat. Tiny droplets will then be easier to chemically digest.

Chemical Digestion chemically changes food into simpler ( soluble) substances Examples: starches protein fats sugars animo acids fatty acids

(insoluble)

(soluble)

Why chemically digest food? ~Nutrients cannot diffuse into the bloodstream unless they can dissolve in water Soluble able to dissolve; Insoluble unable to dissolve Enzymes change insoluble nutrients into soluble nutrients During Digestion Mouth - Begin the breakdown of starches In saliva, there is an enzyme called ptyalin [tile-in] (also called amylase) which begins the chemical digestion STARCH MECHANICAL (chewing) AND CHEMICAL (ptyalin) Esophagus - Transports food to stomach Peristalsis rhythmic muscular contractions that push food through esophagus

Stomach begins the breakdown of PROTEIN into amino acids Food is churned into CHYME blended liquid (MECHANICAL) Gastric juice hydrochloric acid + pepsin break down protein (CHEMICAL) Sphincter muscles seal the entrance and exit to the stomach and only open to allow food through Mucus lines your stomach to protect it from its own Acids. An ulcer occurs when the acids get through the mucus, and begins to digest in the lining of the stomach

Small intestine about 20 feet long. In the first foot or so, most CHEMICAL digestion takes place. Enzymes from the small intestine and pancreas chemically break down fats, proteins, and carbs. The duodenum is the name for this section of the small intestine. Receives bile from gall bladder. Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. Bile breaks up large droplets of fat into tiny drops of fat. (PHYSICAL) Tiny droplets will then be easier to chemically digest. Pancreatic and intestinal enzymes CHEMICALLY digest Protein, starches, and fats. The remainder of the small intestine is mainly for absorption. Villi line the small intestine to absorb nutrients into its capillaries (diffusion). Peristalsis rhythmic muscular contractions that push food through intestines. Large Intestine (colon) takes leftover food and absorbs the water from it. Rectum Stores feces (waste)

Anus Opening through which feces exits the body Dont forgetknow the diagram of the digestive system!!

Nutrient Notes Nutrients are the useable portion of the food we eat. The digestive system processes the food we eat into a form that is useable by the bodys cells. Macronutrients: Nutrients used in large amounts Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Water Micronutrients: Nutrients used in small amounts Vitamins Minerals ~Carbohydrates: Major energy source for cells. Two major types: starches and sugars a. Starches - large chains of b. Sugars - smaller molecules that diffuse quickly into the bloodstream There are 4 calories of fuel in each gram of carbohydrates. Calorie - measurement of the energy a particular food contains. High carbohydrate foods: breads, pasta, cereal, fruits, grains, vegetablesplant products.

~Proteins: Build and repair cells, produce enzymes, hormones, etc. Proteins are chains of amino acids. Your body produces some essential animo acids. The rest must be gotten from your diet. There are 4 calories of energy per gram of protein

High protein foods: meats, fish, nuts, soy, tofu, eggs ~Fats: - Major energy source for cells Fat helps to cushion your organs, and provide under-the-skin insulation Fats are chains of fatty acids. There are 9 calories of energy per gram of fat. Foods high in fat: bacon, nuts, red meat, dairy products. Animal fats are usually solid at room temperature, while plant fats (oils) are usually liquid at room temperature. ~Water: Most essential nutrient of all. -Body is 55%-75% water. -Water is the base of your cells cytoplasm as well as the plasma of your blood. Many of the chemical reactions that happen within your body are also based in water. -Water also helps to maintain a constant body temperature, as sweating cools an overheated body. -Water has NO calories, and almost all foods contain some degree of water. Vitamins and Minerals You are to choose any three vitamins and any three minerals from the charts in your textbook. You should know what purpose they have in the body as well as what foods contain them. Vitamins and minerals are referred to as micronutrients because they are used in tiny amounts for very specific cellular purposes.