ifda dossier 68

LOCAL SPACE . A Pilot Integrated Farm tor South China (George L. Chan) 3 Elementos de la cultura como respuesta a la vida e n barrios marginales de Asunci6n (Benno Glauser) 13

NATIONAL SPACE Alternative economic strategy for Nigeria: Indigenous small-scale industries (Regina U . Obi) 23

GLOBAL SPACE The gospel of global efficiency: On Worldwatch and other reports on t h e state of the world (Wolfgang Sachs) 33 . Women's voice in the NorthISouth dialogue (Hilkka Pietilii) 41 . Identity culturelle et developpement, Tradition et modernit6 (Ananda W.P. Guruge) 51 . Les notes de lecture d'lgnacy Sachs 60

NEWS FROM THE THIRD SYSTEM The Nairobi Declaration on Consumers in Africa 63 Indonesia: Government tightens control over citizens' groups 69 Senegal: Reseau d1Alphabetisation Communautaire (RAC) 72 Chile: Primer encuentro de la Red de Centres de Desarrollo Local 73 Chile: El Taller de cooperaci6n al desarrollo 74 Ecuador: Centro d e Investigaciones Ciudad 75 Venezuela: Centro para la Gesti6n Tecnol6gica Popular (CETEP) 77 India: CAMERA, Cadre of Media Resources and Action 79 India: PAHAR, Peoples Association for Himalaya Area Research 80 France: ALDEA 81 Maroc: Une nouvelle association des Droits de l'hornme 83 Poland: Strong anti-nuclear movement emerging 85 Suisse: Le Centre Martin Luther King pour la non-violence 87 Peru: Asociaci6n Peruana de Estudios e Investigaci6n para la Paz 88 CANDELA 89 LETTERS/LETTRES/CARTAS FOOTNOTES
93 111
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91

MATERIALS RECEIVED FOR PUBLICATION

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T h i s i s s u e has been printed i n 22,000 copies.

ISSN 0254-3036

dialogue
The Laws of Life: Another Development
I.

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the New Biotechnologies

The Life Technologies . Some Facts of Liie: Towards t h e Understanding of t h e Biosciences Journey t o t h e C e n t r e of Life: An Introduction to t h e N e w Technologies T h e Homogenization of Life

. .

11.

T h e Economic Laws of Life . T h e Gene Revolution: Food a n d Agriculture . Biofarms: The End of t h e End? T h i r d World Farmers a n d t h e New Plant Genetics . Pharm-ecology: The Corporate Approach to Organic Agriculture . T h e Factory Farm: T h e Transformation of t h e Food Processing Industry . Animal Pharm: Animal Husbandry i n t h e 1990's . On t h e High Reef of t h e Human Dawn? Biodrugs: T h e Clean Revolution . T h e Cleanup Revolution? Biotechnologies, The Environment a n d Other Uses

111. T h e Political Laws of Life . T h e Lords of Life: Corporate Control of t h e New Biosciences . On Mars a n d Microbes: Biolog-ical Warfare, Plants a n d People Regulating t h e S u p e r ~ a t u r a l - : The Legal Challenge of ~ e g u l a t i n ~ Biotechnology From Cabbages to Kings? P a t e n t s , Politics a n d t h e Poor Biobattles at the United Nations: Plants a n d Politics a t FAO

. . .

IV.

Reflections of t h e T h i r d System . Climbing t h e DNA Ladder . Tomorrow h a s no Fixed A d d r e s s T h e T h i r d System a n d t h e U N System

V.

Appendix . Glossary of Terms; Major Plant Biotechnology Companies Company Profiles; UN Agencies a n d Biotechnology

( A v a i l a b l e from Daq L m a r s k j t i l d Foundation, O w e S l o t t s g a t a n 2 , 7 5 2 20 Uppsala, Sweden).

i fda dossier 68

, november/ciecernber

1988

local space

A PILOT INTEGRATED FARM FOR SOUTH CHINA

b y George L . Chan Visiting Professor, Guangzhou Institute of Geography B4-5 Nanyang Mansion Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China

A b s t r a c t . - i n l e s s tkm. m e decade, t h e P.ura1 Feapor.s~o:+ y P .. S.. s t e.~o f the neu chinese s i r a z e g y for development Has enabled "anp :rz:vza'^.:, households zo expacd s r c o t h l y frcrr. t'r.e tr&<or.al fzim s i d e l i n e s % c s u c c e s s f u l larger-scale self-managed e n t e r p r i s e s . The z e x t s t e p is t o i n c o r p o r ~ emodem science and technology, pzrtzculor-7y in b i o e q i x e e r i n g , t o upgrade t h s means of produsticr. in order t o o p t i m i z e producti v i t y i n a s u s t a i n a i l e and ecologically-balanced m a w e r . The ^.nt e g r a t e d Farm 5s not only to dernonstrmte t o t h e c o n s e r v a t i v e farmers t h a t bioengineering uorks, b u t a l s o t o convince engineers t h a t the3 should cooperate w-th m i c r o b i o l o g i s t s t o h e l p t h e i n d i v i d x z l firm famil i e s produce aLL t h e e s s e n t i a l elements f o r i n t e g r a t i n g animal husbandr y , f i s h e r y , plants and food processing through combination o f w a d i tiona'i. ar.d modem methods of bioconversion t h a t r e c y c l e s a l l t h e soc a l l e d DaSte?~ a s r e n e u c b k energy, degradable f e r i i L i z e r ar.d/or highp r g t e i n feed. The p i l o t farm u i l l a l s o allou s c i e n t i s t s ana s o c i o l o g i s t s , engineers and economists, t o c o l l e c t and analyse t h e nwierous data t h a t u z l l enable o t h e r s t o e v a l u a t e such a system and perhaps adapz i t t o t h e i r own rural, development plans.

.. .. .

UNE FERME PILOTE INTEGREE EN CHINE MERIDIONALE (ET EN PAYS T R O P I C A L / S U B T R O P I C A L )

R e s d . - En mains de 10 a w , l e "Systems de r e s p o n s a b i l i t e m a l e " de L n o u v e l l e stratc'gie c h i n o i s e lie developpement a permis 2 de nombreux a menages i n d i v i d u a l s de passer en douceur de L ferme marginale t r a d i a t i o n n e l l e d La r e u s s i t e de L'envreprise plus grande e t autoge're'e. La prochaine i t a p e e s t Z ' u t i l i s a t i o n de La s c i e n c e e t des techniques modernes, n o t m e n t en b i o - i n g i n i e r i e , pour caneliorer l e s noyens de product i o n a f i n d ' o p t i m i s e r l e s rendements d'une maniere durable e t k o l o g i y ~ e m e n t e q u i l i b r d e . It ne s ' a g i t pas seulement, avec 'La Ferme p i l o t e z n t i q r k e , de montrer aux paysans conservateurs que La 3 i o - i n g e n i e r i e f o n c t i c m e , mats a u s s i de eonvair.cre l e s i n g i n i e u r s de c o l l a b o r e r avec l e s m i c r o b i o l o g i s t e s pour a i d e r l e s fermiers 6 produire t o u s l e s etirnents e s s e n t i e t s 6 L'intc'gration de L'elevage, de La ?&eke, de to. t r a n s formation des p l a n t e s e t de l a n o u r r i t u r e par La combinaison de mdthodes t r a d z t i o n n e l l e s e t moaemes de bioconversion r e c y c l a n t t o u s l e s p r i t e n aus ' a & h e t s l en k r g i e renouvetable, engrais degradcbles e t / o u fourrage 6 f o r t e derisive protbiniqu:. La f e m e p i l o t e p e t a u s s i a z s c i e n t i f - i q u e s , sociotogues, i n g e n i e u r s et, ieonomistes de r h i r e t d ' a n a t y s e r zes nombreuses donnies p e r n e t t a n t L'evaluation du s y s t i m e en vua de son u t i l i s a t i o n 6 v e n t u e l l e p m d ' a u t r e s .

George L . Chan

A PILOT INTEGRATED FARM FOR SOUTH CHINA

1. Introduction

+-

The big problems with commercialization of animal and poultry breeding in most Third World countries are the high costs of feed and e n e r g y , resulting in reduced profits and even losses; and the environmental ollution created by a huge amount of livestock wastes that cannot be et ectively treated by a conventional sewage treatment plant because of i t s inefficiency a s well a s i t s prohibitive capital and running costs.

The main objectives of this pilot integrated farm are to quantify the economic feasibility for specific areas of South china, and to demonstrate how the proven or innovative technologies of bioengineering can be profitable for a commercial animal/poultry project without polluting the environment I / . It will have rapid growth of animals*, chickens, ducks, geese and pigeons with a high proportion of lean meat at minimum production costs. It will also treat the livestock wastes using the abundant natural organisms under their most favorable environmental conditions to recover all energy and fertilizer content for efficient production of feed and food, which will then be processed into highvalue products for sale or transformed by efficient micro-organisms into high-quality feed for the livestock. The income from the sales will be used to buy cheap but appropriate raw materials for transformation into higher feed for the animals and poultry, making the whole operation a very economic one by having maximum productivity at the lowest costs. Such an Integrated Farming System (IFS) 21 i s an expansion of the traditional Dike-Pond System 3 1 , which has been operating continuously and successfully in the P e a 3 River Delta of South Guangdong Province for more than 400 years over an area of 800 square kilometers involving over one million people. It is an ingenious example of utilizing science and technology in rural areas to have a sustainable, ecologically-balanced and economically-viable development that will encourage young people to remain on the land instead of drifting to urban areas. 41.
2 . Design considerations

The IFS incorporates livestock, aquaculture, agriculture and agroindustry in a closed cycle i n low-lying o r waterlogged land, and is designed to meet the following criteria:

. There i s no handling of livestock wastes a s they a r e automatically flushed by means of a siphon tank into the digesters where they a r e isolated, settled and digested, while producing biogas fuel, before the effluent i s f u r t h e r treated by oxidation in a series of stabilization
* a.nima.'is
can be m i n i c a t t l e or goats or pigs Inhere a c c e p t a b l e )

ponds, while producing aquatic life as food and feed 51. It also reduces routine labor to a minimum because the liquid overflows from one pond to the other by gravity. The final effluent, which i s highly mineralized, is drifted to overhead tanks for flushing the livestock wastes into dig e s t e r s , and for irrigation and fertilization of crops on the dikes. Electric generators operated by biogas, after removal of carbon dioxide and sulfide and their utilization to produce algae and fertilizer (sulfate) respectively, supply most of the energy required for the waste treatment operations a s well a s for the processing industries, except for some pumps in the ponds where either wind or photovoltaic i s used in order to save on the wiring system. Biogas is also utilized directly for boiling, heating and running farm equipment and vehicles.

. The utilization of waterlogged land for the IFS does not only t u r n a useless resource into a high productivity unit, but also saves considerable sums of money on costly drainage and irrigation systems, and prevents environmental degradation such a s soil erosion because the pond mud i s constantly recycled on the dikes; flooding damage because the dikes and ponds control any excess water to protect all the crops; toxic chemicals because only organic fertilizer i s used with rotation of crops for disease and pest control; and pathogens for propagation of diseases because of the complete treatment of all wastes.
3 . Requirements

The pilot farm i s established on one hectare of land, preferably in a water-logged area that is non-productive at the moment, o r near a river. Two shallow ponds and four deep ponds are d u g , using the excavated soil to build up the dikes above highest water level, with minimum freeboard of 50 cm. The total area of ponds i s 2 1 3 hectare, with the dikes occupying 113 hectare. There should also be a small farmhouse serving as residence for the farm family, with a workshop for processing and storage of the farm produce. The integrated farm i s self-sufficient in power, water, waste disposal, and basic food supphes. It may require a telephone and some means of transportation for i t s produce. 4. Livestock
A special animal house i s built with 100 square meters (s.m.) of animal pens on the ground floor; 75 s.m. of mezzanine for chicken layers and broilers, with two suspended shelters for ducks and geese; and 100 s . m . of algae tanks on the roof, which also has cantilevered canopies a s walkways. There i s no communication between the animal pens, opening on the outside, and the chicken pens, opening on the inside. The ducks and geese are completely separated form the animals and chickens.

There are 100 animals on the ground floor, 1,000 chickens and 400 duckstgeese on the mezzanine, and 100 pairs of pigeons under the walkways. They are fed the best rations known in animal husbandry,

with emphasis on quality r a t h e r t h a n q u a n t i t y , and given t h e utmost health care for optimum productivity of milk (where applicable) a n d tend e r i l e a n meat. For t h e pilot project, the y o u n g animals, c h i c k s , d u c k l i n g s , goslings and s q u a b s a r e imported o r b o u g h t on t h e local market. In a commercial e n t e r p r i s e , t h e r e will b e facilities for artificial insemination/ b r e e d i n g , with exotic b r e e d s introduced to u p g r a d e local stock. The animals and poultry a r e sold live, f r e s h , frozen, o r processed into o t h e r p r o d u c t s for added value. Sideline i n d u s t r i e s u s i n g feathers and s k i n s will also be added in a commercial e n t e r p r i s e . 5 . Aquaculture Photosynthetic c u l t u r e of spirulina a n d other high-yield a n d high-protein algae o r minute aquatic p l a n t s is done in shallow t a n k s on roofs of buildings and d i g e s t e r s , on plastic basins floating on t h e shallow p o n d s , and in horizontal clear plastic p i p e s , a s stockfeed for the dig e s t e r s to increase biogas production 61 o r a s livestock feed. The liq u i d i s moved intermittently b y m e a n s o f a small pump o r compressed a i r ; a n d artificial lighting, operated b y biogas fuel produced on t h e s i t e , is u s e d at night and on s u n l e s s d a y s for continuous photosynthetic growth of between 100 and 200 tons d r y l h e c t a r e l y e a r . This i s a n efficient way of utilizing s u n l i g h t , carbon dioxide and nitrogen - all f r e e n a t u r a l resources - to produce in substantial q u a n t i t y the protein component of feedstuff t h a t is most essential for livestock growth. The algal liquid can e i t h e r b e used for livestock d r i n k i n g , o r h a r v e s t e d b y centrifuge a n d u s e d in feed forn~ulation. Algae, protozoa, b e n t h o s , macrophytes and bacteria a r e grown naturally inside t h e deep p o n d s , and used a s feed in traditional Chinese polyc u l t u r e of five o r more compatible species of c a r p s ( a n d p r a w n s , where acceptable) in the same ponds 71. Only g r a s s and v i n e , grown o n t h e e d g e s of t h e p o n d s , a r e r e q u i r e d a s e x t e r n a l s o u r c e s of feed for one species of fish ( g r a s s c a r p ) , in o r d e r to enhance a complex food chain to feed all t h e o t h e r s 81. However, t h e appropriate feeds will also b e added to accelerate t h e i r g r o w t h . All t h e fish a r e u s e d a s raw materials for livestock feed; and t h e prawns (if grown) a r e retained for a few d a y s in one of t h e shallow ponds for polishing before sale. Aeration of the bottom water i n t h e deep ponds i s done o v e r t h e e n t i r e area with small pumps operated b y wind, photovoltaic o r biogas g e n e r a t o r s , in o r d e r to remove unwanted g a s e s a n d reduce fish s t r e s s , and at t h e same time enhance growth. T h e water temperature is kept a s high a s possible year-round b y solar heating. Fast-growing a n d high-yield ipomoea aquatica a n d r c p e n s , h y b r i d Napie r g r a s s a n d Centrosema vine a r e grown on e d g e s of t h e p o n d s , a n d azolla 9 / , duckweed, water hyacinth & water lotus are grown on p a r t of t h e pond s u r f a c e . They a r e among t h e most prolific plants on e a r t h , r a n g i n g from 200 to 500 t o n s / h e c t a r e / y e a r . Such plants contain a high proportion of water b u t t h e y also have most of t h e amino-acids, nitrog e n , p h o s p h o r u s , potassium, s u l f u r and o t h e r minerals. Some a r e used

directly a s f e e d , particularly for the g r a s s carps and a s feed supplemerit for the young livestock, but most of them are transformed by microbial processes into high-protein feed 101. Lotus and water chestnut are grown on p a r t of the pond surface for processing into high-value flour, with the residues transformed into high-protein feed. Hydroponic culture of high-yield sweet potatoes and aquaponic culture of inoculated beans a r e done in 4 rows of special plastic containers, 1 meter high, floating on each p o n d , with irrigation & fertilization done by capillary action using the highly-mineralized pond water, and the growing media inoculated with appropriate organisms to enhance growth o r nitrogen fixation. The sweet potatoes and crop remains a r e transformed by microbial processes into high-protein feed; and the beans a r e processed into high-value goods for sale, with the already high-protein residues converted into higher-protein feed b y microbial processes. There a r e many o t h e r aquatic p l a n t s , fishes and animals that a r e not known in China, but can be of economic significance to i t s r u r a l development programs. The local academics and technologists should pay more attention to these potential resources that can be introduced into the local economy at low costs.
6 . Agriculture

The crops on the dikes a r e not the same a s those in the Dike-Pond System, because t h e aims are different. In the traditional system the crops a r e mulberry leaves for silkworm culture; sugarcane for the s u g a r mills; r i c e , vegetables, f r u i t s a n d l o r flowers for the market; and g r a s s for t h e fish ponds. In the IFS, the main aim is to produce crops a s raw materials for processing into high-value products o r high-protein feedstuffs. There i s one row of fast-growing nitrogen-fixing t r e e s l b u s h e s and inoculated beans in the middle of every longitudinal dike, and one row of fruit o r oil-bearing t r e e s intercropped with high-yield g r o u n d n u t s and big squashes along the longitudinal edges of the ponds. Similar t r e e s a r e also planted a s fences and windbreakers, and for shading around the farm and animal houses. The pods and leaves of the t r e e s and bushes a r e raw materials for protein enrichment a s livestock feed; t h e beans and groundnuts a r e processed for sale, with the residues used a s feed materials; the f r u i t s a r e sold in o r d e r to purchase cheap feed materials a s s u b s t r a t e for protein enrichment; a n d the squashes a r e t r a n s formed b y micro-organisms into high-protein feed. Culture of sweet potatoes and aeroponic culture of various inoculated beans in special plastic containers, t h r e e meters h i g h , a r e done on both sides of the rows of t r e e s , a n d processed a s mentioned above. Multicropping and rotation of leafy vegetables a r e done between the aeroponic s t a n d s , with 10-12 c r o p s l y e a r . The vegetables are sold if prices a r e good, o r used a s s u b s t r a t e s for transformation into high-protein feed. Drip irrigation t u b e s a r e used on the ground for the t r e e s l b u s h e s and multicropping; and overhead irrigation pipes for hydroponics and aeroponics.

7 . Industry

The industrial operations are limited to processing some crops such a s beans and groundnuts into products such as oil and condiments for sale in order to purchase feed materials which, together with the processing residues, are converted into fermented products of high-protein content and used a s feed. The remaining crops, including the aquatic ones, are used a s substrates for organisms to perform microbial processes for protein enrichment before they a r e used a s feed. The ultimate aim i s to produce livestock feed of the highest protein content at the lowest cost, using the abundant and efficient natural organisms a s the work force and providing them with the best environmental conditions for optimum growth. It is to be noted that the industrial operations a r e not labor-intensive, with the farm family itself being able to cope through new skills and more creative processes obtained from the intensive help of modern scientific methods and technological innovations. Biogas is used to provide heat for optimum microbial activity, or electricity for grinding, pressi n g , s t i r r i n g , mixing and other operations, which are all connected with the livestock and crop processing industry. The appropriate investment should be made so a s to build the solid foundation for the advanced farming techniques and the processing industries, but using a s much a s possible simple machinery and locallyavailable materials and skills.
8 . Wastes

The IFS still benefits from traditional Chinese practices concerning the biological recycling of wastes to recover valuable resources and utilize them beneficially, in order to maintain the intensive but ecologically balanced farming on the dike and in the pond. It also incorporates science and technology not only to solve the aesthetic and health problems, but also to enhance the bioengineering processes in the interaction between land and water, in o r d e r to utilize free natural resources to produce livestock, fish and crops. So we a r e able to avoid the wasteful practices of so-called modern farming that i s heavily dependent on expensive machinery and fossil fuel, with substantial use of chemical fertilizers and toxic pesticides that create many environmental problems which are mostly ignored. The livestock wastes represent the most valuable component of the IFS. They must be flushed many times a day into digesters to minimize t h e losses due to ammonia and sulfides, which are lost to the atmosphere and consequently reduce the nitrate and sulfate content of the effluent, resulting in a lower fertilizer value. The organic compounds in the wastes a r e broken down at a fast rate by anaerobic bacteria, naturally present in the intestines of the livestock, at optimum temperature range of 30-40 obtained by solar or biogas heating, producing almost instant fuel when compared with the thousands of years required by biomass to become fossil fuel. The availability of biogas in the rural areas will also stop the cutting of trees and bushes for use a s firewood - a practice that has already caused serious erosion problems in China and other countries.

The digesters should be properly designed and built so a s to avoid leakage o r corrosion problems that have often plagued the digester programs. The corrosion problem has been solved in China by eliminating the metal gasholder, and leakage is the result of faulty construction, which can b e avoided if the builders know what they are doing. Operation and maintenance are simple, and the farmers have themselves to blame - and nobody else - if they do not perform their work properly. However, the design should include all the appropriate breakthroughs obtained worldwide. It should be a two-stage unit with short hydraulic retention time and long solid retention time, for over 60% reduction of the organic content of the wastes (BOD), optimum production of biogas fuel, and maximum COD and solid reduction g / . The biogas can meet most of the domestic, farming and industrial requirements in e n e r g y , with substantial reduction in production costs amounting to about 20% of the benefits of the IFS, but the prime function of the digesters is to treat all the wastes and transform them into efficient fertilizers and suitable micro-organisms for production of the highest quality f e e d , representing up to 80% of tlie IFS benefits 151. The digester effluent is f u r t h e r treated in algae tanks o r pipes on roofs of digesters and buildings, and also floating on the shallow ponds, for another 30% o r more BOD reduction. The algal liquid is moved intermittently by a biogas-operated pump o r compressor. The algae also fix nitrogen and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, increasing the nitrogen and carbon content of the system for higher-protein feed, b e t t e r fertilizer value, and more available components for organism growth to enhance the microbial processes. At the same time, oxygen is also r e leased to oxidize the remaining organic content of the wastes into minerals. Such treatment of wastes in ponds i s v e r y effective and economical where waterlogged land i s available, and this has been advocated a decade o r two ago by scientists in L'SA I l l b u t , unfortunately, non-Asian countries were not culturally r e a d y t o r such innovations, which have served Asia so well for centuries. Fortunately, the oil crisis in the early seventies has encouraged some institutions in USA and even Europe to t r y and change this situation E l . The algal effluent flows into a shallow pond without much health o r pollution problem, because any pathogens that happen to be in the original wastes a r e almost completely destroyed by the various treatment processes. The additional retention in the shallow p o n d , where aquatic plants a r e grown, will eliminate any remaining pathogens before the effluent flows into the deep ponds. The use of raw wastes in traditional ponds i s responsible for pathogens accumulating inside the fish without showi n g any external sign of infection 1 2 1 , and they can transmit diseases s to humans consuming the fish i f it i not adequately cooked. Also most of the polluting organic matter has been transformed into minerals, but nothing can be done if there are heavy metals present because of industrial pollution, which is not a problem with the IFS. The highly mineralized water encourages plankton growth to feed various species of fish and prawn (if u s e d ) , and also makes the aquatic and land plants grow faster. These plants remove the minerals so efficiently that the final effluent is almost pure water, which is never the case with any conventional sewage treatment plant anywhere in the world.

The Dike-Pond area in the Pearl River Delta is lucky because there is not much grazing by cattle, sheep and goat, o r monoculture without crop rotation, a s in some neighboring places which should replace such bad practices with integrated farming systems, so i t has no soil depletion problems. There is no fallow, and the only period when nothing is growing on the dikes is between rice harvesting and planting of winter vegetables, while the paddy fields are waiting to be cultivated, but this can often take a long time if the farmer still relies on himself and his water buffalo to do the work. In the IFS, we are not growing rice, but if we should do so we would integrate a special crayfish with rice cult u r e , as is the practice in part of the USA, and let the crayfish do the cultivation for u s after the rice is harvested, t h u s saving u s a lot of work and time besides having succulent crayfish for sale. In the IFS, besides using the soil as the media to grow various c r o p s , with the fertility maintained by natural organisms, each pilot plot of land is also used once every two y e a r s for one crop of worm and maggot for use as feed and fertilizer, which are in short supply or relatively expensive in most Third World countries. Such activities can revive the fertility of large areas of land that have been depleted of their nutrients because ot excessive grazing o r monoculture worldwide. The system of dikes and ponds also p r e v e n t s erosion of the precious soil because i t can only b e washed from t h e dikes into the ponds. The mud from the bottom of all ponds is removed by means of a special pump and spread on the dikes every two months, before broadcasting new seeds in the multicropping process that can yield up to 1 2 crops of leafy vegetables yearly in hot climates, without tilling, using the highly mineralized pond water tor irrigation and fertilization. It should also b e noted that in the IFS neither the livestock nor the human excreta a r e used directly as fertilizer, but are fully treated first - in fact, the treatment is far superior than what is done in any other c o u n t r y , so all the products should meet the most stringent standards anywhere. No chemical fertilizers, except for some trace elements, o r toxic pesticides are used so a s to avoid the insurmountable pollution problems plaguing many countries, including China which i s indiscriminately using such poisonous materials in some regions with irresponsible disregard of the consequences in the name of modernization.

The IFS Pilot Farm demonstrates the rational utilization of all available resources - human, environmental, material and energy - with the physical, chemical, biological and microbial processes to maintain a favorh l e ecological cycle integrating livestock, aquaculture, agriculture and i n d u s t r y , using the residues of one process iia input for one o r more of the tollowing processes. It mobilizes all the human, natural and scientific forces of production to utilize the available resources in symbiotic relationships to develop animals, b i r d s , algae, fish, plants, trees and agro-industries simultaneously as an integrated whole, instead of having any one ot them at the expense of another.

The primary aim i s to narrow the socio-economic gap between urban and rural areas by promoting other activities besides the traditional subsistence farming- t h a t , despite the hard work, has brought nothing' but poverty to the countryside. Since the new responsibility system was e s tablished less than a decade ago, many farm families have increased their output and income b y getting involved in integrated farmingindustry-commerce operations, and are now much b e t t e r off than most urban workers. Some even own China's few private airplanes and sophisticated computers, as well a s most of i t s private c a r s and other motor vehicles 131. However, it is still not good enough because they have become dependent on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, o r are not concerned enough about environmental pollution and degradation that will threaten future rural and even industrial development; o r about energy input-output deficits that were unknown in traditional farming. Modern farming, based on energy input-output balance using a special computer program, a s practiced in USA, shows a deficit factor of 10:l; in Britain, 6 : 1 ; and in Japan, 4 : 1. A similar assessment 141 applied to Chinese farming in an eco-village outside Beijing, using digesters and fish ponds to recycle the energy and fertilizer resources, shows a favorable factor of 1.0:1.26. There is no doubt that the energy inputoutput balance in the IFS of Livestock-Aquaculture-Agriculture-Industry will be much more favorable when the actual production figures of the Pilot Plant are obtained. With an adequate and convenient supply of the three essential elements (fuel, feed and fertilizer) for optimum biomass productivity in South China, with wide applications for other countries within the tropical zone, and the use of science and technology to enhance three-dimensional yields a s well as protein quality, the scope of the IFS with complete recycling of all resources through already known processes of bioengineering is almost limitless. Still we do not have to worry too much about marketing our produce at p r e s e n t , because of the huge insatiable Chinese market and the versatility of the Chinese who do not have many cultural, social o r religious qualms concerning food. As the saying goes, the Chinese will eat anything with legs except humans, tables and chairs, and do not care where the food comes from as long a s i t ' s well cooked and tastes good;

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ELEMENTOS D E L A CULTURA COMO RESPUESTA A L A V I D A EN BARRIOS MARGINALES DE ASUNCION

Dor Benno Glauser CDE, Centre de Documentaci6n y Estudios C.C. 2558 Asunci6n, Paraguay
P -

-as ideas elaboradas en e s t e p q e l son e l f r u t o de las exper'.er.sias de un grupo de personas trabaj'ando son d i v e r s c s s e c t o r e s de 1-ci poblasi.& iirbana pobre de Asur.sidn. A t r a v 6 s de e s t a s e x p e r i e n s i a s , fus posible acersarse rnds y profundizar 10s conocinientos que se t e n h acerca deL 'mod3 tie s e i - ' , de l a s f m a s de v i v i r , p e n s m y actuar de d 3 1 a p o b k i d n . Una. primera v e r s i s n d e l t e x t o fue d i s c u t z d a cor. an'ircp62ogos, y t m b i k n con n m e r o s o s promotores s o c i a t e s de programas de promoci6n comunitaria en seatores populares. Esta v e r s i o n ha s i d o enriquecida media :r'Cticas, comentcir'ios y a p o n e s ccmple'r.eni-orios surqidcs de esas d i s c u s i o n e s . El t e x t o r e s u l t a n t e e s solo un fraqmento de 10 rmc'no ffue todavCa queda por conocer en e l v a s t o c q o de l a c u t t w a de s e c t o r e s urbanos pobres. Es por e l l o que pueds c o n t e r e r p o s i b l e s ~ ~ L L ~ ' " ' J o C O Ssea , eomo r e s u t t a d o de una observacidn i n c o n p l e t a y p c r c i a l , o de t r a n s f o r maeiones p o s t e r i o r e s que d e s a c t u a l i c e n a l p n o s a s p e c t o s .

Una idea de cultura

La cultura de la poblacion urbanalsuburbana

Contrariamente a otros usos corrientes, definimos aqui cultura como 'la suma de elementos de 10s cuales un grupo social, en nuestro caso la poblaci6n urbana y suburbana pobre, dispone para responder a 10s desafios y condiciones cambiantes de la realidad'. Estos elementos pueden s e r tanto de c a r i c t e r material -- herramientas, tip0 de vivienda, costumbres alimenticias e incluso pricticas de medicina popular -- como asimismo de naturaleza inmaterial -- conductas sociales, creencias y pricticas religiosas o attitudes politicas. Son las condiciones materiales, sociales e historicas compartidas por un grupo poblacional las que determinan s u cultura. Dichas condiciones van validando o invalidando 10s elementos que conforman la cultura del grupo de acuerdo a su efectividad o la utilidad que tienen para 'responder' a 10s desafios de la realidad en la cual vive. En este sentido, se puede decir que existe una cultura, un 'modo de s e r f caracteristico de un grupo tan heterogeneo e inestable como el de la poblaci6n pobre de la ciudad: ell0 es innegable desde le moment0 en que este grupo se caracteriza por cond i c i o ~ e smateriales y sociales compartidas, a1 igual que por una historia corntin. Pero e s dificil describir la cultura de este g r u p o , incluso si se trata tan solo de ennumerar algunos elementos importantes de ella: la cultura de la poblaci6n urbana y suburbana pobre constituye una verdadera mezcla de culturas diferentes, resultado de la confluencia de representantes de grupos culturales diversos en el context0 de una realidad nueva, con-

fusa y cambiante, con une historia cornfin afin corta y dificil de entender. En esta n~ezcla confluyen elementos provenientes de las culturas campesinas, de diversas culturas u r b a n a s , d e culturas de paises limitrofes ( a traves de la emigraci6n temporaria) y de culturas f o r h e a s a traves de 10s medios de comunicaci6n masiva ( p o r ejemplo, las telenov e l a s ) , ademas de elementos adquiridos en la breve historia cornun. En este ensayo, nos limitamos a describir algunos elernentos de la cultura inmaterial q u e , segfin encontramos, tienen validez mAs general e intluyen especialmente en la conducta social y politica de la poblaci6n. Hacemos la salvedad que describir elcmentos culturales de un sector social a1 que no pertenecernos y cuyas vivencias diarias no compartinios conlleva el riesgo de e n t r a r en prhcticas paternalistas: por la selection de elementos para nosotros resaltantes e importantes, por una interpretaci6n de hechos a partir de nuestras propias categorias de pensamiento y por la intenci6n que tenemos a1 q u e r e r hacer la descripci6n propuesta. De e s t e rnodo, se puede llegar a glorificar la pobreza, a reducirla a algo romantico, folkl6rico o curioso, o se puede caer en una vision sombria que asocia la pobreza con la inconciencia, el letargo y la incapacidad de vivir

Ninguna de estas opciones vienen a1 caso: 10s pobres de la ciudad viven su vida y tratan de manejarla con elementos y valores propios. Su cult u r a no se agota en carencias o negaciones de culturas de otros sectores. Por el contrario, tiene s u propio s t a t u s , uno cuyas dimensiones y caracteristicas deben s e r descubiertas desde adentro de la cultura y con la participaci6n de s u s propios protagonistas. Es en ese sentido que nos abstenernos d e hacer juicios d e valor sobre estos elementos: nos contentamos con indicar que aparenternente existen y con seftalar s u incidencia positiva o negativa sobre las posibilidades de supervivencia colectiva del grupo. Algunos elementos de indole general Se puede constatar la presencia de diversos mecanisrnos de defensa, que se ponen de manifiesto tanto a nivel individual corno a nivel colectivo. EstAn, por ejernplo, el 'fternbotavy' (hacerse el tonto); la opci6n por una manera d e expresarse poco clara y afirrnativa a1 hablar; el no q u e r e enf r e n t a r en forma directa u n problema o a una persona que pone dificultades; la represi6n o autorepresibn de las manifestaciones de rabia o enojo; no q u e r e asumir cornpromisos; la predisposici6n a criticar y c a e r l e ' a1 que se cornprorneti6 a nivel colectivo; la terquedad con la cual se defiende una posici6n que expresa negaci6n o resistencia. Estos mecanismos constituyen una verdadera estrategia de superviviencia dentro de u n arnbiente percibido como algo extrafto y desconocido, y de hecho determinado por otros. Permiten una evasion no-violenta de la realidad, a la vez que crean condiciones favorables para una minima tranquilidad y vigcncia dc lo 'asegurado', frente a 10s impactos y desafios d e un mundo externo y de una vida diaria dominada por factores y poderes q u e se ubican fuera del alcance de esta poblacion. Particularmente notables e s la fuerza con la cual la poblaci6n, a traves de e s t e tipo de mecanismos, se resiste a cambiar s u s costumbres, creen-

cias y prficticas, o a adaptarlas a condiciones cambiantes. El10 echa por t i e r r a 10s anhelos d e 10s poderosos, de 10s patrones, las patronas y 10s e d u c a d o r e s ' del pueblo en todos 10s ambientes en 10s cuales estos se manit'iestan. Dentro de este context0 cabe mencionar tambien la gran capacidad de improvisaci6n de la gente: cJn estrategias tradicionales de respuesta a 10s impactos del medio, la gente intenta -- y muchas veces consigue -transformar elementos concretos que constituyen obsticulos de la vida diaria en elementos utiles para la superviviencia y defensa de s u s propios intereses. Una postura que se asume frecuentemente e s el inmediatismo: se vive el p r e s e n t e , no se toman muchas previsiones ni se planit'ica el futuro. Esto implica que las dificultades, cuando finalmente son percibidas colectivumente como tales, casi siempre se han convertido ya en problemas agudos: para entonces, ya requieren una soluci6n urgente que debe s e r adoptada en medio de circunstancias que ejercen considerable presi6n y limitan 10s cursos de acci6n posibles. Como consecuencia, hay reacciones antes que acciones, junto con conductas puramente pricticas ante 10s hechos que se presentan. Contrariamente a 10 que algunos c r e e n , la falta de previsi6n no constituye un hecho cultural de por s i ; basta recordar que las culturas campesinas conocen la previsi6n y la consideraci6n del f u t u r o , por ejemplo, a t r a v e s d e la neeesidad de guardar semillas para la siembra del aiio e n t r a n t e . Se puede suponer mAs bien que la poblacibn urbana pobre no e n c u e n t r a , e n t r e 10s elementos y las condiciones d e s u vida, aquellos que Ie permiten practical- la planificacion y la previsi6n. El bienestar y la tranquilidad individual y familiar constituyen valores fuertemente anhelados. Se expresan a t r a v e s de conceptos tales como p y a g u a p y ' , 'jeiko pora' , 'karu pora' , 'casa propia', 'tener trabajo e ingresos , 'jeiko tranquilopa' y 'jevy'a' I / . Estos valores, conseguidos solo en casos aislados y en forma precaria, s e contraponen a la intranquilidad general y a las deficientes condiciones del ambiente de vida y de trabajo. El bienestar individual o t'amiliar priman sobre el colectivo de la comunidad, del barrio o del g r u p o . Es decir, e n casos d e incompatibilidad, se t r a t a de luchar por el bienestar individual o familiar a6n si ell0 va en detriment0 del bienestar colectivo. Otro element0 cultural muy fuerte e s la religiosidad. No constituye, para la poblaci611, un factor alejado d e s u sentir y movilizado exclusivamente en las prficticas y rituales que se dan en el Ambito de alguna Iglesia; se t r a t a m&s bien de una suma d e elementos presentes en todos 10s Ambitos d e la vida cotidiana. Estos elementos proyectados por la religion se mezclan alli con 10s conceptos y valores q u e la realidad d i a n a d e la vida y del trabajo torma en l a s personas: estan interrela-

2 -/

"traxquilidad internu", t r a n q u c o l, "kal lapse I f .

"estar bien",

"corner b i e n " ,

. . ...,

"esm

cionados con la conducta individual y social, con las relaciones familiares y de pareja, con la sexualidad, con la comprensi6n y las explicaciones del mundo, del medio ambiente y del funcionamiento d e la sociedad, con las creencias sobre el cuerpo humano y la rnedicina, e t c . Sin embargo, estos valores ya no constituyen un cuerpo compact0 y cerrado, sin0 mas bien u n conglomerado mis suelto de valores; algunos se retienen y se van ai'irmando, mientras que otros son reemplazados paulatinamente por valores dictados y vilidados por la practica diaria. Los elementos religiosos vigentes pueden s e r desglosados en t r e s imbitos: el de las creencias, el de las p r i c t i c a s de la religiosidad popular y el de 10s valores proyectados por las iglesias institucionales. i. Las creencias forman parte del amplio cuerpo normative del saber popular. Estas creencias son, por un lado, consejos sobre como actuar en circunstancias concretas para el 'teko pora'; por o t r o , son explicaciones de '10 que pasa' que perrniten a las personas mantener una vision coherente sobre el mundo externo y sobre las formas en que ese mundo externo interviene en s u s vidas. Pero se t r a t a de un cuerpo inestable y cuestionado, a veces incluso negado frente a extranos o a s u rnido parcialmente, con cierta verguenza o a escondidas. El10 se debe al trato despectivo con el c u d la sociedad formal ha mirado y sigue mirando al saber popular, generalrnente resttindole importancia o denunciando su caracter supuestamente nocivo. ii. En las practicas de la religiosidad popular se juntan elementos de las creencias con elementos de 10s ritos de la Iglesia Catblica, estos ultimos interpretados por la p o b l a c i h a la luz de las creencias y la comprensi6n popular.

m . A pesar de que existen difercncias profundas e n t r e 10s valores promovidos por las iglesias institucionales -- la Catblica, les Evangeli'cas y las llamadas 'sectas' --, no hacernos distinci6n e n t r e ellas en 10 que respecta a tales valores; el peso d e la Iglesia Cat6lica e s rnuy superior a1 de las r e s t a n t e s , aun cuando algunos valores de las sectas encuentren fuerte respuesta a nivel popular. Nos limitamos a sefialar valores que son prornovidos por una o varias de las iglesias institucionales a t r a v e s d e s u presencia e n 10s sectores populares.
Algunos de ellos son: la irnagen de la Iglesia-instituci6n como una est r u c t u r a material jerarquizada en poderes y autoridades, comparable asi a la e s t r u c t u r a de 10s poderes estatales; norrnas y creencias frecuenternente expresadas a t r a v e s de conceptos ajenos a las expresiones vitales del s e n t i r popular; el concepto de subordinaci6n a la autoridad; la imagen de u n Dios y un reino d e Dios q u e no se ubican en la t i e r r a y la vida real, sino en el rnas aliA; la concepci6n de la rnujer sometida e inhabilitada para cumplir t'unciones centrales del culto; la inamovilidad de las e s t r u c t u r a s sociales vigentes; el concepto de una sociedad compuesta por clases sociales diferentes; la justification de la caridad practicada por '10s q u e tienen' y por 10s poderosos como medio para lograr una mayor justicia social; la aceptacibn de la pobreza y del sufrirniento humano, declarados condici6n privilegiada para 'llegar ai paraiso'; la idea de que '10s bendecidos' son 10s rnhs favorecidos materialmente; la idea de que 10s destinos humanos son predestinados; el autocentrisrno de

. ..

la comunidad religiosa ('10s eiegidos') y la falta de preocupacibn por la suerte de 10s demas. Pero tambien se encuentra la i.lromoci6n de otros valores - - a veces contrapuestos a 10s anteriores -- tales como la solidaridad, la priorizacibn del compromiso con 10s pobres y la prornoci6n y bfisqueda de una sociedad mas justa y mas hurnana con la participacibn de 10s sectores rnenos privile@ados, con 10 cual a veces se asigna a 10s misrnos un papel claramente protagonico y deterininante. Finalmente, cabe sefialar, eritre 10s elernentos culturales de indole general, la tremenda capacidad (?inconciente?) de aguante que tierle la poblaci6n urbana pobre der'tro de condiciones tan claramente dificiles. La vida y la lucha por la supervivencia e s enfrentada en muchos casos con confianza y fuerza. Se aprovechan todos 10s espacios disponibles para 'estar bien' y hasta para alegrarse. Queda, sin embargo, un interrogante: ?hasta qu6 punto la alegria y la aparente ecuanimidad ante tantas penurias no son sino otros mecanismos de defensa, necesarios para poder seguir adelante pese a las angustias y la desesperacibn? Forrnas culturales como respuesta a problemas colectivos Frente a problemas concretos que se presentan a nivel grupal o barrial, generalmente s e espera que la iniciativa para resolverlos sea asurnida por otros. La colectividad tiende a descargar la responsabilidad sobre algfin individuo, y con ello, s u s integrantes tienden a asumir el rol de s e g u i d o r e s ' . Raras veces ocurre que una persona asuma un inter6s colectivo en base a una responsabilidad sentida a nivel personal, y es diffcil que se comprometa en una organizacibn. Se hace valer mas bien conceptos que justifican la reserva de la persona, y que demuestran la inconveniencia de arriesgarse como individuo responsable en nombre de un interes colectivo. Es comun escuchar expresiones tales como 'no te metas', 'ocupate dc tu familial, 'despues la gente va a hablar mal de vos', 'te van a criticar', 'la gente e s desagradecida, no sabe valorarl. Un 'fie enga' (dicho) aplicable en este caso, 'ofiekuava osevai' ('el que se ofrece, sale malt), forma parte de valores de conducta sugeridos y practicados dentro de estructuras autoritarias; constituye un mecanismo de defensa en situaciones que de entrada coartan las posibilidades de un accionar participativo. El que se ofrece en esta situaci6n 'sale m a l l y se le dela fracasar. El concept0 que s e contrapone a e s t e , propio de estructuras igualitarias cuya presencia aUn se retiene de alguna manera en la cultura popular, e s el do la persona 'itekove' ('que actfia espontineamente donde hace falta') . En lugar de enfrentar 10s problemas por medio de la organizaci6n. se espera soluciones de arriba. Esta actitud es frecuentemente citada -pero pocas veces analizada -- en relacion a 10s factores que la motivan. Pensamos que algunos de esos factores son 10s siguientss:

- La sociedad formal considera a1 individuo o grupo de pobres o marginales como 'incapaces' de integrarse a la sociedad formal en la cual las personas supuestamente tienen posibilidades de triunfar 'si se esfuerzan y trabajan'. A culpar de esta manera la propio mar1 g-inalizado de s u rnarginacibn, niiseria y pobreza, la sociedad, a

traves de un discurso ideologizante, logra hacerle creer que es realmente incapaz y culpable de su condition: incapaz de dar pasos hacia soiuciones de 10s problemas con su fuerza y s u s propios medios . 10s sectores populares del Paraguay, sin posibilidad de acceder a1 poder y la riqueza, fueron relegados al papel de seguidores de aquellos que podian articularse en posiciones claves del poder y la domination politica. Los sectores populares, a pesar de s e r mayoritarios, no accedieron nunca ni a 10s instrumentos ni a1 espacio necesarios para enfrentar sus propios problemas.

- Desde 10s tiempos de la colonia,

- Este factor politico, junto con 10s condicionamientos propios del sisterna educative formal gener6, y sigue generando en la actualid a d , una e s t r u c t u r a mental o rnodo de pensamiento verticalista en las personas. A no poder acceder a puestos de autoridad, esa 1 e s t r u c t u r a mental hace que 10s sectores populares asuman el 1-01 de dominados y sometidos. Ya desde la escuela se enseiia que 'no hay que hacer nada sin que se te diga'.

- Dentro de este mod0 de pensamiento se cree, conciente o inconcientemente, que todo esth prefijado, que las posibilidades de carnbios a iniciativa dc las personas son minirnas y q u e , por 10 general, la vida cotidiana misma depende de factores externos que se sustraen al control de las personas. Esta suerte de fatalism0 nace de la experiencia cotidiana de una vida pautada y deterrninada por las autoridades o , alternativamente, por un destino oscuro que se relaciona tarnbien con el concept0 de la predeterrninacibn en 10 religioso.
Existe cierta predisposici6n autosugestiva a creer que la autoridad personificada e s fundamentalmente buena e intcresada en promover el bien cornfin, 10 que motiva expectativas en este sentido.

- A veces, la organizaci6n, como camino para la solucibn de problemas colectivos, tambien e s desestirnulada por la idea de que 'no hay necesidad de ella, pues para eso hay responsables', haciendo alusibn a las instituciones estatales cornpetentes.
Ademas, tambi6n hay determinantes (nateriales que inciden negativarnente sobre las posibilidades de encarar 10s problemas colectivarnente, como por ejernplo, la situaci6n economica apremiante. El10 hace diflcil que la gente de estos sectores, dentro del sinfin de preocupaciones vitales cotidianas, dedique mucho tiempo o tenga un interes mis que pasajero en cuestiones relacionadas con la organizaci6n grupal o cornunitaria. La misma inestabilidad de 10s ernpleos o trabajos, que puede implicar cambios repentinos e n el horario o en el lugar de trabajo, dificulta la participaci6n en tareas organizativas con la constancia que ella requerirfa. Asimismo, 10s sectores populares suelen equiparar 10s esfuerzos por organizarse con la subversion, sea como consecuencia de amenazas o del recuerdo de hechos represivos del pasado. El10 contribuye a1 desarrollo de actitudes autorepresivas. Incluso, se puede constatar q u e , en algunos intentos de soluci6n colectiva de 10s problemas a traves de organizaciones que surgen esporadi-

camente, las formas de procedimiento tarnbien estbn rnarcadas por una e s t r u c t u r a mental condicionada por el verticalismo y el autoritarismo: 10s participantes tienden a concentrar el poder de decisi6n y la iniciativa para la acci6n en una persona o en una cornision, encargadas estas de l l e v a r adelante' el inter& comun. Los demis esperan y se desentienden del asunto sin pretender mayor participaci6n en las decisiones y las tareas. Los mecanismos de toma de decision que se aplican son, por lo general, 10s que la sociedad formal considera corno democriticos: las decisiones son preparadas y adoptadas en reuniones, aplicandose el voto por rnayoria en caso de no haber consenso. Sin embargo, al mismo tiempo sigue vigente otra pauta cultural s e e n la cual las decisiones son tomadas por consenso, pero en base a una discusion y preparation informal del tema con 10s familiares, vecinos y amigos en un proceso que se desarrolla y madura antes que tenga lugar el debate en asamblea. Segun esta pauta, la r e u n i 6 n r v e para la mera ratificaci6n del concenso alcanzado en las discusiones informales previas. La vigencia latente de esta pauta dificulta la toma de decisiones en base a mecanismos democrhticos 'occidentales'. En estas circunstancias, la aplicacion de mecanismos 'occidentales' no garantiza que las decisiones adoptadas sean realmente asumidas posteriormente por todos y cada uno de 10s participantes del proceso. En cuanto a estrategias para resolver problemas, no se reivindica tanto el cumplimiento de derechos ya establecidos y supuestamente respetados por las autoridades. El recurso mbs cornfin, y tal vez el mAs expedito en el context0 de la sociedad actual, e s el de r e c u r r i r a 'compadres', funcionarios en posici6n influyente, lideres de partido, etc. Si estos pueden intervenir y resolver problemas, 10 hacen corno favor y rnuestra de benevolencia personal, vale decir, en base a mecanismos de tipo clientelista antes que a partir de una realizaci6n efectiva de una norrna legal que e s , o que deberia s e r , valida para todos. Valores morales Los valores morales tradicionales, junto con aquellos que son amparados oficial y legalmente, van siendo complernentados -- y en p a r t e , reemplazados -- por valores morales nuevos y alternatives. Estos, por un lado, son forjados y validados por la experiencia y la prbctica diaria, segun la pauta de '10 que s i r v e , e s bueno'. Por el otro, se t r a t a de valores adoptados a partir de la observaci6n de la prictica de la sociedad global; valores q u e , a pesar de no s e r promovidos oficialmente, se encuentran en plena vigencia y no son reprimidos, o si son reprirnidos, 10 son a e manera simb6lica (el ejempio mAs claro e s el de la corruption tolerada) . Estos nuevos valores cambian a medida que se va transformando el entorno social: no se encuentran formulados en ningun codigo normativo, pero constituyen un sisterna de normas reales dotado de alguna coherencia. Se encuentran vigentes a un nivel m& general y son considerados 'normales' dentro del sector de 10s pobres de la ciudad, constituyendo un sisterna de 'sublegalidad' vigente para ellos pese a la calificaci6n contraria por parte de la sociedad formal, la que sindica 10s hechos amparados por 10s mencionados valores nuevos como ilegales, inmorales y rechazables.

De este modo, 10s valores proyeetados por la sociedad y s u s instituclones frecuentemente carecen de contenido y validez efectiva: no son verdaderamente respetados e n la p r i c t i c a , sino mis bien asurnidos como apariencia cuando hay q u e enfrentar una presi6n o un control ineludible. Entre 10s ejemplos de hechos y actuaciones amparados por 10s mencionados valores morales de la ' s u b l e g d i d a d ' , podemos citar:

- Engahar a las instituciones estatales y s u s representantes. Esto no o c u r r e solamente a nivel de 10s sectores populares, sin0 que constituye una prhctica generahzada. A nivel de 10s p o b r e s , sin embargo, adquiere mayor importancia cuando el engaiio -- evasion de controles, impuestos y fiscalizaciones, por ejemplo -- e s cond i c i h necesaria para sobrevivir.

- Buscar ventajas personales y , sobre todo, econ6micas por casi cualquier medio -- cosa que tampoco e s privativa de 10s sectores populares.
- La p r i c t i c a del contrabando hormiga y el apoyo a1 contrabando d e escala media, especialmente en articulos de consurno familiar e n 10s mercados. - La defensa de posibilidades alternativas de explotaci6n econ6mica e n la economia informal, con acciones ocasionales de resistencia o protesta (el caso de las vendedoras en las veredas de las avenidas aledaftas a1 Mercado 4 e s ilustrativo de ello).
- Los robos, q u e muchas veces constituyen una medida de emergencia para poder corner y sobrevivir en el dia.

- La inestabilidad de la pareja; hombres y mujeres que comparten

s u s vidas y tienen hijos con varies compafteros o cornpaneras sucesivamente a 10 largo d e s u vida.

- La prostituci6n, incluyendo la prostitution de j6venes y niftas, que puede s e r considerada primordialmente como inconveniente personal -- peligro de embarazos precoces, tener q u e mantener u n a c r i a t u r a siendo joven -- antes q u e como 'pecado' o hecho inmoral.
En estos casos, la lucha por la supervivencia marca y dicta pautas de valoraci6n q u e no pueden mis q u e romper con codigos y consideraciones morales tradicionales. Y dad0 q u e son valores percibidos como 'vigentes de hecho', tampoco son mayormente sometidos a presiones o correctivos, sean grupales o colectivos.
A nuestro p a r e c e r , estos nuevos valores no deben s e r vistos como antivalores o valores negativos, asociados a la delincuencia o a 'las malas costumbres'. Son valores q u e marcan conductas, pautas y attitudes de 10 q u e se podria llamar una sociedad paralela (o sociedad informal, tal como s e habla de una economia informal), y que constituye un sistema normative perfectamente 'normal' e n esa 'otra' sociedad. Quer6moslo o n o , nos g u s t e o no nos g u s t e , 10s sectores urbanos pobres adoptan valores q u e , en s u ambiente, les permitirhn la supervivencia: si necesitan r o b a r , r o b a r i n , y para ellos, estarh bien.

WHEN THE TOURISTS FLEW IN

The Finance Minister said 'It will boost the Economy The dollars will flow in." The Minister of the Interior said "It will provide full and varied employment for all indigenes." The Minister of Culture said "It will enrich our life ... contact with other cultures must surely improve the texture of living." The man from the Hilton said "We will make you a second Paradise: for you it is the dawn of a glorious new beginning." When the tourists flew in our island people metamorphosed into a grotesque carnival - a two-week sideshow When the tourists flew in our men put aside their fishing nets to become waiters our women became whores When the tourists flew in what culture we had went out the window we traded our customs for sunglasses and pop we turned sacred ceremonies into ten-cent peep shows When the tourists flew in local food became scarce prices went up but our wages stayed low When the tourists flew in we could no longer go down to our beaches the hotel manager said Natives defile the sea-shore."

When t h e t o u r i s t s f l e w i n t h e hunger and t h e s q u a l o r were p r e s e r v e d a s a passing pageant f o r c l i c k i n g cameras - a c h i c eye-sore When t h e t o u r i s t s f l e w i n we w e r e a s k e d t o be "side-walk ambassadors" t o s t a y s m i l i n g and p o l i t e t o always guide the "lost" visitor

...

H e l l , i f we c o u l d o n l y t e l l t h e m w h e r e we r e a l l y w a n t t h e m t o g o .
C. Rajendra

( C o n t o u r s , Ecumenical C o a l i t i o n on T h i r d W o r l d T o u r i s m , Bangkok, T h a i l a n d , 1 9 8 3 , and S a t y o d a y a , N o 1 0 3 , J a n u a r y 1984, Kandy, S r i L a n k a ) .

T h i r d Quarter

THE HEALTH IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT

A CALL FOR CASE-STUDIES AND OPERATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS
T h e International Course f o r Primary Health Care Managers at District Level in Developing Countries ( I s t i t u t o Superiore di SanitA, Rome) i s c u r r e n t l y sponsoring a s e r i e s of international working meetings on the health impact of development. T h e meetings will d i s c u s s t h e pathways b y which environmental, economic, social, cultural a n d political c h a n g e impact on the health of t h e affected populations. Health i s h e r e u n d e r stood both in t h e quantitative s e n s e of 'number of y e a r s lived' - with related universal indicators s u c h a s mortality r a t e s and life expectancy - and in t h e qualitative, highly c o n t e x t - d e p e n d e n t , s e n s e of wellbeing (freedom from d i s e a s e , personal satisfaction, social participation, p r o d u c t i v i t y ) . T h e aim of t h e meetings i s to develop operational tools and recommendations to optimize t h e health impact of development projects a n d to promote related awareness among health a n d development worke r s . The proceeding's will b e published and available on r e q u e s t . Reade r s involved in development projects with clear positive o r negative consequences fur t h e health of t h e affected communities a r e kindly invited to write to t h e a d d r e s s below and include a description of t h e i r e x p e r i e n c e . R e f e r e n c e s , c a s e - s t u d i e s , observations and justified o p e r a tional recommendations to increase t h e health pluses and decreased the health minuses 01' Ji-'vrilopil!ent projects bill be v e r y welcome to a d d to t h e discussion a n d , possibly, b e included in t h e publication that will collect the r e s u l t s of t h e meetings.

Borr'ini, International Course f o r PHC Managers, L f v t u c o :weriore di S m i t J , 7 i a l e Reqina Elena 293, 00161 Rome, I t 3 . 1 ~ .
G& r

ifda dossier 68

noveniber/decen!ber

1988

national space

A L T E R N A T I V E ECONOMIC STRATEGY FOR N I G E R I A : INDIGENOUS SMALL SCALE I N D U S T R I E S

b y Regina U . Obi Department of Sociology University of Benin Private Mail B a g 1154 Benin C i t y , Nigeria
&

Anthropolog-y

Abszract. - The indigenou: sacio-economic system uhich enabled t h e development o f complex kingdoms and s t a t e s in 9igeri.a uas rooted on smalt s c a l e iru+dstries uhich f l o u r i s h e d , f o r i.nstsr..ce i n Auka, Supe, Benin, Oyo and Zaria i n pre-colonial e r a , s l a v e trade n o t - u i t h - s t a n d i n g . The strangu7at'im o f small s s a l e i.ndustries i n c o l o n i a l and post-coloniat e r a by development planners made room f o r the take-over of t'ne eccnomy by t r a n s n a t i o n a l and goveiwment-owned i n d u s t r i e s . These large s c a l e i n d u s t r i e s f a i l e d . T h i s mis-mamgement has l e f t t h e ccuntry w i t h huge foreign d e b t s . During t h e economic depression (1980-1988), lligerians are forced t o s t a r t o f f small s c a l e i n d u s t r i e s and t h e s e have helped t o o f f e r employment. These small s c a l e i n d u s t r i e s maximise t h e use o f l o c a l rm m a t e r i a l and t r a d i t i o n a l s k i l l s . The economic importance o f such i n d u s t r i e s has been demonstrated i n Japan and Germany, and t h e r e c e n t ' i i g e r i a n experience b u t t r e s s e s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y c o n t r i b u t e more t o development because they a r e rooted i n t h e indigenous c u l t u r e o f t h e people. The author concludes w i t h t h e recommendation ( i ) t h a t t h e g m e m e n t should s t u d y the s t r u c t u r e and functions o f t r a d i t i o n a l small s c a l e i n d u s t r i e s , and find ways o f i n t e g r a t i n g them i n t o t h e development plan and ( i i l t h a t , t h e present method devised by t h e National Director a t e of Employment t o e s t a b l i s h small s c a l e i n d u s t r i e s being inappropria t e , i t be r e s t r u c t u r e d .

UNE AUTRE STRATEGIE ECONOMIQUE POUR LE NIGERIA: LES PETITES INDUSTRIES INDIGENES
Re'sum6. - Le systeme socio-iconomique indigene q u i a p e m i s Le de'veloppement d e s complexes royaumes e t titate ae la Higeria e t a i t fond6 s u r de p e t i v e s industrie f l m i s s a n t e s d 1 'epoque pr2-coloniale, par exemple 6 Auka, Pi'upe, Benin, Gyo e t Zariu, en & p i t de l a t r a i t s des escl-aves. L 'eTravLgl>men c e s ind'uiscries 6 L '+oque co l o n i a l e e t post-co l o n i a l e de par l e s pLar:ificateurs o u u r i t la v o t e 3 lsi domination de L16conortie par des e c t z " e ~ " ' . s e t r u ~ ~ ~ r ~ t i o n oul e s s a propr'^t> du go'-ive:*.enei".t. Les 3rsr.aes e n t r e p r i s e s onz echoue e t Leur mauvaise j e s t z o n ptong6 Le pays duns l ' e n d e t t e m e n t e x t i r i e u r . Pendant L depression iconomique (1NC-1988), a Les Nigerians durent r e - d m a r r e r de p e t i t e s i n d u s t r i e s
( s u i t e 2 la page 31)

Regina U . Obi

ALTERNATIVE ECONOMIC STRATEGY FOR N I G E R I A : INDIGENOUS SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES

Introduction In Nigeria, the Fourth National Development Plan 1981-1985, an improvement on the Third National Development Plan 1975-1980, has eleven specific objectives, namely: ( i ) increase in the real income of the average citizen; (ii) more even distribution of income among individuals and socio-economic g r o u p s ; (iii) reduction in the level of unemployment and under-employment; ( i v ) increase in the supply of skilled manpower; ( v ) reduction of the dependence of the economy on a narrow range of activities; ( v i ) balanced development - that i s , the achievement of a balance in the development of the different sectors of the economy and the various geographical areas of the country; (vii) increased participation b y citizens in the ownership and management of production enterprises; (viii) greater self-reliance - that i s , increased dependence on o u r resources in seeking to achieve the various objectives of society. This also implies increased efforts to achieve optimum utilization of o u r human and material resources; ( i x ) development of technology; ( X ) increase productivity; and ( x i ) the promotion of a new national orientation conducive to greater discipline, b e t t e r attitude to work and cleaner environment (Federal Ministry of National Planning, l981 : 3 7 ) . But experience in Nigeria since the First National Development Plan 1962-1968, has shown that i t is difficult to achieve the expected goals because of lack of plan discipline, emergence of corruption in a large scale, lack of proper statistical data, lack of indigenous manpower in key positions etc. (Okigbo, 1983:55-59). Even today Nigeria cannot boast of being a self-reliant nation; she still imports elementary goods and services. The economy is depressed with hyper inflation, and high rates of unemployment, retrenchment and crime. So, s h e has so far not succeeded to b e a land of full opportunities for all citizens a s a result of poor economic planning and management of resources. Nigeria emphasizes the establishment of large scale industries ( e . g . Peugeot Automobile of Nigeria Ltd) which depend more on imported materials for economic production, and lukewarm on small scale industries which depend less on imported materials and more on local raw materials for economic efficiency in production I / . Investment on indigenous small scale industries ( i . e . indigenous economic production) such as blacksmithing, iron-work, shoe i n d u s t r y , mechanics, traditional food processing i n d u s t r y , soap making i n d u s t r y , textile i n d u s t r y , agro-based i n d u s t r y , building and construction i n d u s t r y will help to utilize our local resources and develop o u r indigenous technology. The Third National Development Plan stated that the main objectives of the Government programmes for the establishment of small scale industries are the creation of employment opportunities, mobilization of local resources, mitigation of rural-urban migration, and distribution of industrial enterprises in different p a r t s of the country (Federal Ministry of Economic

Planning, 1975:155). Plans on how to develop small scale industries are contained in the Fourth National Development Plan. It reads: Apart from t h e smalt s c a l e i n d u s t r i e s c r e d i t scheme and t h e s r o v i s i o n o f i n f r a a t r u c t u r d f a c i l i t i e s and i n c e n t i v e s , t h e s n a l l s c a l e i n d u s t r i a l i s t s and t h e i r e n t e r p r i s e s uiLl r e c e i v e o t h e r b e n e f i t s from some s t a t e Governments during t h e Fourth Plan period. For i n stance, through i t s s n a i l - s c a l e e n t e r p r i s e s development programs, the Oyo S t a t e Government u i l l provide b u i l d i ~ g s and equipment a s u e t t a s t e c h n i c a l s e r v i c e s f o r t h e use o f t h e s n a i l - s c a l e i n c h t r i a l i s t . The e x t e n t i o n s e r v i c e c e n t r e s u i l L carry o u t r e p a i r s on t h e machinery o f i n d u s t r i a l i s t s and f a b r i c a t e spare p a r t s Like b o l t s and n u t s f o r them. The S t a t e Government u s l l spend J a i r a ( W 3 m i l l i o n for the provision o f t h e s e s e r v i c e s during t h e plan period. I n p u r s u i t of t h e same o b j e c t i v e s t h e Anambra S t a t e G o v e m e n t u i l t spend 313 m i t - i o n during t h e -plan t o b u i l d cottage i n d u s t r i e s i n 13 Local g o v e m e n t areas o f the s t a t e . Cgun S t a t e has earmarked X4 m i l l i o n f o r preparation o f r u r a l areas f o r e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f small s c a l e i n d u s t r i e s uhi-te t h e Plateau S t a t e G o v e m e n t v i l l spend E0,5 mi-llion on development o f Alushi C r a f t Centre. Tne Ondo S t a t e Goverrment u i l l spend N I m i l l i o n on e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f zonal o f f i c e s for promotion o f small s c a l e e n t e r p r i s e s (Federal M i n i s t r y o f National Planning, 1381 : ] ? U ) . The above sounds good and commendable but it says little o r nothing about how to encourage t h e development of existing indigenous small scale industries. This is a very serious omission because the indigenous socio-economic system which had enabled the development of complex kingdoms and states in Nigeria was rooted on small scale industries which flourished, for instance, in Awka, Benin, Nupe, Oyo and Zaria i n pre-colonial e r a , slave trade not-with-standing. This aspect will be discussed below. This paper is in four p a r t s . The first part discusses the traditional and contemporary indigenous small scale industries. The second focuses on the contemporary large scale industries in Nigeria. The third deals with the relevance of indigenous economic organisation to Nigeria while the final part draws conclusions and make recommendations. Indigenous small scale industries: past and present The development of indigenous centralized and non-centralized states in Africa especially i n West Africa and Nigeria has intrigued anthropologists, sociologists, historians and political economist S . They agreed that each indigenous state had an economic base which sustained it such a s long distant t r a d e , local crafts and technology, occupational guilds and associations. The studies done by Leo Frobenius (1913) and Nadel (1942) on Bida; M . G . Smith (1955) on Zaria; Alagoa (1970) on Ijo; Bohannan (1954) on Tiv; Onwuejeogwu (1981) on Nri-Igbo; and Bradbury (1957) on Benin establish beyond doubt that guilds and associations of small and medium scale industries formed the basic work and industrial group s t r u c t u r e of production, distribution and consumption in the states.

For example, in the Nrl (Igbo) Kingdom and Hegemony ( A . D . 9001911), Onwue]eogwu (1981: 56-74) described four major productive groups organised in small scale units not exceeding ten individuals bound by kinship o r friendship ties, namely: farming group, trading group, ritual group and crafts group. He described how through the market and non-market systems production, distribution and consumption were generated by small industrial groups o r guilds through-out the kingdom and hegemony which at its climax involved many Igbo settlements "living in an area of about 4,500 square miles east and west of the River Niger". Leo Frobenius (1913) and Nadel (1942) described the flourishing metal-work in Bida at the beginning of this century as small scale industries with core groups of kinsmen engaged in economic production of various types. The g r o u p s made iron implements used for planting grain which was an important food item that sustained the kingdom's economy. Bida people manufactured sophisticated bronze and b r a s s household materials, decorative trinkets and bangles. The glass and bead industries were rich and prosperous; manned by small group of persons related through kinship and non-kinship ties. These few ethnography examples support the theories put forward h e r e , that small scale groups (indigenous economic organisation) formed the basis of effective production in traditional Nigerian economy. Indeed, indigenous economic production was more effective in the context of small group a s epitomised in the Hausa Gandu system which was the most effective farming group that p r o d u c e d e groundnut and cotton pyramids which Hausland was famous for during their trading history especially between 1930 and 1966. The relegation of small scale industries in Nigerian economy began after the Nigerian Civil War when the oil boom blinded the planners from including small scale industries in their National Development Plan. Chapt e r Eleven of the Third National Development Plan, for example, listed what is considered as small scale industries and defined it a s industries with less than ten persons with capital of up-to N60,000. This definition aside, the list did not include motor mechanics, metal workslblacksmiths who construct hoes, cutlasses, r a k e s , grinding and milling machines. The Third National Development Plan says nothing about how to encourage the growth of these small scale industries. The e n t r e p r e n e u r s were left alone even though they form over 80% of the private sector. The study on Rural small scale industries in Bendel North and their role in rural development has revealed a boom in small scale industries such a s bakeries. saw-mills and block mouldine'. The existence of med" ium sized urban c e n t r e s which retail different raw materials has enabled the research area to benefit greatly in terms of raw material production, distribution and generation of employment (Segynola, 1986; X-xii). The study of separate groups of bloc moulders in Benin City revealed that performance was superior under conditions of goal setting and supervision than "in no goal situations with supervision". To the Nigerian manager, the result of the s t u d y implies that goal setting and supervision act jointly to motivate and maximise the performance of the workers (Ebegbe, 1983: 2-11). Mbagwu (1983: 311-325) classified indigenous small scale industries into two categories, namely ( i ) those concerned with processing of raw materials into intermediate o r finished

production, and (ii) crafts production. He highlighted the intellectual and the policy neglect of indigenous small scale industries and their significant roles but lacked statistical data to support his argument. The experience of Western Germany shows that small scale industries play important roles in the economy. For example, the recent statistics number 1.9 million small and medium sized businesses including offices, service companies and factories. The small scale industries provide 2 out of every 3 jobs, 4 out of every 5 apprenticeships and half of the gross national products (GNP). Entrepreneurs of these industries a r e creative and take risks in times of crises. In the early 19801s, unfavourable economic conditions forced some large scale industries to close down, retrench workers or render them redundant, whereas small scale industries expanded, and are still expanding. Between the first q u a r t e r of 1983 and the first q u a r t e r of 1986, they created 306,000 new jobs in Western Germany (Scala, 1987: 11-13). The Japanese experience i s another ethnographic case of how the Japanese government encouraged small scale industries in agricultural and in many industrial sectors. The Japanese successes in rapid and effective industrialisation is strongly correlated with the adaptation of indigenous small scale industries into contemporary manufacturing companies, on the one hand, and the incorporation of ideas of the g, the family system, in organising t h e large industries, on the other. These make the workers have a feeling of family solidarity by introducing welf a r e , and promotional systems that motivate workers into putting their best i n their companies (Beardley, Hall and Ward, 1959: 45-193). Contemporary large scale industries in Nigeria The strangulation of small scale industries in colonial and post-colonial e r a made room for the take-over of the economy by the transnational and government-owned industries. Some studies of the large scale industries done at state levels show that they a r e inefficient and wasteful (e.g. Anao, 1985). Between 1970 and 1980, about 200 state-owned limited liability companies were registered in Bendel State to pursue activities in industrial and commercial sectors. They include cement, glass and textile industries; brewery industry; insurance, banking, clearing houses and consultancy; woodwork; laundry; supermarkets and gambling industry. These economic activities were traditionally reserved for the private entrepren e u r s . By the end of the decade, the state-owned industries started to collapse and were consequently criticized by the public for poor perforrnance. In his effort to find out the causal f a c t o r ( s ) , Anao conducted an indepth study of the Bendel Construction Company Limited. He discovered that the company failed because of lack of clear and rational objectives for investments coupled with the appointment of successive boards of directors who were ill-equipped and unsuitable for the needs of the company (Anao, 1985: 269-285). He also criticized the structural organisation of the company a s faulty though he did not state the nature of the human relationship which is pursued for effective management and production.

The case s t u d y of Hardel and Enic ( N i g . ) Limited in Owerri (Imo State) and in Enugu (Anambra State) shows the effects of traditional values of et'ticiency of Western bureaucratic style of organisation. According to Eke (19851, in Hardel and Enic (Nig.) L t d , there is a peaceful coexistence of both traditional values as ignored by Max Weber, and bureaucratic values as postulated by him. These two values operated simultaneously and effectively in most of the activities in the firm, e . g . recruitment and integration of workers, promotion, authority s t r u c t u r e and chains of relationships. What Max Weber regards as detrimental to the efficiency of bureaucratic organisation in the West is what the managers and subordinates of Hardel and Enic (Nig.) Ltd appreciate most in the firm (Eke, 1985: 147-149). In Hardel and Enic (Nig.) Ltd, traditional cultural values of workers were integrated into the cultural values of Western bureaucracy. These have the positive effect of ameliorating the rigidity of Western bureaucracy, and making work more meaningful and acceptable for the workers. Consequently, they a r e able to perceive the firm as their personal property that should be protected at all costs. This i s similar to the situation in Japanese firms a s described b y Linhart (1984: 51-52). The relevance of indigenous economic organisations to Nigeria Small scale industries establish face-to-face relationship between the boss and the subordinates similar to kinship relationship obtained in indigenous economic organisations which a r e organised in small groups of k i n s , relations and friends. This type of network enhances high motivation to work among workers. Workers have a feeling of belonging at workplaces, and accept slogans such a s (i) The work i s "our work" and not "Oyibo work", and (ii) S.F.O. that i s "service for ourselves". The positive attitude towards work found in indigenous industries i s diametrically opposed to the negative type found mostly in big companies for various reasons such a s : impersonal relationship established in the name of bureaucracy and lack of cultural relations which a r e found in small scale industries. The effectiveness and adaptability of small scale industries to the changing fate of world economy is remarkable. During the present economic depression that started around 1 9 8 0 , the Nigerian government introduced stringent economic measures to fight against the devaluation. The first industries to collapse were the large scale industries specialises in importation of raw materials and manufactured goods. The collapse of these large scale industries saw the boom of the small scale industries. The manpower retrenched in various large scale i n d u s t r i e s , some unemployed school leavers and university graduates were absorbed into the existing small scale industries. New small scale industries were established especially in the areas of food and metal industries. They began to make use of the local manpower and raw material resources which the large scale industries ignored d u r i n g the boom years. One case in point is the motor i n d u s t r y . Spare p a r t s were re-conditioned and new ones made with interior metal ( t h e so-called Taiwan make) in Anambra and Imo states especially Onitsha-Nnewi-Owerri-Aba axis. The big Aladja and Ajaokuta iron and steel industries were unable to cope with the new situation. Ajaokuta was unable to produce flat iron sheets necessary for metal work which the small scale indigenous non-univer-

sity trained engineers need in moulding and making small machines and engines such a s kneading and grinding machines, cassava grinders, pepper and egusi g r i n d e r s , tomato and bean grinders. The small scale indigenous 'engineers' began to use scrap irons to make hoes, plates, iron and steel p o t s , boxes and machines and motor p a r t s . Small scale meachanics, welders and vulcanizers emerged here and there and made it possible for private company and public vehicles to sustain the country's transport system. While the Volkswagen Nigeria Ltd and the Peugeot Automobile Nigeria Ltd were contracting, the small motor-part makers and mechanics were expanding and even absorbing workers retrenched from the big companies. This is the state of the present phase of the economy. It is at this stage that the Nigerian government came out with i t s small scale industry project which i s one of the four projects currently organised by the National Directorate of Employment in order to combat unemployment 21. The main objective of the small scale industry project i s to encourage unemployment graduates and young entrepreneurs to establish small businesses, become self-employed, and provide employment for other workers (Babangida, l987:4; The Guardian 1987: 1 0 ) . The Federal Government has deposited a job creation loan guarantee fund of N55 million with twenty participating banks to serve a s coll a t e r a l ~ for young entrepreneurs and unemployed graduates with good business plans who have no access to bank credits (The Guardian, 1987: 1 0 ) . Entry into the small scale industry and guarantee employment loan scheme is very competitive since applicants a r e expected to satisfy certain requirements to the National Directorate of Employment, such a s : ( i ) formal application letter stating the amount, purpose and addresses of two guarantors; (ii) photo-copies of credentials/certificates; (iii) a curriculum vitae (personal data) and ( i v ) comprehensive feasibility report of the proposed project stating the project, location, market analys i s , management team, production processes and plan, man-power requirement, estimated capital expenditure, projected income and expendit u r e , projected balance sheet, depreciation of a s s e t s , repayment plan, cash flow analysis and viability tests (National Directorate of Employment, 1987: 1 ) . The completion of the above requirements (Nos i-iii) present little or no problems to the applicants. However, concern should be expressed about requirement (No i v ) which deals with comprehensive feasibility report of the proposed project. W appreciate the fact that comprehene sive feasibility report of any business project can be very expensive. Given the financial predicament of the unemployed graduate, how can he afford such bills? Assuming that he finally presents a feasibility report of the proposed project, how authentic and genuine is i t , putting into consideration the high wave of corrupt and fraudulent practices which are prevalent in Nigeria? These are some of the problems which should be addressed, especially by the planners, in order to achieve fruitful results. Furthermore, it is observed that loans are given to qualified unemployed individuals who have little or no experience of business management to s t a r t new businesses 31. These loans should be given, instead, to existing established entrepreneurs of indigenous small scale

industries to enable them grow and prosper. It seems that in i t s present form the project i s organised on a n individual basis for those who can satisfy the requirements for selection, and not necessarily on developing and expanding the existing indigenous small scale industries. So, it is planned with the socio-cultural realities of Nigeria not taken into proper consideration. The project is saddled with western individualism and bureaucratic exigencies which are foreign to success and inimical to growth of indigenous small scale industries in Nigeria. Conclusion It has been shown in this paper that indigenous economic organisations which a r e small scale are invaluable to the socio-economic and technological developments in Nigeria, and a s such should be encouraged to grow and prosper. In view of this, the following recommendations a r e made: (1) the Government should study the s t r u c t u r e and functions of indigenous traditional organisations and find ways of integrating them into the development plans, and (ii) the present method devised by the National Directorate of Employment to establish small scale industries i s inadequate from a cultural and sociological point of view and may not sustain the test of time a n d , a s such, should be restructured to reflect the needs of existing indigenous small scale industries.
FOOTNOTES
l -/ F o r f u r t h e r d e t a i l s , see " M a n u f a c t u r i n g and C r a f t " , i n t h e T h i r d N a t i o n a l Development P l a n 1975-1980, V o l . 1 (Lagos: The C e n t r a l P l a n n i n g O f f i c e , F e d e r a l M i n i s t r y o f Economic

D e v e l o p m e n t ) pp.147-173.

1 -1

The N a t i o n a l D i r e c t o r a t e o f Employment was i n a u g u r a t e d o n November 1986. The f o u r c o r e programmes o f t h e D i r e c t o r a t e a r e : ( i ) Youth Employment and v o c a t i o n a l s k i l l s development ( i v ) Small

programme. ( i i ) S p e c i a l p u b l i c works programme. ( i i i ) A g r i c u l t u r a l programme. s c a l e i n d u s t r i e s and g r a d u a t e employment programme.

3 -/

D a t a c o l l e c t e d f r o m N a t i o n a l D i r e c t o r a t e o f Employment, B e n i n C i t y , December 1987

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. Abd E l H a l i m H e r b e r t , Les s c i e n c e s s o c i a l e s dans l a r e v o l u t i o n c u l t u r e l l e en I r a n , 17pp; Econofme i s l a m i q u e ou p o l i t i q u e 6conomique musulmane? 13pp. ( A r c h i s t e p h , 1 r u e Buisson, 42000 S t - E t i e n n e , F r a n c e )
B e n d l e y M e l v i l l e , Land Reform and P o v e r t y i n D e v e l o p i n g C o u n t r i e s (PO0 1169, Montego Bay P No I , S t James, J a m a i c a ) 5 p p . O H a r i Mohan M a t h u r , G o v e r n m e n t - a d m i n i s t r a t e d Programmes f o r P e o p l e - c e n t r e d Development (C.95 Jagan Path, O f f S a r d a r P a t e 1 Marg, J a i p u r 302001, R a j a s t h a n , I n d i a ) 17pp. B e r n a r d o Mendez Lugo, Desarrollo industrial y empleo: La i m p o r t a n c i a e s t r a t e g i c a de

l a m i c r o i n d u s t r i a en Mexico, 8pp; R e f l e x i o n e s s o b r e r e c o n v e r s i o n i n d u s t r i a l y a u t o d e t e r m i n a c i o n national, 4pp; R e c o n v e r s i o n i n d u s t r i a l y e d u c a t i v a : E s t r a t e g i a s h a c i a m i c r o , pequeiia y mediana i n d u s t r i a , 5pp. ( U n i v e r Authnoma M e t r o p o I i t 5 n a , Nhpoles, 03810 M e x i c o DF, M e x i c o ) . C a l l e L o u i s i a n a 119-6, Col

P h i l i p P a d a c h i r a , Media and S o c i e t y : Towards C o n t o u r s o f an U n d e r s t a n d i n g (CAMERA, 19 H a z a r i m a l Somani Marg, Bombay 400 001, I n d i a ) 30pp.

REGIONAL SPACE

.
. .
tion,

Bichara

Khader,

Une

calorie

sur

deux:

La

crise

alimentaire

dans

I e monde

arabe

(CERMAC, 3 p l a c e Montesquieu,

1348 L o u v a i n - l a - N e u v e ,

B e l g i q u e ) 31pp.

Mayumu Kimwang, A g r i c u l t u r e i t i n e r a n t e : Un s y s t h e i n a d a p t 6 au developpement i n t e g r e des pays au sud du Sahara (ISDR/MBEO-IDIOFA, BP 8351, Kinshasa, Z a i r e ) 9pp. A r t h u r K . Msimuko, U n i v o f Zambia, I n f a n t and C h i l d M o r t a l i t y i n A f r i c a ( C e n t r e f o r C o n t i n u i n g EducaLusaka, Zambia) 16pp. BP

FOB 32379,

B o n i f a c e T i o t s o p , P o u r q u o i I e chomaqe en A f r i q u e ? C m e n t I e v a i n c r e ? (IFO-AOS, 1756, Ouagadougou, B u r k i n a Faso) 32pp.

GLOBAL S P A C E
Amigos da T e r r a , H i s t o r i c a l Background and S o c i a l and P o l i t i c a l Chanqes Necessary t o Overcome Armamentism (CEP 90 420, P o r t o A l e q r o RS, B r a z i l ) 8pp.

Sarnir Amin,

I n Favour o f

a P o l y c e n t r i c World

( T h i r d W o r l d Forum,

BP 3501,

Dakar,

Senegal ) 5pp.

D o n a l d Sagar,

Crisis/Resolution

A W o r l d Peace I n i t i a t i v e

The Eden P r o j e c t (Eden

I n s t i t u t e , P08 148, B l o o m i n g t o n , NY 12411, USA) 12pp.

ifda dossier 68

november/december 1988

global space

THE GOSPEL OF GLOBAL EFFICIENCY

ON WORLDWATCH AND OTHER REPORTS ON THE STATE OF THE WORLD

by Wolfgang Sachs Penn State University 128 Willard University Park, PA 16802, USA It's raining reports about the state of the planet. The Gaia Atlas and the Worldwatch Institute's State of the World are circulating in more than a dozen languages, the Annual report of the World Resources Institute stands in easy reach of enlightened UN officials, and environmentalists across the world hail the report of the BrundtlandCommission as high-level testimony to their claims. I should show gratitude and relief. It i s t r u e , the curtain of silence is finally pulled away from the global survival crisis and a series of data and tables reveal the vast panorama of today's threats and perils. The evidence i s indeed undebatable. Also the appeal for urgent responsible action has been long overdue and cannot but command consent. Conversion i s indeed indispensable. Yet my admiration for the reports i s increasingly stained with mistrust in their effects. The proposed policies of resource management, I am afraid, ignore the option of intelligent self-limitation and reduce ecology to a higher form of efficiency. Such a reductionism, I claim, implicitly affirms the universal validity of the economic world-view and will eventually spread further the Westernization of minds and habits, a cultural fall-out that in the long r u n also endangers the overall goal of sustainability. More out of less Each of the 80 odd Worldwatch papers, for example, paints a picture of the global state of affairs which looks roughly a s follows: On the one hand we see how more and more people with increasing- needs for food, shelter, health care or e n e r g y , a r e demanding to be recognized, as the population grows and some inequality is levelled. On the other hand we are shown how economies squander their potential to meet these demands as they deplete resources, ruin the environment and drive up costs. The available means are diminishing, while needs become more pressing: what looms large in the picture i s a global sustainability squeeze. Fossil fuels, for instance, use up in one year what took a million years to produce, overburden the atmosphere with carbon dioxide, and prove to be more costly than investing in saving energy. The misuse ot water supplies deprives humans, animals and plants of a basic means of survival, pollutes the earth's reserves for a long time to come, and new water works c a r r y a multi-billion dollar price tag. Examples abound. Fortunately enough, t h e Worldwatch people s a y , the pict u r e i s not completely gloomy, but shows a streak of light in the distance. Shifting to less harmful means and concentrating on efficiency

signals for them the way out of the dilemma. Renewable fuels and fine tuning through conservation and careful management are typical r e sponses which point to the desired t a r g e t : resource efficiency. Indeed, if one were to suggest a motto to be engraved above the entrance of the Worldwatch Institute, the obvious choice would be "More Out Of Less". I will not doubt the necessity of this approach nor will I quarrel with the soundness of the alternative solutions suggested. But i would like to draw attention to a hidden reductionism which t u r n s ecological politics from a call for new public virtues into a set of managerial s t r a tegies. As with a pair of pliers where p r e s s u r e is relieved by yielding the grip of both p a r t s , there are two possibilities to move out of the dangerous squeeze between growing demand and insufficient means: to consider an enlightened restraint of demand on the one hand and to deal diligently with the available means on the other. The world watchmen, however, highlight only the second alternative and allow the first alternative to sink into oblivion. In their r e p o r t s , they alert to the efficiency of means, elevating the rules of micro-economics to imperatives for national (and even global) policy. Certainly, by doing so they spearhead the transition from an output-centered to an input-centered economy where not all resources are lavished on boosting the G N P but utilized with utmost efficiency in o r d e r to obtain growth without slag and d r o s s . Under the new prescriptions, economies are supposed to "work out" until they reach overall fitness, instead of simply putting on more muscle until they break some record, as in the decades after the war. Optimizing, not maximizing, i s the order of the day, and both engineers and economists take renewed pleasure in their trade puzzling out the minimum input for each unit of output. Yet, disregard for t h e first alternative - to consider an enlightened restraint of supply-oriented demands - t r a p s the world watchmen into the economic world-view. In such a perspective, each society p u t s production highest on i t s list of values and seeks the good life through expanding and accelerating the economic apparatus. As the reports rarely question the predominant position of the economy in society, they implicitly take for granted that the world's cultures converge in the steady desire for more material production. This prejudice b a r s the way to examining closer - even for the overindustrialized countries of the North! - a politics of intelligent self-limitation, which attempts to adapt level, volume, s t r u c t u r e and velocity of production/consumption to society's overarching goals. Failing to do t h a t , the reports seem to consider less cornmodity-intensive, less professionalized, less speedy societies inherently deficient. Since they are unable to imagme diverse cultures that intentionally live on intermediate levels of material demand, they cannot but make the economic outlook appear a s the natural mode of human living. Consequently, the view on the globe they propose continues (in the tradition of "development") to assume that all circumstances have first to be judged according to the imperative of production, be i t even environmentally rational production. Ecological politics, however, which take the steady growth in demand for g r a n t e d , and limit themselves to propagating efficient means, fall into the t r a p to p u s h , in the name of ecology, for the f u r t h e r rationalization of the world.

Resources everywhere The myopia of conventional economists has become proverbial. While staring at the role of capital and labour, they ignore many other sources of wealth and well-being: from the unpaid labour of women backing up the world of production, to the silent workings of nature replenishing water, nutrients and energy. Eco-developers set out to overcome this tunnel vision; they prospect the broad range of lifesupporting factors to assure the sustainability of yields over the long term. Through their glasses, numerous things and actions which so far had been taken for granted as part of ordinary life acquire a new, dramatic significance: they change into valuable resources. Cow dung for example, kindled b y the Senegalese peasant to heat water in the cooking p o t , suddenly becomes an energy resource; the scrap metal used b y a Peruvian squatter to build an annex to his hut takes on the dignity of a recoverable i n p u t ; Kenyan women cultivating village fields a r e discovered to be human resources for boosting food production. Und e r Worldwatch e y e s , more and more p a r t s of the world assume a new s t a t u s , they are disembedded from their local context and redefined as resources. In what new light, however, do actions, things and people appear when they are redefined a s "resources"? Obviously they acquire importance because they a r e considered useful for some higher purpose. They count not because of what they are but because of what they can become. They a r e stripped of their own worth in the present in o r d e r to be stripmined for somebody else's use in the future. A resource i s something that has no value until it has been made into something else. Whatever i t s intrinsic value, it fades away under the claim of superior interests. For more than 100 years tlie term "resource" has been used to survey the world for useful inputs into industry. Consequently, perception has been trained to look at forests and see lumber, at rocks and see o r e , at landscapes and see real estate, at people and see human resources. To call something a "resource" means to place it under the authority of production. The old-fashioned synonym for "resources" reveals clearly how language can impart destiny: what can you do with "raw materials" except finish them in a manufacturing process? But not just any productive use can make something a resource. While the peasant in Gujarat may use cow d u n g to fertilize his plot, i t becomes a resource only in t h e framework of national production. It i s in national ( o r global) accounting books that resources are specified, measured and assessed according to their relative productivity; it i s the capacity to boost GNP that constitutes a resource. Calling something a resource endows it with the availability to be exploited for the national interest. In a non-economic perspective, things often have a meaning which makes them resistant to unlimited availability. For instance, in a Hindu village there is always a holy tree or a sacred grove which is untouchable. Gods a r e said to reside in their shadow; to cut them as timber would deprive the village of mighty protection. Consider another example: From Bolivia to ancient Germany, mines were regarded as wombs of Mother Earth where metals grow in slow gestation. Entering this underground world with i t s mysteries meant crossing a treshold into a domain

which does not rightfully belong to man. Responsibility and care were required, and rituals were performed in order to ask for Mother's generosity. Cooperation of nature also had to be obtained by the NorthAmerican Cree when they went hunting deer. For them, animals were not game out there to be killed, but had to be convinced, in a dialogue of rites and offerings, to present themselves to the h u n t e r s . Indeed, hunting was an exchange between animals and man that was governed by friendship, coercion o r love, like an ordinary human relationship. In sum, understanding t r e e s , rocks or animals as animated beings in a wider cosmos where each element possesses i t s separate but related identity, entailed intrinsic limits on exploitation. Labelling things as "resources" takes off whatever protective identity they may have and opens them for intervention from the outside. Looking at water, soils, animals, people in terms of resources reconstitutes them as objects for management by planners and for prizing by economists. Even if they are renamed "resources" in o r d e r to maximize their efficient u s e , because of the cultural fall-out from the all-embracing economic cloud, i t will, in the f u t u r e , be much more difficult to have any intrinsic respect for them. Never enough The clock, we are warned, shows five minutes to twelve. Or even less. Be it Gaia, Worldwatch or Brundtland, they set off the alarm and seek to alert u s against the threat to the survival of the planet. The message is fully credible. But the conclusion i s highly double-edged: ' s e c u r i n g survival" is the proclaimed target for all responsible planning. However, has there e v e r been a society whose primary concern was survival? Probably not. Nomads might have fled d r o u g h t s , Florentine citizens may have hidden from the plague, soldiers in Verdun might have mobilized their last r e s e r v e s , b u t when has e v e r been proposed that society's s t r u c t u r e should be geared towards securing s u r vival? Of course, previous cultures never deliberately neglected the requirements of survival, but neither did they pay them much attention. Whatever their customs and rule, whatever their obsessions and fantasies, the conditions of physical existence were met in the course of the culture's pursuit of higher goals. Survival was nothing else than the by-product of greater achievements. It was not an explicit concern, but a given banality. Yet, precisely in the historical epoch where riches have been amassed a s never before, eco-developers from all four winds raise their voice and call upon people and governments to put survival f i r s t .
A glance into the various Worldwatch papers and yearbooks recalls the most recent p a r t of the story how plenty vanished and scarcity assumed command. A short time ago it could be taken for granted that the great cycle of evaporation, condensation and precipitation fully replenished o u r sources of water, but overpumping for irrigation, which makes the water level d r o p , and pollution from i n d u s t r y , which r e n d e r s i t unsafe, have today turned fresh water into a scarce good. Since time immeniorial, legions of insects and worms have renewed the topsoil, but pcsticicles and overuse of marginal land now accelerate the rate of erosion. And so it goes for global rainfall ( f o r e s t s ) , s u n radiation (ozone hole)

o r temperature (greenhouse effect). Plenty turned into scarcity as industrial and agricultural production were intensified and generalized around the globe. The threat to survival i s the result - one i s embarrassed to state the obvious - of the increasing identification of the good life with the availability of material products. Scarcity, therefore, is one side of a coin whose reverse side is called open-ended production. An emerging tribe of eco-experts, however, defines i t s field of expertise by focusing the spotlight on the first side of the coin leaving the second in the shadow. As the World Resources Institute programmatically states on the first page of i t s 1987 report: "The global environment i s an interconnected web.. The human race relies on the environment and therefore must manage it wisely". Clearly, the "therefore" is the c r u x of the matter: t h e scarcity of what was once plenty i s sealed and meant to be the base for a new type of management. While the supposition in the statement holds t r u e for all cultures, i t s conclusion highlights the hidden axiom of the economic worldview: there will be no boundaries to material progression. It is only when this axiom reigns that water, air and soil become and remain scarce. Taking the scarcity of natural riches for granted, however, is the base for the ecodeveloper's intervention: i t becomes his task to monitor and manage what has now turned into a scarce resource. And it will require all his professional skill to steer a course along that optimal level of exploitation which does not jeopardize t h e sustainability of f u t u r e growth. To rally around "survival" happens only in a society which i s driven by the imperative of continuously testing the limits of nature. Any other couldn't care less.

By putting on the glasses of micro-economics, i . e . the technique for selecting the most efficient means for a given e n d , eco-developers cannot escape the axiom of infinite growth. Since the time of Jevron and Walras, means a r e for the economist principally insufficient; their scarcity appears a s part of the natural o r d e r of things and no longer as caused by some particular, transient constellation where ends happen to outstrip means. Instead, the presumptuous expectation of 19th century Europe that wants, along the supposedly linear course of history, will continuously expand rendering means notoriously insufficient, has entered the nature of things as an implicit axiom, whenever economists seek to make the best out of so-called scarce means. They will never tell you what ends you will finally achieve "managing wisely" your means; for them ends a r e faceless, they have only one, just formal character: they a r e infinite.

For the economic world-view, needs will always become claims on material production. Well-being, in this perspective, is recast a s wellhaving. Society's welfare, therefore, depends in the first place on material output. Setting out to manage "global resources", world watchmen imply the world-wide victory of this specifically modern outlook as a f a i t accornpli. What separates them from the conventional economist, i s their straightforward recognition of environmental limits to production; what ties them nevertheless to the economic worldview, is the failure to appreciate cultural limits to the predominance of production, cultural limits that render production less important and consequently relieve also environmental pressure. For them as well a s for the conventional

economists, nature's riches a r e doomed to be insufficient, because both the affluent and the impoverished part of the world will inevitably grow in their attachment to material growth. The many different ways to the good life a r e implicitly reduced to the one single racetrack towards a higher standard of living. If societies always expended all their energies on pushing production, there would never have been the strikingly coloured fabrics in Senegal, nor the extravagant Moghul gardens in India, nor any gothic cathedral in France. As diverse a s these societies have been, they h a d , nevertheless, one thing in common: they aspired to something other than producing and spent their s u r p l u s on whatever g r a n d design. The West has decided to spend i t on multiplying o u t p u t ; eco-developers tacitly accept that formula for the entire globe. Always rational Throughout the Worldwatch p a p e r s , one frequently meets persons of a particular virtue. the utopia of a sustainable world appears to be populated b y a fairly recent version of homo sapiens, the efficiencyconscious individual. When i t comes to collecting glass-bottles in separate containers, to replacing open fires with stoves, to introducing minimum tillage in place of soil-breaking plowing, o r to installing d r i p irrigation instead of canals, all these suggestions, as reasonable a s they may b e , propagate the gospel of efficiency. Amory Lovins provided a striking illustration of the eco-developer's mood when he presented his audience with two light bulbs. Both lights were equally b r i g h t , although the conventional model uses 75 and the new one only 18 watts. He explained: "We should get used to seeing the purchase of an electricity-saving device like constructing a tiny power plant in the home. The new bulb, in f a c t , is producing 57 negawatts, i . e . unused watts. And the saved electricity can be sold to another client, making new power plants superfluous". Indeed, this could nicely e x p r e s s the efficiency ethos in a nutshell: "Produce negawatts!" Undoubtedly, the message is charming in i t s elegance. And this tends to blur the shift from the housekeeping to the efficiency ethos. Good housekeeping i s the traditional ideal of subsistence-oriented households. What i s t h e r e is not collected, preserved and reused: Food i s s t o r e d , tools are carefully maintained, furniture is handed down from generation to generation. Necessary possessions are fully u s e d , while outside p u r chases a r e kept to a minimum. Each coin i s turned over twice before it i s s p e n t , each transaction is carried out prudently, sometimes even with misgivings. However, the point of good house-keeping is not economizing for the sake of investment, but saving for the sake of independence. Choice of an efficient means has nothing to do with keeping expenses down, but aims at obtaining a higher r e t u r n in o r d e r to liberate funds for f u r t h e r investments. Saving, in contrast, intends to keep market involvement at a low level in o r d e r to shield t h e domestic economy against p r e s s u r e from the larger economy. Efficiency looks for opportunities, saving looks for security. Wlule the former implies infinite progression, the latter derives from a sense of enoughness. Both attitudes can easily conflict a s soon as a gain in efficiency would require money; the Indian peasant may, therefore, prefer to b u r n piles of cow d u n g , which involves no money expense, r a t h e r than buy a biodigest e r , though it uses less cow d u n g to obtain the same amount of heat.

More fundamentally, the peasant might not want to care at all, because he has other preferences in life. After all, the efficiency imperative demands leaving nothing idle and selecting - in terms of money, effort and environmental consequences - the least costly way to achieve a goal. Our peasant, however, might not be happy with the waterproof roof the "development" agency provided, and replace it with the t r a ditional roof of leaves and branches which requires major repairs each year. After all, this roof repair is the occasion of the village's weeklong festival! He is ready to be effective but not efficient. Since people are not fools, they will always intend to be effective and act so as to achieve a certain result. Yet efficiency can be way off, because the activity i s embedded in a web of other concerns. They may for instance use long hours every day to carry out customary visits to family members o r spend most of their money on elaborate festivities. The call to efficiency disrupts the other priorities which deflect o r retard the (technically) one best way. Actions are often over-determined and serve a host of purposes; to t u r n mere effectiveness into efficiency means to delete the other concerns and to privilege the naked means-end relationship. Once that privilege is erected, means count only as means; any consideration of context, quality, style or esthetics tends to become irrelevant. The model of rational choice, in fact, i s based on the assumption that means have been purified of any context, since they are considered to b e interchangeable according to the highest r e t u r n and calculable according to a single yardstick, generally either money o r energy. Efficiency behaviour spreads at t h e expense of culture-guided behaviour; it undermines non-economic notions of the good and proper life. Certainly, interpreting the state of the world chiefly in terms of "resources", "management" and "efficiency" may appeal to planners and economists. But it continues to promote development a s a cultural mission and to shape the world in the image of the West. The reports do more than simply propose new strategies; they also tell people how to see nature, society and their own actions. The more their language i s adopted around the globe, the more difficult will it be to see nature in terms of respect and not a s a resource, society i n terms of the common good and not of production, and action in terms of virtue and not of efficiency. To put it in a nutshell: they promote the sustainability of nature and erode the sustainability of cultures. And t h i s , for s u r e , will not benefit nature either.

NQ12 (514 piginas)

SUMARIO

Julio-Diciembre 1987

ELTEMA CENTRAL: .MEDIO AMBIENTE: DETERIORO Y RECUPERACIONn s t de C o o p e r a c i 6 n I b e r o a m e r i c a n a , Ave de 10s Reyes C a t b l i c o s 4,

28040 M a d r i d , Espaiia.

ASIAN EXCHANGE
A s i a n Exchance i s t h e q u a r t e r l y b u l l e t i n o f ARENA, w h i c h has w i t h i n i t s v e r y s h o r t p e r i o d of e x i s t e n c e e s t a b l i s h e d i t s e l f as T h a i , in-depth, Korean and Japanese. i n t h e r e g i o n and i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y . I n many i n s t a n c e s a r t i c l e s p u b l i s h e d i n t h e q u a r t e r l y b u l l e t i n have been t r a n s l a t e d i n t o A s i a n l a n g u a g e s such The m a i n e d i t o r i a l t h r u s t o f A s i a n Exchanqe i s t o p r o v i d e a n a l y t i c a l and i n f o r m a t i v e m a t e r i a l o f use t o r e s e a r c h e r s and s o c i a l a c t i v i s t s

i n t h e r e g i o n . The genera1 f o r m a t i s t o c o v e r s p e c i f i c themes i n each i s s u e , e i t h e r from t h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f m a k i n g s p e c i a l i s e d i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e s o c i a l - s c i e n c e s more s o c i a l l y i n t e l l i g i b l e and o f use t o p r a c t i o n e r s

or

f r o m an i n - d e p t h

i n f o r m a t i v e p o i n t o f view.

I s s u e s o f A s i a n Exchange have c o v e r e d t o p i c s such as ( 1 ) The Women's Q u e s t i o n ;

( 2 ) Sci-

ence, Technology and S o c i e t y i n A s i a ; ( 3 ) E n v i r o n m e n t and Development; ( 4 ) Human R i g h t s i n t h e C o n t e x t o f A s i a n C u l t u r a l T r a d i t i o n s ; ( 5 ) Peace and S e c u r i t y i n A s i a and t h e P a c i f i c ;

(6) Development I n d i c a t o r s ; ( 7 ) S p e c i a l C o u n t r y R e p o r t s
i n t h e Year 2000.

P h i l i p p i n e s , S r i Lanka and C h i n a

Annual s u b s c r i p t i o n r a t e s ( f o u r i s s u e s ) ; Japan, A u s t r a l i a and New Z e a l a n d USS30; R e s t o f A s i a ( i n d i v i d u a l ) USS10, i n s t i t u t i o n s US120; USA and Europe USS50.

( A 4 2F, G-Block, Hung Rorn Bay Centre, Kauloon, Hong Kongl.

Razv~t/Demlopmenf-international. a biannual is journal devoted to me mulbdlsciplinary scientific study of socio-economic development, particuluy. but not exdusively, from the viewpoint of social, economic, political, cultural, technologic a l environmental and other aspects of developmental experience and the goals of the developing countries at national and international levels

104-108

Baker St. Eunq Horn,

Razvoj/Oevelopmenf-interna!.onal. is intended

to provide a forum for mntr~butions scholars. by

experts and prominent public figures from developing countries and the international academic and political community working in different fields o f development linked by a common ms p c t fortheoveralldevelopmental emancipation of peoples and countnes, as well as for equitable international relations and co-operation for development I n s t i t u t e f o r D e v e l o p i n g S t u d i e s , FOB 303, 41000 Zagreb, Yugoslavia

JULIOIAGOSTO 1988

No 96

TEMA CENTRAL: Mifiud Uriof: El campunado: wan producior, gran au-nte; Gr hi"- Sorpraiat para a1 Tarcer Mundo. Biolecnologia, E f n i n Gorul O l a r f : Modecni. d : zacibn a pas0 do lortuga. Eccinomia canwuna d Peni. H ~ r n f i nJ. T i l I m ~ n Sabiduna campeiina acorralada: Juan Luis Hrnind E1 milagro ayicola vnzolanEduTCio E m rnist raforma agrarla sandiniiia; Ram6n FogJTigcra y democracia. La luchade 10s La campeiinos paraquavos. Apdo 61 . 7 1 2 , Chacao Caracas 1060-A, Venezuela

WOMEN'S V O I C E I N THE NORTH/SOUTH DIALOGUE

STRATEGIES FOR INDEPENDENCE AND S O L I D A R I T Y *
b y Hilkka Pietila Secretary-General, The Finnish UN Association Jussaarenkuja 5 N 0 0 8 4 0 Helsinki, Finland

Tlie theme of t h i s symposium i s a v e r y appropriate one: "Women's voice in t h e NorthISouth Dialogue: S t r a t e g i e s for Interdependence and Solidar i t y " . T h e women's voice i s barely h e a r d , e i t h e r in t h e North o r in t h e S o u t h , not to s p e a k of the NorthISouth dialogue. S t r a t e g i e s for Interdependence a n d Solidarity" b r i n g s u s to core of t h e matter a n d to o u r hopes for the f u t u r e . I n t e r d e p e n d e n t we a r e , whethe r we like it o r not. But t h e mere concept of interdependence i s often connotated a s if t h e South had been and were more dependent on t h e North t h a n t h e o t h e r way r o u n d . But i s t h a t t r u e ? In my view, the North i s vitally dependent on the South in t h e situation a s i t i s now. The North h a s been exploiting and utilizing t h e South e v e r since t h e colonial e r a b e g a n , and h a s t h u s built i t s development into such a form that it relies heavily on t h e continuous flow of resources from South to North. Now t h e North i s becoming o r making itself additionally depend e n t also on t h e T h i r d World markets and demand. If t h e globe broke into two s e p a r a t e halves. Northern a n d S o u t h e r n , t h e outcome might b e s u r p r i s i n g : a f t e r a s h o r t period in a kind of s h o c k , t h e South would finally become really self-reliant and develop i t s life a n d institutions rapidly and independently. But the Northern halt' would really be i n trouble. J u s t think of t h e e n e r g y s u p p l y alone: most of t h e machinery would not w o r k , t h e e n g i n e s , c a r s and t r a c t o r s would s t o p . T h a t would v e r y quickly mean t h a t we in t h e Northern Hernis p h e r e would both s t a r v e and freeze. It would take y e a r s to develop s u b s t i t u t e s for t h e e n e r g y a n d raw materials which we a r e so used to g e t t i n g cheaply from the T h i r d World. Some of them could not b e s u b s t i t u t e d at all.

However, once upon a time - in Finland, no longer ago than in my childhood - we were able t o live a decent life primarily on o u r own, with respect to both fuel and food supply. This gives an idea of the vulnerability of the kind of development we have created. It is not without reason that i t is called =development. There a r e a lot more indications of i t s malignancy. As to solidarity, I will come later on to sisterhood, a s I would r a t h e r call it among women. The industrial society through the eyes of women Through t h e y e a r s , development talks have been conducted a s if t h e development problems existed only in the South. I often call t h i s approach in t h e North 'looking at the world through a telescope'. Women from t h e South have asked with good reason whether there a r e any problems in the North at all. Development i s taking place everywhere, for good o r t r y i s standing still. In that process, we can also may be of great value in human terms. I would like aspects of industrial development a s they look from spective: for bad: no counlose things which to point out some t h e women's p e r -

The microcosm of the family a s a social unit has dispersed, when many of i t s original functions have been t r a n s f e r r e d to public institutions, i n d u s t r y and business. The nuclear family that remains is u n d e r p r e s s u r e from within and without. The work-load of women has constantly increased, despite t h e multitude of public services and the mechanization of housework. In earlier d a y s , women worked only one - albeit long - s h i f t ; now, most of them do a double o r even triple shift. As a p a r t of t h i s development, large, centralized s t r u c t u r e s have emerged in societies. The economic, military, political and administrative s t r u c t u r e s have become more and more hierarchical, all of them wielding a great deal of power. At the head of all these s y s tems a r e men, i . e . patriarchal power. Women have lost most of their real power to influence by means of their own work and capabilities. Non-material human needs (mutual r e s p e c t , dignity, meaningful work and life, t e n d e r n e s s , caring, n u r t u r e , human relations) have been ignored in the economic p r o g r e s s , and t h u s satisfaction of these needs has been left to women, in addition to all their o t h e r duties. Both socialism and the market economy bee n a t u r e , as well as> human beings, a s resources to be exploited, thereby destroying ecological systems a n d the beauty of t h e environment, a n d deg r a d i n g human beings to be mere instruments of production and consumption. Both women and n a t u r e a r e eventually raped!

The military systems a n d t h e arms race mark t h e climax of the hierarchies. They a r e nothing b u t a t h r e a t to e v e r y t h i n g t h a t i s d e a r to women: c h i l d r e n , n a t u r e , home and s a f e t y , even to men themselves. They imply total a b u s e of t h e scarce r e s o u r c e s available to humanity. All t h i s h a s taken place within t h e process of economic growth, prog r e s s in technology, a rising s t a n d a r d of public education, and intensification of production a n d consumption. The a d v e r s e implications of t h i s development, many of which remain unseen due to a lack of awaren e s s among women a n d to t h e i r self-imposed adjustment to male terms in society, have been p a r t l y excused b y t h e favourable effects of t h a t same process. T h e questions to b e asked a r e , whether i t would b e possible to achieve t h e favourable r e s u l t s without paying s u c h a high p r i c e , o r whether t h e negative implications a r e so marked that t h i s kind of development should b e rejected altogether. At least t h e p r o s a n d cons of t h e outcome should have been carefully weighed. And whatever t h e fair p r i c e , how could i t b e equitably s h a r e d between men and women, instead of being loaded principally onto women? This historical p r o c e s s was also discussed in t h e r e p o r t of t h e Asian a n d Pacific C e n t r e of Women and Development workshop, 1979:

The women's movement i n the V e s t passed through a period o f i n t e n s i v e , dramatic s o c i a l and economic change t h a t removed prod u c t i o n from t h e home, c o n t r i b u f i n q t o aeva'Luation o f uomen's household production and household maintenance, t h e i r e x c l u s i o n from s o c i a l and economic power and resources, and t h e n o t i o n t h a t men work and women have b a b i e s . C u r r e n t Z y women i n the Third World are going through mich t h e same trauma for man3 o f t h e same reasons, though the d i r e c t economic and p o l i t i c a l forces are d i f f e r e n t . I f wornen from c a p i t a l i s t and soc i a i i s t c o u n t r i e s , e l i t e and poor, North and South, are t o bridge t h e p o l i t i c a l and economic g u l f s between them, the r e c o g n i t i o n of t h i s f'~.ndamental c o m o n a l i t y o f economic processes i s c r u c i a l .
T h e world economic c r i s i s h i t s women in North a n d South In recent y e a r s , t h e r e h a s indeed been a lot of evidence t h a t so-called development i s not necessarily "a girl's b e s t friend". The DAWN group* h a s spoken out t h e experiences of women in t h e South i n i t s book E velopment. Crises and Alternative Visions: T h i r d World Women's Perspectives. T h e United Nations World S u r v e y o n t h e Role of Women i n Development h a s a s s e s s e d for t h e f i r s t time in U N history the outcome of development for women in North and South. T h i s i s t h e first occasion when t h e ON h a s really looked at development from t h e human point of view and not only from the economic point of view.

* A group o f T h i r d World worner. researchers c a l l e d Levelopmen^ Alternat i r e s o f hcmen for a .Vew Era, DAh fcf Z D A d o s s i e r 50, p . 6 1 1 .

The recent example of the commonality of the consequences for women is the so-called world economic c r i s i s , or the debt problem. In the South, it has led to forceful p r e s s u r e on the governments to adjust their economies to the terms dictated by the International Monetary Fund. In the North, it has led to so-called manageable structural change - the term used by the Finnish Government - which is in fact adjustment of the economies of the industrialized countries to the merciless terms of the international economy, and is hardly manageable at all by the national governments. The consequences in the Third World are grave: the b u r d e n on women is increasing, instead of decreasing, infant mortality i s rising again, more and more babies are born underweight, and women are working h a r d e r than e v e r in order to keep life going at all. All s t r u c t u r a l adjustment policies are gender biased, since they ignore the unpaid labour of women. This work, however, keeps society going. The t r u t h is that unpaid labour in villages and families is the final lifeline for people all over the world when macro-economic measures do not work o r may even collapse. At p r e s e n t , self-initiated activities are experiencing a remarkable revival and developing into a new wave of economic activity in many of the least affluent countries, when adjustment policies have failed. Most of this activity is initiated and developed by women. In industrialized countries, the economic s t r u c t u r e s have grown rapidly in size and power in recent years. This implies t h a t they a r e less and less u n d e r the control of anybody, either the government o r the people. People a r e manipulated into adjusting to the role of conspicuous consumers, who do not control even their personal n e e d s , let alone their lives o r their society. The children and youth a r e the victims of arrogant marketing and manipulation b y advertizing and entertainment industries, which reduces them to powerless puppets of competition and consumption. Invisible economy In fact, the biggest common denominator for all the women in the world i s the invisibility of their unpaid labour in the national and international statistics - and in the minds of male calculators, planners and policy-makers. Still, the policy planning implies that t h e r e are certain invisible hands to take care of the very basic personal needs - both material and non-material - of people, including men. The economists have a term for t h a t , reproduction (of l a b o u r ! ) , but still they do not account for it in their statistics. The special characteristic of this labour i s that it actually becomes visible when i t i s not done. This was the way Icelandic women demons t r a t e d their contribution to society on U N Day, 24th October 1975, when they went on a total s t r i k e , doing neither paid o r unpaid work that day. And the whole society was brought virtually to a standstill, when about 90% of the women were just walking in the s t r e e t s and congregating. The men had to make their breakfasts by themselves that morning, change the babies' nappies, and take the children with them to their offices and factories o r stay a t home with them.

It would quickly be seen in a n y family of the 'invisible h a n d s ' stopped working o r if t h e 'invisible p l a n n e r and administrator' went on s t r i k e . T h e life of t h e family would v e r y soon become unbearable a n d t h e home uninhabitable '. A -new economics needed One can s a y that t h e world economic situation today demonstrates t h e b a n k r u p t c y of t h e Western economic philosophy. It looks a s if t h e p u r pose of economics a s a science i s r a t h e r to control t h a n to u n d e r s t a n d : how to control the flow of r e s o u r c e s and money, how to control t h e production and t h e economic activities of people. But now e v e r y t h i n g seems to b e out of h a n d . and t h e whole of world economics h a s ended up i n a situation which i s more o r less unmanageable, at least within t h e traditional terms of economics. The magnitude of t h e d e b t problem i s t h e s t r o n g e s t indication that something h a s failed profoundly in world development. T h i s , also, i s t r u e of both South a n d North. The more t h e Finnish ent e r p r i s e s e x p a n d and become transnational, t h e less power the Finnish people have t o control t h e i r own economy and terms of life. It i s not only t h e sovereignty of t h e T h i r d World countries which i s being hijacked: t h e sovereignty of e v e r y c o u n t r y i s affected. T h e adjustment a n d t h e so-called manageable s t r u c t u r a l c h a n g e a r e two s i d e s of t h e e same coin, b u t t h e consequences a r e more dramatic i n t h e S o u t h . W a r e all victims of the same inhuman international economic o r d e r . But a r e t h e r e alternatives? Is t h e r e any o t h e r way to u n d e r s t a n d economics a s t h e c a r r y i n g o u t of production a n d consumption within human societies? Any o t h e r philosophy to explain and clarify t h e economics of human e n d e a v o u r s ? I am not a n economist - t h e r e f o r e I can pose questions which economists d o not usually a s k . A v e r y basic question in my mind i s , whether it i s a value a s s u c h to b e able to control one's own life? To what e x t e n t could i t be possible a n d on what terms? What i s t h e a p p r o p r i a t e balance between t h e price a n d t h e benefits - o r t h e value - of b e i n g able to control one's own life? This question can b e asked also about a nation. It i s a question of what self-reliance, independence, sovereignty and self-determination actually mean. Are t h e s e still t h e kind of cherished values that t h e y have been in p a s t human h i s t o r y , o r a r e we r e a d y a n d willing to give them u p a s t h e cost of material affluency, i n addition to o t h e r prices already paid, s u c h a s deterioration of non-material, cultural a n d spiritual p r o p e r t i e s of o u r lives? What would b e a n adequate price - if any - to pay for a materially decent life, without giving up more of the basic values? How can we protect ourselves - a s individuals and a s nations - against being robbed of o u r dignity a n d self-determination just for the s a k e of conspicuous consumption a n d t h e power-greediness of t h e economic man? T h e r e i s a paradox in t h e world in t h i s r e s p e c t : t h e less industrialized a c o u n t r y i s - in the modern economic s e n s e - t h e more independent a n d in control of i t s life i t could b e : What i s t h e n the optimal balance

between the costs and benefits in human terms? Is dependency automatically the necessary price for affluence? The full picture of economy

A s a hint of the direction in which we might look for new perspectives in economics, I would like to p r e s e n t the Three-Layer Cake with Icin by Hazel Henderson, an American futurolo&6st and alternative economist!
In this figure. Hazel Henderson has illustrated what i s the actual foundation on which all nionetarized economy is built. For u s women, this could be a revelation in itselt. It gives due credit to the various components of the material bases of o u r lives - also the non-monetary ones. Only t h e proportions of the cake are debatable. F i r s t , the proportion of Mother Nature cannot b e measured. W can only say that it e is much bigger than what i s seen in the picture. The second layer, consisting of all kinds of unpaid labour and production, i s different in different societies today, depending on their stage of monetarization.

Total Productl S y 8 f m ol an Induahlal Soclfh (Thrn-Laymr Cakm with Icing)

t
QNP "Public" Sclo

Counter-Economy

The top two layers also vary greatly in size, depending on the socalled level of development. In rich industrialized countries, the top layers are relatively bigger than in Third World countries. The essential fact i s that the top layers rest on the lower layers: they could not exist without the base, comprising Mother Nature and the unpaid work of her daughters in delivering, nurturing and providing the basic care for young and old, male and female human beings.
I have proposed that we should divide the national economy into two p a r t s , the rimary economy and the secondary economy. The primary economy is t h e n naturally the family economy - the households - which provides the prerequisites for the secondary economy to exist. Without the work and production of basic services in the households, no other economies would exist in any country. This should therefore be called the primary economy, and the secondary economy should only be auxiliary to t h a t , nothing more nor less. Now, the situation is just the opposite: families are made to be auxiliary, to reproduce labour for the national economy. This i s the basic misunderstanding o r intentional misinterpretation on the part of the whole of Western economic thinking.

Can we create a sustainable economy? Recognition of the very basic fact which the figure illustrates provides u s women with a lot of food for thought. First of all, it gives solid grounds for our claims that unpaid labour must be recognized in considering the basic factors contributing to human well-being. It also makes it perfectly clear that any economic thinking or calculation which does not take into account the very basis of human economy, Mother Nature, i s bound to be wrong and lead to disaster in the long r u n . That i s exactly what we are witnessing today in the world and in practically every one of our societies. What can we do i n o r d e r to rectify the whole of the economic thinking and policies in the world from now on?
I do not think there is any ready-made answer to this question. The least we can do i s to be critical: not to accept, not to go along with the prevailing economic system, even though it i s still normally considered a s if it were the only one possible. W should t r y to liberate e ourselves from this kind of competitive, exploitative and disastrous economy, and s t a r t to create and practise another kind of economic thinking.

The bases of the new economics could and should be the essential human needs - not the greeds! - and the practices within family econom y . Traditionally, in farming families, everyone contributed according to hislher capabilities and received according to hislher needs. Moreo v e r , production took place on the terms of Nature - there was no other choice.
I have been working lately on tracing back how the relationship between women and nature appears in the light of history and mythology. There a r e quite a lot of indications that women's relationship with nature seems originally to have been one of n u r t u r i n g it and utilizing it

at t h e s a n e time. Women seem to have i n v e n t e d a g r i c u l t u r e at t h e dawn of h i s t o r y , a n d s t a r t e d to domesticate animals in o r d e r to s e c u r e food for t h e family even when t h e m e n were unsuccessful in hunting' a n d fishi n g . Both t h e original a g r i c u l t u r e and animal h u s b a n d r y imply n u r t u r i n g in o r d e r to utilize. T h e y a r e c o n t r a r y to t h e practices of h u n t i n g a n d f i s h i n g , which a r e just exploiting, t a k i n g without giving. The relationship 01 men with n a t u r e a p p e a r s in t h e light of history to have been primarily competitive, fighting' ~ n conquering - and it still i s . d An American w r i t e r and f u t u r i s t . Riane Eisler. in h e r recent book The Chalice and t h e Blade, calls for a p a r t n e r s h i p economics - i n s t e a d o f exploitative, competitive and conquering economics - i . e . economics in p a r t n e r s h i p between women a n d men, between nations a n d with n a t u r e . Here we have some of t h e points of d e p a r t u r e for u s women to s t a r t with o u r t a s k of rectifying economics. One t h i n g which I feel v e r y s t r o n g l y about is o u r a t t i t u d e towards con]petition. It does not originally belong to t h e women's domain at all. However, the d r i v i n g force of t h e whole Western c u l t u r e i s competition. T h i s makes i t a g g r e s s i v e , acquisitive a n d c o n q u e r i n g , a n d i t h a s made it colonialist, militarist a n d s u p p r e s s i v e . T o d a y , i t makes o u r c u l t u r e d i s a s t r o u s , e x t r a v a g a n t a n d wasteful. T h e roots of t h e arms race a n d t h e economic race a r e in t h e competition for power. T h e r e f o r e we should denounce competition i n all i t s forms, a n d t r y to avoid it w h e r e v e r we c a n . T h a t i s one way of c h a n g i n g o u r c u l t u r e . Women a n d

peace

Women's a l t e r n a t i v e , c r e a t i v e t h i n k i n g h a s already proved i t s importance in t h e women's peace movement a s i t a p p e a r s in t h e s e decades ( A n o t h e r Mother for Peace, Women S t r i k e for Peace, Women for Peace in many count r i e s , Greenham Common Women, e t c . ) . I t h a s denounced t h e concept of e n e m y ' ; it h a s redefined t h e concepts of violence, s e c u r i t y a n d militarism. It h a s revealed t h e futility of armies a n d weapons for p r o v i d i n g s e c u r i t y against nuclear arms a n d nuclear technology, against ecological damage, depletion of n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s a n d extinction of living species. Neither can armies p r o t e c t u s against dornebtic violence a n d r a p e r a t h e r t h e opposite. Lately, in d i s c u s s i o n s , one of t h e s u p e r p o w e r s h a s launched a new concept of s e c u r i t y . T h e Soviet Government h a s s t a r t e d to s p e a k about comp r e h e n s i v e s e c u r i t y , a concept which c o v e r s also t h e economic, humanitarian a n d ecological a s p e c t s of s e c u r i t y , in addition to t h e political a n d military o n e s . T h i s i s a b i g l e a p , since i t implies t h a t t h e Soviet Government h a s t a k e n o v e r t h e creative a n d intellectual lead in s e c u r i t y discussions from t h e military-strategic e x p e r t s , who have ruled t h e domain of international s e c u r i t y for all too long.
I do nut claim o u t r i g h t that t h e Soviets have just adopted perspective in t h e i r new s e c u r i t y doctrine - they still lag way behind - b u t one can claim t h a t t h e new a p p r o a c h e s , clally t h e women's peace movement h a s been p r o p a g a t i n g , t h r o u g h . At least t h i s indicates t h a t i t i s worthwhile to creative thinking.

t h e women's q u i t e a long which e s p e are breaking develop new

Sisterhood is global

I have tried to highlight some of t h e experiences of ivon:en in the North in the process of industrial development. I s u g g e s t that we have a lot in common with women in the South a s r e g a r d s o u r e x p e r i e n c e s , b u t these may be somewhat difficult to compare, since they a r e not pdrallel in time a n d generation: t h e experiences of my grandmothers a n d even m y mother often resembled those of o u r s i s t e r s in t h e South t o d a y . When we recognize the comrnonalities of experiences even across the gene r a t i o n s , we u n d e r s t a n d b e t t e r the whole process of development.
we in t h e industrialized world today a r c in t h e midst of t h e consequences 01 a certain t y p e of development. Analysing and s h a r i n g o u r experiences today from t h e women's point of view may help o u r s i s t e r s in the South to see more clearly what to adopt and what to reject in this kind of development. I f only ive in t h e North had done o u r homework b e t t e r , so t h a t we would have a clearer p i c t u r e to offer of t h e pros and cons of o u r development!
\Ve can also s h a r e from another angle:

I d o assume t h a t we women have common aims as to what we really want and a s p i r e f o r . W want to s a f e g u a r d the life of humanity - and theree fore also t h e life of Mother Nature, so as to provide t h e bases upon which f u t u r e generations can live. Ecology, peace and justice - including equality and p a r t n e r s h i p between the s e x e s - a r e inseparably linked.

A s women, we a r e a t t h e s t a g e of culmination: t h e time of mere reacting a n d p r o t e s t i n g against discrimination and subjugation of all kinds i s about to p a s s , and a new e r a is dawning when we will propose o u r alt e r n a t i v e visions a n d focus o u r actions on effecting c h a n g e in o u r societies a n d in the world. Feminism i s i n the process of becoming a distinct social a n d political philosophy in itself.
Solidarity h a s been a powerful slogan of t h e labour movement. Sisterhood i s t h e keyword for feminism. The new name for solidarity i s sisterhood.

ANNOUNCEMENTS
*

* ANNONCES * ANUNCIOS
5020 S a l z b u r g , A u s t r i a ) i s l a u n c h i n g
I t will be an annual p u b l i c a t i o n f e a t u r i n g some o f t h e many w h i c h a r e f a c i n g up t o t h e numerous t h r e a t e n i n g formuhuman and s u s t a i n a b l e w o r l d o r d e r . their lesions are These p r o -

The I n t e r n a t i o n a l F u t u r e s L i b r a r y [ I m b e r g s t r a s s e 2, b i g and s m a l l ,

a C a t a l o g u e o f Hope P r o j e c t . p r o j e c t s round t h e world,

c r i s e s o f o u r t i m e s and d e v e l o p i n g p o s i t i v e new approaches beyond t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l l a e and t r u l y o r i e n t e d t o w a r d s a more j u s t , e c t s are g l i m e r i n g s of blems.

it i s v i t a l

hope t h a t t h e r e a r e v i a b l e s o l u t i o n s t o h u m a n i t y ' s awesome p r o t h e y a r e b e t t e r known so t h a t l e a r n e d by and

that

t h e y g i v e i n s p i r a t i o n and encouragement t o as many p e o p l e ds p o s s i b l e . T h i s i s t h e C a t a l o gue's o b j e c t i v e . such an I t may be t h a t you know o f a p r o j e c t o r for others. i n i t i a t i v e w h i c h c o u l d s e r v e as be o b t a i n e d f r o m inspiration P r o j e c t - C r ~ t e r i a and G u i d e l i n e s c o u l d

H e l m u t von L o e b e l l , a t t h e IFL.

SIPRI Yearbook 1987

W)rld Armaments and Disarmament
1986 did not live up to its name as the International Year of Peace. At the end of 1986 there were 36 wars and armed conflicts being fought, the most destructive of which (the Iraq-IranWar) involves the USA and the USSR both supplying arms to the combatants and now protecting shipping in the Persian Gulf. Arms control came to an impasse, weapons proliferated and arms transfers became more uncontrolled.

Selected findings from the S I N Yearbook 1987:

In 1986, 36 wars and armed conflicts were being waged and involved over five million combatants from 41 nations and material support from even more. It is estimated that three to five million people have been killed throughout the course of these conflicts.
From 1980-86, arms or support were sent from 53 countries to Iraq or Iran, 13 more nations than the three previous years; 28 countries supplied both combatants during the same period, (compared to 10 previously), including most European nations, (eg. as Austria, France, FR Germany, German DR, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, the USA, the USSR). The three largest arms exporters world-wide in 1986 remained the USA (333 %), the USSR (31.4 %) and France (13.3 %). The US and Soviet shares of deliveries to the Third World have declined from 69 % (during 1977-81) to 59 % (during 1982-86).

Iraq used chemical weapons again in 1986 against Iranian forces.

Of the 86 countries for which figuresare available, it is estimated that 60 % increased their military expenditure in 1986 while 40% decreased theirs. This compares to 70 % increasing and 30 % decreasing in 1981.

It is estimated that actual military spending for the USA declined in real terms for the f i s t time in 10 years.
The risk of collisions in space is increasing with the addition of man-made debris from national space and satellite programs, including tests of military systems for ASAT and strategic defence programmes. These activities have doubled the amount of microscopic debris &g naturally. China has emerged as a significant commercial arms merchant, with 4.3 % of all sales to the Third World. Progress in verification technology and policies have been such that verification cannot be the excuse for not pursuing or achieving arms control agreements, particularly on nuclear testing, theatre nuclear forces, military activities in Europe and a chemical weapons ban.

23 nuclear explosions were conducted in 1986, the lowest number since 1961: the USA had 14, France 8 and the UK I wiih the USA. Since the USSR resumed testing in 1987, and China has conducted its first nucleir test since 196.4, the number will be higher in 1987 than in 19%.

IDENTITE CULTURELLE ET DEVELOPPEMENT TRADITION ET MODERNITE*

p a r Ananda \ V . P . Guruge Representant permanent d u S r i Lanka A I'UNESCO 7 , place d e Fontenoy 75700 Paris, France Dans ie cuntexte de l'interaction intellectuelle e n t r e Ie monde i n d u s t n a lise et Ie T i e r s Monde (aujourd'hui appele dialogue N o r d - S u d ) , chacun d e s elements d e ces d e u x e x p r e s s i o n s , "identite culturelle et developpement", et "tradition et modernitet', s e voit a t t r i b u e r d e s connotations e t d e s definitions fort d i v e r g e n t e s . I1 e n k s u l t e , au plan conceptuel, un conflit q u i , non seulernent empsche les deux p a r t i e s de s e comprendre rnais, hien s o u v e n t , a l'effet negatif d ' e n g e n d r e r de g r a v e s malentend u s , de la mefiance e t d e s deceptions. Cette situation e s t essentiellement d u e & d e u x f a c t e u r s : ( a ) le "sentiment" v a g u e mais neanmoins marque q u e les d e u x elements d e chacune d e s e x p r e s s i o n s sont a n t i t h e t i q u e s ; ( b ) l'idee q u e les p a y s r u c h e s ont privilegier Ie deuxieme element ( h savoir t e n d a n c e , non seulement developpernent e t modernite) conime 6tiint le p l u s souhaitable, mais egalement d e p r e c i e r le p r e m i e r , considere comme l'obstacle i3 la realisation d u second. A c e s d e u x facons d e p e n s e r e s t intrinsequement lie un jugement subjectif d e v n l e u r s , isau d u contexte historique e t d e la realite socio-economique q u i e n t o u r e n t l'individu, le g r o u p e ou la nation concernes. Le conflit s u r g i t l o r s q u e l'une d e s p a r t i e s t e n t e d'imposer s e s v u e s A l ' a u t r e , et l'on ahoutit alors a la r u p t u r e d u dialogue. Le conflit n e s e manifeste p a s toujours explicitement s o u s la forme d'agressivite verbale ou e c r i t e . M a i s il e s t constarnment p r e s e n t , faisant p e s e r line menace latente s u r les r e n c o n t r e s d'intellectuels e t d e professionnels, particulierement q u a n d il s'agit d'elaborer u n e politique nationale d a n s les domaines d e Ifeducation, d e la c u l t u r e ou d e la science e t d e la t e c h n i q u e , ou e n c o r e d e formuler u n projet d e "developpement" d a n s les p a y s non i n d u s t r i a l i s e s , notamment les plus p a u v r e s . Le fait q u e le p a y s destinataire , p a r politique ou pragrnatisme , estime devoir faire p r e u v e d e soumission e t d e deference e n v e r s Ie p a y s f o u r n i s s e u r n e signifie p a s toujours q u e les divergences intellectuelles aient e t e aplanies ou q u e le benet'iciaire s e soit laisse convainere. Tant q u e la relation Nord-Sud r e s t e r a celle d'un d o n a t e u r a son ben&ficiaire - evoquant l'image penihle d ' u n hautain d i s p e n s a t e u r s e p e n chant v e r s !a main docilement tendue d u quernandeur - il ne p o u r r a

guere y avoir de reel dialogue e n t r e les deux partenaires. Ce texte tente d'analyser certaines experiences personnelles dans le domaine de la cooperation internationale en vue dc discerner, aussi precisement que possible, l'oripne des deformations de pensees les plus courantes et de p r e s e n t e r un certain nombre de propositions facilitant un dialogue plus authentique et plus efficace. E t , pour Gtre f r u c t u e u x , ce dialogue devra aller au-del2 du sens et des definitions des termes pour aborder les questions de fond, dans Ie cadre d ' u n schema conceptuel elabore d'un commun accord et fonde s u r l'unite de vues et le desir d'aboutir. Le developpement - une menace pour i'identite culturelle?
A des agents nouvellement recrutes de l'UNESC0, lors de briefings s u r

leur role de conseiller technique international, jfavais l'habitude de raconter deux histoires entendues des annges auparavant et dont je n'ai d'ailleurs pas encore reussi a retrouver l'origine. Le premiere est celle d'une sauterelle envoyee comme conseiller en developpement d a n s le pays des blattes. Des I'atterrissage, l'expert savait d6ja comment regler Ie probleme du sous-developpement chez les cafards: "Toutes vos difficultes", leur dit-il, "viennent d'une seule et meme cause - vous devriez s a u t e r et non pas ramper". La deuxieme histoire est celle d ' u n singe compatissant et genereux qui voit un poisson lutter conte le cvurant d'une riviere e n c r u e . Se dormant beaucaup de m a l e t au peril de sa vie, il se penche v e r s Ie fleuve en se suspendant d ' u n e main h une branche e t , non sans grandes difficultes, sort le poisson de l'eau. Mais celui-ci ne semble pas d u tout apprecier le sauvetage. La morale d e ces fables est claire: etant donne la specificit6 de chaque environnement, une solution valable pour l'un est totalement inapplicable, sinon a b s u r d e , pour l t a u t r e . Ce message n'est pas facilement accepte p a r ceux q u i , d'une p a r t , sont convaincus de leur competence e t efficacit6 s u r le plan technique, e t , d'autre p a r t , pensent que les hommes ont partout les m6mes caracteristiques. Us croient, d e bonne foi, que la p a u v r e t e , l'ignorance, la malnutrition, la maladie, etc. peuvent Ctre eliminees p a r des moyens identiques. Souvent je ne pouvais rien faire d'autre q u e dire aux recrues: discutons de nos experiences reciproques quand vous aurez passe quelques annees s u r le terrain. Deux ou trois fois p a r a n , et cela pendant six a n s , j'ai eu a recommander a mes collegues (originaires pour la plupart d u Nord) affectes dans le s u d de g a r d e r l'esprit ouvert et de l u t t e r contre le decouragement s'ils rencontraient des barrieres insurmontables a l'application de leurs solutions techniquernent parfaites. Ce qui les s u r p r e naient, souvent, etait Ie fait que le simple terme de develop ement n'ait pas partout le ni&me s e n s . Selon les definitions, a u t r e f o i s , des manuels, le E e l o p p e m e n t serait t'croiss:~nce plus cliangemcnt" et s u p p o s e r a t des plans ambitieux permettant de r6soudre tous les problernes p a r une crvissance econoniique rapide. Celle-ci devralt 6tre meaurable en t e r m e ~ d ' a c c r o i s s e m e n t d u revonu national par habitant, du revenu national b r u t , ou encore d u produit interieur et s'accompagner d ' u n changement, suscite p a r deh reformes sociales et cle nouvelles attitudes. Une seule chose etait necessaire: disposer d ' u n nombre suffisant d'economistes et de sociologues e t r a n g e r s pour decider des options nationales jusqulA ce que les autoehtones aient acquis 1'6tat d'esprit

voulu, c'est-a-dire oriente v e r s Ie developpement, la competition, l'aggressivite et l'obligation des resultats. Inutile de d i r e q u e ces idealistes bien pensants (ou plut6t ces technocrates) reviennent de leur mission en s e plaignant amerement de l'autosatisfaction contemplative des habitants, de llindecision, de la corruption, du n e p o t i s m et a u t r e s defauts. Quant a savoir quelle e s t . dans ces assertions, la part d e reel et celle qu'il faut attribuer au choc culture1 subi p a r l'expert, on en est r6duit aux conjectures. Les pays qui resolvent ces technocrates enthousiastes ne sont pas nioins degus. U s reprochent aux e x p e r t s leur manque d e patience, l e u r s prejuges et etroitesse de v u e s , ainsi que leur ignorance et mgpris des besoins et aspirations de la population locale. Dans la mesure o t ~la decision d e recevoir des conseillers depend d'eux, ceux des pays du Sud I qui ont f a i t , ? cet e g a r d , une mauvaise experience refusent d'accepter de nouveaux e x p e r t s ou alors prefhrent s'adresser pour llassistance technique A des pays dont la situation e s t plus proche de la l e u r . Les statistiques montrent que Ie Nord a perdu en trois decenies beaucoup de son prestige comme source d e conseillers techniques pour le Sud. Ce n'est pas p a r hasard q u e , de plus en plus, les pays du T i e r s Monde recherchent des conseillers dans des pays de la m6me region. C'est a mon avis autant regrettable pour Ie Nord que pour Ie S u d , car les possibilites d'echanges internationaux d'experiences et d'enrichissement mutuel ne cessent , d e ce fait, de s'amenuiser. L'analyse de cette situation permet de mesurer combien la revendication de l'identite culturelle a pu Gtre jugee incongrue. Certains t r a i t s culturels des pays d u Tiers Monde ont ete vivement critiques, verbalement et p a r e c r i t , comme prejudiciables a u d4veloppement. Une grande religion qui a influence le cours de Ithistoire de tout un continent a meme e t e une fois carrement qualifiee de "poids mort pour le developpement". Le meme genre de critique a ete profere contre les politiques favorables a l'adoption des langues nationales comme vehicule de l'administration et d e l'education, voire contre la preference pour le costume national et les usages traditionnels. Quiconque a hate de voir le monde entier coule dans un seui moule, l'ensemble des inega-lites redressees et tous les avantages de la technique moderne equitablement r e p a r t i s , est certes en droit de s'irriter des obstacles que les differences culturelles, traduites dans les attit u d e s e t les aspirations, placent s u r le chemin qu'il suit pour atteindre son b u t . Mais les beneficiaires presumes d e ce rapide developpement d a n s Ie sens d'un monde uniformise peuvent avoir d'autres priorites. S'ils acceptent de leur plein gre de ralentir le rythme ou d e faire un d e t o u r , il faut nous demander pourquoi. Preferent-ils p r e s e r v e r et promouvoir d ' a u t r e s aspects de la vie, l'cnvironnement, certaines norrnes ou v a l e u r s , plut6t q u e de chercher une croissance econornique rapide s'accompagnant de changements sociaux, nioraux, politiques et autres? Revendiquer son identite culturelle a toujours ete la reaction politique deliberee de tout groupe humain grand et petits, menace d'extinction et de subordination. En revanche, un groupe qui se sent en securite, un pays dont la souverainete ou l'independance ne sont pas en danger n'eprouve guere Ie besoin de renforcer son unification culturelle ou de

proclamer s a difference. Meme a l'epoque contemporaine, la revendication d e l'identite culturelle a toujours et6 p l u s forte e n cas d'acculturation nationale ou r e g o n a l e , d e deplacement de populations ou d'adoption d e v a l e u r s e t caracteristiques culturelles e t r a n g e r e h p a r une certaine p a r t i e d u g r o u p e . Ce q u i soude d e s collectivites e n lutte p o u r l e u r independance politique, kconomique ou culturelle d a n s les circonstances susmentionnees, c ' e s t toute unc s e r i e dt614ments culturels de la langue ( q u i cletient le plus haul d e g r e d'inflammabilite) a la religion o u , plus precisement, i ccrtaines s e c t e s ou denominations religieuses particulieres ( p o u v a n t e n g e n d r e r d e s formes tout aussi d a n g e r e u s e s d e fanatisme). Revendiquer son identite culturelle suppose necessairement q u e l'on croie a la superiorite de son p r o p r e patrimoine c u l t u r e l , a v e c s e s val e u r s e t s e s norrnes, et q u e l'on rejette celui d e s a u t r e s - e n particulier celui d e s a d v e r s a i r e s - considere cornrne i n f e r i e u r . J'ai c o n s t a t e , e n e t u d i a n t les mouvemcnts de renouveau nationaliste d e p l u s i e u r s p a y s d'Asie, q u e la revendication d e l'identite culturelle e n tant qu'instrument politique d e la l u t t e p o u r l'independance e s t destinee h produire deux effets:

( a ) i n s p i r e r u n sentiment de fierte a propos d u patrimoine national e n mettant e n relief, g r a c e a d e s r e c h e r c h e s l i t t e r a i r e s , historiques e t archeologiques, les g r a n d e s realisations d u passe d a n s les domaines de l ' a r t , de l ' a r c h i t e c t u r e , d e la religion, d e la philosophic, d e la langue et de la l i t t e r a t u r e ;
( b ) p r o v o q u e r u n e repulsion A l'egard d e la c u l t u r e d e s rnaitres e t r a n g e r s e t de l e u r s seides locaux, e n c a r i c a t u r a n t constarnment e t e n t o u r nant deliber6ment e n derision l e u r mode de vie et l e u r s a t t i t u d e s . Dans cette demarche, q u i constitue un acte d e g u e r r e o u v e r t e - bien q u e non violente - on considere q u e tous les rnoyens sont bons.

L'enseignernent q u e je voudrais t i r e r d e ces observations e s t q u e la revendication d e l'identite culturelle constitue l'expression naturelle et legitime d ' u n groupe e n d a n g e r d c disparition ou menace de dependance d u fait d ' u n e concurrence p a r t r o p inkgale. C r e s t alors le seul moyen de defense e t d e s u r v i e d e ce g r o u p e et il faut y v o i r , non p a s un p r o d u i t de l'insularite ou d ' u n e etroitesse d e v u e , mats la manifestation d ' u n e inquietude profonde. Bien q u e le colonialisme appartienne p o u r ainsi d i r e au pcisse, q u a t r e phenornenes continuent d e faire p e s e r u n e lourde menace s u r la souverainete e t l'indkpendance socio-economique d e s p a y s d u S u d :

(a)

u n e t a t d e dependance economique p e r s i s t a n t e n raison d ' u n e e x ploitation systematique d e s p a y s riches auxqucls ils s e r v e n t d e f o u r n i s s e u r s de matieres premieres bon marche et d e debauches lucratifs p o u r I'ecoulement d e s p r o d u i t s finis du Nord (selon un ~ y - t e m e q u i a p p a u v r i t encore les p a y s p a u v r e s et enrichit les riches) ; u n e tendance croissante h considerer l'information, les connaissances e t Ie savoir-faire cornrne cles "produits" qu'il faut a c h e t e r t r e s c h e r , ce q u i , faute d e moyens financiers, p r i v e les pays pauv r e s d e s a v a n t a g e s d u p r o g r e s scientifique et technique;

(b)

l'hemorragie d e s competences qui fait perdre aux pays pauvres l'elite de leur main d'oeuvre, dont la formation et l'apprentissage initial a represent4 d'enormes investissements; l'impact des mass-media q u i , principalement axes s u r le divertissement, diffusent essentiellement du materiel etranger t r e s eloigne des valeurs culturelles nationales. en raison de ces facteurs. en oarticulier les deux derniers. les pays concernes craignent serieusement de voir un sentiment d'alienation s'emparer de leur population, notamment des jeunes, il convient de faire le necessaire pour apaiser ces craintes. Dans un tel contexte, il faudra considerer dans un esprit constructif et avec comprehension les concept elabores p a r le S u d , -notamment ceux dtautoresp~nsabilit6et de loppement endogene. Dans quelle mesure les experts du Nord sont-ils capables d'accepter l'idee que le "developpement" doit 6tre un processus modeste et progressii', permettant d'attenuer peu a peu, puis d'eliminer eventuellement, la faim, la malnutrition, la maladie, l'ignorance, l'exploitation e t les inegalites sociales? Quelle importance sont-ils p r e t s & accorder h l'amelioration de la qualite mat6rielle de la vie pour les masses, au lieu d'encourager une croissance economique rapide favorisant l'apparition de quelques Hots de riches privilegies qui s'emparent alors d e s moyens de production? Dans quelle mesure voudraient-ils admettre que les peuples dotes d'un riche patrimoine culturel, y compris de philosophes de vie reputees depuis des siecles, preferent sauvegarder leurs normes et val e u r s , m6me au prix de grands sacrifices au plan du confort materiel? Les besoins et aspirations des differents peuples du Sud meritent d16tre etudies de maniere attentive e t exhaustive. Alors seulement on pourra trouver des normes et des formes d e developpement acceptables p a r les deux parties. En attendant, on faciliterait considerablement la confiance reciproque e t la cooperation si l'on ne demandait pas aux blattes l'impossible exploit de sauter comme des sauterelles, et si l'on ne retirereit pas les poissons de l'eau avec l'id6e saugrenue de les sauver. Developpement = modernisation = occidentalisation: une equation fausse Les craintes et p d j u g e s qui conduisent A faussement opposer identite culturelle et developpement paraissent egalement jouer pour les notions de tradition e t modernite. L'idee selon laquelle modernisation 6gale occid-tion decoule, en fait, de lfhommage que le monde a rendu durant le 19e siecle 6 1'Europe occidentale pour ses progres scientifiques e t techniques spectaculaires. M6me des pays qui ne furent jamais colonises (le Japon et la Thailande, pour citer deux exemples remarquables) ont reconnu le profit qu'ils on? tire des systgmes, institutions, procedes et methodes mis au point par 1'Ouest. Qu'il s'agisse de r o u t e s , chemins de f e r , telecommunications, moteurs, machines et usines, ecoles e t bureaux, systemes et methodes de gestion, investissements, etc. , les initiatives prises p a r llOccident ont 4te avidement suivies, leur utilite pratique ou plut6t leur caractere indispensable s'imposant l'evidence. Ces progres ont fait disparaitre nombre de pratiques traditionnelles et personne ne les regrette. Mais tous ont en commun une caracteristique:

&

ils tie concernent que la penpherie tie la vie de l'intiividu e t , pour la plupart, ne touchent qu'un groupe restraint de la population. D'une maniere generale, ils ameliorent le confort rnateriel de ceux qui peuvent se les offrir. Que le meme desir de modernisation ne s'etende pas A des aspects plus profonds du mode de vie e s t . pour la plupart des o b s e r v a t e u r s , un sujet de perplexite. Us constatent meme un refus categorique des popul a t i o n ~de se laisser forcer & adopter certaines innovations. Une analyse attentive montre que cette resistance se manifeste a l'egard d'innovations qui touchent a des matieres cruciales pour leur survie. Un gouvernement ou un agriculteur prospere acceptera d'essayer une nouvelle technique d'irrigation ou de rotation des c u l t u r e s , de nouvelles semences ou de nouveaux types d'engrais. Mais le petit paysan qui ne retire que des moyens d'existence p&caires de I'agriculture de subsistance n'osera pas tenter l'experience, craignant que l'echec d'une seule k c o l t e ne mette en danger sa survie et celle de sa farnille. Cette crainte de la nouveaute s'etend aux institutions sociales qui l'entourent. A ses y e u x , la tradition, qui lui prornet un lendemain previsible, importe beaucoup plus que tous les profits materiels qu'experts et conseillers lui font e s p e r e r . Pour les conseiller e n "developpement", originaire d u Nord ou en ayant la mentalite, l'attitude do ceux qui s'accrochent a la tradition est reactionnaire et va a l'encontre d u but recherche. Pour e u x , les techniq u e s , les produits e t les methodes modernes valent la peine d ' e t r e e s sayes. Us s o n t , en o u t r e , persuades qu'on ne saurait progresser sans prendre d e s risques - des risques calcules, ajoutent-ils cependant. Et c'est l& justement qu'on touche h la racine du conflit e n t r e tradition et modernite. Ce n f e s t pas q u e les partisans de la tradition ne soient pas conscients des avantages eventuels de la modernite, mais ils s'effraient des sacrifices que celle-ci les amenerait finalement consentir. Chaque fois que l'on est tente d e contester, de ridiculiser ou de critiq u e r les k t i c e n c e s d'un pays devant le modernisme, il serait bon de reflechir un moment a deux series de questions: ( a ) Cette reticence se manifeste-t-elle dans tous les cas? La radio, la television, l'informatique et bien d t a u t r e s produits de la technique moderne n'ont-ils pas ete adoptes avec un enthousiasme evident? ( b ) Pourquoi la sagesse collective d'une population particuliere rejette-t-elle une innovation que l'expert trouve appropriee et ef'ticace? La proposition implique-t-elle d e s sacrifices inherents ou caches qui engendrent la suspicion ou le doute? Pourquoi s'etonner de ce que les p a u v r e s , souvent illettres, qui s'opposent a la modernite, soient finalernent, d'instinct, plus perspicaces que les conseillers avec toute leur competence technique? Je peux citer au moins deux exernples pour illustrer mon propos. Dans les champs de riz d u village de mon grand-pere, quand ]'etait e n f a n t , on labourait, on ensernencait et on recoltait avec l'aide de toute la communaute. Tous les paysans du village travaillaient les champs ensemble, e n cornmencant p a r les t e r r e s les plus eloignees de la riviere. La seule

fagon de savoir s u r quel champ on travaillait etait d'observer quelle famille apportait le repas de midi pour l'ensemble des travailleurs. Quand quelqu'un etait malade ou en difficulte, Ie village se partageait la responsabilite du repas collectif, mais le travail etait fait s u r Ie champ de l'absent. L'heure du repas etait l'occasion de se rejouir et tout le village se rassernblait dans une atmosphere amicale et joyeuse. Les villageois ont durcment lutte pour sauvegarder cette tradition, mats les promoteurs d u modernisme ont finalement eu Ie dernier mot. Desormais, les champs sont laboures p a r des t r a c t e u r s loues un depot central de la ville proche. La production a augrnente, mais la hausse du tout du fuel et le prix d'autres innovations telles que les engrais chimiques font que les exploitants se retrouvent plus ou moins dans la meme situation economique. En o u t r e , la disparition des buffles a entraine celle du delicieux petit caille qui faisait la renommee d u village. Les anciens regrettent encore les beaux jours d'autrefois oh tout Ie nioncie se connaissait dans Ie village qui jouissait d'une impression collective de securite. 11s nous interrogent s u r le bien-fonde de la mecanisation e t , parfois, il est bien difficile de leur repondre. Le deuxieme exemple concerne une proposition discutee en Inde il y a une vingtaine dfannees visant a remplacer l'institution traditionnelle de la famille composite p a r un systeme de securite sociale "moderne". Outre que certains des detracteurs de la famille composite etaient mal informes au point de la confondre avec polygamie, polyandrie et levirat - trois notions qualifiees "d'absolument intolerables notre epoque moderne de liberte individuelle" - on critiquait soit Ie caractere traditionnel de l'institution et Ie fait qu'elle limitait n i b e r t e e t Itinitiative de l'individu, Ie fait qu'elle n'existait nulle part ailleurs. I1 fallut l'intervention de plusieurs e r u d i t s indiens, bien informes e t intellectuellement courageux, pour faire valoir les avantages economiques, culturels et sociaux d e ce systeme d e "socialisme" familial dont la qualite etait prouvee p a r Ie temps. I1 garantissait la protection des personnes &gees, des malades e t d e s t r e s jeunes, fournissait un cadre ideal pour la croissance e t Ie bon developpement des e n f a n t s , sans conflits de generations et avec l'enrichissement culture1 e t le sentiments de securite que grandsp a r e n t s , oncles, tantes et cousins contribuaient ensemble a apporter. Les partisans d e la modernite avaient uniquement considere l'efficacite d'une prise en charge des personnes &gees dans des maisons de retraite, sans penser un instant a la carence affective que ressentent, dans certaines cultures, les vieillards places dans une telle situation! Un dialogue fructueux s u r les avantages e t les inconvenients relatifs de la tradition e t de la rnodernite ne peut raisonnablement s t a p p u y e r que s u r l'ouverture d'esprit: il faut consciemment et consciencieusement se liberer des idees preconcues, des partis-pris et des prejuges. Plus particulierement, quand les partenaires qui cherchent des solutions a long terme a u x problenies d'ensemble les plus graves mettent en commun leurs experiences, connaissances et savoir-faire dans un but precis, ils devraient appliquer les principes elementaires de la tolerance et de l'ecoute de l'autre. I1 est souvent utile, en ces circonstances, de se rememorer quelques notions de base, telles q u e : "Aucune culture n'a Ie droit de se p r e t e n d r e superieure A une autre"; "Ce qui e s t considere comme scientifique a une kpoque peut ulterieurement devenir superstition A la suite d'une simple decouverte, et vice versa"; "I1 est facile a e

donner A s u s , son parable"; tuellement nisation =

une societe un nouvel "equipement", mais s i , dans le procestissu social et culturel se desagrege, le dommage sera irreenfin e t s u r t o u t , "Rien n'est plus errone ni meme intellecmalhonnete que de poser l'equation "Developpement = moderoccidentalisation".

I1 me faut cependant lancer un avertissement. Les conseillers changent parfois completement de bord et deviennent d e s defenseurs de la tradition plus ardents que les faits ne le justifieraient. Ce peut 6tre une reaction de defense face au choc culturel qu'eux-m6mes ont subi. Mais ce peut 6tre egalement le resultat d'une attitude romantique, davantage fondee s u r l'emotion que s u r l'intelligence. Un tel soutien illogique et affectif a la tradition est tout aussi dangereux que Ie rejet p u r e t simple. S'il fallait pour trouver une solution A ce probleme remonter tr6s loin en a r r i e r e , on pourrait rappeler un bon conseil donne en Inde s u r les rives du Gange p a r le Bouddha il y a 2500 ans. I1 disait: "N'accepte rien pour le simple raison que cela vient de la tradition ou que c'est dans les dcritures, ou s'il s'agit dlune rumeur, d'oui-dire, d'une simple supposition ou inference ou encore.. . p a r respect pour le Maitre. Pense p a r toi-meme e t vois si l'idee, une fois mise en pratique, contribue au bien-etre et au bonheur de llhomme; alors seulement fais-la tienne et agis en consequence". Cette recommandation venue du fond des ages doit nous incliner & la modestie en montrant que ce qui e s t souvent rejete comme etant tradition desuete peut contenir une sagesse immortelle s u r laquelle le temps n'a pas de prise. Conditions d'un dialogue utile Un dialogue Nord-Sud fonde s u r le respect mutuel, la tolerance, la comprehension e t la cooperation evitera les pieges decrits ci-dessus & proDOS des quatre concept d'identite culturelle, de developpement, de tradition e t de modernite. Au lieu de rechercher des differences qui creusent le fosse, il faut s'efforcer de construire des passerelles. Ce faisant, il e s t vital de ne pas limiter le dialogue aux interlocuteurs actuels qui malheureusement - mais c'est une realite inevitable - sont tous coul6s dans le meme moule de p a r leur formation, inclination, attitudes intellectuelles e t prejuges, quelles que soient, p a r ailleurs, leur origine, couleur, culture ou ideologie politique. Les enceintes internationales retentissent souvent de l'echo des "convictions" d'un groupe dlintellectuels e t de specialistes, qui se ressemblent p a r leur mentalite e t trouvent reconfort et securite dans leur unite de vues et communaute d1inter6ts. Mais les participants qui , dans ces enceintes , representent "physiqueculture, de l'affecment" le Sud sont-ils vraiment Ie porte-parole de tivite, d e s modes de vie ou des valeurs du Tiers Monde? Cornbien d'entre eux sont en contact direct avec les masses, parlent et ecrivent leur langue nationale, lisent dans cette langue et sont en relation prolongee avec les collectivites rurales et les citadins des quartiers pauvres? Pour que s'etablisse un veritable dialogue, il faut que les participants des pays du S u a defendent rbellement les normes, valeurs

et aspirations de la populations dont ils pretendent e t r e la voix. C'est aux actuels r e p r e s e n t a n t s d u Sud q u f i l appartient d ' e l a r p r le cercle d e s participants au dialogue pour q u e l'on puisse connaitre les v u e , inter e t s , valeurs et aspirations, e n particulier de ceux q u i , pour le moment, n'ont d'audience qu'au plan national, p a r les medias internes. Pour e t r e utile, le dialogue doit e t r e axe s u r un objectif. Des echanges d'opinions, d'experiences et d'idees s u r un plan purement academique et intellectuel ne constituent pas un veritable dialogue. Ltinteraction doit conduire a d e s resultats concrets e t , a ce t i t r e , s'accompagner d ' u n effort de cooperation visant a resoudre les problemes q u e l'on a rep&& e n commun. Premier critere r e t e n i r : ce n'est p a s Ie Nord q u i essaie de resoudre les problemes du S u d , ou vice v e r s a . Les domaines d'action doivent e t r e ceux oh l'interdependance s e niaiufeste clairement, la cooperation amenant chacun d e s deux partenaires a faire le maximum pour que la demarche soit pleinement un effort de codeveloppement. C'est grace a cet effort commun q u e le d6veloppement culturel o u , plus precisement , le codeveloppement culturel offrira de nombreuses possibiUtes de puiser d a n s les divers patrimoines tout ce q u i , parmi les realisations d u passe et les experiences actuelles, contribuera a un enrichissement mutuel. D'une maniere generale, le Sud apporte un veritable tresor d'experiences culturelles, uniques en leur g e n r e . D'une p a r t , ces experiences et l e u r s produits admirables couvrent plusieurs siecles et sont d'une diversite et d'une richesse de themes et de formes q u e le Nord tourne v e r s l'harmonisation culturulle peut difficilement egaler. D'autre p a r t , elles sont Ie fruit d ' u n e s p r i t de creativite philosophique et artistique spontanement et directement inspire p a r la n a t u r e . Le Nord, e n revanche, a non settlement les rnoyens de diffuser, r e i n t e r p r e t e r et orient e r Ie patrimoine du Sud dans de nouvelles directions pour offrir une culture vivante et vibrante a l'humanite d'aujourd'hui et de demain, mais il possede egalement le savoir technique necessaire pour stimuler la creativite naturelle d u S u d . Un effort commun pour faciliter A chacun des deux mondes l'acces au meiileur d e s experiences culturelles d e s deux partenaires ferait peute t r e enierger de nouvelles formes de creativite qui seroient le fruit du codeveloppement. Grace a ce processus. le dialogue Nord-Sud pourrait aiors donner naissance a d e s normes et des valeurs d'applicabilite universelle. Une derniere observation s'impose s u r le cadre dans lequel le dialogue peut s ' i n s t a u r e r avec le plus d'efficacite. Les relations purement bilateraies e n t r c pays du Nord et pays du Sud entrainant les contraintes deja mentionnees, il est a souiigner que les reunions de cooperations multilaterales tenues au sein du systeme d e s Nations Unies e t d ' a u t r e s organisations Internationales - ot'ficielles ou non - creent un climat plus favorable pour disculer de5 problkmes et atteindre un consensus s u r ce qu'il convient de faire et comment. Ces reunions out aussi I'avantage de garantir le respect d e la souverainete nationale et l'egalite e n t r e Etats, puisque chacun y dispose d'une voix, quelle que soit sa dimension ou s a situation econornique.

LES NOTES

DE

LECTURE D'IGNACY SACHS

L'apparition de Gorbatchev sur la scene politique de 1'URSS reflete, selon l'auteur, des changements profonds survenus dans la societe sovietique sous la double impulsion de l'urbanisation et de 1'6ducation. Alors que l'afflux massif des paysans vers les villes, au lendemain de la Revolution, a provoque au debut l'urbanisation de celle-ci, une societe civile urbaine a fini par se constituer dans la periods de 1'aprSs-guerre. M. Lewin consacre des chapitres passionnants 2 la constitution de l'opinion publique independante, au pouvoir croissant des "micromondes" et au developpement des sciences sociales. I1 montre en meme temps l'ampleur du d6fi releve par Gorbatchev: un parti totalement depolitis6 sombrant dans 1'~conomicisme et transform6 en une seconde administration incapable de comprendre Ie fonctionnement de l'economie reelle plus complexe que Ie modele officiel, les ravages d'une approche sectorielle i outrance, les 6normes gaspillages des ressources et des energies humaines qui en resultant (cependant l'ampleur des gaspillages constitue une "reserve pour Ie dGveloppement"). La rapidits des changements sociaux survenus a exacerb6 l'hGterogen6it6 du pays. Quelle forme pourra prendre dans ces conditions la democratisation du parti et de la vie politique? PlutSt que de predire, Lewin essaie de comprendre en situant l'episcde Gorbatchev dans la dynamique de l'histoire sociale de ~'URSS, done 11 est un specialiste incontestable.

dente -IEari:

Giorqio .?uffolo, Potema e Potere, Lcterza, 1 S 3W

La jlu$:uaz'ione

g i g m e ds l l 'Occi-

La "belle epoque" de l'apres-guerre, marquee par la montee de la sociald6mocratie nourrie du keynesianisme et de l'ideal du Welfare State, n'auca dur6 que deux ou trois decennies. La fragilite du pacte social entre Ie capitalisme et la d6mocratie s'explique par la place demesuree laissee 2 la croissance 6conomique, cette espece de "tapis roulant miraculeux" cense dCisamorcer les conflits sociaux et apporter Ie bien-etre. Pourtant cette croissance se traduit par des codes sociaux exorbitants que ne reflste pas Ie systeme des prix economiques. "Nous trichons dans nos comptes avec la nature" ecrit en connaissance de cause le ministre italien de l'environnement. L'houune moderne ressemble au roi Midas. Tout ce qu'il touche devient immediatement une marchandise et perd de ce fait sa valeur finale. Dans cet univers instrumental, l'esprit nt; crouve plus 5 se nourrir. Pour Ruifolo, cette crise resulte de la rupture de plus en plus profonde entre la puissance technicienne et le pouvoir politique crop faible et anachronique pour soumettre la technique i un contr6le social efficace. Ce sous-developpement du politique tient 5 la pauvrete ethique de notre sociCtS et au mauvais usage que nous fciisons de notre capacite de f o r m l e r d e s projets (capacitj progettuale) en la laissant

se depenser dans la direction d'une croissance quantitative au lieu d'imaginer de nouvelles configurations. Le pluralisme social exige un pluralisme institutionnel organise mettant un frein au jeu des forces du narche. "Le jeu conpetitif du march&, applique aux rapports economiques entre les pays riches et les pays pauvres, aggrave les d6s&quilibres; applique aux relations Zconomiques et monetaires entre pays riches, il conduit 2 l'instabilite permanence; applique 2 l'exploitation des ressources naturelles, il conduit au saccage de 1'6cosphere" (p.119). On notera la place qu'occupe dans ce penetrant diagnostic de la crise de 1'Occident Ie sous-dgveloppement du politique. Le parallele est frappant avec la lecture de la crise sovietique par M. Lewin.

petit livre brosse un tableau dense et precis des problemes de transport auxquels sont confrontes les pays du Tiers Monde. Nous en retiendrons surtout le propos sur l'opportunit6 de taxer le petrole n6goci6 internationalement pour financer les investissements en transport qui dgpassent les possibilites financieres des pays du Tiers Monde. Une taxe de 1 cent USA par gallon rapporterait 2 milliards de dollars (pp.187188). L'idee des peages sur les oceans a et6 proposee en 1973 dans l a foulge de la Conference de Stockholm, mais elle n'a pas fait 6cole. Un rapport de Brookings Institution sur Ie financement automatique du developpement, auquel Owen se refere, n'a pas et6 suivi non plus d'effet. Pourtant seule une fiscalite internationale, aussi modeste fut-elle, donnerait aux Nations Unies l'autonomie financigre absolument nZcessaire pour gchapper aux pressions des grandes puissances qui sont aussi les principaux bailleurs de fonds. En Europe medievale, 1'Eglise prglevait la dime. Les Nations Unies se contenteraient certainement d'une dime sur une dime sur une dime sur Ie Produit Mondial Brut qui a d6passk 1 000 0 milliards de dollars. Un imp3t mondial de un pour mille (module de facon i ce que les pays riches paient plus et les pauvres en soient exemptes) 0 rapporterait 1 milliards de dollars, c'est-;-dire en ordre de grandeur dix fois plus qua Ie budget annuel de l'ONU! Chaque citoyen du monde paierait en moyenne 2 dollars 2 peine. La voie des impsts indirects semble plus facile i suivre. Voici 2 titre d'illustration cinq variations sur Ie theme, en empruntant les donnees de base 5 l'ouvrage de Owen:
Ce

ur. demi cent LS.4 par litre d'essence (soit environ 6 pour mille du prix d la pomp6 en France) rapporterait 4 millards de dollars; une taxe de 0 , 5 % sur Le chiffre d'affaires des 31 000 agences de tourisme rapporterait 1 , 2 5 milliard de dollars. En outre les 8 millions de chambres d'hstel, denombrees dans 130 pays, tax6es 5 raison de 50 cents LSA par cllambre et semaine, rapporterait 200 millions de dollars; un inpot de 50 cents par tonne de marchandise transportee par mer rapporterait 1,7 milliard de dollars;

.
.

un inp5t de 50 cents par 1000 passagers/mile rapporterait 325 millions de dollars; une surtaxe de 5 dollars sur la vignette du demi-milliard des v6hicules en circulation rapporterait 2,5 milliards de dollars.

La s o m e de ces cinq imp3ts indirects repr6senterait l pour mille du Produits Mondial Brut, c'esc-a-dire la dime sur la dime sur la dime... Ces examples n'ont qu'un but: montrer que Ie financement automatique du d6veloppement (qu'il s'agisse du transport ou de tout autre secteur) constitue une possibilit6 reelle, a condition de l'introduire progressivement 2 travers une multiplicit6 de taxes, i incidence faible. L'idee est peut-etre galvaudee par l'usage abusif qu'en font les gouvernenents, mais dans ce cas la cause parait b o ~ n e .

Ce livre est exceptionnel par la masse de l'information qu'il contient et la facon dont 11 a et6 6crit. En 1982 et en 1985, sous l'impulsion d'Anil Agarwal, journaliste scientifique de reputation internationale, et du centre qu'il a fond6 i New Delhi, des dizaines de militants de la vie associative, assist6s par des universicaires, des journalistes et des hauts fonctionnaires, ont produit deux rapports de citoyens sur 1'6tat de l'environnement en Inde. Ce sombre tableau des "d6gZts du progrgs" consticue une severe mise en accusation du modele de developpement indien. Mais les faits rapportes sont tellemenc parlant que meme Ie gouvernement indien en a fait des ouvrages de r&f&rence. Le volume francais - une selection et adaptation des 600 pages de l'original est lui aussi Ie resultat competent de l'engagement d'une 6quipe r6unie autour dfEconomie et Humanisme et coordonnee par Philippe Blancher. Le manifeste pour un 6co-developpement sur lequel Ie livre se tennine esc une preuve de la vitalit6 de la pensee alternative en Inde. Souhaitons que ce rapport de citoyens fasse 6cole en Cant que modele de recherche participative engagee et qu'il soit suivi par d'autres initiatives de ce genre, touchant i d'autres themes et venanc d'autres pays.

ANTIPODE
Edited by Joe Doherty and Eric Sheppard
Antipode p b i h s atce on te r d c la a y i ofs a i l and u l s e rils h a i a n l s s p t a

environmentalproblems, r v d n a forum for n e l c u l ys i u a i gyet poiig itletal t m l t n s r i h f r a d ypresented aiscusstonson t p c ofvtl s c a and pltcl tagtowrl o i s ia o i l oiia concern Recent ssuesofAnbpode have considered such t p c a t e ois s h geography ofwomen environmentalc s s n t o a i m Cuba and Nicaragua, ni. ainls geography and education d - n u t a i a i nt e lcl -^tale e i d s n l z t o ,h oa development and underdevelopment i Southern Europe and t e c p t l s s a e n h aiait lt

Basil Blackwell
NY 10156.USA.

Oxford OX4 I J F o J u n l D e ~ r .Box 1320, u r y Hl S a i n r oras , Mra i tto, l

. JournalsDeot..o8 cow~ey t Road

62

i f d a d o s s i e r 68

november/december 1988

news f r o m t h e t h i r d system

THE N A I R O B I DECLARATION ON CONSUMERS I N A F R I C A

T h i s D e c l a r a t i o n was unanimously adopted a t t h e c l o s e of t h e IOCU C o n f e r e n c e "Consumers i n A f r i c a : Meeting t h e C h a l l e n g e " h e l d i n N a i r o b i from 14-18 J u n e 1988.

'We t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s of t h e f i r s t c o n f e r e n c e on consumer c o n c e r n s i n A f r i c a , r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of consumer o r g a n i z a t i o n s , v o l u n t a r y development g r o u p s , government consumer p r o t e c t i o n a g e n c i e s i n A f r i c a , a s w e l l as t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l consumer movement:

1.

Conscious t h a t t h i s c o n f e r e n c e h a s been convened a t a c r i t i c a l time i n t h e h i s t o r y of A f r i c a when poor economic and p o l i t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , w a r s and e n v i r o n m e n t a l degradation ravage t h e c o n t i n e n t ;

2.

Aware t h a t f o r consumers i n A f r i c a , such c o n d i t i o n s have r e s u l t e d i n a l a c k of b a s i c n e c e s s i t i e s such a s f o o d , h o u s i n g , c l e a n w a t e r , h e a l t h c a r e , s a n i t a t i o n and e d u c a t i o n , and t h a t a c c e s s t o such e s s e n t i a l goods and s e r v i c e s , a s w e l l a s t o f a i r c h o i c e , s a f e t y , i n f o r m a t i o n , r e p r e s e n t a t i o n , r e d r e s s , consumer e d u c a t i o n and a h e a l t h y environment remain l a r g e l y a dream;
R e c o g n i z i n g t h a t t h e consumermovementhasmadeasubstantial i m p a c t on t h e q u a l i t y of goods and s e r v i c e s , t h e r a t i o n a l u s e of r e s o u r c e s and t h e e n v i r o n m e n t and t h e advancement o f t h e s o c i a l and economic r i g h t s of m i l l i o n s of c i t i z e n s worldwide; R e A U z i n g t h a t t h e b e n e f i t s of t h e consumer movement have n o t been w i d e l y a t t a i n e d i n A f r i c a , where t h e work o f consumer g r o u p s i s hampered by s c a n t consumer a w a r e n e s s , l a c k of t e c h n i c a l and o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s k i l l s , weak c o o r d i n a t i n g and n e t w o r k i n g i n f r a s t r u c t u r e s , s h o r t a g e of f u n d s , t h e m a r k e t i n g power a n d i n f l u e n c e of TNCs, and government a t t i t u d e s which o f t e n c o n s t r a i n t h e i r a b i l i t y t o o r g a n i z e and t o s p e a k c r i t i c a l l y and c o n s t r u c t i v e l y ; Recalling t h e IOCU 1 2 t h World Congress r e s o l u t i o n s on t h e development of t h e A f r i c a n consumer movement, we h e r e b y d e c l a r e o u r c o d t n e n t t o b u i l d a n i n d e p e n d e n t consumer movement t h a t is r e s p o n s i v e t o t h e s p e c i f i c needs of consumers i n A f r i c a and which w i l l c o n t r i b u t e towards a more humane, e q u i t a b l e and j u s t d e v e l o p m e n t ;

3.

A.

5.

6.
7.

Recognizing t h e i m p o r t a n t r o l e t h a t government a g e n c i e s have played and can p l a y i n

t h e p r o t e c t i o n and t h e p r o m o t i o n o f consumer r i g h t s and i n t e r e s t s ; -affirm t h a t governments have a d u t y t o p r o v i d e a d e q u a t e p r o t e c t i o n f o r t h e i r c i t i z e n s a s consumers, t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e g u i d e l i n e s f o r consumer p r o t e c t i o n , a d o p t e d unanimously by t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s G e n e r a l Assembly i n 1985; S t a t e t h a t t h e m i s s i o n of t h e A f r i c a n consumer movement i n c l u d e s : ( i ) p a r t i c i p a t i o n by consumer o r g a n i z a t i o n s and o t h e r like-minded o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n t h e f o r m a t i o n of p o l i c i e s t h a t a f f e c t t h o s e t h e y r e p r e s e n t ; ( i i ) e n s u r i n g t h a t t h e b a s i c needs of all consumers a r e n e t . e s p e c i a l l y a d e q u a t e food. c l o t h i n g , s h e l t e r , h e a l t h c a r e , s a n i t a t i o n and e d u c a t i o n ; ( H i ) p r o p a g a t i o n of measures t o promote a f a i r market p l a c e , p r e v e n t harmful b u s i n e s s and p r o f e s s i o n a l p r a c t i c e s a n d o p p o s e p r a c t i c e s t h a t m i s l e a d , r e s t r i c t c h o i c e , o r e r e c t b a r r i e r s t o t r a d e which a r e n o t i n t h e i n t e r e s t s of t h e consumer; ( i v ) e n f o r c e m e n t of laws and s t a n d a r d s t h a t s a f e g u a r d consumers from h a z a r d o u s goods s e r v i c e s , and t e c h n o l o g i e s ;

8.

( v ) s e c u r i n g of p r o c e d u r e s t o p r o v i d e e f f e c t i v e r e d r e s s f o r a g g r i e v e d consumers, e s p e c i a l l y t h e poor; ( v l ) e n s u r i n g t h e p r o v i s i o n of a c c u r a t e and a d e q u a t e i n f o r m a t i o n and t h e p r o v i s i o n of consumer e d u c a t i o n t o e n s u r e t h a t a l l p e o p l e a c q u i r e t h e knowledge and s k i l l s n e c e s s a r y t o be informed and a c t i v e c o n s u m e r s , e x e r c i s i n g t h e i r r i g h t s and f u l f i l l i n g t h e i r economic r o l e ; ( v i i ) e n s u r i n g t h e p r o t e c t i o n of t h e consumers a g a i n s t poor q u a l i t y p r o d u c t s , u n f a i r p r i c i n g s y s t e m s and u n a c c e p t a b l e m a r k e t i n g p r a c t i c e s ;
9.
ASD EXSOLTO a s f o l l o w s :
[JB [JB

A.

Initiatives G u i d e l i n e s f o r Cmnumer P r o t e c t i o n Urge governments t o f u l l y implement t h e G u i d e l i n e s . Urge t h a t t h e United N a t i o n s p r o v i d e t h e n e c e s s a r y t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e f o r A f r i c a n governments t o implement t h e G u i d e l i n e s . Urge governments to s u p p o r t and a d o p t t h e s u g g e s t e d r e s o l u t i o n on i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t h e G u i d e l i n e s t o be c o n s i d e r e d by t h e UN ECOSOC i n J u l y 1988, and t h e G e n e r a l Assembly a t U s n e x t s e s s i o n . Urge governments and t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s t o work t o w a r d s t h e convening of a n A f r i c a n c o n s u l t a t i o n on t h e G u i d e l i n e s a s a m a t t e r of p r i o r i t y . Request t h a t IOCU produce s u i t a b l e e d u c a t i o n and t r a i n i n g m a t e r i a l s on t h e G u i d e l i n e s f o r use by consumer g r o u p s . Encourage consumer groups t o m o n i t o r t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t h e G u i d e l i n e s .

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
6.

OH C o n s o l i d a t e d List

l.

Encourage consumer groups t o u s e t h e U c o n s o l i d a t e d l i s t of p r o d u c t s whose N consumption a n d f o r s a l e have been b a n n e d , withdrawn, s e v e r e l y r e s t r i c t e d o r n o t approved by governments i n t h e i r work on h a z a r d o u s p r o d u c t s . Urge governments t o s u p p o r t and p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e r e g u l a r u p d a t i n g and p u b l i s h i n g of t h e U C o n s o l i d t e d L i s t . N

2.

ON Code o f Conduct o n TBCs

Urge governments to b r i n g t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s on t h e Code of Conduct on T r a n s n a t i o n a l C o r p o r a t i o n s t o a p o s i t i v e and prompt c o n c l u s i o n and t o e n s u r e p r o p e r m o n i t o r i n g of U s i m p l e m e n t a t i o n .

B.

Access t o J u s t i c e

l.

Urge law s o c i e t i e s , j u d i c i a l s e r v i c e s , law r e f o r m a g e n c i e s and a t t o r n e y s - g e n e r a l t o seek ways t o p r o v i d e a c c e s s t o j u s t i c e t o consumer and o t h e r p u b l i c i n t e r e s t g r o u p s t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e promotion and d e f e n c e of consumer r i g h t s . Urge a l l governments t o r a t i f y t h e A f r i c a n C h a r t e r on P e o p l e ' s and Human R i g h t s a s a m a t t e r of urgency.

2.

3.

Urge governments t o review l e g i s l a t i o n w i t h a view t o e n s u r i n g t h a t consumer i n t e r e s t s a r e a d e q u a t e l y r e p r e s e n t e d i n a g e n c i e s which s e t r a c e s , t a r i f f s a n d p r i c e s and i n a g e n c i e s which p r o v i d e p u b l i c u c i l i t i e e and s e r v i c e s .

4 > Urge consumer g r o u p s t o a c t i v e l y l i n k up v i t h a v a i l a b l e l e g a l r e s o u r c e s .

5.
6.
C.

Encourage t h e p r o v i s i o n of t r a i n i n g on l e g a l r i g h t s f o r consumer g r o u p s . F o s t e r t h e development of c o m p l a i n t s h a n d l i n g s k i l l s and s e r v i c e s .

Apartheid Urge consumer o r q a n i z a t i o n s to s u p p o r t t h e a n t i - a p a r t h e i d campaign by b o y c o t t i n g a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e p r o d u c t s from South A f r i c a .

D.

Consuaer R e s e a r c h and I n f o r m a t i o n 1. Encourage consumer o r g a n i z a t i o n s t o a d o p t c r e a t i v e s t r a t e g i e s f o r g r e a t e r l i n k a g e v i t h o t h e r NGOs i n s u p p o r t of r e s e a r c h and e d u c a t i o n a l c a p a c i t i e s . Request IOCU marketing. to advise on publishing technology, magazine f i n a n c i n g and

2.

E .

Media
1. Urge consumer o r g a n i z a t i o n s to r e c o g n i s e t h e p o t e n t i a l of t h e media i n r a i s i n g c r i t i c a l a w a r e n e s s and p r o v i d i n g consumer i n f o r m a t i o n . Encourage t h e t r a i n i n g of consumer o r g a n i z a t i o n s , j o u r n a l i s t s and o t h e r media p r a c t i t i o n e r s on consumer i s s u e s and c o n c e r n s . Urge t h e enactment of l e g i s l a t i o n t o p r o t e c t consumers from f a l s e and m i s l e a d i n g advertisements.

2.
3.

V.

Product T e s t i n g
1.

Urge consumer g r o u p s to e s t a b l i s h l i n k s w i t h t e c h n i c a l i n s t i t u t i o n s ( s t a n d a r d s o r g a n i z a t i o n s , government l a b o r a t o r i e s , u n i v e r s i t i e s , e t c ) which might be a b l e t o u n d e r t a k e p r o d u c t t e s t i n g on t h e i r b e h a l f . Encourage consumer o r g a n i z a t i o n s t o c o n s i d e r and s e e k c o s t - e f f e c t i v e j o i n t t e s t i n g p r o j e c t s w i t h o t h e r like-minded o r g a d z a t i o n s ( f o r example, women's groups'). Request IOCU t o c o n d u c t t r a i n i n g a c t i v i t i e s f o r consumer g r o u p s d e s i r i n g t o e s t a b l i s h p r o d u c t t e s t i n g programmes of t h e i r own. Dequest IOCJ t o a s s i s t i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of a handbook on s u r v e y t e c h n i q u e s r e l e v a n t t o consumer g r o u p s i n A f r i c a .

2.

3.
4.

G.

Consumer E d u c a t i o n
1.

Urge consumer 8roup-i t o make consumer e d u c a t i o n a p r i o r i t y a c t i v i t y i n t h e i r work. Encourage and conduct consumer e d u c a t i o n programmes f o r r u r a l consumers, including t n e promotion of l i t e r a c y and t h e development of a p p r o p r i a t e methods and m a t e r i a l s .

3.
4.

Urge consumer g r o u p s t o c o l l a b o r a t e i n t h e i r e d u c a t i o n a l work w i t h development g r o u p s .

rural

Urge governments to i n t r o d u c e consumer e d u c a t i o n i n t o s c h o o l c u r r i c u l a and t o e s t a b l i s h more c o r n u n i t y TV and r a d i o p o i n t s .

l.

Encourage governments and consumer g r o u p s t o u s e t h e r e p o r t o f t h e World C o d s s i o n on Environment and Eevelopment, Our Common F u t u r e , a s a framework f o r action. Impress t h a t e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n c e r n s s h o u l d be a n i n t e g r a l p a r t of t h e work of consumer g r o u p s . E v a l u a t e t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l impact of t h e p r o d u c t i o n , c o n s u m p t i o n and d i s p o s a l of consumer p r o d u c t s . Urge t h a t n a t i o n a l p o l i c i e s f o r economic growth be based on t h e p r i n c i p l e s of s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t , t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e s o c i a l and e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o s t s . I n s i s t t h a t programmes and p o l i c i e s of i n t e r n a t i o n a l a g e n c i e s l i k e t h e World Bank and o t h e r development a i d i n s t i t u t i o n s s h o u l d promote s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t . Ensure t h a t A f r i c a is n o t used a s a dumping ground f o r i n a p p r o p r i a t e , o b s o l e t e o r h a z a r d o u s p r o d u c t s , t e c h n o l o g i e s and p r o c e s s e s , i n c l u d i n g p e s t i c i d e s , t o x i c and nuclear wastes.

2.
3.

4.

5.

6.

I. P e a t i c i d e a l.
Encourage governments t o s u p p o r t and promote w i d e r u s e o f l e s s chemical-dependent p e s t c o n t r o l p o l i c i e s and methods. Urge governments and consumer g r o u p s t o i n t e n s i f y e f f o r t s i n i m p l e m e n t i n g and m o n i t o r i n g t h e FAO I n t e r n a t i o n l Code of Conduct on t h e D i s t r i b u t i o n and Use of Pesticides. Encourage t h e p r o d u c t i o n of s u i t a b l e t r a i n i n g m a t e r i a l s t o i n c r e a s e consumer awareness about p e s t i c i d e - r e l a t e d i s s u e s .

2.

3.
J.

Biotechnology Urge governments, r e l e v a n t UN a g e n c i e s , i n t e r n a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s and consumer g r o u p s t o e n s u r e t h e a d o p t i o n of a p p r o p r i a t e r e g u l a t o r y mechanisms and i n f r a s t r u c t u r e s t h a t p r o v i d e a d e q u a t e c h e c k s and s a f e g u a r d s , w i t h f u l l community p a r t i c i p a t i o n , on t h e d e v e l o p m e n t . r e s e a r c h , t e s t i n g , u s e , c o n t r o l and p a t e n t i n g of b i o t e c h n o l o g i c a l p r o d u c t s and p r o c e s s e s .

K.

Food and n u t r i t i o n
1. Urge governments to f o r m u l a t e and implement a p p r o p r i a t e n a t i o n a l food p o l i c i e s r e s p o n s i v e t o t h e food and n u t r i t i o n a l needs of a l l consumers, and t o i n v o l v e consumer g r o u p s i n t h e p r o c e e d i n g s . Support t h e IOCU i n c l u d e s the c a l l irradiation u n t i l safety, Labelling 1 2 t h World C o n g r e s s r e s o l u t i o n on food i r r a d i a t i o n , which f o r a world u a r a t o r i u m on t h e f u r t h e r u s e and development of t h e r e i s a s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s o l u t i o n of i s s u e s o f n u t r i t i o n . and d e t e c t t o n .

2.

Infant B u t r i t i o n
1.
Encourage and a s s i s t t h e development, i m p l e i ~ e n t a t i o nand m n i t o r i n g o f n a t i o n a l c o d e s based on t h e WHO/UtICEF I n t e r n a t i o n a l Code on t h e M a r k e t i n g o f B r e a s t m i l k Substitutes. P r o v i d e consumer e d u c a t i o n on t h e n u t r i t i o n a l , i m m u n o l o g i c a l and p s y c h o s o c i a l b e n e f i t s of b r e a s t f e e d i n g and t h e c o s t s , d i s a d v a n t a g e s and h a z a r d s of b o t t l e and a r t i f i c i a l Infant feeding. Urge governments t o d e v e l o p and p a s s l e g i s l a t i o n and p o l i c i e s t o promote, p r o t e c t and s u p p o r t b r e a s t f e e d i n g and sound young c h i l d f e e d i n g p r a c t i c e s .

2.

3.

M.

PharaceuticaI Urge governments t o c o n s u l t and i n v o l v e consumer and h e a l t h g r o u p s i n t h e f o r m a t i o n , i m p l e m e n t a t i o n and m o n i t o r i n g of n a t i o n a l h e a l t h p o l i c i e s . Urge governments to p r o v i d e s a f e , e f f e c t i v e and a f f o r d a b l e m e d i c a l p r o d u c t s t o a l l consumers who need them i n c o m p l i a n c e w i t h t h e WHO'S e s s e n t i a l drugs p o l i c y . Urge governments t o s u p p o r t , e n c o u r a g e and d i s s e m i n a t e r e s e a r c h i n t o t r a d i t i o n a l m e d i c i n a l p r o d u c t s and p r a c t i c e s . Encourage s t r e n g t h e n i n g of t h e e x i s t i n g network o f g r o u p s i n v o l v e d i n drugrelated issues i n Africa. Urge governments t o a d o p t t h e WHO G u i d e l i n e s on E t h i c a l C r i t e r i a f o r promotion of medical substances.

H .

Tobacco

1. 2.

Urge all consumer g r o u p s t o t a k e immediate a c t i o n t o f i g h t t o b a c c o consumption through education, t r a i n i n g , networking and advocacy. Urge governments t o : o Ban t h e a d v e r t i s i n g of tobacco p r o d u c t s , brand names and l o g o s . P r o h i b i t t h e s p o n s o r s h i p , by t o b a c c o companies o f s p o r t s and o t h e r p u b l i c o events. o Ban smoking i n all c l o s e d and p u b l i c p l a c e s . o Increase education about t h e h e a l t h hazards of tobacco consumption. o I n c r e a s e t a x on t o b a c c o p r o d u c t s . o P l a c e c l e a r and s t r o n g w a r n i n g s on all packages c o n t a i n i n g t o b a c c o p r o d u c t s and a t r e t a i l o u t l e t s i n r e l e v a n t l a n g u a g e s . o P r o h i b i t or phase o u t t h e u s e of s m o k e l e s s t o b a c c o p r o d u c t s . Urge consumer a n d o t h e r like-minded g r o u p s t o p u b l i c i s e t h e o v e r a l l c o s t s tohuman h e a l t h and t h e environment of t o b a c c o c u l t i v a t i o n , p r o c e s s i n g , p r o d u c t i o n and consumption i n comparison t o e x p o r t / f o r e i g n e x c h a n g e / t a x r e v e n u e e a r n i n g s . Urge governments t o d e v e l o p a l t e r n a t i v e l n c o m e - g e n e r a t i n g r e p l a c e tobacco. crops to

3.

4.

5.

Urge l n ~ e c n a t i o n a l a g e n c i e s t o s c o p f u n d i n g t o b a c c o g r o w i n g .

0.

Special I n t e r e s t Groups

1.

S e n s i t i z e government and consumer g r o u p s t o t h e s p e c i a l n e e d s o f t h e d i s a b l e d consumer.

I.

Urge governments and consumer o r g a r d z a t i o n s t o s y s t e m a t i c a l l y v o r k towards t h e p r o t e c t i o n and promotion of t h e r i g h t s of women a s consumers, p a r t i c u l a r l y by: Ensuring t h e i r g r e a t e r p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n d e c i s i o n making p r o c e s s e s on i s s u e s t h a t a f f e c t them a s consumers. Devising measures to p r o v i d e o b j e c t i v e and i n d e p e n d e n t i n f o r m a t i o n t o c o u n t e r a c t m i s l e a d i n g a d v e r t i s i n g s o f r e q u e n t l y t a r g e t t e d a t women. Conducting consumer e d u c a t i o n programmes d e s i g n e d to meet t h e s p e c i f i c needs of b o t h u r b a n a n d r u r a l worsen. Urge t h e r e l e v a n t a u t h o r i t i e s and a g e n c i e s t o p r o v i d e b a s i c s e r v i c e s s u c h a s a c c e s s i b l e w a t e r and f u e l , h e a l t h c a r e and c r e d i t f a c i l i t i e s and o t h e r s e r v i c e s c r u c i a l t o r u r a l women.

2.

Youth I. P r o v i d e r e v e l a n t consumer e d u c a t i o n programmes i n and o u t s i d e s c h o o l s f o r youth on consumer i s s u e s . C o n s c i o u s l y i n v o l v e youth i n c o n s u m e r m e e t i n g s , c o n f e r e n c e s , w o r k s h o p s , t r a i n i n g courses, etc. Encourage r e s e a r c h i n t o consumer problems c o n f r o n t i n g y o u t h .

2.

3.

S t a t e m e n t by P a r t i c i p a n t s of t h e IOCU C o n f e r e n c e "Consumers i n A f r i c a Challenge"

- Meeting

the

STOP TK&mHG =CA

AS A DOHPIIK G B

For some time now, i t has become common knowledge t h a t i n d u s t r i a l i s e d n a t i o n s have b e e n s e e k i n g t o dump t h e i r t o x i c w a s t e s i n t h e T h i r d World. W r e a d v i t h g r e a t concern t h a t now A f r i c a has become t h e s p e c i a l t a r g e t f o r such e dumping. C o u n t r i e s have d i s c o v e r e d t h a t t o x i c w a s t e s a r e b e i n g dumped s e c r e t l y i n t h e i r t e r r i t o r i e s . Other c o u n t r i e s a r e b e i n g approached v f t h s e d u c t i v e o f f e r s of c a s h t o a l l o w c o n v e r s i o n of t h e i r t e r r i t o r i e s i n t o t o x i c dumps. W d e p l o r e t h e s e o u t r a g e o u s a c t s which t r e a t and make A f r i c a i n t o a g a r b a g e dumping e g r o u n d , p o s i n g s e r i o u s h e a l t h and s a f e t y problems now and f o r f u t u r e g e n e r a t i o n s . W demand a n immediate s t o p of such s h a m e f u l a c t s and c a l l on a l l A f r i c a n governments e and i n t e r n a t i o n a l a g e n c i e s t o a c t d e c i s i v e l y on t h e s e a c t s o f " t o x i c t e r r o r i s m " . W urge IOCU and i t s member o r g a n i z a t i o n s and n e t v o r k s t o o r g a n i z e g l o b a l a c t i o n e a g a i n s t t h o s e r e s p o n s i b l e and t o work p a r t i c u l a r l y v i t h UNEP and t h e O r g a n i s a t i o n of A f r i c a n Unlcy.

INDONESIA :

GOVERNMENT

TIGHTENS

CONTROL OVER C ITIZENS ' GROUPS

by H a l i n a h Todd

There are hundreds of little, big and even rruLtinatiomt citizens' groups in Inaonesia, many of u h i c h cla'Lm to help the poor. B t i t their effectiveness arm freedon to act are being surbed & neu reguLations and incr'emir.~g m smme-'itcontrol.
I t was a l o n g muddy walk a l o n g t h e r i c e bunds t o Pak S u w a r t o ' s v i l l a g e on t h e e d g e of t h e Y o g j a k a r t a r i c e p l a i n . Pak Suwarto i s t h e head of a s e l f - h e l p kelompok ( g r o u p ) of 25 v i l l a g e r s . The g r o u p b e g a n , on i t s own i n i t i a t i v e , a s a C a t h o l i c p r a y e r group, then developed i n t o a s a v i n g s and c r e d i t s o c i e t y w i t h b o t h Muslim and C a t h o l i c members. I n 1986 i t was a d o p t e d by Bina Swadaya ( l i t e r a l l y - b u i l d i n g s e l f - h e l p ) , a J a k a r t a - b a s e d c i t i z e n s ' g r o u p . That meant more l o a n s - up t o e i g h t t i m e s t h e amount of t h e g r o u p ' s s a v i n g s - and more p r o f i t a b l e a c t i v i t i e s f o r t h e members. Pak Suwarto h i m s e l f now owns f i v e f i s h ponds i n a d d i t i o n t o h i s o n e - h e c t a r e r i c e p l o t , and h i s d a u g h t e r i s v e r y busy weaving baskets f o r sale. Compared t o n e i g h b o u r i n g S i n g a p o r e and M a l a y s i a , t h e I n d o n e s i a n c i t i z e n s ' g r o u p w o r l d f a i r l y h o p s w i t h a c t i v i t y and v a r i e t y . I n S i n g a p o r e , p r e s s u r e g r o u p s o u t s i d e of t h e government a r e v i r t u a l l y n o n - e x i s t e n t and s o c i a l a c t i v i s t s , where t h e y s t i l l e x i s t , o p e r a t e u n d e r c l o s e p o l i c e scrutiny. I n M a l a y s i a , a l l s o c i e t i e s must b e r e g i s t e r e d by t h e government b e f o r e t h e y c a n f u n c t i o n . A r a n g e o f a c t i v i s t s were thrown i n t o j a i l i n O c t o b e r 1987. Although most were r e l e a s e d i n December, s e v e r a l were d e t a i n e d f o r two y e a r s u n d e r t h e I n t e r n a l S e c u r i t y A c t , which a l l o w s i n d e f i n i t e detention without t r i a l . In c o n t r a s t , Indonesian c i t i z e n s ' p r i s i n g amount of freedom. g r o u p s seem t o o p e r a t e w i t h a s u r -

N e a r l y e v e r y o n e i n J a v a b e l o n g s t o one o r more a s s o c i a t i o n s , many spont a n e o u s , v i l l a g e - b a s e d , s e l f - h e l p g r o u p s - l i k e t h e a r i s a n , s a v i n g s and c r e d i t s o c i e t i e s which s c a t t e r t h e r u r a l c o u n t r y s i d e . Tliese a r e t h e l o n g on c o h e s i o n and r o o t e d i n t h e v i l l a g e , L i n g o s ' - t h e l i t t l e NGOs b u t s h o r t on r e s o u r c e s and t e c h n o l o g y .

Then i n J a k a r t a and t h e p r o v i n c i a l c a p i t a l s a r e a n o t h e r m u l t i t u d e of ' B i n g o s ' - b i g N G O s , o f t e n f o r e i g n - f u n d e d and s t a f f e d by p r o f e s s i o n a l s , c u l t i v a t i n g p o l i t i c a l p a t r o n s and i n t e r n a t i o n a l d o n o r s , l o n g on r h e t o r i c and programmes of a c t i o n , b u t sometimes s h o r t on g r a s s r o o t s implementat i o n . Some of t h e most s u c c e s s f u l i m p l e m e n t e r s a r e t h o s e , l i k e Dian Desa, which h a v e d e l i b e r a t e l y s i t e d t h e m s e l v e s away from t h e power s t r u g g l e s i n J a k a r t a , and c o n c e n t r a t e on t a k i n g a p p r o p r i a t e t e c h n o l o g y i n t o the villages.

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t h e t o p of t h e s t r u c t u r e , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e J a k a r t a w i t s , a r e t h e ' H i n g e s ' - t h e m u l t i n d t i o n a l KGOs, Western-based and w e a l t h y , from whom t h e Bingos g e t t h e i r f u n d s . A t v i l l a g e l e v e l t h e r e a r e many i n i t i a t i v e s a l w a y s t h e r e . Our t a s k i s t o b u i l d t h e c a p a c i t y t o g r a s p i t , d e v e l o p i t and c o n n e c t i t t o modern s e r v i c e s , ' s a i d Bambang Ismawan, head of Bina Swadaya, on of t h e most r e s p e c t e d of t h e J a k a r t a ' B i n g o s ' .

Bina Swadaya h a s ' c o n n e c t e d ' w i t h 1,600 v i l l a g e a r i s a n . With some of t h e s e g r o u p s i t h a s c h a l k e d up some n o t a b l e a c h i e v e m e n t s , a c c o r d i n g t o a n u n p u b l i s h e d PhD t h e s i s by Heinz Bor.gartz. The g r o u p s have r a i s e d i n comes, e n c o u r a g e d s a v i n g s and f r e e d t h e i r members from t h e c l u t c h e s of m o n e y l e n d e r s . I n I n d o n e s i a , where n o r m a l , l e g a l bank i n t e r e s t r u n a t 4% a month, o r 48,X p e r annum, m o n e y l e n d e r s ' r a t e s c a n r u n from 6 % t o 10% p e r month! But t h e l i m i t a t i o n s of t h e Lingo-Bingo l i n k - u p show c l e a r l y i n t h e numb e r of g r o u p s Bina Swadaya h a s managed t o s e r v i c e . Only 270 g r o u p s a r e a c t u a l l y r e c e i v i n g f u n d s and r e g u l a r v i s i t s b e c a u s e o f a s h o r t a g e of f i e l d workers. One c o n s t r a i n t i s t h a t o u t i n t h e c o u n t r y s i d e , t h e freedom s o a p p a r e n t i n J a k a r t a a b r u p t l y d i s a p p e a r s . Even t h o s e Bingos who w i s h t o t a r g e t o n l y t h e v i l l a g e p o o r , c a n n o t go and o r g a n i s e them d i r e c t l y . Government c o n t r o l a t v i l l a g e l e v e l i s a l l - e m b r a c i n g . O u t s i d e g r o u p s must work t h r o u g h t h e v i l l a g e headman and u n d e r t h e ' g u i d a n c e ' of t h e V i l l a g e S e c u r i t y Board (Lembaga K e t a h a n a n M a s y a r a k a t Desa) u n d e r whom a l l v i l l a g e a c t i v i t i e s a r e o r g a n i s e d . That u s u a l l y means a b i g s l i c e of the b e n e f i t s going t o t h e v i l l a g e e l i t e . S o m e t i m e s we have t o s a c r i f i c e 10% t o 15% o f o u r r e s o u r c e s t o t h e l o c a l e l i t e t o make e v e r y t h i n g smooth. T h a t i s b e t t e r t h a n b e i n g b l o c k e d a l t o g e t h e r ' , remarked t h e head of one of I n d o n e s i a ' s most r e s p e c t e d and most successful groups. I n t h e n a t i o n a l s p a c e , t h e I n d o n e s i a n government h a s e n c o u r a g e d NGO a c t i v i t y , p a r t l y b e c a u s e t h e y c a n c o n t r o l t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s where i t mati n the villages and p a r t l y b e c a u s e I n d o n e s i a n e e d s t h e f u n d s ters and e x p e r t i s e t h a t g r o u p s a t t r a c t from f o r e i g n a g e n c i e s .

But e v e n t h e r e l a t i v e freedom i n J a k a r t a i s e r o d i n g . I n 1 9 8 5 t h e government p a s s e d t h e Law on S o c i a l O r g a n i s a t i o n s o r t h e Ormas Law, u n d e r which a l l c i t i z e n s ' g r o u p s must r e g i s t e r w i t h a government m i n i s t r y and submit t o i t s ' g u i d a n c e ' , f e d e r a t e w i t h s i m i l a r groups under a n umbrella o r g a n i s a t i o n and s e e k government p e r m i s s i o n b e f o r e r e c e i v i n g f o r e i g n f u n d s . The law empowers t h e government t o s u s p e n d o r ban any o r g a n i s a tion not following these regulations. R e a c t i o n a t t h e t i m e ranged from doomsday p r e d i c t i o n s of t h e a l l i n d e p e n d e n t c i t i z e n s ' g r o u p s a c t i v i t y t o t h e comment t h a t o n l y b e u s e d a g a i n s t I s l a m i c o r g a n i s a t i o n s . By t h e end of 1 9 8 7 , t h e law was supposed t o b e implemented, many g r o u p s s t i l l d i d d e a t h of i t would the year n o t know

which m i n i s t r y was supposed t o r e g i s t e r and ' g u i d e ' them. Many w e r e s t i l l r e c e i v i n g f o r e i g n f u n d s d i r e c t l y w i t h o u t g o i n g t h r o u g h t h e government. But c o m p e t i t i v e ' u m b r e l l a ' o r g a n i s a t i o n s had mushroomed, i n c l u d i n g t h a t p e c u l i a r l y I n d o n e s i a n c o n t r a d i c t i o n , t h e GONG0 - Government O r g a n i s e d NGO. t h e M i n i s t r y of S o c i a l W e l f a r e i n 1984 h a s a l r e a d y s e t up a C o u n c i l of S o c i a l W e l f a r e (DNIKS) and h a s made s t r e n u o u s e f f o r t s t o make t h i s t h e u m b r e l l a u n d e r which a l l g r o u p s must r e g i s t e r . T h i s M i n i s t r y i s p e r i p h e r a l enough i n t h e government power s t r u c t u r e t o make r e g i s t r a t i o n v o l u n t a r y , however. Meanwhile t h e much more p o w e r f u l I n t e r i o r M i n i s t r y s e t up a w o r k i n g g r o u p of government o f f i c i a l s , a c a demics and t h r e e p r o m i n e n t c i t i z e n s ' group l e a d e r s ' t o s t r e n g t h e n coope r a t i o n between t h e government and c i t i z e n s ' g r o u p s ' . The l e a d e r s t h e m s e l v e s , t o pre-empt government e f f o r t s t o o r g a n i s e them, r u s h e d t o s e t up t h e i r own ' u m b r e l l a s ' . P r o b a b l y t h e l e a s t l i k e l y t o compromise w i t h government r e g u l a t i o n i s a l o o s e c o a l i t i o n of c i t i z e n s ' g r o u p s , known a s t h e INGI c o a l i t i o n , and r u n from t h e o f f i c e of t h e L e g a l Aid F o u n d a t i o n . More c e n t r a l i s t h e Committee of 1 3 g r o u p s , made up of most of t h e l a r g e r J a v a n e s e Bingos. They have e s t a b l i s h e d a d i a l o g u e w i t h t h e government t o t r y t o d e f i n e t h e new r e g u l a t i o n s t o g i v e maximum f l e x i b i l i t y t o them. Most c o u n t r i e s , l e d by t h e US, have s i g n e d a i d a g r e e m e n t s w i t h t h e government which s p e c i f y t h a t p r o j e c t s w i t h c i t i z e n s ' g r o u p s must g e t a 'Pronouncement of A p p r o v a l ' from a l l r e l e v a n t a u t h o r i t i e s b e f o r e f u n d s can b e g i v e n . Donors a r e u n d e r p r e s s u r e t o g i v e b l o c k g r a n t s t o u m b r e l l a o r g a n i s a t i o n s , which t h e n become b r o k e r s w i t h s m a l l e r g r o u p s . T h i s ' n e t w o r k i n g f e v e r ' i s w o r k i n g t o d i s t a n c e Bingos even f u r t h e r from t h e i r work w i t h t h e p o o r , a r g u e s George A d i t j o n d r o from a r u r a l d e v e l o p ment g r o u p i n I r i a n J a y a , i n a p a p e r ' N e t w o r k i n g t o promote o r c o n t r o l I n d o n e s i a n NGOs? A l o t of t i m e and e n e r g y i s s p e n t ( o r w a s t e d ) by many Leaders i n J a k a r t a I J a v a i n "networking", "lobbying" and " p r o p o s a l w r i t i n g " which d i v e r t s a t t e n t i o n which c o u l d o t h e r w i s e b e s p e n t i n s e r v i n g t h e g r a s s r o o t s communities d i r e c t l y . '

...

S o u r c e s s a y t h a t LBH, t h e I n d o n e s i a n L e g a l Aid F o u n d a t i o n , u n p o p u l a r w i t h t h e government b e c a u s e of i t s c r i t i c i s m on human r i g h t s i s s u e s , i s a prime t a r g e t of t h e law. LBH h a s s o f a r r e s i s t e d p r e s s u r e t o p u t i t s e l f u n d e r t h e c o n t r o l l i n g u m b r e l l a of t h e I n d o n e s i a n Bar A s s o c i a t i o n . 'Groups engaged i n p u b l i c advocacy s h a l l have t o become more c r e a t i v e i n t h e i r e f f o r t s t o s u p p o r t t h e m s e l v e s , ' one of t h e o f f i c e r s t o l d a r e c e n t seminar.

!!A' Ha"-.nah r o o d i s a fveelanae j o u r n a l i s t , f o r n e r h Features Z d i t o r of t'!e :.'eu S t r a i n s Times (.'latdysia 3.22 vats2 ! / a I q s . i c f s ,~ou.mai.ist of t h e /ear i n l d 3 i i

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Thirgd World .';et'^u~'<Features, S 7 Cmtorune~lt Road, I S ^ i C Fsnang,

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SENEGAL; RESEAU D'ALPHABETISATION COMMUNAUTAI RE (RAC)

Le RSseau d'AlphabStisation Comnunautaire est une structure d'echange de plusieurs associations qui ont choisi de mettre en commun leurs experiences dans le domaine de l'alphabetiscition tout en conservant leur autonomic. Ce R6seau cherche 2 atteindre trois groupes principaux: les femmes, les apprentis, les enfants de la rue. Le RSseau a et2 xniti par le Club UNESCO "Martin Luther King" qui en assure la coordination, durant la phase expGrimentale, par un organe pedagogique appels Noyau Technique. Une structure de reflexion democratique compose d'un representant de chaque association mercbre, denommee Conit6 de Suivi, permet d routes les associations de donner leur point de vue sur les questions relatives au Reseau. Chaque association membre doit avoir au moins un ptojet dlalphdb$tisaLion communautaire. Elle doit aussi disposer de volontaires pour la realisation de son projet et donner l'aval pour la signature de l'accord de travail. Le Volontaire s'engage 2 participer pour une periode de deux ans 2 l'alphabetisation dans un "pent" determine par son association et 1e Noyau Technique. I1 s'engage 5, produire 2 la fin de chaque annee un rapport d'activitc. Le Volontaire, son association et le Noyau Technique concourent 5 l'execution de l'action en veillant du respect des engagements scuscrits. Les moyens nis 5 la disposition du Volontaire pour assurer ses deplacemeuts et les activites de son operation sont utilises et entretenus dans un esprit de bonne gestion. Chaque association membre prend en charge les infrastructures necessaires pour la realisation de son projet, 2 savoir: local. tables, banes, tableau, craie et autres instruments didactiques. L'entite de coordination assure la formation des volontaires venant des diffgrmtes associations; l161aboration du materiel d'enseignement avec la participation des volontaires; les reunions d'echanges; Ie materiel permetcant la multiplication et Id diffusion du materiau elabore; la documentation ngcessaire; les conditions financisres minimum pour deux volontaires par association; elle prend en charge les membres de l'organe pedagogique. Chaque association membre s'engage et s'evertue 2: respecter l'autonomie de chacun; se garder de toute propagande religieuse, politique et ideologique; instaurer un programme dlSchanges, de cooperation et de recherche en commun; brin6ficier et faire beneficier les autres de la richesse de I'apprentissage mutual; experimenter Ie volontariat dans Ie domaine de l'alphab6tisdtion communautaire; intensifier ses efforts a tous les plans possibles: information, pre-alphabetisation, alphabetisation, promouvoir l'esprit post-alphabGtisati.on sensibilisation, etc. ; d'entraide, d'echanges et de cornunion fraternelle pour Ie bien-Stre de tout un chacun; lutter contre toute discrimination raciale, de sexe, d'Sge ou autre; sauvegarder Ie patrimoine; entretenir I e rnateriel et les moyens mis d la disposition du projet; !nettre en oeuvre tcus ses n0yer.s materiels, financiers et humains disponibles pour la reussite de notre experience.

CHILE: PRIMER ENCUENTRO DE LA RED DE CENTROS DE DESARROLLO LOCAL

E n t r e e l 13 y e l 1 7 d e j u n i o s e r e a l i z e e n e l C e n t r o E l Cane10 d e Nos, d e C h i l e , e l P r i m e r E n c u e n t r o N a c i o n a l d e l a Red d e C e n t r o s d e D e s a r r o 110 L o c a l d e e s t e p a l s . E s t a Red l a conforman ocho i n s t i t u c i o n e s no gub e r n a m e n t a l e s autonomas que t r a b a j a n con d i s t i n t o s g r u p o s d e b a s e a 10 l a r g o d e C h i l e . E s t o s C e n t r o s s o n : OPDECH d e C h i l o 6 , AURORA d e P u e r t o M o n t t , FREDER d e O s o r n o , CAF'IDE de Temuco, CRATE d e T a l c a , PEHUENCHE d e T a l c a , CREDES d e Rancagua y EL CANELO D NOS d e San B e r n a r d o . E s t e G l t i E mo ha asumido l a c o o r d i n a c i e n d e l a Red. E s t a r e l a c i o n e n t r e 1 0 s d i s t i n t o s C e n t r o s s e c o n s t i t u y o e n e n e r o d e 1987 e n l a l o c a l i d a d d e C h o n c h i , u b i c a d a e n l a I s l a Grande d e C h i l o g , a 1 s u r d e C h i l e . En a q u e l l a o c a s i o n s e r e u n i e r o n 1 0 s d i r e c t i v e s d e l a s r e s p e c t i v a s i n s t i t u c i o n e s y r e d a c t a r o n una " D e c l a r a c i 6 n d e Chonchi", e n l a q u e s e s i n t e t i z a n 1 0 s p r i n c i p l e s que o r i e n t a n a l a Red. A l l i s e s e f i a l a que 6 s t a "no e s una o r g a n i z a c i o n p i r a m i d a l a l a c u a l s e a d h i e r e i d e o l o g i c a mente" s i n 0 una nueva forma d e " r e l a c i o n h o r i z o n t a l e n t r e o r g a n i z a c i o n e s l i b r e s y autonomas q u e d e c i d e n a r t i c u l a r s e p a r a p o t e n c i a r s u c o n t r i b u c i o n a 1 d e s a r r o l l o d e 10s grupos p o p u l a r e s . Nuestra r e l a c i o n s e caract e r i z a p o r p r i v i l e g i a r l a u n i d a d en l a d i v e r s i d a d (...) A s i e n r i q u e c e m o s l a p r o p u e s t a g l o b a l d e un nuevo t i p 0 d e d e s a r r o l l o , r e s p e t u o s o d e l a s autonomlas l o c a l e s y r e g i o n a l e s , d e s c e n t r a l i z a d o , d e s b u r o c r a t i z a d o , democrZtico y p a r t i c i p a t i v o " .
A f i n e s d e 1987 s e convoco a 1 P r i m e r E n c u e n t r o N a c i o n a l d e l a Red con e l p r o p o s i t o de r e u n i r a 10s t r a b a j a d o r e s d e l a s i n s t i t u c i o n e s a e v a l u a r , d e b a t i r y c o m p a r t i r l a marcha y l a o r g a n i z a c i o n d e l a Red, s u p r o p u e s t a de d e s a r r o l l o y s u s t a r e a s y p e r s p e c t i v a s f u t u r a s .

La r e u n i o n r e s u l t 6 t o d o un 6 x i t o . T r a s c i n c o d l a s d e a n a l i s i s , d i s c u s i o n y convivencia s e l o g r o a v a n z a r en l a s o c i a l i z a c i e n d e l a s e x p e r i e n c i a s y v i s i o n e s r e u n i d a s e n e l e n c u e n t r o . Se r e c o n o c i o l a education p o p u l a r y l a investigation p a r t i c i p a t i v a como f o r m u l a s d e l a p r e n d i z a j e con 1 0 s s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s y s e p l a n t e a r o n numerosos d e s a f l o s o r g Z n i c o s y d e t r a b a j o , p a r a m e j o r a r l a contribution a 1 0 s s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s . F i n a l m e n t e , s e a c o r d o r e a l i z a r a n u a l m e n t e nuevos e n c u e n t r o s , c o r r e s p o n d i 6 n d o l e o r g a n i z a r e l proximo a a l g u n o d e 10s C e n t r o s d e p r o v i n c i a s .

Centro el C d o ae 'ids,

Casitta 2-D San B e m a r d o , C h i l e ) .

73

CHILE; EL TALLER DE COOPERACION AL DESARROLLO

A comienzos d e 1 9 8 5 , d i v e r s a s p e r s o n a s , q u e p o r v a r i e s

han p a r t i c i pado e n e l campo d e l a c o o p e r a c i 6 n i n t e r n a c i o n a l a 1 d e s a r r o l l o , d e c i d i e r o n c o n s t i t u i r e s t e T a l l e r como un e s p a c i o d e r e f l e x i o n q u e p e r m i t i e r a c o m p a r t i r e x p e r i e n c i a s e i n q u i e t u d e s s o b r e l a m a t e r i a , con l a f i n a l i d a d d e l l e g a r a f o r m u l a r a l g u n a s p r o p o s i c i o n e s p a r a e l d i s e n o d e una p o l f t i c a d e cooperation i n t e r n a c i o n a l que b e n e f i c i e r e a l m e n t e a q u i e n e s mzs 10 r e q u i e r e n .

aces

Q u i e n e s p a r t i c i p a n 10 hacen a t i t u l o i n d i v i d u a l , y e s t z n o han e s t a d o v i n c u l a d o s en d i v e r s a s formas con a g e n c i a s no g u b e r n a m e n t a l e s d e cooperation a 1 d e s a r r o l l o ; e n s u t r a b a j o c o t i d i a n o , s e a e n i n s t i t u c i o n e s d e apoyo y / o i n v e s t i g a c i o n , e l l a s e x p r e s a n l a s p r i n c i p a l e s a r e a s en q u e s e realiza e s t a actividad. E l o b j e t i v o g e n e r a l d e l T a l l e r e s g e n e r a r un e s p a c i o d e i n f o r m a c i o n , e s t u d i o y d i s c u s i o n s o b r e 1 0 s p r o b l e m a s que p l a n t e a l a c o o p e r a c i 6 n i n t e r n a c i o n a l a 1 d e s a r r o l l o , con e s p e c i a l G n f a s i s en e l p a p e l que desemp e c a n l a s o r g a n i z a c i o n e s no g u b e r n a m e n t a l e s , t a n t o l a s d e p a i s e s i n d u s t r i a l i z a d o s con0 l a s d e n u e s t r o p a l s . Las a c t i v i d a d e s y o b j e t i v o s e s p e c t f i c o s q u e o r i e n t a n e l t r a b a j o d e l TaH e r son l a s s i g u i e n t e s :

I.

D i f u n d i r en C h i l e l a p r o b l e m i t i c a de l a cooperaci6n a 1 d e s a r r o l l o , t a n t o a La o p i n i o n p u b l i c a e n g e n e r a l como a c i e r t o s a c t o r e s s o c i a l e s y politicos que p a r t i c i p a n o que p o r s u i m p o r t a n c i a d e b i e r a n s e n s i b i l i z a r s e a n t e e l tema. s o b r e e l tema d e l a c o o p e r a c i 6 n a 1 d e s a r r o l l o , y o f r e c e r e s t e e s p a c i o de d i z l o g o a l a s a g e n d a s i n t e r n a c i o n a l e s , a o t r o s grupos reg i o n a l e s q u e p e r s i g u e n o b j e t i v o s s i m i l a r e s a Los d e l T a l l e r , a s ? como a r e p r e s e n t a n t e s d e l a s i n s t i t u c i o n e s c h i l e n a s d e apoyo y l o investigacion.

11. Mantener una i n s t a n c i a e n l a c u a l s e r e f l e x i o n e s i s t e m i t i c a m e n t e

I l l . E s t i m u l a r e l a n a l i s i s y e l d e b a t e s o b r e 10s d e s a f i o s que d e p a r e e l f u t u r e a 10s d i v e r s o s a c t o r e s d e l a c a d e n a d e l a c o o p e r a c i G n , p a r t i c u l a r m e n t e en c o n d i c i o n e s d e refundacion democrztica. IV. Recopilar m a t e r i a l e s e informacion para hacer n i s transparentes 10s p r o b l e m a s que s u r g e n e n e s t a a c t i v i d a d , a l a vez que o r i e n t a n l a busqueda d e s o l u c i o n e s q u e e x p r e s e n t o d a s s u s p o t e n c i a l i d a d e s en l a s u p e r a c i 6 n d e l a s c o n d i c i o n e s d e pobreza y s u b d e s a r r o l l o que c a r a c terizan a nuestro pafs.

E l T a l l e r t i e n e una publication s e m e s t r a l , C o o p e r a c i 6 n i n t e r n a c i o n a l a 1 d e s a r r o l l o . Los e s t u d i o s , n o t i c i a s e i n f o r m a c i o n e n g e n e r a l q u e e l l a c o n t i e n e , a s p i r a n a J i f u n d i r e l tema e n i d o p i n i o n p u b l i c a , a s e n s i b i l i z a r a a c t o r e s s o c i o - p o l i t i c o s r e l e v a n t e s , a y a p o y a r , con un m a t e r i a l s e r i o , p r o f u n d o y a c t u a l i z a d o , e l t r a b a j o de q u i e n e s p a r t i c i p a n e n e s t a s actividades.

(CasiLLa W 8 , S a n t i a g o 1, C h i l e !

ECUADOR: CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES CIUDAD

El Centro de Investigaciones CIUDAD fue fundado y constituido por un grupo de profesionales y estudiantes universitarios preocupados por la investigacion y la accion sobre distintos aspectos de la realidad nacional, particulannente en 10 relacionado con 10s multiples temas de la problem5tica urbana y regional del pais. El Centro, desde sus etapas iniciales, se ha caracterizado por su independencia y autonomla en todos 10s 6rdenes. Es una instituci6n que pcr su propia naturaleza, no persigue fines lucrativcs; su trabajo se desarrolla, por sobre todo, en base a1 trabajo en equipo y a1 compromise de sus miembros. Desde su fundacion, CIUOAD ha desarrollado multiples acciones en materia de investigacion, asesoria tgcnica, capacitation, difusion y documentacion; cuya crientaci6n general ha sido la de buscar la integration entre las elaboraciones teorico-conceptuales de caracter explicativo con la aplicaci6n de soluciones alternativas, creativas y viables. Objetivos Los objetivos de CIUDAC, que constan en su Estatuto, buscan: Promover y desarrollar investigaciones criticas de la realidad nacional y producir instrumentos te6ricos para su interpretation e

intervention.
Incursionar en 10s campos regional y urbano, a craves de estudios y acciones tanto generates como particulares. Desarrollar e incentivar la prsctica investigativa. Difundir a traves de diversos medios tanto las investigaciones y estudios realizados por CIUDAD como aquellos trabajos nacionales y/o extranjeros que puedan significar un aporte te6rico o practico para el desarrollo de la ciencia y la cultura nacionales. Conformar un sistema de informacion y documentaci6n sobre la ternstica regional y urbana. Participar con otros organismos similares dentro y fuera del pais en trabajos de intergs comun. Areas de interes Las preocupaciones generates del Centre son las preblemZticas urbana y regional. Realiza sus accividades a craves de 10s departamentos de investigacion, asistencia tgcnica, capacitaci6n. difusi6n y documentaci6n. Las areas de interes institucional son: a) Proceso de urbanizacik. Se 10 entiende como un producto hist6rico con marcada tendencia a la bicefalia en detriment0 de las ciudades

p e q u e s a s y m e d i a n a s . Se t r a b a j a en l a g G n e s i s y d e s a r r o l l o d e l proc e s o de u r b a n l z a c i 6 n y s u s m a n i f e s t a c i o n e s t e r r i t o r ~ a l e s . TambiGn s e e s t u d i a n 1 0 s d i f e r e n t e s r o l e s , f u n c i o n e s y c o n d i c i o n e b de l a s c i u d a d e s a 1 i n t e r i o r d e s u 5mbito e s p e c C f i c o . Se proponen p o l l t i c a s y c r i t e r i o s p a r a l a a t e n c i 6 n de 1 0 s d i v e r s o s problemas d e t e c t a d o s .

La c u e s t i 6 n r e g i o n a l . Se conceptila a l a r e g i 6 n como un u n i v e r s o con c a r a c t e r f s t i c a s p r o p i a s y p a r t i c u l a r i d a d e s . Desde a l l 1 s e comprende l a s p r o f u n d a s d e s i g u a l d a d e s y d i s p a r i d a d e s . Se i n d a g a n l a s f o r n a s p r o d u c t i v a s , r e l a c i o n e s s o c i a l e s , e s t r u c t u r a p o l I t i c a , p i s o s eco1 6 g i c o s y c o n f o r m a c i 6 n n a t u r a l r e g i o n a l . Se p e r s i g u e n e s t u d i o s comp a r a t i v o s d e 1 0 s d e s e q u i l i b r i o s , d e s i g u a l d a d e s , d e s a r r o l l o , admin i s t r a c i 6 n y u t i l i z a c i 6 n d e 10s r e c u r s o s n a t u r a l e s e n l a s d i v e r s a s regiones detectadas.
La c u e s t i 6 n u r b a n a . En Q u i t o , G u a y a q u i l y o t r a s c i u d a d e s s e e s t u d i a n 10s fen6menos d e c o n c e n t r a c i 6 n y c e n t r a l i z a c i b d e l a r i q u e z a s o c i a l , que 1 0 s c o n v i e r t e e n c e n t r o s a r t i c u l a d o r e s d e 1 0 s c i r c u i t o s i n c e r n o s d e a c u m u l a c i 6 n y d e u r b a n i z a c i 6 n . Se t r a b a j a n 10s p r o c e s o s s o c i a l e s , s e g r e g a c i 6 n u r b a n a y residential, c a u s a y p r o b l e m a s gener a d o s p o r e l c r e c i m i e n t o u r b a n o t a l e s como: e s p e c u l a c i 6 n d e t i e r r a s y v i v i e n d a s , d o t a c i 6 n de i n f r a e s t r u c t u r a y s e r v i c i o s , t r a n s p o r t e , a d m i n i s t r a c i 6 n y e l h i b i t a t p o p u l a r u r b a n o . Se i n v e s t i g a e l p a p e l desempefiado p o r e l s e c t o r i n r n o b i l i a r i o en 1 0 s p r o c e s o s d e e x p a n s i 6 n y c r e c i m i e n t o d e l a s u r b e s , l a s i m p l i c d c i o n e s econ6micas y s o c i a l e s d e l a s p o l i t i c a s de v i v i e n d a r e s p e c t o a 1 0 s s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s y l a s a c c i o n e s y 1Cmites d e l a a d m i n i s t r a c i 6 n m u n i c i p a l . Movimientos s o c i a l e s . Se i n d a g a n l a s l u c h a s p o r e l m e j o r a m i e n t o d e l a s c o n d i c i o n e s de v i d a , e s t a b i l i d a d l a b o r a l , s e g u r i d a d , t i e r r a , v i v i e n d a , equipamiento, s e r v i c i o s y d i s m i n u c i h d e l a jornada de t r a b a j o . Los p a r o s c i v i c o s p r o v i n c i a l e s s o n i n v e s t i g a d o s como p a r t e de l a s r n C l t i p l e s f o r m a s d e o r g a n i z a c i 6 n y l u c h a d e 10s s e c t o r e s s o c i a l e s d e l a s c i u d a d e s y r e g i o n e s . Se e n t i e n d e a s u s u r g i m i e n t o como un e l e m e n t 0 c e n t r a l d e l d e s a r r o l l o d e l p a i s . Su c a r z c t e r o r g a nizado o espontZneo ha s i d o t r a t a d o a t r a v 6 s de d i f e r e n t e s t i p o l o gCas d e c o m p o r t a m i e n t o s d e l a s o r g a n i z a c i o n e s p o p u l a r e s . P o b l a c i 6 n . Se e s t u d i a n 1 0 s d i v e r s o s f a c t o r e s q u e i n f l u y e n en l a d i s t r i b u c i h d e i a p o b l a c i 6 n e n t r e l a s d i f e r e n t e s r e g i o n e s . Tambign s e t r a b a j a l a m i g r a c i 6 n i n t e r n a , c o n d i c i o n a d a p o r o r g a n i z a c i 6 n econ6mica d e l e s p a c i o y l a c o n c e n t r a c i 6 n d e l a p o b l a c i 6 n . H z b i t a t , a r q u i t e c t u r a y t e c n o l o g f a . Se r e a l i z a n i n v e s t i g a c i o n e s s o b r e d i s e s o , aprovechamiento de m a t e r i a l e s , r e c u r s o s y t g c n i c a s c o n s t r u c t i v a s l o c a l e s que conduzcan a 1 m e j o r a m i e n t o d e l h z b i c a t , dad0 s u p r o g r e s i v o d e t e r i o r o r e i a t i v o . Tambign s e t r a b a j a en t g c n i c a s s o c i o - h a b l t a c i o n a l e s p a r a d e t e c t a r n e c e s i d a d e s , mecanismo, p r Z c t i c a s , h i b i t o s , c o s t u m b r e s , v a l o r e s , attitudes y t e n d e n c i a s s o c i a l e s que s e e x p r e s a n en l a a r q u i t e c t u r a y e l d i s e f i o . Se t i e n d e a i d e n t i f i c a r formas y v a l o r e s c u l t u r a l e s p r o p i o s de l a r e a l i d a d .

VENEZUELA: CENTRO PARA LA GESTIOR TECNOLOGICA POPULAR

( CETEP)
E l C e n t r o p a r a l a G e s t i 6 n T e c n o l 6 g i c a P o p u l a r (CETEP) es una o r g a n i z a c i 6 n no g u b e r n a m e n t a l , s i n f i n e s d e l u c r o , que s u r g e p o r l a c o n s t a t a c i 6 n d e q u e a n i v e l d e 10s s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s , en g e n e r a l , y d e l Fiovimiento P o p u l a r , e n p a r t i c u l a r , s e han v e n i d o d e s a r r o l l a n d o un c o n j u n t o d e exper i e n c i a s e n e l camp0 d e l a p r o d u c c i 6 n ( a g r i c o l a , i n d u s t r i a l , a r t e s a n a l , e t c ) y 1 0 s s e r v i c i o s ( s a l u d , a g u a , e n e r g f a , e t c ) e n l a s c u a l e s 10 t e c n o 1 6 g i c o e s un f a c t o r s i g n i f i c a t i v o p a r a s u c o n s o l i d a c i 6 n . En t a l s e n t i d o , CETE? n a c e m o t i v a d o p o r e l i n t e r 6 s d e a p o y a r y f a c ~ l i t a r p r o c e s o s d e bilsqueda, t r a n s f e r e n c i a y a p l i c a c i 6 n d e t e c n o l o g Z a s a c o r d e s con 1 0 s i n t e r e s e s y n e c e s i d a d e s d e 1 0 s s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s . Orientaciones y principios CETEP c o n c i b e l a t e c n o l o g f a como e l c o n j u n t o d e c o n o c i m i e n t o s o r g a n i z a dos d e d i v e r s a I n d o l e ( c i e n t i f i c o s , e m p ? r i c o s , i n t u i t i v o s , e t c ) emplead o s p a r a l a p r o d u c c i 6 n d e b i e n e s y s e r v i c i o s . En t a l s e n t i d o l a t e c n o 10g:a e s t 5 mis v i n c u l a d a con e l "C6mo Hacer" y p o r e l l 0 s e l a c o n c i b e como un medio o i n s t r u m e n t o . Como t o d o i n s t r u m e n t o , r e s p o n d e a l a s neces i d a d e s e i n t e r e s e s d e l c o n t e x t 0 s o c i a l donde s e g e n e r a . De a l l 1 que CETEP f o m e n t a r z y promover5 e l u s 0 d e a q u e l l a s t e c n o l o g f a s que r e s p o n d e n m5s d i r e c t a m e n t e a l a s n e c e s i d a d e s e i n t e r e s e s d e 1 0 s s e c c o r e s p o p u l a r e s r e l a c i o n a d o s con l a m e j o r a d e s u c a l i d a d d e v i d a , una mayor autonomra y a u t o g e s t i 6 n ( n o a i s l a m i e n t o ) y una mayor c a p a c i d a d de decisi6n. Enmarcado y c o n d i c i o n a d o p o r e s t a s f i n a l i d a d e s , CETEP p r i v i l e g i a r 5 aquel l a s Tecnologias Apropiadas, Intermedias, A l t e r n a t i v a s , e t c , consider a n d o q u e p o r s u c a r 5 c t e r y n a t u r a l e z a e s t 5 n mZs a1 a l c a n c e y dominio d e 1 0 s s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s y que m e j o r p o d r f a n r e s p o n d e r , acompacada d e proc e s o s o r g a r ~ i z a t i v o sy e d u c a t i v o s , a l a s n e c e s i d a d e s e i n t e r e s e s d e d i chos s e c t o r e s . CETEP s e conforma como un c e n t r o cuya f u n c i 6 n e s l a G e s t i 6 n T e c n o l 6 g i c a P o p u l a r , e n t e n d i c n d o l a como e l c o n j u n t o d e a c t i v i d a d e s r e l a c i o n a d a s con l a i d e n t i f i c a c i 6 n d e n e c e s i d a d e s y o p o r t u n i d a d e s de n a t u r a l e z a t e c n o l 6 g i c a , e l d i s e s o de p r o c e s o s y e s t r a t e g i a s , l a a d m i n i s t r a c i 6 n de r e c u r s o s y l a e v a l u a c i 6 n de r e s u l t a d o s , t o d o e l l 0 a p l i c a b l e a l a m e j o r g e n e r a c i 6 n ( c r e a c i G n , adaptaci611, a s i m i l a c i 6 n ) , t r a n s f e r e n c i a y a p l i c a c i 6 n d e l a v a r i a b l e t e c n o l 6 g i c a e n comunidades, o r g a n i z a c i o n e s p o p u l a r e s y p e q u e s a s unidades de producci6n.

D e n t r o d e e s t e c o n j u n t o d e o r i e n t a c i o n e s y p r e m i s a s , CETEP t i e n e como nisi611 c o n t r i b u i r e n l a bilsqueda, t r a n s f e r e n c i a y a p l i c a c i 6 n d e l a t e c ~ . o l o g f a en c o m ~ n i d ~ d e s ,r g a n i z d c i o n e s p o p u l a r e s y pequeEas u n i d a d e s d e o p r o d u c c i 6 n a F i n de m e j o r a r l a c a l i d a d d e v l d a , e j e r c e r una mayor a u t o -

nomia y d e s a r r o l l a r una mayor c a p a c i d a d d e d e c i s i 6 n e n b u s c a d e una soc i e d a d j u s t a y d e un horabre nuevo. Programas y s e r v i c i o s E s t u d i o s : Comprende e l c o n j u n t o d e a c t i v i d a d e s t a l e s como d i a g r l 6 s t i c o s , a n Z l i s i s , e v a l u a c i o n e s , i n v e s t i g a c i o n e s , e s t u d i o s , e t c , que p e r m i t a n conocer l a s n e c e s i d a d e s y o p o r t u n i d a d e s d e n a t u r a l e z a t e c n 0 1 6 g i c a ~ d i s e c a r p o l l t i c a s y p r o g r a m s , comprender mas adecuadamente e l p a p e l e i m p a c t 0 d e l a t e c n o l o g i a e n 1 0 s s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s , s i s t e m a t i z a r experiencias, etc. I n f o r m a c i 6 n t e c n o l 6 g i c a : CETEP d e s a r r o l l a a c t i v i d a d e s r e l a c i o n a d a s con l a bfisqueda, p r o c e s a m i e n t o , o r g a n i z a c i 6 n y d i f u s i 6 n d e i n f o m a c i 6 n t e c n o l 6 g i c a m e d i a n t e e l " S i s t e m a d e I n f o m a c i 6 n R e t e r e n c i a l " que a b a r c a t e c n o l o g l a s , i n s t i t u c i o n e s , r e c u r s o s humanos, s e r v i c i o s , i n s u m o s , e t c , como s o p o r t e f u n d a m e n t a l d e l a G e s t i 6 n T e c n o l 6 g i c a . A s e s o r z a : Abarca e l c o n j u n t o d e a c t i v i d a d e s y s e r v i c i o s d e apoyo que p e r m i t a n una a d e c u a d a t r a n s f e r e n c i a d e t e c n o l o g l a y s u e f i c i e n t e a p l i c a c i 6 n t a l e s coma a n z l i s i s d e f a c t i b i l i d a d econ6mica, apoyo y c a p a c i t a c i 6 n t G c n i c a , acompaCamiento y s e g u i m i e n t o d e e x p e r i e n c i a s , e s t u d i o s d e mercado, a d m i n i s t r a c i 6 n t e c n o l 6 g i c a , e t c . F o m a c i 6 n : Comprende a c t i v i d a d e s d e r e f l e x i 6 n y e x p e r i e n c i a s de a p r e n d i z a j e , d e s a r r o l l a d a s j u n t o con o t r o s g r u p o s d e l S r e a , d e s t i n a d a s a gar a n t i z a r l a i n c o r p o r a c i 6 n c o n c i e n t e y c r i t i c a de l a v a r i a b l e t e c n o l 6 g i c a e n 10s e s p a c i o s y p r o c e s o s donde a c t f i e CETEP, r e f l e x 1 6 n s o b r e modelos alternatives d e r e l a c i o n e s s o c i a l e s y econ6micas y f o m a c i 6 n d e f a c i l i t a d o r e s p a r a l a GestiGn T e c n o l 6 g i c a P o p u l a r . Beneficiarios y participantes Comunidades - A g r u p a c i o n e s d e p e r s o n a s d e 10s s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s que ocupan un t e r r i t o r i o p a r a v i v i r ( u r b a n i z a c i o n e s p o p u l a r e s , b a r r i o s , c a serlos, etc). O r g a n i z a c i o n e s P o p u l a r e s - E n t e n d i d a s como g r u p o s donde p a r t i c i p a n p e r s o n a s d e 10s s e c t o r e s p o p u l a r e s con e l f i n d e d e s a r r o l l a r un t r a b a j o e n comfin e n b u s c a d e c i e r t o s o b j e t i v o s ( a s o c i a c i o n e s d e v e c i n o s , c o m i t g s d e salud, grupos c r i s t i a n o s , grupos juveniles, mujeres, e t c ) P e q u e c a s Unidades d e P r o d u c c i 6 n - A n i v e l a g r i c o l a , i n d u s t r i a l , a r t e s a n a l , e t c , t a l e s como c o o p e r a t i v a s , u n i o n e s c a m p e s i n a s , t a l l e r e s , f z b r i c a s , unidades i n d u s t r i a l e s , e t c .

I N D I A : CAMERA, CADRE OF M E D I A RESOURCES AND A C T I O N

Media p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n a r t i c u l a t i n g t h e i n t e r e s t s a n d o p i n i o n s o f v a r i o u s s e c t i o n s o f any s o c i e t y . The I n d i a n s o c i e t y h a s n o t b e e n a n e x c e p t i o n t o t h i s . During t h e r e c e n t p e r i o d we have s e e n a phenomenal g r o w t h of v a r i o u s media-forms i n o u r c o u n t r y . T h i s h a s been p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e of t h e e l e c t r o n i c and p r i n t m e d i a . C o n s e q u e n t l y a l a r g e number o f p e o p l e , l i t e r a t e and n o n - l i t e r a t e , a r e b e i n g exposed t o media. As a l l t h e m a j o r forms of media s u c h a s TV, p r e s s , c i n e m a , e t c . a r e owned and c o n t r o l l e d by t h e government and t h e c o u n t r y ' s e l i t e i t i s b u t n a t u r a l f o r them t o e x p l o i t t h e s e media t o c r e a t e and r e i n f o r c e v i e w s , o p i n i o n s and v a l u e s c o n d u c i v e t o t h e i r socio-economic and p o l i t i c a l i n t e r e s t s . A l l o t h e r opinions a r e e i t h e r d i s t o r t e d o r ignored. In s h o r t , i n today's c o n t e x t t h e dominant media i n I n d i a s u b - s e r v e s t h e s o c i o - c u l t u r a l v a l u e s and i n t e r e s t s o f t h e r u l i n g e l i t e a t t h e c o s t of t h e b a s i c n e e d s and i n t e r e s t s of t h e masses i n g e n e r a l . Along w i t h t h e growing i m p o r t a n c e of t h e dominant m e d i a , we a l s o n o t i c e a n o t h e r phenomenon o c c u r r i n g more o r l e s s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . As a r e s p o n s e t o t h e dominant m e d i a , d i f f e r e n t s e c t i o n s of p e o p l e and g r o u p s i n v o l v e d i n s t r ~ g g l e sa r e i n c r e a s i n g l y r e a l i s i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p o r t a n c e of b o t h t h e t r a d i t i o n a l and modern media f o r t h e e x t e n s i o n and development o f their struggles. Some o f t h e s e s e c t i o n s and g r o u p s would c e r t a i n l y be i n a n a d v a n t a g e o u s p o s i t i o n i f t h e v a r i o u s media t e c h n i q u e s and forms of communication c a n b e u t i l i s e d i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e a r e a s . However, i t was n o t e d t h a t i f s u c h a c t i v i t i e s were t o c o n c e n t r a t e on t h e s e t a s k s , much of t h e i r t i m e , o t t i e r w i s e needed f o r o r g a n i s i n g , would b e s p e n t i n p l a n n i n g media programmes. Hence i t was t h o u g h t t h a t t h e s u p p o r t of a team of p e o p l e comm i t t e d and e x p e r i e n c e d i n t h e f i e l d of media w i t h a c l e a r p e r s p e c t i v e would b e t h e i d e a l a l t e r n a t i v e . I t was i n t h i s c o n t e x t t h a t CAMERA (Cadre of Media R e s o u r c e s and A c t i o n ) came i n t o e x i s t e n c e i n 1982. S t a r t e d by a team of p e o p l e w i t h a common background of h a v i n g been i n v o l v e d , d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y , i n p e o p l e ' s s t r u g g l e s , t h e t h r u s t o f CAMEM h a s b e e n i n two a r e a s . F i r s t l y , t o monit o r t h e dominant media w i t h a view t o a n a l y s e and e x p o s e i t s i n h e r e n t s o c i a l , economic and c u l t u r a l b i a s e s a n d , s e c o n d l y , t o p r o d u c e a u d i o v i s u a l s , v i d e o f i l m s e t c . , on i s s u e s of s o c i a l r e l e v a n c e . I n b o t h t h e s e r e s p e c t s CAMERA'S o b j e c t i v e i s t o s u p p o r t t h e media n e e d s of t h e p e o p l e and g r o u p s i n v o l v e d i n s t r u g g l e s . Programmes S i n c e i t s i n c e p t i o n , CAMEM h a s i n i t i a t e d a number of programmes cons i s t i n g of a u d i o v i s u a l s , v i d e o f i l m s , p u b l i c a t i o n s and photodocumentat i o n , The AVs were on themes s u c h a s t h e S o c i a l Power R e l a t i o n s h i p s , O r i g i n and H i s t o r y of May Day, P r o j e c t - a f f e c t e d P e o p l e , C o n s t r u c t i o n Workers, F i v e - S t a r Tourism e t c . T h r e e i s h u e s of o u r p u b l i c a t i o n c a l l e d Media News i n P e r s p e c t i v e h i g h l i g h t i n g t h e r o l e of T i n g e n e r a l , a conV t e n t a n a l y s i s of Bombay D o o r d a r s h a n ' s programme f o r f a r m e r s and w o r k e r s and t h e r o l e of t h e p r e s s i n t h e Bhopal Gas Tragedy were b r o u g h t o u t . Our n e w s l e t t e r i s c a l l e d The CAiiERA. W have b e e n m o n i t o r i n g t h e news e and v i e w s a p p e a r i n g i n t h e dominant media e s p e c i a l l y t h e p r i n t m e d i a ,

a n d documenting s l i d e s , p h o t o g r a p h s and p i c t u r e s r e f l e c t i n g t h e s o c i o economic c o n d i t i o n s of p e o p l e and t h e i r s t r u g g l e s . I t h a s a l s o b e e n i m p a r t i n g i n f o r m a l l y s t r u c t u r e d t r a i n i n g i n t h e f i e l d of AV and v i d e o p r o d u c t i o n t o i t s own t e a n members, s t u d e n t s of s o c i a l work i n s t i t u t i o n s and o t h e r a c t i v i s t s . The r e s p o n s e t o CAiiERA's programmes h a s been v e r y p o s i t i v e . S e c t i o n s of p e o p l e and g r o u p s i n v o l v e d i n s t r u g g l e , b o t h i n r u r a l and u r b a n a r e a s , have f r e q u e n t l y u t i l i s e d i t s A V s , v i d e o f i l m s and p u b l i c a t i o n s i n t h e i r programmes. S i m i l a r l y a c t i v i s t g r o u p s and i n d i v i d u a l s h a v e a l s o u t i l i s e d CAMERA'S p r o f e s s i o n a l s e r v i c e s i n s c r e e n i n g AVs produced by CAMEM and making AVsIvideo f i l m s f o r t h e i r programmes.

INDIA: PEOPLES ASSOCIATION FOR HIMALAYA AREA RESEARCH (PAHAR)

Dear F r i e n d ,
PAHAR i s a g r o u p of s o c i a l - n a t u r a l s c i e n t i s t s , a c t i v i s t s , environment a l i s t , l i t t e r a t e u r s , j o u r n a l i s t s , a r t i s t s and m o u n t a i n e e r s d e v o t e d t o t h e s c i e n t i f i c s t u d y of Himalayan s o c i e t y , c u l t u r e , h i s t o r y and e n v i r o n ment. I t i s c o l l e c t i v e and h o n o r a r y e n t e r p r i s e made p o s s i b l e by t h e r e s e a r c h , h a r d work a n d money of h u n d r e d s of f r i e n d s and m o u n t a i n l o v e r s of I n d i a . PAHAR i s a l s o t h e o f f s p r i n g o f d i f f e r e n t movements - s p e c i a l l y of Uttarakhand. Chipko

W do p u b l i s h a n n u a l PAHAR (Mountain) c o v e r i n g a l l t h e d i m e n s i o n s o f man e and n a t u r e i n Himalaya, s m a l l b o o k l e t s / p o s t e r s d e v o t e d t o t h e s t u d y of m a j o r p r o b l e m s o f t h e Himalayan r e g i o n s . W a l s o o r g a n i s e t r e k s f o r t h e e s t u d y of d i s t a n t p e o p l e and r e g i o n s o f Himalaya. W h a v e a r r a n g e d and e o r g a n i s e d s l i d e shows, s e m i n a r s , d i s c u s s i o n s on d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t s of Himalaya s i n c e 1983. W h a v e p u b l i s h e d f i v e b o o k l e t s on e n v i r o n m e n t and e s o c i a l movements i n Himalaya, and two s e p a r a t e b o o k l e t s on e n v i r o n m e n t and t r i b e s o f c e n t r a l Himalaya. W o r g a n i s e d t h e Askots-Arakote march e 1984, Nandi kund march '85, s t u d y t r e k a l o n g K a l i - K u t i a n d D h a u l i r i v e r s i n ' 8 6 and a l o n g G o r i g a n g a r i v e r i n ' 8 7 , s u r v e y e d and s t u d i e d more t h a n l 0 0 0 v i l l a g e s of c e n t r a l Himalaya. The d e t a i l e d r e p o r t i s u n d e r p r e p a r a tion. Environment f o r u s i s n e i t h e r f a s h i o n n o r i s o l a t e d from o t h e r a s p e c t s of t h e s o c i e t y . W b e l i e v e i n s c i e n t i f i c e n q u i r y and p e o p l e s a c t i o n . W e e want C O s t r e n g t h e n c o n s c i o u s n e s s r e g a r d i n g t h e y o u n g e s t m o u n t a i n s y s t e m of t h e w o r l d and t h e p e o p l e l i v i n g h e r e . Any p e r s o n who i s i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e w e l l - b e i n g of Himalaya and t h e peop l e may become t h e member o f P m R a n d c a n w r i t e f o r f u r t h e r and det a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n . Founder membership i n I n d i a i s Rs l 0 0 0 and o u t s i d e I n d i a i s $ 500. Annual membership i s Rs 40 i n I n d i a and $ 50 o u t s i d e I n d i a . The members w i l l g e t a l l t h e PAHAR p u b l i c a t i o n s .

FRANCE: ALDEA
En France et en Europe de plus en plus de gens sont desireux de creer des entreprises o i 1'6panouissement individuel et collectif prime sur le C seul imperatif du profit. De plus en plus de personnes interpellees par la crise et la mont6e des inegalites veulent redonner un sens 2 l'economie en la recentrant sur 1'Stre humain. L'ALDEA, Agence de Liaison pour Ie Developpement d'une Economie Alternative, a 6te creee en 1981 pour que se rencontrent ces entrepreneurs et ces investisseurs differents. Son action et son projet se situent sur les trois plans suivants: L'n reseau de solidarite pour de nouveaux comportements 6conomiques L'ALDEA, association loi 1901, s'adresse 2 tous ceux qui s'interessent et travaillent d de nouvelles pratiques economiques. Independante de toute institution, elle est soutenue par ses membres actifs (individus ou collectivit6s) et est ouverte 5 un large partenariat. un journal entretient un lien entre les abonnes et focalise l'actualite

. .

des seminaires confrontent experts et acteurs du terrain sur des ) sujets cruciaux (epargne, travail, utilite sociale

...

des interventions font appel aux specialistes du reseau sur des themes prioritaires et repondent 2 la demande de collectivit~s locales ou nationales un annuaire des demarches Gconomiques alternatives repond au besoin de promotion et de communication entre les differents acteurs de l'economie alternative

Des outils et des structures pour favoriser ces nouveaux comportements A la demande des entreprises alternatives, 1'ALDEA s'est d'abord attachee .2 mettre en place des outils financiers. I1 s'agit en priorite de reunir les fonds propres necessaires au dgmarrage de ces entreprises tout en redormant un r5le actif aux epargnants.

Les Cigales (Clubs dlInvestisseurs pour une Gestion Alternative et 20 personnes qui desirent Locale de 1'Epargne) reunissent de 5 s'investir dans des projets alternatifs concrets, chacun en fonction de ses ressources. Creees d partir de 1983, les Cigales se sont regroupees en Federation. En 87, plus de 100 Cigales et autant d'entreprises avaient vu Ie jour. Garrigue (Societe Cooperative de Capital-risque, capital variable, fondee en 1985). Partenaire financier, cette cooperative, la premiere du genre, complete l'action des Cigales sur le plan national et intervient dans la creation et Ie d6veloppement des entreprises alternatives.

Lancer des recherches et des action concretes Tout en restant attentive aux innovations micro~conomiques, 1'ALDEA propose une recherche plus globale sur la place du travail, du salariat, du

patronage, des ressources etc... en vue d'aider 2 1'6mergence de rapports 6conomiques iond6s sur l'egalit6, l'autonomie et la solidarite. Examples d'6tudes

...
Ces recherches sont rgalisees soit directement par llALDEA, soit Ie plus souvent avec l'autres organismes ) avec Ie soutien de (IDES, CRIDA partenaires institutionnels francais et europeens. Elles visent 2 distinguer les possibilit6s d'6closion de nouvelles pratiques 6conomiques et les conditions de leur d6veloppement dans l'environnement 6conomique actuel de comp6tition et d'exclusion.

~'economiealternative, une r6ponse 2 la crise? (pour Ie Commissariat au Plan, 1984)

...

. Le financement des entreprises intermediaires (avec 1'IDES pour la Caisse des d6pSts et consignations, 1984) . Circuits cours de mobilisation d'epargne locale (pour la Delegation interministerielle 5 1'6conomie socidle, 1985) . Partage du travail, pluriactivit6, et d6veloppement local (pour la DATAR, 1986) . D6veloppemen.t local et mutation des societes industrielles (avec EPSILON, pour Ie ministsre de la Recherche, 1987)

Ces nouvelles pratiques 6conomiques sont fondees sur:

. la remise en cause des modsles productivistes dfaccumulation, de consommation et dq6pargne, . des rapports de travail qui allient responsabilit6 et solidarite, . . l'offre de produits ou de services socialement utiles,
la mise en oeuvre de technologies appropri6es, pr6servant les ressources et l'environnement naturels,

. Ie d6veloppement local

Pilotage de developpement 6conomique interpartenarial du Val Fourr6 (pour la municipalit6 de Mantes la Jolie (1985-86) Aide 5 la creation d'entreprises par des jeunes (pour la mission locale de Louhans, 1986).

. .

( 2 8 Bd de Sebastopol, 75004 P a r i s , F r a n c e ) .

MAROC: UNE NOUVELLE ASSOCIATION DES DROITS D L'HOMME

La necessite imperieuse de renforcer l'action interieure en faveur des droits de l'homme au Maroc s'impose chaque jour davantage. Ce dessein ne date pas d'aujourd'hui. I1 puise ses racines dans les traditions de la soci&te marocaine, dans son patrimoine nusulman et dans la lutte pour l'independance qui a illustr6 Ie lien profond entre la liberation de la patrie et la promotion des droits des citoyens et de leurs libertes individuelles et collectives. Cette lutte ininterrompue a abouti 5 la consecration des principes fondamentaux des Droits de l'homne dans la Charte Royale de 1958, puis dans la Loi Fondamentale du Royaume promulguee en 1961 et enfin dans les constitutions successives, principes qui one inspire la legislation lib&r a l e des premieres annees de l'independance. Les droits de l'homme et Ie combat pour la democratie et Ie developpement L'experience tant nationale qu'internationale a confirm6 l'etroite relation entre la lutte pour les Droits de l'homme et la lutte pour la democratie politique et le progres de la civilisation. De meme, une politique de d6veloppement economique ne saurait connaitre le succgs qu'en s'appuyant sur la conscience des masses populaires, leur participation et leur initiative. Panni les facteurs extra-6conomiques qui jouent un role decisif dans Ie processus du developpement figurent notament Ie respect des Droits de l'homme et la justice sociale, fondements d'une stabilite politique reelle. La sauvegarde des Droits de l'home est une obligation incombant non seulement 5 llEtat, mais &galement aux citoyens. L'etat actuel des Droits de l'homme au Maroc. Le Maroc dispose d'un systeme juridique s'articulant sur plusieurs acquis en matigre de Droit de l'homme, 2 savoir: La Constitution, les conventions internationales ratifiees et certains textes 16gislatifs ayant trait aux libertes individuelles et publiques. Des atteintes ont et6 portees 2 ces acquis 5 deux niveaux: Au niveau legislatif, par des modifications apportees successivement au Code de procedure penale et au Code des libertes publique d'une part, et par la resurrection de certains textes repressifs datant de 1'6re coloniale. Au niveau pratique, c o m e resultat d'une part de l'esprit autoritaire, reposant sur la violation et la marginalisation de la Loi et se manifestant dans de nombreux secteurs et notamment dans les campagnes, d'autre part une faible conscience des Droits de l'homme. Le mouvement national a apporte une large contribution au combat pour les Droits de I'honmne. Cette contribution toutefois a eu tendance se focaliser, en raison du contexte historique, sur les aspects politiques, omettant la dimension sociale et culturelle. Le bilan de cette situation est caracteris6 par une grande faiblesse sur Ie front de la defense des Droits de l'homme, ce qui justifie et legitime la creation d'une nouvelle association.

Buts de l'association. - L'Association se fixe pour objectif d'apporter une contribution efficace dans les principaux domaines cl-aprgs, en oeuvrant en faveur de: la diffusion et l'approfondissement de la prise de conscience des Droits d e l'homme individuels et collectifs dans les domaines social, culturel, 6conomique et politique;

l'evolution de la legislation et 1'abrogation des dispositions 16gislatives et reglementaires contraires aux libertes individuelles et publiques ainsi que des textes incompatibles avec les conventions internationales afin d'assurer une reelle garantie de l'exercice de ces droits et libertes; Ie renforcement de l'autorite judiciaire et la consolidation de son independance;

la ratification des conventions internationales interessant les Droits de l'homme; le respect de la primaute du Droit et la consolidation de 1'Etat de droit; la defense des victimes des violations des Droits de l'homme; Ie renforcement des liens de solidarite nationale, arabe et internationale dans le domaine des Droits de l'homme.

.
. .

Moyens d'action. - Les moyens d'action sont ceux gsneralement reconnus aux associations par la loi et en particulier:

constitution d'une documentation - textes legislatifs, rgglements, decisions de justice, conventions, actes et recommendations internationales; organisation de colloques, seminaires, conferences, publication de toute documentation, circulaires, periodiques et rapports sur les Droits de l'homme et la garantie de leur exercice; contribution l'homme;

.
. . . .

1161aboration d'une Charts Nationale des Droits de

cooperation et coordination avec les associations interessees par les Droits de l'homme ainsi qu'avec les media; defense et assistance, par les moyens legaux, des victimes des violations des Droits de l'honme; renforcement des relations avec les organisations, institutions et organismes internationaux oeuvrant dans Ie domaine des Droits de l'homme et ce, par l'adhesion, la cooperation ou la coordination.

Nature de l'association. - L'association se doit de grouper tous ceux qui sont determines i participer 2 l'action en faveur des Droits de l'homme. Elle doit egalement garantir une large representativite de toutes les tendances intellectuelles, politiques. et syndicates engagzes en faveur des Droits de l'homme. Pour realiser ses objectifs, l'association doit sauvegarder son autonomie par rapport aux pouvoirs publics, et &carter tout sectarisme au profit d'une tendance politique ou ideologique determinee.

( C o n t a c t : Prof. Mahdi Elmandjra, BP 153, Rabat, Maroc).

POLAND : STRONG ANTI -NUCLEAR MOVEMENT EMERGING

T h r e e p e o p l e were a r r e s t e d on 18 J u n e a f t e r s t a g i n g an a n t i - n u c l e a r p r o t e s t a t a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e f a i r i n t h e c i t y of Poznan, P o l a n d . The t h r e e were members of a p a c i f i s t e n v i r o n m e n t a l group t h a t o p p o s e s t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of n u c l e a r power p l a n t s . Thousands of v i s i t o r s t o t h e f a i r w i t n e s s e d a s two men and one woman opened b a n n e r s and p a s s e d o u t l e a f l e t s . One b a n n e r r e a d , "Stop Zarnowiec and Klempicz, we d o n ' t want a C h e r n o b y l . " Zarnowiec and Klempicz a r e two n u c l e a r power s t a t i o n s b e i n g c o n s t r u c t e d by t h e government; t h e y a r e e x p e c t e d t o b e g i n o p e r a t i o n i n t h e 1990s. T h e r e a r e a t p r e s e n t no o p e r a t i n g commercial n u c l e a r p l a n t i n P o l a n d , b u t t h e P o l i s h n u c l e a r program i s q u i t e a m b i t i o u s . The two p l a n t s now W and 4000 W ) . u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n a r e b o t h VVER r e a c t o r s (1760 M Zarnowiec is l o c a t e d on t h e B a l t i c s e a c o a s t , 40 km from Gdansk, and Klempicz i s 60 km n o r t h w e s t of Poznan. O t h e r r e a c t o r s a r e a l s o p l a n n e d . A l r e a d y a s t r o n g a n t i - n u c l e a r movement e x i s t s i n t h e a r e a o f Gdansk, and r e s i s t a n c e i s emerging i n Poznan. A c t i v i t i e s o p p o s i n g n u c l e a r d e v e l o p ment h a v e a l s o t a k e n p l a c e e l s e w h e r e . The P o l i s h o r g a n i z a t i o n Freedom and P e a c e r e c e n t l y waged a s u c c e s s f u l campaign a g a i n s t a p l a n t o u s e World War I1 b u n k e r s a t M i e d z y r z e c z e f o r a n u c l e a r w a s t e dump. The proposed dump was opposed by l o c a l r e s i d e n t s and t h e C i t y C o u n c i l a s w e l l . The P o l i s h E c o l o g i c a l Club (PKE) i n Krakow h a s a l s o b e e n s u c c e s s f u l i n i t s campaign a g a i n s t a p l a n t o b u i l d a n u c l e a r power p l a n t n e a r t h e c i t y . On t h e s e c o n d a n n i v e r s a r y of C h e r n o b y l , PKE o r g a n i z e d a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l "Atom-forum", a p u b l i c d e b a t e on n u c l e a r e n e r g y . The forum b r o u g h t t o g e t h e r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e n u c l e a r l o b b y , accompanied by o f f i c i a l s from a l l s t a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e P o l i s h n u c l e a r e n e r g y program t o g e t h e r w i t h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s from P o l i s h a n t i - n u c l e a r g r o u p s and s c i e n t i s t s opposed t o development of n u c l e a r e n e r g y i n P o l a n d , a s w e l l a s a c t i v i s t s from b o t h e a s t e r n and w e s t e r n Europe. The d e b a t e was d e s c r i b e d a s "sometimes v e r y tough", p r o v i d i n g p a r t i c i p a n t s and l i s t e n e r s ( t h e r e w e r e a b o u t 200 p e o p l e ) w i t h "a l o t of u n i q u e i n f o r m a t i o n and a r g u m e n t s a g a i n s t n u c l e a r e n e r g y " . The forum was p r e c e d e d by s t r e e t - t h e a t e r - a c t i o n - p r o v o c a t i o n o r g a n i z e d by t h e Ecology and P e a c e ( E k o l o g i a i P o k o j ) b r a n c h of t h e PKE i n Krakow t o p r o t e s t t h e p r o p o s e d n u c l e a r h e a t i n g p l a n t f o r Krakow. R e c o g n i z i n g t h a t t h e b u i l d i n g of s u c h a h e a t i n g p l a n t i n t h e m i d d l e of one of t h e most p o l l u t e d towns i n Europe was, a s t h e group d e s c r i b e d i t , a " r a p e " of r e a s o n , g o i n g a g a i n s t a l l common s e n s e , t h e y d e c i d e d t o r e s p o n d w i t h i r o n y . Thus t h e i r a c t i o n t o o k t h e form of a e u p h o r i c c e l e b r a t i o n of t h e i d e a of t h e h e a t i n g p l a n t . They i n c l u d e d i n t h e i r " c e l e b r a t i o n " demands f o r f u r t h e r development of a n u c l e a r i n f r a s t r u c t u r e i n t h e town, c a l l i n g f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a n u c l e a r w a s t e d i s p o s a l f a c i l i t y on t h e c e n t r a l s q u a r e of Krakow, t h e r i g h t of a l l c i t i z e n s t o i n s t a l l n u c l e a r f a c i i i t i e s s u c h a s d o m e s t i c h e a t e r s and k i t c h e n s t o v e s i n t h e i r own homes, and t h e u s e o f p l u t o n i u m w a s t e s from t h e p l a n t f o r p r o d u c t i o n of t o y s f o r t h e b o y s of t h e new g e n e r a t i o n - m i n i a t o m i c bombs t o be e x p l o d e d when t h e k i d s f e e l b o r e d .

The plan for a nuclear heating plant at Krakow has since been dropped, but PKE has gone on to organize a number of actions and public discussions opposing nuclear energy, such as the first Easter March in Poland, 'Klempicz 88", which took place from 31 March to 1 April. Klempicz was chosen as a focus for the march as construction there has only just begun and the location is being strongly criticized by a number of independent scientists as well as many ecological organizations. Arguments against its construction include the fact that it will be too expensive for the country, and that, in the case of a severe accident, it would be impossible to evacuate the nearby town of Poznan. Opposition also underlines that the plant will consume an enormous amount of water and cause desertification of a large part of the region. This means the death of the big forests in the area and the destruction of one of the best agricultural regions in Poland. The Easter March made a point of emphasizing the connections between nuclear power and nuclear weapons. It drew approximately 30 participants. despite strong counter-measures by the authorities: dozens of local activists had been interrogated a few days before the march and forced to sign declarations that they would not take part in it. There was mass police attendance as the demonstrators marched with banners m some 50 k through several towns and villages. The reaction of the local population was nevertheless supportive. Demonstrators were offered food and accomodations for the night. New contacts were established and organizers expect it to stimulate an anti-nuclear network around Klempicz.

(Contact: Grzegorz Peszko, fiologia i Pokoj, c/o Polish Ecological Club, Krakow, Zynek Gt. 27, PaZac Pod Baranmi, Poland). Source: WISE News Communiqui 296 (FOB 5627, 1007 A? Amsterdam, Setheron the basis of Polish Ecological Club; TT (Swedish News Service); Across Frontiers, Vol 4, N02-3, spring-summer 1988.

ANNOUNCEMENTS

*
for

ANNONCES
t h e Study of

ANUNCIOS
Genocide (John Jay C o l l e g e o f Criminal Justice, Rm

The

Institute

3114 S, 444 W 5 6 t h S t r , New York, NY 10019, USA) i s o r g a n i s i n g on 2 2 4 23 May 1989 a conf e r e n c e on "How can we d e t e c t and d e t e r g e n o c i d e and mass p o l i t i c a l k i l l i n g s ? " P a r t i c i pants w i l l i n c l u d e s t a f f and o f f i c e r s o f international human r i q h t s , organizations; v o l u n t a r y associat i o n s c o n c e r n e d w i t h a i d , development, refugees, and s u r v i v a l o f endangered

p e o p l e s ; i n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e s ' r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s ; academics and o t h e r c o n c e r n e d p e o p l e . P a r t i c i p a n t s w i l l choose workshops t o f o c u s on s p e c i f i c s i t u a t i o n s : c o l o n i z a t i o n and d e v e l o p ment, s t a t e c o n f l i c t and c r i m e s , e t h n i c c o n f l i c t , government-imposed famine, r e l i g i o u s p e r s e c u t i o n and g e n o c i d e . and p r o b l e m s stemming from g e n o c i d e - r e f u g e e f l o w s , t o v i c t i m s , r e s e t t l e m e n t and r e s t o r a t i o n o f o r d e r i n p o s t - g e n o c i d a l s o c i e t i e s . reparations

SUISSE: LE CENTRE MARTIN LUTHER KING POUR LA NON-VIOLENCE

Fond6 e n 1968 5 l ' i n i t i a t i v e du Mouvement d e l a R e c o n c i l i a t i o n , I e C e n t r e M a r t i n L u t h e r King s e voue 2 promouvoir l a n o n - v i o l e n c e e n S u i s s e romande. A l ' o c c a s i o n d e son 20Gme a n n i v e r s a i r e , v o i c i b r i g v e m e n t p r e sentees ses principales activit6s. Dans l e monde: Le CMLK p a r t i c i p e aux e f f o r t s d e s B r i g a d e s d e P a i x I n t e r n a t i o n a l e s ( F B I ) , n o t a m e n t en AmGrique c e n t r a l e . En 1 9 8 4 , une " b r i g a d e s u i s s e d e p a i x " e s t p a r t i e au N i c a r a g u a . Le C e n t r e e n t r e t i e n t d ' e t r o i t e s r e l a t i o n s a v e c d e s inouvements e t r a n g e r s comme 1 ' A s s o c i a t i o n p o u r l a P a i x a u Pays Basque ( t o u r n 6 e d e c o n f e r e n c e s e n S u i s s e romande e n 1 9 8 7 ) ou 1'"End C o n s c r i p t i o n Campaign" en A f r i q u e du Sud (jeGne d e s o l i d a r i t ; l i e 2 Line campagne d e l e t t r e s , en 1 9 8 5 ) . I1 e s t membre du Bureau I n t e r n a t i o . n a l de l a P a i x (PIB) e t d e 1 ' I n t e r n a t i o n a l e d e s R e s i s t a n t s 2 l a G u e r r e (WRI)

En S u i s s e : L ' e s s e n t i e l d e s e f f o r t s du CMLJ p o r t e s u r l a S u i s s e . Et notamment s u r l ' o b j e c t i o n d e c o n s c i e n c e : l e s o b j e c t e u r s c o n t i n u a n t d ' e t r e e m p r i s o n n e s longuement, e n l ' a b s e n c e de t o u t s e r v i c e c i v i l , I e C L p a r t i c i p e 2 t o u s l e s e f f o r t s , au n i v e a u n a t i o n a l , v i s a n t 5 a m e l i o MK r e r l e u r s i t u a t i o n . E t , individuellement, a i d e l e s o b j e c t e u r s 2 s e prep a r e r 2 a f f r o n t e r l a j u s t i c e l a i l i t a i r e , p u i s l a p r i s o n . Des d i z a i n e s d e c o n s e i l l e r s b e n e v o l e s s o n t Ggalement f o r m e s p o u r r e l a y e r c e t t e i n f o r m a tion e t c e t t e aide. Un a u t r e v o l e t e s s e n t i e l d e s a c t i v i t e s du C e n t r e e s t l a f o r m a t i o n 2 l ' a c t i o n n o n - v i o l e n t e . Chaque a n n e e , une d i z a i n e de s e s s i o n s i n i t i e n t d e s p e r s o n n e s - v e n a n t du g r a n d p u b l i c ou d e g r o u p e s c o n s t i t u e s - 2 l a g e s t i o n n o n - v i o l e n c e d e s c o n f l i t s , p a r exemple d a n s l ' e d u c a c i o n d e s enf a n t s , d a n s l e s r a p p o r t s f a m i l i a u x , ou d a n s l ' a c t i o n s o c i a l e .

I1 f a u d r a i t e g a l e m e n t p a r l e r d e s c o n f e r e n c e s o r g a n i s e e s tournees de J e a n G o s s , d e Jean-Marie M u l l e r ; d e l a p a r t i c i p a t i o n 2 l a d i f f u s i o n d e s b a n a n e s n i c a r a g u a y e n n e s ; du s o u t i e n 2 d i v e r s r e f e r e n d u m s e t i n i t i a t i v e s s ' o p p o s a n t a u m i l i t a r i s m e , 5 l ' e t a t p o l i c i e r , 5 l a d e g r a d a t i o n du s t a t u t d e s r 6 f u g i 6 s en S u i s s e ; de l ' a t t e n t i o n soutenue p o r t e e 5 l a P r o t e c t i o n c i v i l e , q u i c r o p s o u v e n t f o n c t i o n n e comme a l i b i c o n t r e t o u t e a c t i v i t e pacifiste

...

C e n t r e d e d o c u m e n t a t i o n : Ce d e r n i e r v o l e t n ' e s t p a s l e moindre. En e f f e t . l e C L r a s s e m b l e u n e d e s d o c u m e n t a t i o n s l e s p l u s complGtes e n MK Europe f r a n c o p h o n e s u r l a n o n - v i o l e n c e , l a p a i x , l ' o b j e c t i o n d e conQuelscience e t leurs contraires: violences, guerres, militarisation que 3500 l i v r e s e t b r o c h u r e s s o n t e n p r e t g r a t u i t ; en c o n s u l t a t i o n , on t r o u v e d e s m i l l i e r s d e c o u p u r e s d e p r e s s e , p l u s de 160 d o s s i e r s t h e m a t i q u e s , l e s c o l l e c t i o n s d e p r 6 s d e 200 r e v u e s .

...

Le C L t r a v a i l l e a v e c d e s moyens r e l a t i v e m e n t r 6 d u i t s : 3 s e c r e t a i r e s MK s a l a r i e s 5 temps p a r t i e l , une b i b l i o t h e c a i r e b6n6vole e t d e s d i z a i n e s d e b e n 6 v o l e s . L ' a r g e n t p r o v i e n t e s s e n t i e l l e m e n t d e s dons d e s q u e l q u e 2 ' 5 0 0 membres, q u i r e s o l v e n t c i n q f o i s p a r a n K c o m e King, I e j o u r n a l du Centre.

{Aveniis as Bethud3 5 6 , 1 0 1 2 Lausanne, Suisse)

PERU: ASOCIACION PERUANA DE ESTUDIOS E INVESTIGACION PARA LA PAZ (APEP)

Ante l a n e c e s i d a d de promover e n n u e s t r o p a l s una c o r r i e n t e academica y c i e n t i f i c a q u e i n v e s t i g u e l a p r o b l e m Z t i c a d e l a paz s e ha c o n s t i t u i d o l a A s o c i a c i o n P e r u a n a d e E s t u d i o s e I n v e s t i g a c i o n p a r a l e Paz (APEP). La APEP e s una A s o c i a c i S n academica y c i e n t i f i c a , no g u b e r n a m e n t a l y s i n f i n e s d e l u c r o , d e s t i n a d a a promover l a i n v e s t i g a c i o n y r e f l e x i o n i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r i a s o b r e 10s o r l g e n e s , d e s a r r o l l o y c o n s e c u e n c i a s d e 1 0 s conf l i c t o s y l a v i o l e n c i a , t a n t o e n e l p i a n o i n t e r n o como i n t e r n a c i o n a l . La APEP s e c o n s t i t u y e e n e national d e I n v e s t i g a c i o n Consejo Latinoamericano d e s i o n d e Derechos Humanos y l marco institutional d e l a A s o c i a c i o n I n t e r p a r l a Paz ( I P R A ) , s u section r e g i o n a l , e l I n v e s t i g a c i 6 n p a r a l a Paz (CLAIP) y l a D i v i Paz d e l a UNESCO.

P a r a l a M E P , a 1 i g u a l que p a r a IPRA y CLAIP, l a Paz no e s c o n c e b i d a Gnicamente como l a a u s e n c i a d e g u e r r a s i n 0 tambi6n d e t o d a forma d e v i o lencia personal o estructural. Los e f e c t o s d e l a g u e r r a como 1 0 s d e l a " v i o l e n c i a e s t r u c t u r a l " s o n comp a r a b l e s : p r i v a n d e una v i d a somZticamente s a n a , p o r l a mutilation o l a m u e r t e v i o l e n t a o l e n t a p o r malnutrition, f a l t a d e v i v i e n d a , d e r o p a , a t e n c i o n d e l a s a l u d y l a o t r a g r a v e mutilation l l a m a d a a n a l f a b e t i s m o f u n c i o n a l , e x p r e s a d a e n l a i n c a p a c i d a d p a r a c o m u n i c a r s e con e l mundo d e l s a b e r y con s u s s e m e j a n t e s . En p o c a s p a l a b r a s , e n 1 0 s p a l s e s p o b r e s l a g u e r r a s e l l a m a m i s e r i a , ya que l a m i s e r i a mata y t a m b i e n 10 h a c e con e l arma d e l a c a r e n c i a d e education. ( J o h a n G a l t u n g ) . La A s o c i a c i o n promueve e l e s t u d i o , l a i n v e s t i g a c i o n y l a d i v u l g a c i o n d e temas t a l e s como l a v i o l e n c i a , e l armamentismo, e l d e s a r m e , l a g u e r r a y l a p a z , l a s o b e r a n i a , l a s r e l a c i o n e s i n t e r n a c i o n a l e s , l a s e g u r i d a d nac i o n a l y todos a q u e l l o s que r e s u l t e n r e l e v a n t e s p a r a e l d e s a r r o l l o de e s t a joven c o r r i e n t e d e l a s c i e n c i a s s o c i a l e s , llamada C i e n c i a de l a Paz

A 1 mismo tiempo, p r o c u r a i n t e r c a m b i o s y c o n v e n i o s con i n s t i t u c i o n e s a c a -

dgmicas d e n t r o y f u e r a d e l p a l s , p a r a e l l o g r o de s u s o b j e t i v o s . En p a r t i c u l a r , t r a b a j a con l a D i v i s i o n d e A s u n t o s d e l Desanne d e N a c i o n e s Unid a s , con l a D i v i s i o n d e Derechos Humanos y Paz d e l a UNESCO y con t o d o s 1 0 s o t r o s o r g a n i s m o s d e d i c a d o s a promover y d e s a r r o l l a r l a i n v e s t i g a c i h , l a d i f u s i o n y l a education p a r a l a Paz y n i v e l m u n d i a l .

'.a Secretaria e j e c u t i v a de l APEP as Laura HuhLengoitia, mienbra del a i7.msejo del IFUA

(Cab0 Lr'vttorra 6804, Pueblo Libre, Lima, P e r u ) .

CANDELA
CAVDELA i s a n o n - p r o f i t making o r g a n i s a t i o n whose aim i s t o promote i n i t i a t i v e s t o t a c k l e t h e u n d e r l y i n g c a u s e of p o v e r t y i n T h i r d World c o u n t r i e s t h r o u g h a c h i e v i n g more e q u a l forms of e x c h a n g e f o r t h o s e b a d l y a f f e c t e d by t h e d e b t c r i s i s , s u c h as s m a l l f a n n e r s , a r t i s a n s and s m a l l p r o d u c e r s . 1t aims t o s e e k a n a l t e r n a t i v e development s t r a t e g y which combines i n t e r n a l development w i t h a l t e r n a t i v e t r a d i n g p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r c o o p e r a t i v e s and i n d e p e n d e n t p r o d u c e r s of p r o d u c t s which have n o t t r a d i t i o n a l l y been e x p o r t e d . T h i s a l t e r n a t i v e c h a r a c t e r a f f e c t s b o t h t h e p r o d u c t s i t a i m s t o d e v e l o p , t h e mechanisms i t u s e s i n c a r r y i n g o u t t h e p r o j e c t s and t h e dynamics a d o p t e d f o r i t s f u n c t i o n i n g . CANDELA s t r e s s e s t h e i m p o r t a n c e of f u r t h e r i n g South-South s i d e e s t a b l i s h i n g South-North l i n k s . The need f o r p r a c t i c a l e x p e r i e n c e CANDELA b e l i e v e s i n t h e i m p o r t a n c e of p r a c t i c a l e x p e r i e n c e g a i n e d i n t h e f i e l d by b o t h p e o p l e i n t h e S o u t h , A l t e r n a t i v e T r a d i n g O r g a n i s a t i o n s (ATOs) a n d c i t i z e n s ' g r o u p s b o t h from t h e S o u t h and t h e N o r t h . CANDELA t h e r e f o r e a c t i v e l y s e e k s l i n k s w i t h like-minded o r g a n i s a t i o n s t o exchange e x p e r i e n c e s which m i g h t l e a d t o t h e f o r m u l a t i o n o f a l t e r n a t i v e development models. Formation CANDELA was formed i n Managua, N i c a r a g u a , i n March 1988 by L a t i n Americ a n A l t e r n a t i v e T r a d i n g O r g a n i s a t i o n s (ATOs). I t c u r r e n t l y c o n s i s t s of members from s e v e r a l L a t i n American c o u n t r i e s . Each of t h e s e companies were and a r e members of t h e n e t w o r k s e t up by Twin T r a d i n g i n t h e UK and h a v e n o t o n l y d e v e l o p e d t r a d e between thems e l v e s , e . g . s h a r k f i n s , rum and s a n d p a p e r , b u t have m a r k e t e d rum, l e a t h e r g o o d s , f u r n i t u r e , h a n d i c r a f t s , t e x t i l e s , and o t h e r p r o d u c t s t h r o u g h Twin T r a d i n g L t d t o a l t e r n a t i v e o u t l e t s s u c h a s h e a l t h f o o d w h o l e s a l e r s and T h i r d World c r a f t s h o p s i n t h e n e t w o r k a s w e l l a s c o n v e n t i o n a l buye r s and r e t a i l e r s . T h e s e L a t i n American ATOs p r o v i d e o r f a c i l i t a t e i n f o r m a t i o n and a s s i s t a n c e ( b o t h t e c h n i c a l and m a t e r i a l ) t o t h e p r o d u c e r g r o u p n e t w o r k s i n t h e i r respective c o u n t r i e s . I n order t o be a b l e t o carry out t h i s development r o l e , i n h e r e n t i n t h e c h a r a c t e r of a s o u t h e r n ATO, more e f f e c t i v e l y , development f u n d s a r e d e s p e r a t e l y needed which c a n n o t b e gene r a t e d through trade. Why S o u t h e r n ATOs The r o l e o r S o u t h e r n A I D s i s s e e n t o be i m p o r t a n t a s i t aims t o r e p l a c e p a r t of t h e e x p l o i t a t i v e , t r a d i t i o n a l i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l c h a n n e l s of c o m m e r c i a l i s a t i o n on which t h e c o o p e r a t i v e s and o t h e r i n d e p e n d e n t produc e r s depend. These ATOs have a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e t o p l a y i n p r o v i d i n g a t r a d i n g l i n k f o r income g e n e r a t i n g p r o j e c t s . t r a d e along-

It was therefore decided to form a South non-profit making organisation which will serve as a network with branches in all participating countries. The role of the London office initially is the raising of funds which will enable it to carry out immediate projects and provide finance for the infrastructure needed to develop its aims. Services In order to achieve its aims CANDELA provides the following services to its members and other organisations: a. Fundraising

To obtain funding from international organisations, citizens' groups and the public at large to finance both projects of technology exchange and production linked up with export. The projects are prepared on the initiative of the Southern ATOs and internal networks in Latin Anencan countries. b. Information

Technological information which will facilitate the implementation of new projects in the export of non-traditional products, or the broadening of existing ones. Special attention is given to the exchange of appropriate technology used in Latin American countries. CANDELA aims to work closely with ATOs in the North to obtain and to share information. Organizational information which serves as a tool to consolidate the organisation of producer groups which will allow the internal networks of producer groups in Latin America to expand. CANDELA aims to keep close contact with citizens' groups to draw upon their rich experience through information exchange. Trading information. The provision of information on existing market conditions for given products, in order to achieve more equal trading relations. The commercial information will also enable the ATOs to diversify their products, thereby expanding the internal networks of producer groups in Latin America. c. Organization of events

This includes the exchange of experience between the ATOs who form part of CANDELA and their joint participation in conferences, seminars, exhibitions, fairs and other events which will allow the quantity and quality of the aims of CANDELA to be expanded. Additionally it also aims to be discussing forum for like-minded organisations, either to work on income generating projects or alternative trade or to try and establish alternative internal networks.

(Europe: 5 P e t e r S t r e e t , London U N 3RR, England Anerica Latina: Domingo Casanova 1 5 1 , Lima 1 4 , Peru)

90

i f d a d o s s i e r 68

november/december

1988

letters/lettres/cartas

LIBERALISM0 Y NEO-LIBERALISM0 EN EL TERCER MUNDO

Una n o t a de I e c t u r a de I g n a c y 5achs s o b r e e l l i b r o E l o t r o sendero de Hernando de S o t o ( I F D A D o s s i e r 6 6 ) comprornete a un peruano, corno e s tarnbien e l a u t o r d e l l i b r o , a c a n e n t a r e l c o n t e x t 0 en que 6 s t e y s u e x i t o e d i t o r i a l han t e n i d o o r i g e n . Fue ya un e r r o r fundamental de De S o t o e l c o n t r a p o n e r s i n rnss l a i d e a de l a I i b e r t a d a l a p r e s e n c i a d e l E s t a d o y do l a b u r o c r a c i a , pues s i l a l i b e r t a d y l i b e r a l i s m o , en e l s e n t i d o como 10 son, que hoy se a t r i b u y e a e s t a u l t i m a p a l a b r a , son c o s a s e n t e r a m e n t e d i s t i n t a s , e l l i b e r a l i s m o y 1a democrac'a r e s u l t a n e n t o n c e s c o n t r a d i c t o r i o s .

O t r o e r r o r de base en e l l i b r o comentado es c o n s i d e r a r que e l exceso de b u r o c r a c i a es l o que da o r i g e n a l a economia s u b t e r r s n e a , 10 que e s t i d e s m e n t i d o p o r l a s econornias p r i m i t i vas s i n b u r o c r a c i a , y r e a l i z a r l u e g o c 5 l c u l o s e c o n h i c o s b r i l l a n t e s p a r a o f r e c e r l o s c m o p r u e b d de que f u e r a de l a b u r o c r a c i a t o d o h a b r l a s i d o p o s i b l e y d e n t r o de e l l a t o d o es im~oslble. Un e r r o r a d i c i o n a l , y no de pequeha rnonta, e s e l de que e l a u t o r de E l o t r o sendero mezcla en un s o l o problema l a b u r o c r a c i a y e l l e g a l i s r n o . Uno y o t r o pueden s e r a u t o - p a r a l i z a n t e s y, e n I a f r a s e d e l h i s t o r i a d o r p e r u a n o J o r g e Basaare, mdnoseada hoy h a s t a e l exceso, e l p a i s l e g a l y a p a r e n t e puede v i v i r de e s p a l d a s a1 p a i s p r o f u n d o , coma ha probado e l n a c i n i e n t o y l a p e r s i s t e n c i a d e l Sendero v i o l e n t o . No se exaqera e l o r i g e n de e s t a d u p l i c i d a d de p a i s e s a1 a t r i b u i r l a a un problema e c o n h i c o rnss b i e n que a uno l e g a l i s t a o b u r o c r h t i c o , y e s t a e s l a c o n t r a d i c c i 6 n anotada ya p o r o t r o s c m e n t a r i s t a s y que l l e v a , n a t u r a l m e n t e , a p r e t e n d e r r e d u c i r e l E s t a d o y a d e j a r en manos d e l poder econ6mico e l d e s t i n o de 10s p u e b l o s . Para u t i l i z a r e l e j e m p l o de uno de 1 0 s t r e s s e c t o r e s que exarnina e l l i b r o de De Soto, el

t r a s p o r t e c o l e c t i v o es s u b s i d i a d o y . p o r t a n t o , e x c l u y d o de l a s l e y e s l i b e r a l e s d e l mercado, en p r 5 c t i c a r n e n t e t o d o s 10s p a i s e s d e l mundo, i n d u s t r i a l e s y s u b d e s a r r o l l a d o s . R e f o r z a r e l s i s t e m a l e g a l i n c o r p o r a n d o en 61 a q u i e n e s e s t 5 n f u e r a , no s o l a m e n t e ha r e s u l t a d o i m p o s i b l e h a s t a hoy s i n o que p o d r i a r e s u l t a r c o n t r a p r o d u c e n t e . E l l o , en p r i m e r l u g a r , p o r q u e e l a p a r a t o l e g a l l e j o s de s i m p l i f i c a r s e , se c o m p l i c a r i a , de 10 que e s p r u e b d 1a c a t a r a t a de d e c r e t o s - I e y e s d e l C o b i e r n o m i l i t a r peruano i n i c i a d o en 1968, d i s p o s i c i o n e s que i b a n encarninadas a m e j o r a r l a participation p o p u l a r y no h i c i e r o n s i n 0 p a r a l i z a r l a y con e l l a a t o d o e l p a l s . Tampoco p a r e c e p e r c i b i r s e en !a concepc16n de e s t e nuevo sendero que l a p r e t e n d i d a o r q a n i z a c i 6 n de 10s " i n f o r n a l e s " y su i n c o r p o r a c i 6 n a un sisterna l e g a l aparentemente d e s b u r o c r a t i z a n t e p o d r i a l l e v a r a l a s o c i e d a d de 10s p o b r e s a una forma de c o r p o r a t i v i s m o con t r a j e de d e m o c r a c i a y con l a e t i q u e t a y l a excusa de l a s l e y e s l i b r e s d e l mercado. A l y h n o t r o a u t o r peraano >a hecho n o t a r ya que 10s e s f u e r z o s p a r a c o n c e b i r e s t e segundo sendero no van c i e r t a r n e n t e encarninados a p r o v o c a r e l cambio que l a s o c i e d a d de 10s p o b r e s i e c e s i t a , pues cabe p r e g u n t a r s e s i 10s p r o p i o s beneficiaries a c e p t a r s n e l cambio ,v, 10 que es p e e r , s i n o se r e q u e r i r i p a r a e l l 0 una a c t i t l i d v i o l e n t a de o t r o genero, p e r 0 v i o l e n t a de t o d o s modos, como l a que e l Sendero s a n q u i n a r i o p r e t e n d e i n p o n e r .

Ignacy Sachs e x p r e s s dudas j u s t i f i c a d a s s o b r e l a p o s i b i l i d a d de que 10s pequefios empresar i o s que e s t a n en n u e s t r o s p a i s e s f u e r a de l a l e y puedan 3caso s e r r e a l r e n t e e l mode10 que sono Schumpeter. D e s m a n t e l a r e l Estado, p o r o t r o l a d o , p r o c l a n a n d o l a economla p u r a en s u s t i t u c i 6 n de l a econom?a p o l U i c . 3 , d e j a s i n r e s g u a r d o a1 que no d i s p o n e de r e c u r s o s , c o n v i r t i e n d o en e1 m e j o r de 10s c a s o s a1 i n f o r m a l o r g a n i z a d o en un e x p l o t a d o r de 10s que no p e r t e n e c e n a su o r g a n i z a c i 6 n . Se t r a t a r i a , en suma, de i n c o r p o r a r en e l c a p i t a l i s m o a un s e c t o r i n t e r m e d i o de l a s o c i e dad que p o r e l memento se b u r l a d e l Estado, e l u d e l a s r e f l l a s d e l j u e g o y no paga impuestos. La e x p e r i e n c i a de i o s G l t i m o s l u s t r o s en 10s p a l s e s p o b r e s m u e s t r a c i a r a m e n t e que no e s l a r e v o l u c i 6 n v i o i e n t a n i l a participation rnanipulada p o r una d i c t a d u r a 10 que puede empujar e l cambio n e c e s a r i o ; p e r 0 l a r e c e t a no c o n s i s t e tampoco en r e v i v i r e s f o r z a d a y e n i r g i c a mente e l c a o i t d l i s m o l i b e r a l de antaiio.

AN EXCHANGE WITHIN THE UN

Two v e r y s e n i o r UN o f i c i a l s whom we a r e n o t a t l i b e r t y t o name, b u t who a r e known t o us exchanged comments on P i e r r e P r a d e r v a n d ' s a r t i c l e ' A f r i q u e M o i r e : La v i c t o i r e du cou-

64, p p . 3 - 1 2 ) . The f i r s t one w r i t e s : "Should one f o c u s so p e r f e c t l y e x c l u rage' s i v e l y on t h e u n d i l u t e d m i s e r y o f d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s ? I s t h e p i c t u r e a l l t h a t u n r e l e n t i n g l y d e s o l a t e ? Has a b s o l u t e l y n o t h i n g , n o t h i n g a t a l l o f any p o s i t i v e w o r t h come o u t o f economic d i v e r s i t y ? S h o u l d n o t someone l i g h t a m a t c h i n t h a t d i r e c t i o n ? 1 e n c l o s e a copy o f an i n t e r e s t i n g a r t i c l e . M i g h t t h e r e be s o m e t h i n 9 i n s p i r i n g < n t h i s e f f o r t o f an i n d i v i d u a l ? He r e p o r t s from A f r i c a : "Le manque de moyens e s t d 6 j 3 un moyen. La f a i m d e v i a n t une arme p o u r i n n o v e r . O u e l s s o n t 1es p o i n t s d ' e s p o i r que vous voyez? 11 y en a t e l l e m e n t que j e ne s a i s p a s oG canmencer." The o t h e r r e p l i e s : " l am g l a d you c a l l e d my a t t e n t i o n t o t h e , a r t i c l e . l do n o t know how s e r i o u s l y one can t a k e i t b u t l n o t o n l y hope t h a t i t i s c o r r e c t ; I am i n c l i n e d t o t h i n k t h a t i n a l o n g e r v i e w o f h i s t o r y i t i s t h e k i n d o f r e s p o n s e one s h o u l d e x p e c t . P e o p l e t a k e t h e i r d e s t i n i e s i n hand when t h e y a r e a l l o w e d t o , and t h e y a r e no f o o l s . The w e s t e r n - s t y l e d s t a t e has been a d i s a s t e r and i t i s p r o b a b l y an o b s t a c l e t o development i n many cases. W a r e t o o f o c u s s e d o n what governments do e 1 air beconiing more o r i e n t e d t o -

(m

wards " a n o t h e r development" t o NCOs a l l t h e t i m e . "

t h e more I l e a r n ,

although i t i s l a t e i n l i f e .

l am warming up

FROM CANADA
W i t h t h i s l e t t e r I am e n c l o s i n g a cheque t o s u s t a i n my s u b s c r i p t i o n t o IFDA and t o s u p p o r t I t i s d i f f i c u l t t o judge i t s impact, b u t l y o u r w o r t h w h i l e work i n p u b l i s h i n g t h e ~ i s u a l l y f i n d one o r two i t e m s o f i n t e r e s t p e r i s s u e . T h a t g e t s t r a n s i a t e d i n t o i m p a c t t h r o u g h my i n v o l v e n e n t as a c o n s u l t a n t , w r i t e r and s p e a k e r . B u t I w o u l a n ' t want t o j u d g e t h e i m p a c t o f t h o s e a c t i v i t i e s . I suppose t h a t i t a l l b u i l d s up g r a i n by g r a i n t o f o r m a c o n s c i o u s n e s s s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t from what m i g h t have been.

-.

Morris M i l l e r , Faculty o f Administratior., U n i v e r s i t y o f Ottduc.

ifda

dossier

68

november/december

1988

footnotes/notes/notas

N.B.

Documents mentioned i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n a r e

a v a i l a b l e from

IFSA b u t ,

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pendir-g on t h e case, from p u b l i s h e r s , s c r i p t i o n o f t h e document.

bookshops o r t h e a d d r e s s i n d i c a t e d a f t e r

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LOCAL SPACE
Dee Brown, E n t e r r e mon c o e u r ( A r i s t a , 1988) 551pp. "Tuez t o u s I e s I n d i e n s que vous r e n c o n t r e r e z " . A i n s i ordonna I e c o l o n e l Evans l o r s de l a "ConquGte de 1 ' Q u e s t " q u i ne f u t q u ' u n e e x t e r m i n a t i o n s y s t 6 m a t i q u e de m i l l i o n s d ' l n d i e n s . Au d e l a de l ' h i s t o i r e , Dee Brown, qui n ' u t i l i s e que des documents o f f i c i e l s , s ' a t t a c h e i nous f a i r e d i c o u v r i r l a saqesse d ' u n p e u p l e neconnu. Connaissance de l a N a t u r e , r e s p e c t de l a v i e q u i s ' y m a n i f e s t e e t s p i r i t u a l i t 6 f o n t de c e t o u v r a g e un l i v r e p u i s s a n t e t b o u l e v e r s a n t . Chacun s e r a s e n s i b l e tant 3 . l a lumiere q u ' i l France). y m o v i m i e n t o s o c i a l , 284pp. La a l a V i r g e n d e l Carmen como su d6gage q u ' 5 la reflexion

laquelle i 1 invite.

(24580 P l a z a c -

Rouffignac,

Juan Van K e s s e l , L u c e r o b r i l l a n t e : m i s t i c a p o p u l a r T i r a n a , donde unos d i e z m i l b a i l a r i n e s v i e n e n a v e n e r a r

"Lucero B r i l l a n t e e s s o l o uno de 10s s a n t u a r i o s p o p u l a r e s d e l d e s i e r t o de C h i l e . En e s t a obra, e l D r . J. Van K e s s e l a n a l i z a l a insospechada r i q u e z a de l a c u l t u r a , l a 6 t i c a y l a r e l i g i o s i d a d del pueblo n o r t i n o y e x p l i c a por l a m l s t i c a popular, s o c i a l y l a madurez p o l f t i c a de e s t o s b a i l a r i n e s . l a clara conciencia Una o b r a c l i s i c a que s e r a i n d i s p e n s a b l e

..."

p a r a t o d o s 10s p r o f e s i o n a l e s que se d e d i c a n a l a s c i e n c i a s s o c i a l e s , a l a p a s t o r a l popul a r , a1 f o l k l o r e y a l a g e o g r a f i a d e l N o r t e de C h i l e ; J u l i i n Gonzdlez Reyes, Los H i j o s de l a C e s i n t e g r a c i 6 n C u l t u r a l : J6venes Emigrados Aymaras, 99pp; Juan A l v a r e z T i c u n a , c i 6 n p a r a e l D e s a r r o l l o A n d i n o : Une p r o p u e s t a c u r r i c u l a r b i c u l t u r a l p a r a l as e s c u e l a s aymaras de T a r a p a c i , 123pp; Juan Van K e s s e l , E1 l l a m a d o ' r e p u n t e econormco' en l a P r e c o r d i l l e r a de Tarapac.5: e i case de S i b a y a , 26pp. ( C e n t r o de l n v e s t i g a c i 6 n de l a R e a l i d a d d e l N o r t e , C a s i l l a 823, Iquique, C h i l e ) . S t r a n g e r i n t h e F o r e s t : On F o o t A c r o s s Borneo ( B o s t o n : Houghton M i f f l i n

E r i c Hansen,

Company, 1988) 286pp. The r a i n f o r e s t o f B o r n e o i s one o f t h e l a s t p l a c e s on e a r t h s t i l l l a r g e l y u n t o u c h e d by w e s t e r n ' c i v i l i z a t i o n ' . The a u t h o r w a l k e d i n t o t h i s f o r e s t f o r many months m e e t i n g and l i v i n g w i t h t r i b e s whose l o n g h o u s e s w e r e s t i l l d e c o r a t e d w i t h t h e h e a d h u n t i n g swords of t h e i r a n c e s t o r s , b u t whose i d e a o f c r i m e was n o t t o s h a r e w i t h o t h e r s . H i s w e s t e r n sense o f t i m e washed away and a f t e r 1500 m i l e s , as he n e a r e d t h e c o a s t and t h e end o f h i s j o u r n e y , he d e c i d e d n o t t o c o n f r o n t w e s t e r n c u l t u r e y e t and w a l k e d back a g a i n . The book i s a r a r e and i n t i m a t e l o o k a t a v a n i s h i n g way o f l i f e , t h a t o f t h e nomadi c Penan, one o f t h e l a s t s u r v i v i n g o r o u o s o f r a i n - f o r e s t d w e l l e r s i n t h e w o r l d , an a n c i e n t , g e n t l e c u l t u r e b e s i e g e d by t h e t w e n t h i e t h c e n t u r y . S t r a n q e r i n t h e F o r e s t i s an i m p a s s i o n e d p l e a f o r t h e s u r v i v a l o f t h e r a i n - f o r e s t p e o p l e whose t e r r i t o r i e s a r e r a p i d l y t a k e n away by t h e b u l l d o z e r s o f t h e t i m b e r companies. ( 2 P a r k S t r , B o s t o n , MA 02108, USA).

l r e n e Dankelman and Joan D a v i d s o n , Women and E n v i r o n m e n t i n t h e T h i r d W o r l d : A l l i a n c e

f o r t h e F u t u r e (London: t a r t h s c a n , 1388) 210pp. T h i r d W o r l d women p l a y t h e m a j o r r o l e i n managing n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s . They a r e t h e f i r s t and n a r d e s t h i t by e n v i r o n m e n t a l mismanagement, y e t t h e y a r e n e i t h e r c o n s u l t e d n o r t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t b y development s t r a t e g i e s . T h i s book c o n t a i n s w e l l documented c a s e s t u d i e s and i n t e r v i e w s w i t h l e a d i n g women c o n s e r v a t i o n i s t s f r o m t h e T h i r d World, and g i v e s a c l e a r a c c o u n t o f women's p r o b l e m s i n r e l a t i o n t o l a n d , w a t e r , f o r e s t s , energy ana human s e t t l e m e n t s . I t a l s o looks a t t h e l a c k of

r e s p o n s e from i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s and a t t h e ways i n w h i c h women c a n o r g a n i z e t o meet e n v i r o n m e n t a l , s o c i a l and economic c h a l l e n g e s . ( E n d s l e i g h S t r , London WCIH ODD, U K ) . M. Van d e r Veken and I . Hernandez, Women, Technology and Development (Leuven: ATOL, 1988) 155pp. The t r a d i t i o n a l s o c i a l and economic r e l a t i o n s t h a t governed u n t i l r e c e n t l y t h e c o n t a c t s between t h e g e n d e r s i n many p a r t s o f t h e w o r l d a l l o w e d w m e n a c o n s i d e r a b l e autonomy. T h i s s i t u a t i o n was f u n d a m e n t a l l y u p r o o t e d b y t h e g e n e r a l p r o c e s s o f m o d e r n i z a t i o n . B u t f o r a number o f i n d i v i d u a l e x c e p t i o n s , women have been c o n f i n e d t o a s u b o r d i n a t e and m a r g i n a l p o s i t i o n . I n t e n t i o n a l l y o r n o t , most ' d e v e l o p m e n t ' p r o j e c t s enhances t h i s t e n d e n c y . A q r a d u a l i n s i g h t emerqes t h a t t h i n g s h a v e gone v e r y wrong and t h a t t h e f a i l u r e o f so many i n i t i a t i v e s f i n d s i t s m a i n cause i n t h e i r d i s r e g a r d f o r women as a g r o u p . S t a r t i n g f r o m t h e c o n c e p t o f ' a p p r o p r i a t e t e c h n o l o g y ' , ATOL o f f e r s a c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e r e o r i e n t a t i o n o f i n t e r v e n t i o n s i n t h e T h i r d W o r l d t o w a r d s t h e r e a l needs and p r e f e r e n c e s o f women. ( B l i j d e I n k m s t s t r a a t 9, 3000 Leuven, B e l g i u m ) . Marie Eliou, Melanges o f f e r t s

.
.

2 Roger M i l l i e x , 1988) pp.1-14

La p r o b l e m a t i q u e f e m i n i n e dans 1es s c i e n c e s de I ' e d u c a t i o n ( E x t r a i t des ( 9 r u e A l f e i o u , 115 22 A t h i n e s , C r e c e ) . L e x i q u e de l a n o n - v i o l e n c e , n m e r o s p e c i a l ( 6 8 ) d 4 A 1 t e r n a t i v e s non

Jean-Marie M u l l e r ,

a q u i l ' o n d o i t d e j a une S t r a t e q i e de I ' a c t i o n nonv i o l e n t e s . En 68 a r t i c l e s , I ' a u t e u r v i o l e n t e (Le S e u i l ) c o n t r i b u e , en un l a n g u a g e c l a i r , c o h e r e n t e t c o n c i s , 2 d i s s i p e r l e s

confusions e t equivoques q u i p i s e n t s u r l a non-violence. C o n t r i b u t i o n d ' a u t a n t p l u s import a n t e que l a n o n - v i o l e n c e demeure, m a l g r e q u e l q u e s r e f e r e n c e s dans l ' a c t u a l i t e a Gandhi ou

4 M a r t i n L u t h e r K i n g , l a r g m e n t e t r a n g 6 r e 5 l a c u l t u r e o c c i d e n t a l e , e t qua l a d i f f i c u l t 6 a en p e r c e v o i r I e sens r e e l a b o u t i t souvent 5 en f a i r e r e c u s e r l a p e r t i n e n c e . ( 1 6 r u e P a u l A p p e l l , 42000 S a i n t - E t i e n n e , F r a n c e ) .

R.

Biorcio,

C.

Lodi (a cura d i ) ,

La s f i d a v e r d e :

11 movimento e c o l o q i s t a i n I t a l i a

(Padova: L i v i a n a E d i t r i c e , 1988) 215pp. C e t t e p r e m i e r e e t u d e s y s t e r n a t i q u e de 1a complexe r e a l i t e du mouvement e c o l o q i s t e i t a l i e n examine 1es d i v e r s e s m a n i 6 r e s " d ' z t r e v e r t " m i l i t a n t s , a s s o c i a t i o n s , l i s t e s v e r t e s e t l e u r s e l e c t e u r s . Une e n q u z t e e m p i r i q u e de l a r e g i o n m e t r o p o l i t a i n e de M i l a n p e r m e t de r e c o n s t r u i r e I e s p e c t r e des groupes e t a s s o c i a t i o n s ; I ' a n a l y s e de t r o i s g r a n d e s a s s o c i a t i o n s r e v i l e l e s s t r a t e g i e s des e l e m e n t s 1es p l u s organises. Le phenomene des l i s t e s v e r t e s , c e l u i du Veneto. leur formation e t leurs electeurs est etudie Italia). dans u n espace r e g i o n a l , ( 1 v i a L u i g i D o t t e s i o , 35138 Padova,

K l a s Sandel l ( e d ) ,

B u d d h i s t P e r s p e c t i v e s on t h e E c o c r i s i s (Kandy:

Buddhist Publica-

t i o n S o c i e t y , 1987) 76ppi t h e D a l a i Lama; " B u d d h i s t

I n c l u d i n g "An E t h i c a l Approach t o E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n " b y P h i l o s o p h y as I n s p i r a t ~ o nt o Ecodevelopment" by K l a s S a n d e l l ; and t h e i r I n f l u e n c e f r o m Buddhism" b y Sigmund

"Norwegian E c o p h i l o s o p h y and Ecopol it i c s K v a l o y (PO8 61, Kandy, S r i L a n k a ) .

Udo E. Simonis, " I n t e r n a t i o n a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l Problems and t h e R o l e o f L e g i s l a t o r s " , pp.187-197; "Ecology and Economic P o l i c y " , pp.163-167, i n Agni V l a v i a n o s - A r v a n t i s ( e d ) B i o p o l i t i c s : The B i o - E n v i r o n m e n t ; C h r i s t i a n L e i p e r t and Udo E. S i m o n i s , " E n v i r o n m e n t a l Damage E n v i r o n m e n t a l E x p e n d i t u r e s : S t a t i s t i c a l E v i d e n c e on t h e F e d e r a l R e p u b l i c o f

Germany, i n I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l s c h u f e r 50, 1000 B e r l i n 30, FRG).

of

Social

Economics,

15,7

pp.37-52

(WZB,

Reichpiet-

Caby S t o l l , N a t u r a l Croc P r o t e c t o r Based on L o c a l Farm Resources i n t h e T r o o i c s and S u b t r o p i c s (Langen: Tropps ' J e r l a g , 1987; 156pp. Qaoy S t o l l , c o - w o r k e r o t ACRECOL, has c o l l e c t e d i n f o r m a t i o n s on l o c a l p r a c t i c e s as we11 as on s c i e n t i f i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s on n a t u r a l c r o p p r o t e c t i o n methods. A m a i n f o c u s i s l a i d on t h e use o f i n s e c t i c i d a l p l a n t s . I n a d d i t i o n o t h e r adapted c r o p p r o t e c t i o n methods a r e p r e s e n t e d w h i c h can be p r a c t i c e d o r m a n u f a c t u r e d by m a l l f a r m e r s . ( R a i f f e i s e n s t r a s s e 24, 6070 Langen, FRG).

C e r t Roland F i s c h e r , Manejo S u s t e n t a d o de F l o r e s t a s N a t i v a s 1987, 947, S9200 J o i n v i l l e SC, B r a s i l ) .

,

.
.

82pp. ( C a i x a P o s t a l

M i c h a e l Renne-,

Rethinking t h e Role of

t h e Automobile

(Worldnatch

Institute,

1988)

70pp. ( 1 7 7 6 M a s s a c h u s e t t s Ave NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA). Rethinking t h e T h i r d World C i t y , Report f r o m a Round-Table m e e t i n g i n Stockholm,

Sweden,

May 1985 (Swedish Government P r i n t i n g , 1987) 45pp.

J o r g e E. Hardoy and D a v i d S a t t e r t h w a i t e , Urban Chanqe i n t h e T h i r d World: A r e R e c e n t Trends a U s e f u l P o i n t e r t o t h e Urban F u t u r e ? 26pp; S h e l t e r , I n f r a s t r ~ c t u r eand S e r v i c e s i n T h i r d W o r l d C i t i e s , 46pp. ( I IED, 3 E n d s l e i c h S t r e e t , London WC1H ODD, U K ) .

F. Ryan, Pumps W i t h o u t 'Hater ( I n d o r e : S a t p r a k a s h a n Sanchar Kenara, 1988) 54pp. The w a t e r p o l i c y o f n a t i o n a l governments and i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s i s m i s c o n c e i v e d and
w i l l n o t d e l i v e r w a t e r t o t h e p o o r o f t h e T h i r d W o r l d i n t h e 2 1 s t c e n t u r y . The c l o s e d s y s tem and hand-pumps t o p r o v i d e w a t e r o n a g l o b a l s c a l e a t c o l o s s a l e x p e n d i t u r e has f a i l e d due t o v a r i o u s socio-economic. p o l i t i c a l and c l i m a t i c reasons. The a u t h o r a r g u e s t h a t i t i s o n l y t h e open system t h a t can d e l i v e r w a t e r t o t h e p o o r where t h e y l i v e and a t no c o s t t o them and e x p l a i n s s e v e r a l ways o f n d o r e , M 452 001, I n d i a ) . P t a k i n g water t o t h e people. (Bhanwarkua Chowraha,

.
OCDE,

Jean Bonvin, Changements s o c i a u x e t p r o d u c t i v i t e a g r i c o l e en A f r i q u e C e n t r a l e ( P a r i s : 1986) 14Opp. C e t t e e t u d e a p p r o f o n d i t a p a r t i r d c donnees o r i g i n a l e s l e s p r o b l e m e s Par son approche i n n o v a t r i c e , elle

s t r u c t u r e l s de l ' a g r i c u l t u r e t r a d i t i o n n e l l e e n A f r i q u e .

demontre que l ' a n a l y s e des phenomenes d ' o r d r e c u l t u r e 1 e s t une e t a p e i n d i s p e n s a b l e p o u r l a c m p r e h e n s i o n des r a i s o n s des r e s i s t a n c e s au changement e t p o u r l e c h o i x du mode d ' a c t i o n e p l u s approprie. M i c n a e l M. ( 2 r u e Andre-Pascal, 75775 P a n ' s Cedex 16, F r a n c e ) .

The N o r l d Bank,

Cernea, Non-Governmental O r g a n i z a t i o n s ana L o c a l Development (Washington: 1988) 53pp; I n v o l u n t a r y R e s e t t l e m e n t i n Development P r o j e c t s :

G u i d e l i n e s i n W o r l d Bank-Financed P r o j e c t s ( 1 9 8 8 ) 88pp. Many development p r o j e c t s r e q u i r e t h a t p e o p l e b e i n v o l u n t a r i l y r e s e t t l e d t o o t h e r l o c a t i o n s t o l i v e and w o r k . Adequate p o l i c i e s a r e needed t o m i n i m i z e t h e n e g a t i v e e f f e c t s o f t h i s r e l o c a t i o n b o t h on t n e i n d i v i d u a l s i n v o l v e d and on t h e n a t i o n a l economy. T h i s volume d i s c u s s e s p a s t W o r l d Bank p r o j e c t s t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e governments and t h e needs o f r e s e t t l e r s and h o s t p o p u l a t i o n s d u r i n g r e s e t t l e m e n t , Among t h e t o p i c s a d d r e s s e d a r e t y p e s o f i n v o l u n t a r y r e settlement; b a s i c s o c i o l o g i c a l p r i n c i p l e s i n approaching r e s e t t l e m e n t ; policy objectives and s t r a t e g i e s ; r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e r e s e t t l e r s * homes, p r o d u c t i o n bases, and s o c i a l o r ganizations; and t h e e f f e c t s o f r e s e t t l e m e n t on t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . (1818 H S t r e e t NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA). The W o r l d Bank, R u r a l Development: -Bank E x p e r i e n c e 1965-86 ( 1 9 8 8 ) 132pp. I n t h e e a r l y 70s t h e World Bank made a s h i f t i n i t s development l e n d i n g f r o m l a r g e - s c a l e a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n toward small f a r n s i n r u r a l areas. This s t r a t e g y , designed t o a l l e v i a t e p o v e r t y i n t h e r u r a l areas, g r e a t l y a f f e c t e d b o t h s m a l l l a n d o w n e r s i n t h e T h i r d W o r l d c o u n t r i e s and t h e way t h e W o r l d Bank l e n d s money f o r p r o j e c t s and e v a l u a t e s them. T h i s r e p o r t , based on an e v a l u a t i o n o f a l m o s t 200 p r o - j e c t s c o m p l e t e d o v e r t h e p a s t 22 y e a r s . i s t h e f i r s t s y s t e m a t i c a n a l y s i s o f t h e B a n k ' s r u r a l development l e n d i n g . I t t r a c e s t h e t h i n k i n g t h a t l e d t o t h e B a n k ' s s t r a t e g y and examines how vie11 t h e o r i y i n a l o b j e c t i v e s have been met. The r e p o r t i n c l u d e s p r o t i l e s o f s e l e c t e d r u r a i development p r o j e c t s i n B r a z i l , Mexico, S r i Lanka, N i g e r i a , Malawi, Korea and West A f r i c a .

I n s t i t u t I n t e r n a t i o n a l d0Etudes S o c i a l e s , Table ronde i n t e r n a t i o n a l e sur l a p a r t i c i p a t i o n s o c i a l e au d.6veloppement ( 1 9 8 8 ) 137pp. iCP 6, 1211 Ceneve 22, S u i s s e ) .

Ouelques p u b l i c a t i o n s r e c e n t e s d'ENDA (BP 3370, Dakar, S e n e g a l ) :

E. Ndione, M. Sagna e t J. B u g n i c o u r t ,

P a u v r e t e ambigue: e n f a n t s e t j e u n e s au

.
-

185pp. Abdou S y l l a , L ' e c o l e f u t u r e p o u r q u i ? 122pp. I n i t i a t i v e s paysannes au S a h e l , 130pp.

P . V i n c k e , C. S o u r n i a e t E. Wanqari, Pour une g e s t i o n de l a faune au S a h e l , 130pp.

A. Watt, Le semis du s o r g h o de d e c r u e au F u u t a , 60pp.

A . M a l a k i , La v i e p a s t o r a l e au S a h e l 23pp. & Le syst6me de p r o d u c t i o n p a s t o r a l au

S a h e l , 26pp. Abou S i d i Ba, L ' a r t v e t e r i n a i r e des p a s t e u r s s a h e l i e n s , Les neveux d ' a b o r d , 16pp. 98pp.

S r i g i t t e Thebaud, E l e v a g e e t d e v e l o p p m e n t au N i g e r : Ouel a v e n i r p o u r l e s e l e v e u r s du S a h e l ? (Cengve: Bureau i n t e r n a t i o n a l du t r a v a i l , 1988) 147pp, La c r i s e de I ' e l e v a g e au Sahel e s t - e l l e due aux s e c h e r e s s e s ? L ' a u t e u r e s t a l l h e c h e r c h e r l a reponse s u r I e t e r r a i n , en a n a l y s a n t d i f f e r e n t s systemes p a s t o r a u x . C ' e s t a l o r s q u ' e l l e s u i v a i t l a transhumance d ' u n g r o u p e d ' e l e v e u r s que s ' e s t p r o d u i t e 1a t e r r i b l e s e c h e r e s s e de 1984, d o n t e l l e a vecu e d e r o u l e m e n t au j o u r I e j o u r avec 1es nomades. L ' e n q u s t e s u r I e t e r r a i n s ' e s t d o u b l e e d ' u n e e t u d e du f o n c t i o n n e m e n t e t de I ' e v o l u t i o n de I ' e c o n m i e p a s t o r a l e en r e l a t i o n avec \ e monde r u r a l e t u r b a i n . La c o n c l u s i o n e s t c l a i r e : l e s secheresses n ' o n t f a i t q u ' a c c e l e r e r un processus dont I ' i s s u e e t a i t i n e l u c t a b l e , l e s o r i g i n e s de l a c r i s e de I ' e l e v a g e s e q u i s e s o n t o p k r e e s en t r o u v e n t p o u r beaucoup dans lees t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s s o c i o - e c o n m i q u e s

d e h o r s du monde p a s t o r a l . Ce n ' e s t que s i c e s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s s o n t b i e n s a i s i e s que l e s programmes d ' a i d e aux 6 l e v e u r s p e u v e n t donner des r e s u l t a t s . L ' a u t e u r p r o p o s e dans c e sens une s e r i e d ' a x e s d ' i n t e r v e n t i o n p o u r e t a b l i r l a v i a b i l i t e de l ' e l e v a g e e t sauvegarder, en m h e temps q u ' u n s e c t e u r v i t a l , I ' i d e n t i t e s o c i a l e , i c o n m i q u e e t c u l t u r e l l e des p o p u l a t i o n s p a s t o r a l e s (1211 Cen6ve 22, S u i s s e ) .

M i c h a e l C.

Latham ( e d ) , Amino A c i d F o r t i f i c a t i o n o f C e r e a l s : R e s u l t s and I n t e r p r e t a -

t i o n o f T r i a l s i n Three C o u n t r i e s ( I t h a c a : C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y , 1 9 8 8 ) . A r e p o r t o n Guatemala, T h a i l a n d and T u n i s i a ( C o r n e l l U n i v . , D i v o f N u t r i t i o n a l S c i e n c e s , Savage H a l l . I t h a c a , NY 14853, USA).

. .

T h i r d W o r l d I n f o r m a t i o n Network,

E l e c t r o n i c M a i l : Communication f o r B e g i n n e r s ,

46pp.

!345 G o s w e l l Road, London ECIV 7JT,

UK).

DiaLogos de l a c o m u n i c a c i b n : La f o t o g r a f i a en l a s f a c u l t a d e s de c o m u n i c a c i 6 n s o c i a l de America L a t i n a (FELAFACS, 1987) 106pp. (Apdo Aereo 18-0371, Lima 18, Per;).

NATIONAL S P A C E

.
paie,

I b r a h i m Souss, L e t t r e 2 u n ami j u i f ( P a r i s : Le S e u i l , 1987) 92pp. "Aucune v i c t o i r e ne a l o r s que t o u t e m u t i l a t i o n de I'homme e s t sans r e t o u r " e c r i v a i t A l b e r t Camus dans

ses L e t t r e s

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\'Europe.

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c e t t e p h r a s e que, d e p u i s longtemps, j e t o u r n a i s e t r e t o u r n a i s dans ma t e t e , j ' a i pense 2 t o i . J ' a i r e s o l u de t ' e c r i r e c a r , j ' e n demeure c o n v a i n c u , l e sens p r o f o n d de c e s p r o p o s ne t ' e c h a p p e r a pas 5 c e moment c r u c i a l , a c e t o u r n a n t de I ' h i s t o i r e de n o t r e a m i t i e i n t e r r o n pue. Je s o u f f r e , mon ami, c a r t a v o i x e s t e t r a n g e m e n t m u e t t e d e p u i a q u e l q u e temps . . . l r I b r a h i m Souss, r e p r e s e n t a n t de 1'OLP en France, e s t aussi musicien, poete, G c r i v a i n . Dans c e t t e l o n q u e l e t t r e , t o u s 1es arguments du c o n f l i t i s r a s l o - p a l e s t i n i e n s o n t evoques, t o u s e s b l o c a g e s rGcusks e t I e s a n g o i s s e s r e c i p r o q u e s c o n j u r e e s ; i 1 s ' a g i t s u r t o u t , on I e verra, d ' u n a r d e n t p l a i d o y e r p o u r l a p a i x en P a l e s t i n e .

D a v i d Crossman,

Le v e n t j a u n e ( P a r i s : Le S e u i l ,

1 9 8 8 ) 244pp. Pour I e v i n g t i e v e a n n i -

v e r s a i r e de l a g u e r r e des S i x J o u r s , l e r o m a n c i e r i s r a e l i e n D a v i d Crossman s ' e s t r e n d u en Ci s j o r d a n i e a f i n d q y r e c u e i l l i r l a m a t i & r e d ' u n a r T i c l e pour l 'hebeomadaire R a s h i t . S e p t semaices p l u s t a r d , i l en a r a p p o r t e u n l o n g r e p o r t a g e p u i s l i v r e , s u j e t , en I s r a e l , de c o n t r o v e r s e s p a s s i o n n e e s . R e q u i s i t o i r e s e v e r e c e n t r e l a p o l i t i q u e i s r a e l i e n n e , Le v e n t j a u n e e s t a u s s i un p l a i d o y e r en f a v e u r a ' u n e e n t e n t e . O u ' i l s ' a g i s s e de r e f u g i e s aans 1es camps, d ' e t u d i a n t s ou de t r a v a i l l e u r s a r a b e s e x p l o i t e s , de s o l d a t s de Tsahal ou d'extremistes " i r p l a n t e s " l e l i v r e denonce une meme r e a l i t h i n i s t r e . L ' a u t e u r v01 t s ' e b a u c h e r une r e l a t i o n de m a i t r e 3 l ' e s c l a v e , Et, d'o; l e f i a i t r e s o r t i r a l e p l u s deshumanise. ne o e u t E t r e que de p l u s en f a c e 2 l a c r o i s s a n c e demographique, l a p o l i t i q u e d ' l s r a e l

p l u s r e p r e s s i v e . Le c o s t de c e t t e o c c u p a t i o n 2 l a f o i s p o u r l ' o c c u p a n t e t pour l ' o c c u p e , i ' a v e n i r que p r e p a r e c e t t e e s c a l a d e ce I d v i o l e n c e , e e l e s t I ' h e r i t a q e que Crossman r e f u s e de l e g u e r 2 ses e n f a n t s .

S t r a t e g i c Survey 1987-1988 (London: I I S S , 1983) 240pp. The London-based I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e f o r S t r a t e g i c S t u d i e s ( I I S S ) emphasises t h a t t h e u p r i s i n g i n t h e Occupied T e r r i i s t r u l y a "grass-roots phenomenon. I t s b a s i c i n g r e d i e n t appeared t o be t h e a t -

tories

mosphere o f h o p e l e s n e s s and f r u s t r a t i o n i n t h e r e f u g e e camps, f e d by y e a r s o f h u m i l i a t i o n g e n e r a t e d by t h e I s r a e l i o c c u p a t i o n " . The spontaneous p o p u l a r r e v o l t has "done more t o b o o s t P a l e s t i n i a n m o r a l e and g e n e r a t e w o r l d - w i d e sympathy f o r t h e P a l e s t i n i a n s t h a n a l l t h e p r e c e d i n g 40 y e a r s o f Arab armed s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t I s r a e l " . On t h e i m p a c t o f t h e Weste r n m e d i a ' s r e a c t i o n t o t h e u p r i s i n g , t h e s t u d y n o t e s t h a t t h e American and European p r e s s was e x t r e m e l y c r i t i c a l of I s r a e l i b r u t a l p r a c t i c e s . ( 2 3 T a v i s t o c k S t r e e t , London WC2E 7N0, UK).

.
.

Myriam Zepeda H e r r e r a , 1988) 33pp.

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Israel

en

1967 (IMRED,

(CP 06200, M e x i c o DF, M e x i c o ) .

ILO, R e p o r t on t h e S i t u a t i o n o f Workers o f t h e Occupied Arab T e r r i t o r i e s , R e p o r t o f t h e D i r e c t o r - G e n e r a l t o t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Labour c o n f e r e n c e 7 5 t h S e s s i o n 1988 (Geneva: ILO) 94pp. "The report confirms,
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w h i c h i s a l r e a d y s e r i o u s l y a f f e c t e d by

t h e s t a t e o f o c c u p a t i o n , i s l i k e l y t o be i n c r e a s i n g l y a g g r a v a t e d i f t h e o c c u p a t i o n c o n t i nues and, i n t h e i m m e d i a t e f u t u r e , i f t h e s e r i o u s e v e n t s t a k i n g p l a c e i n t h e t e r r i t o r i e s p e r s i s t o r assume g r e a t e r d i m e n s i o n s . The r e p e r c u s s i o n s on employment and on l i v i n g and w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s , w h i c h a r e t h e I L O ' s s p e c i a l concern, c o u l d be e x t r e m e l y grave." Moumen D i o r i , R e a l i t 6 8 m a r o c a i n e s : La d y n a s t i e a l a o u i t e de 1 ' u s u r p a t i o n 3 l ' i m p a s s e ( P a r i s : L ' H a r m a t t a n , 1987) 240pp. 11 e x i s t e une h i s t o i r e o f f i c i e l l e du Maroc, d o n t I e peup i e m a r o c a i n e s t c u r i e u s e m e n t a b s e n t . C ' e s t p o u r t a n t 1 u i q u i , au c o u r s des s i e c l e s , au p r i x de t r i b u l a t i o n s sans nornbre e t de l u t t e s acharnees q u i I 1 o p p o s 6 r e n t aux e n v a h i s s e u r s etrangers, a r e u s s i a sauveqarder son i d e n t i t e e t 2 f o n d e r un Maroc i n d e p e n d a n t . M a i s au l i e u de r e c u e i l l i r l e s f r u i t s de sa r e s i s t a n c e o p i n i s t r e , il se t r o u v e a u j o u r d ' h u i f r u s t r e des avantages q u ' a u r a i t pu l u i v a l o i r I ' a m p l e u r de ses s a c r i f i c e s . V i c t i m e d ' u n r e g i m e de d i c t a t u r e , t r a h i p a r c e u x - l a meffies q b i a u r a i e n t dG p r e n d r e sa defense, e t s p o l i e p a r une e x p l o i t a t i o n i n t e r n a t i o n a l e encouraqee p a r I e p o u v o i r , i l e s t conaamne 2 l a T i s e r e , 2 l a c l o c h a r d i s a t i o n dans l e a b i d o n v i l l e s , 2 I d p r i s o n , 2 l a t o r t u r e . . . C ' e s t son h i s t o i r e , l o n g t e m p s o c c u l t e e , que Moumen D i o r i , q u i f u t I e compagnon de l u t t e de C h e i k e l - A r a b e t de Ben Barka, e t s u r v e c u t i sa condamnation 2 m o r t , a e n t r e p r i s de n a r r e r : c e l l e d ' u n Maroc t o u j o u r s brime, croire e
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r m e i l l c u r p a r c e q u ' i l a c o n f i a n c e en 1es v e r t u s de son p e u p l e .

A b c i e l a l i Doumou e t a!, L ' E t a t m a r o c a i n a a n s l a d u r b e (7850-1985) (Codesria & P u b l i s u d , 1 9 8 7 ) 172pp. C e t o u v r a g e se propose, 2 p a r t i r d ' h o r i z o n s d i s c i p l i n a i r e s d i v e r s

( h i s t o i r e , socio1oqie p o l i t l q u e , e c o n m i e ) , d ' e c l a i r e r l e s s t r u c t u r e s e t a t i q u e s au Maroc dans l a I o n g u e d u r e e a f i n de r e p o n d r e aux i n t e r r o q a t i o n s m a j e u r e s s u i v a n t e s : O u e l l e s s o n t l e s m u t a t i o n s i m p o r t a n t e s de 1 ' E t a t m a r o c a i n survenues sous I ' e f f e t de l a p e n e t r a t i o n e t r a n g e r e ? Dans q u e u e mesure c e s m u t a t i o n s s o n t - e l l e s p o r t e u s e s d ' u n e n o u v e i l e n a t u r e de ' E t a t m a r o c a i n ? Une m o d i f i c a t i o n de l a n a t u r e de 1 ' E t a t e s t - e l l e n e c e s s a i r e m e n t c o r r e l a t i v e d ' u n changement oe sa forme phenomenale d ' o r q a n i s a t i o n Ouel discontinuite par rapport 2 I'administration coloniaie?.,. des 5 Oiamants, 75013 P a r i s , F r a n c e ) .
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t y p e de n u t a t i o n s ries s t r u c t u r e s e t a t i q u e s p o s t - c o l o n i d l e s ?

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c o n t i n u i t e ou

(3P 3304, Dakar, Senegal/15 r u e

S o p h i e B e s s i s e t Souhayr Belhassen,

B o u r q u i b a : A I a c o n q u z t e d ' u n d e s t i n (1901-1957)

( P a r i s : Jeune A f r i q u e , 1988) 187pp. Le 7 novembre 1987, t i a b i b B o u r q u i b a . 8 6 ans, p r e s i d e n t de l a R ~ p u b l i q b e t u n i s i e n n e d e p u i s 30 ans, e t a i t d e c l a r e dans I ' i n c a p a c ^ t e d ' e x e r c e r 1e p o u v o i r , e p i l o g u e de 60 ans d ' u n e c a r r i e r * e x c e p t i o n n e l l e , d ' u n i r s t i n h o r s du c u r n u n p a t i e n n e n t c o n s t r u i t p a r un h m e c o n v a i n c u d ' E t r e superieur aux a u t r e s . Pour camprendre c e t h o m e , s a i s i r l a n a t u r e de ses r e l a t i o n s avec un p o u v o i r q u ' i l n ' a pas su c e d e r , deux j o u r n a l i s t e s t u n i s i e n n e s o n t f o u i l l 6 l e s j e u n e s annees e t r e t r a c e l e s e t a p e s d ' u n e l u t t e de 30 ans p o u r l a l i b e r a t i o n de son p a y s q u i se c o n f o n d avec son i r r e s i s t i b l e n a i s d i f f i c i l e a s c e n s i o n . C ' e s t c e t t e p e r i o d e de sa v i e e t de l ' h i s t o i r e t u n i s i e n n e Q u e d e c r i t c e p r e m i e r ~ o l u m e , de l a n a i s s a n c e avec I e s i e c l e au couronnement de son combat I e 25 j u i l l e t 1957, j o u r de l a p r o c l a m a t i o n de l a R e p u b l i q u e , oG 11 d e v i e n t I e c h e f i n c o n t e s t e de l a T u n i s i e i n d e p e n d a n t e . La p r e m i e r e p a r t i e d ' u n e v i e t o u r m e n t e e s ' a c h e v e s u r une aootheo5e. La seconde p e r i o d e , t r e n t e n a i r e e l l e a u s s i , f a i t I ' o b j e t d ' u n d e u x i h e volume 4 p a r a i t r e . l l d i t comment 1 ' h o m e e x e r c a Lin p o u v o i r q u ' i l n i t 30 an% A c o n q u & r i r . . e t c o m e n t 11 I ' a

perJu.

( 5 1 avenue des Terries,

75C17 P a r i s , France,.

T. Thiombiano, L ' e n c l a v e i n d u s t r i e l l e : l a s o c i e t b s u c r i e r e de H a u t e - V o l t a ( D a k a r : C o d e s r i a ) 192pp. L ' a u t e u r expc56 1es imecham"bmes de dari,~ ~ a t i o n e t d ' e x p l o i t a t i o n ae ? a r H a u t e - V o l t a a t r a v e r s I ' e x e r n p l e de I ' u s i n e de s u c r e r i e i n s t a l l e e dans 1 ' 0 u e s t du p a y s 5ous e c o n t r 6 l e de l a S o c i e t e T r a n s n a t i o n a l e F r a n c a i s e "La Somdiaa". Tour 2 t o u r s o n t m i s en e x e r g u e l e s a s p e c t s t h e o r i q u e s de l ' e c o n m i i ? de I ' a g r o - i n d u s t r i e , I ' h i s t o r i q u e de I ' i m p l a n t a t i o n de l ' u s i n e , son i m p a c t m i c r o e t m a c r o - e c o n m i q u e . Apres a v o i r montre qui 6 t a i e n t l e s v e r i t a b l e s " m a i t r e s " de I d s o c i e t e , I ' a u t e u r s ' i n t e r r o g e s u r l ' a v e n i r de l ' a q r o - i n d u s t r i e e n H a u t e - V o l t a . ( W 3304, Dakar, S e n e g a l ) .

. l b b o Mandaza ( e d ) , Zimbabwe: The P o l i t i c a l E c o n m y o f T r a n s i t i o n 1980-1986 (Dakar: C o d e s r i a , 1986) 43Opp. T h i s book f o c u s e s on t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e i m p e r i a l i s t and
w h i t e s e t t l e r c o l o n i a l l e g a c y on t h e one hand, and t h e p a t t e r n o f p o l i t i c a l and s o c i o economic development i n t h e p o s t - i n d e p e n d e n c e e r a on t h e o t h e r . To what e x t e n t and w i t h what consequences does t h i s l e g a c y i t s p o l i t i c a l , economic, s o c i a l , c u l t u r a l and i d e o c o n s t i t u t e s t r u c t u r a l l i m i t a t i o n s on t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a l momentum logical manifestat'ons and a m b i t i o n s o f Zimbabwe? G i v e n t h e n a t u r e and h i s t o r y o f t h e N a t i o n a l L i b e r a t i o n Movement, i t s c l a s s and i d e o l o g i c a l c o n t e n t , how i s t h e new s t a t e i n Zimbabwe t o b e c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n t e r m s o f new a l l i a n c e s and s t a n c e s , and i n t h e l i g h t o f t h e c u r r e n t c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f f o r c e s i n t h e r e g i o n a l and g l o b a l spaces? And, t h e r e f o r e , what have been t h e a c h i e v e ments and p i t f a l l s ? And, on t h e b a s i s o f such a n a l y s e s , what o f t h e f u t u r e ? E n # i r o n m e n t a r t Le<elopmer,t i n A f i i c a " s e r i e b ;

Three more i o ! u ~ e s i n t h e "Energy,

Ziababwe: Ecer;,? P l a n ~ i n qf o r N a t i o n a l Develapment, 2C6pp. Zimbabwe: I n d u s t r i a l and Commercial Energy Use, 142pp. E n e r g y f o r R u r a l Development i n Zimbabwe, 248pp T h i r d World: SEK 40.(The Scandinavian I n s t i t u t e o f A f r i -

P r i c e o f each volume: 5EK 75.-,

can S t u d i e s , FOB 1703, 751 47 Uppsala, Sweden).

John U. F o r j e , S c i e n c e . Technology and Development P o l i c y i n Cameroon ( C e n t r e f o r A c t i o n - O r i e n t e d Research on A f r i c a n Development, 1987) 8pp. (Domherrevagen 3, 222 31 Lund, Sweden). Sergio Bitar, E r n e s t o Edwards y C a r l o s Dminami, Cambiar l a v i d a (Santiago: M e l q u i a d e s , 1 9 8 8 ) 131pp. E l p u e b l o c h i l e n o denanda Cambiar l a Vida, t r a b a j o s e g u r o y b i e n r e n u n e r a d o , acceso a l a s a l u d , l a educacibn, l a vivienda, l a c u l t u r a y l a r e c r e a c i b n . Devanda I i b e r t a d p a r a o p i n a r y d e c i d i r , t r a n q u i l i d a d en sus b a r r i o s y en e l paTs. E x i g e r e emplazar l a " r e v o l u c i 6 n s i l e n c i o s a " n e o l i b e r a l que ha b e n e f i c i a d o a una pequena m i n o r i a p o r un C h i l e p a r a todos, que e n f r e n t e e l a c o s t a d e l e m p o b r e c i m i e n t o de una n a y o r i a s i g l o X X I s o b r e l a base de une economia d i n i m i c a , j u s t a y moderna. E s t e l i b r o es un a p o r t e p a r a l a e l a b o r a c i b n de un nuevo p r o y e c t o e s t r a t e g i c o . Chile). J o r g e C o r r e a S. e t a l , J u s t i c i a y s e c t o r e s de b a j o s i n g r e s o s ( S a n t i a g o : CED, 1 3 8 8 ) 216pp. E l C e n t r e de E s t u d i o s d e l O e s a r r o l l o (CED) es une i n s t i t u c i b n formada p a r a e s t u d i a r 10s problemas econ6micos y s o c i a l e s de C h i l e y b u s c a r su s o l u c i 6 n en e l marco de una s o c i e d a d d e m o c r i t i c a , j u s t a y p a r t i c i p a t i v a . Para e l c u m p l i m i e n t o de sus o b j e t i v o s ha l l e v a d o a cab0 i n v e s t i q a c i o n e s s o b r e un g r a n nGmero de m a t e r i a s que han c o n t r i b u i d o a un m e j o r c o n o c i m i e n t o de l a r e a l i d a d . Uno d e 10s problemas que ha s i d o m i s i q n o r a d o p o r 10s c i e n t i s t a s s o c i a l e s es e l de l a a d m i n i s t r a c i b n de j u s t i c i a a esa g r a n masa de l a p o b l a c i b n de escasos r e c u r s o s e c o n 6 n i c o s . Es en v i s t a de e l l 0 que l a d i r e c c i 6 n d e l CED d e c i d i 6 avoc a r s e a l a consideration d e l tema y busc6 l a cooperation de e s p e c i a l i s t a s : p r o f e s o r e s , m a g i s t r a d o s y abogados, que p u d i e r a n a n a l i z a r con a u t o r i d a d l a i n s t i t u c i o n a l i d a d j u r i d i c a c h i l e n a en 10 que r e s p e c t a a1 d e r e c h o fundamental de t o d o hombre o m u j e r p a r a o b t e n e r j u s t i c i a en t o d o l o que a f e c t a a su persona, S a n t i a g o 9, C h i l e ) . su f a m i l i a y su p a t r i m o n i o . (Nueva de Lyon 128, (Bandera 341, O f i c i n a 352, Santiago,

.
.

.
.

Mariano Fernindez,

M a r t a de

l a Luz H u r t a d o e t a l ,

T e l e v i s i b n en C h i l e :

Un d e s a f i o

n a c i o n a l ( S a n t i a g o : CED, 1987) 226pp. M a x i m i l i a n o Cox y Rolando Cnateauneuf ( e d s ) , P o t e n c i a l y p o l i t i c a s p a r a e l d e s a r r o l l o a g r i c o l a en C h i l e ( S a n t i a g o : CED, 1988) 242pp. I g n a c i o Walker, Un nuevo s o c i a l i s m 0 d e m o c r a t i c 0 en C h i l e ; Daqmar R a c z y n s k i y C l a u d i a Serrano, P l a n i f i c a c i o n p a r a e l d e s a r r o l l o l o c a l ? La e x p e r i e n c i a en a l g u n o s m u n i c i p i o s de Santiago (Santiago: E s t u d i o s Cieplan, 1988),

( A V . C. C o l o n 3494, S a n t i a g o , C h i l e ) .
estrategias que abordan

Caltan Villavicencio e t at, Ecuador 88: Elecciones, economia y ( G u a y a q u i l : CERC, 1988) 184pp. Una r e c o p i l a c i b n de v a r i e s e s t u d i o s acad&nicos

l a p r o b l e m i t i c a s o c i a l , e c o n h i c a y p o l i t i c a . Un l i b r o s u b t a n t l v o que a p o r t a e l e m e n t o s c r T t i c o s f u n d a m e n t a l e s p a r a l a c o n f i g u r a c i 6 n d e l nuevo g o b i e r n o . Ou6 problemas s o c i a l e s e n f r e n t a r i e l nuevo r e g i m e n ? Oue a s p e c t o s de l a econortna n a c i o n a l son b i s i c o s y merecen a t e n c i 6 n p r i o r i t a r i a ? CuSIes son l a s d i f i c u l t a d e s e s t r u c t u r a l e s que e l nuevo p r e s i d e n t e e n c o n t r a r i en l a m a t r i z rnisma d e l p a l s ? ( C a s i l l a 94-21, Guayaquil, Ecuador). (London: L a t i n America

David C o r k i l l

and D a v i d C u b i t t ,

Ecuador:

F r a g i l e Democracy

Bureau, 1988) 115pp. T h i s book examines t h e h i s t o r i c a l f o r c e s b e h i n d F e b r e s C o r d e r o ' s exp e r i m e n t i n 'Andean T h a t c h e r i s m ' . A n a l y s i n g E c u a d o r ' s v o l a t i l e p o l i t i c a l c u l t u r e and b i t t e r r e g i o n a l i s m , i t a r g u e s t h a t t h e c o u n t r y ' s economic v u l n e r a b i l i t y t h r e a t e n s t h e democ r a t i c p r o c e s s . D e s p i t e t e m p o r a r y b e n e f i t s from o i l e x p o r t e r s , Ecuador i s now a m a j o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l d e b t o r , t h e v i c t i m o f IMF-imposed a u s t e r i t y measures, and dependent on uns t a b l e commodity m a r k e t s . R e c e s s i o n has f u r t h e r worsened t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e p o o r , who i n c r e a s i n g l y see hope o n l y i n e x t r a - p a r l i a m e n t a r y organisation. F r a g i l e Democracy o f f e r s

t h e most u p - t o - d a t e E n g l i s h - l a n g u a g e s u r v e y o f t h i s l i t t l e known L a t i n American r e p u b l i c . ( 1 Amnell S t r e e t , London ECIR WL, U K ) . S e c r e t a r i a t i n t e r n a t i o n a l des j u r i s t e s p o u r I ' a m n i s t i e e t l a d e m o c r a t i c au Paraguay, Paraguay: Un d e f i t i l a r e s p o n s a b i l i t e i n t e r n a t i o n a l e , C o l l o q u e I n t e r n a t i o n a l des J u r i s tes, Montevideo, Uruguay, du 5 au 7 decembre 1985. (33 r u e Codot de Mauroy, 75009 P a r i s , France). F r a n c i s c o Durand, La burguesTa p e r u a n a : Los p r i m e r o s i n d u s t r i a l e s , e m p r e s a r i o s [DESCO, 1988) 75pp. [ L e o n de l a F u e n t e 110, Lima 17, P e r u ) .

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A l a n C a r c i a y 10s

Carlos

M.

Vilas,

Scientific

Research

in

Revolutionary

Setting:

The

Case

of

N i c a r a g u a ( S t o c k h o l m : SAREC Documentation,

1988) 97pp.

R o b e r t R e p e t t o , The F o r e s t f o r t h e T r e e s ? Government P o l i c i e s and t h e M i s u s e o f F o r e s t Resources ( W o r l d Resources I n s t i t u t e , 1988) 105pp. (1750 New York Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20006, USA). Regulations Relating to Transnational 1988) 322pp. Corporations (New

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National

L e g i s l a t i o n and

York: U n i t e d N a t i o n s C e n t r e on T r a n s n a t i o n a l C o r p o r a t i o n s ,

I s t v 5 n Dobozi, An E m p i r i c a l E s t i m a t i o n o f t h e P r i c e Responsiveness o f t h e H u n g a r i a n Economy: The Case o f Energy Demand ( H u n g a r i a n S c i e n t i f i c C o u n c i l f o r W o r l d Economy, 1988) 47pp. (PO0 36, Budapest H-1531, Hungary).

J e a n - P i e r r e V e l i s , La F r a n c e i l l e t t r e e ( P a r i s : Le S e u i l , 1 9 8 8 ) 270pp. P l u s i e u r s m i l l i o n s d ' a d u l t e s f r a n c a i s s o n t i l l e t t r e s . Le p r o b l 6 m e e s t connu. Son ampleur e t sa g r a v i t e n ' a r r i v e n t pas 3 e b r a n l e r I ' i n d i f f e r e n c e de l ' o p i n i o n p u b l i q u e . P o u r t a n t , 20 a 22% des e n f a n t s q u i s o n t e n t r e s en s i x i s m e I ' a n d e r n i e r ne s a v a i e n t pas l i r e . Une t r e s g r a n d e maj o r i t e d ' e n t r e eux r e s t e r a i l l e t t r e e . u n pnenomene p r 0 p r e . a l a F r a n c e . P o u r q u o i se v o i l e r

l a f a c e ? L ' i l l e t t r i s r p e n ' e s t pas

l 1 se r e t r o u v e dans l a m a j e u r e p a r t i e des s o c i e t 6 s i n d u s -

t r i e l l e s . L'Unesco s ' e n preoccupe. Pendant deux annees, J e a n - P i e r r e V e l i s a mene une enq u S t e dans t o u t s l a m e t r o p o l e . l 1 a r e n c o n t r e des c e n t a i n e s de personnes, i l l e t t r e s , f o r mateurs, educateurs, responsables d ' a s s o c i a t i o n s , enseignants, o f f i c i e r s , chefs d ' e n t r e p r i s e s , f o n c t i o n n a i r e s d ' o r g a m i s a t i o n s i n t e r n a t i o n a l e s . 11 a c o n s u l t e des k i l o s de r a p p o r t s e t de documents s o u v e n t c o n f i d e n t i e l s e t s u i v i des r e u n i o n s i n t e r n a t i o n a l e s p o u r r e n c o n t r e r des e x p e r t s e t r a n g e r s . De c e voyage dans I ' i l l e t r i s m e , 11 r a p p o r t e une vue d'ensemble s u r u n p r o b l e m e o c c u l t 6 p a r t r o p de p r k j u g e s .

R E G I O N A L SPACE
Ben Wisner, Power and Need i n A f r i c a : B a s i c Human Needs and Development P o l i c i e s (London: E a r t h s c a n , 1988) 351pp. T h i s book i s a r a d i c a l c r i t i q u e o f t h e l a s t 15 y e a r s o f development p o l i c i e s i n A f r i c a . Wisner m a i n t a i n s t h a t p o l i c i e s w h i c h m i g h t have s t a r t e d w i t h t h e r e a l needs o f t h e p o o r were d i s c a r d e d i n f a v o u r o f a c o n c e p t i o n o f need imposed f r o m t h e t o p . He i s w a t c h i n g i n h i s a t t a c k s on i n t e r n a t i o n a l a g e n c i e s , on t h e W o r l d Bank, t h e IMF, t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s , a l l o f whom he sees as h a v i n g f a i l e d t o l i s t e n t o t h e v i e w s o f t h e v e r y p e o p l e t h e y c l a i m t o want t o h e l p . ( 3 E n d s l e i g h S t r e e t , London W C 3 ODD, UK).

.
York:

Thomas P.

F e n t o n and Mary J.

Heffron

(eds),

W :A

D i r e c t o r y of

Resources (New

O r b i s Books,

1987) 144pp. T h i s d i r e c t o r y c o n t a i n s a n n o t a t e d e n t r i e s and supplemeni n d e x e d b y name o f o r g a n i z a t i o n ; name o f a u t h o r and

t a r y l i s t s o f r e s o u r c e s i n f i v e c h a p t e r s : o r g a n i z a t i o n s , books, p e r i o d i c a l s , p a m p h l e t s and AV r e s o u r c e s . A l l e n t r i e s a r e f u l l y

other individuals;

title;

g e o g r a p h i c area;

and s u b j e c t .

i n h e r foreword,

J e n n i f e r David,

e x e c u t i v e d i r e c t o r o f t h e American Committee on A f r i c a , w r i t e s : Africa: A D i r e c t o r y o f Resources h o l d s g r e a t r i c h e s f o r anyone concerned a b o u t e f f e c t i v e s o c i a l change. I t cont a i n s empowering i n f o r m a t i o n f o r a l l o f us - a n a l y s i s , b i b 1 i o g r a p h i e s , c u r r i c u l u m g u i d e s , f i l m s , s l i d e s h o w s and much more. Above a l l i t c o n f i r m s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e a r e many o f us, t h i n k i n g and w o r k i n g i n many p l a c e s , b u i l d a movement t o g e t h e r . " (Maryknoll, and t h a t we can r e a c h o u t and f i n d each o t h e r and New York 10545, U S A ) .

S e i s i n f o r m e s de l a C c m i s i o n Sudamericana de Paz:

H e c t o r Cros E s p i e d , E l c o n c e p t 0 de zona de Paz, 15pp. riuqo Palma, Medidas de c o n f i a n z a r e c i p r o c a , 63pp. Edgardo Mercado J a r r l n , seguridad, 76pp. Fundamentos de una d o c t r i n a sudamericana de defensa y

A l e x a n d r e B a r r o s , A c o o p e r a ~ 5 0m i l i t a r na seguranca d e m o c r a t i c a r e g i o n a l , 24pp. Juan C a b r i e l T o k a t l i i n , S e g u r i d a d y d r o g a s : Su s i q n i f i c a d o en l a s r e l a c i o n e s e n t r e Colombia y E s t a d o s Unidos, ^pp. N o r b e r t o ConzSlez, Les r e l a c i o n e s i n t e r n a c i o n a l e s y l a s c o n d i c i o n a n t e s de l a segur i d a d economics en America L a t i n a , 39pp.

(ILET, C a s i l l a 16637, C o r r e o 9, S a n t i a g o , C h i l e ) .

J a c k i e R o d d i c k , The Dance o f t h e M i l l i o n s : L a t i n America and t h e D e b t C r i s i s (London: L a t i n American Bureau, 1988) 258pp. P r o v i d e s a comprehensive a c c o u n t o f t h e L a t i n how most

American d e b t c r i s i s . Examines why t h e bank l o a n s came a b o u t i n t h e f i r s t p l a c e ,

o f them were used, and why t h e y s u d d e n l y d r i e d up i n t h e 1980s. Argues t h a t t h e r o l e p l a y e d b y t h e IMF and t h e W o r l d Bank as t h e f i n a n c i a l p o l i c e m e n o f L a t i n America h a s compounded t h e c r i s i s f o r t h e p o o r , who were t h e l e a s t r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e debt mountain. A l s o a n a l y s e s why L a t i n American governments have so f a r f a i l e d t o s t a n d u p t o t h e banks

and say " C a n ' t pay, w o n ' t pay". The book i n c l u d e s case s t u d i e s o f B r a z i l , P e r u and C o s t a R i c a . I t asks how B r a z i l came t o r u n up t h e T h i r d W o r l d ' s l a r g e s t d e b t and why i t f a i l e d i n i t s a t t e m p t t o qo i t a l o n e w i t h o u t t h e IMF;

i t a n a l y s e s t h e successes and c o n s t r a i n t s

o f A l a n C a r c i a ' s p o l i c y o f n o t p a y i n g a l l P e r u ' s d e b t ; and i t documents t h e enormous p o l i t i c a l and e c o n a n i c c o n s t r a i n t s on a t i n y d e b t o r c o u n t r y 1 i k e C o s t a R i c a . I t c o n c l u d e s b y a n a l y s i n g a11 t h e present; o p t i o n s t o r e l i e v e t h e d e b t and a l l o w L a t i n America a modicum o f development i n t h e 1990s. ( 1 Amwell S t r , London EClR lUL, UK).

E n t r e 10s E s t u d i o s d e l C e n t r o L a t i n o a m e r i c a n o de Economia y P o l i t i c a l n t e r n a c i o n a l :

L u i s M a i r a , Los e s c e n a r i o s i n t e r n a c i o n a l e s y e l p r o c e s o de f o r m a c i o n de l a s p o l i t i c a s e x t e r i o r e s (N016, 1988) 68pp. S e r g i o B i t a r y C a r l o s Ominami, La p o l l t i c a i n d u s t r i a l de America L a t i n a h a c i a f i n e s del s i w (N09, 1 9 8 7 ) S8pp. S e r g i o B i t a r , N e o e s t r u c t u r a l i s m o v e r s u s n e o l i b e r a l i s m o en America L a t i n a ( N 0 3 , 1987) 52pp. C a r l o s Ominami, C h i l e en busca de nuevas m o d a l i d a d e s de i n s e r e i o n i n t e r n a c i o n a l (N04, 1987) 24pp. Jaime E s t h v e z , America L a t i n a b a j o l a c o n d i c i o n a l i d a d d e l Fondo M o n e t a r i o I n t e r -

national (1983-1987)
( C a s i l l a 16 106, C o r r e o 9,

(N07, 1987) 33pp. Santiago, Chile).

. SaGl Zabrano B a r a j a s e t a l . R e s u r g i n i e n t o d e l f u n d a m e n t a l i s m o i s l a m i c o en e l Medio Orients -(IMRED, 1988) 32pp. (CP 06200, M e x i c o DF, M e x i c o ) . . Ahmad A b d a l l a ( c d ) , A f r i c a n L a t i n American D i a l o g u e - Seminar I l l ( C a i r o : I n s t i t u t e
o f Diplomatic Studies, 1986) 315pp.

John C o n n e l l ,

S o v e r e i g n t y and S u r v i v a l :

i s l a n d M i c r o s t a t e s i n t h e T h i r d World ( U n i -

v e r s i t y o f Sydney, 1988) 120pp. An e x t e n s i v e and s y s t e m a t i c r e v i e w , i n c o r p o r a t i n g more t h a n 400 r e c e n t r e f e r e n c e s , o f c u r r e n t development p r a c t i c e and p o l i c y i n t h e t w e n t y i s l a n d s t a t e s t h a t have p o p u l a t i o n s o f l e s s t h a n a m i l l i o n . R e f e r e n c e i s a l s o made t o some l a r g e r i s l a n d s t a t e s ( n o t a b l y M a u r i t i u s ) and t o s m a l l i s l a n d t e r r i t o r i e s , dependencies and c o l o n i e s where states. the structural situation is similar t o that of politically independent as The monograph examines c o n c e p t s o f v a r i a b i l i t y , s e l f - r e l i a n c e and dependence,

!Aey a p p l y t o v e r y s m a l l s t a t e s , and r e v i e w s t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y s i t u a t i o n i n c o n v e n t i o n a l a r e a s o f economic development: a g r i c u l t u r e , f i s h e r i e s , i n d u s t r i a l i s a t i o n , t o u r i s m (and o t h e r e x p a n d i n g s e r v i c e s . ( D p t o f Geography, Sydney N W 2006, S Australia).

G L O B A L SPACE
Frank Barnaby f e d ) , The C a i a Peace A t l a s : S u r v i v a l i n t o t h e T h i r d M i l l e n n i u m (London: Pan Books, 1988) 271pp. The C a i a Peace A t l a s i s a c h a l l e n g i n g and a u t h o r i t a t i v e s t u d y o f t h e p r o s p e c t f o r peace i n t o t h e n e x t m i l l e n n i u m . The sequel t o t h e b e s t s e l l i n g The Ga:a A t l a s o f P l a n e t Management, The C a i a Peace A t l a s maps and a n a l y s e s t h e r o o t s o f peace and war; and a r g u e s t h a t t h e arms r a c e , f a r f r o m a c h i e v i n g s e c u r i t y , t h r e a t e n s t h e s u r v i v a l o f t h e human r a c e and t h e l i f e - s u s t a i n i n g n a t u r a l w o r l d . P a r t 1 ' P a s t : The Lessons o f E x p e r i e n c e ' and 2 ' P r e s e n t : Between Two W o r l d s ' a r e d e s c r i p t i v e , showing t h e r o o t s o f o u r d i l e m ma and t h e s c a l e o f t h e c r i s e s we f a c e . P a r t 3 ' F u t u r e : Our F a t e i n Our h a n d s ' i s p r e s c r i p t i v e , e x p l o r i n g t h e c h a l l e n g e o f s u s t a i n a b l e peace. Each p a r t i s d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e c h a p t e r s , w h i c h s e p a r a t e l y examine t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r peace, t h e c r i s i s o f f a i l u r e , and e f f o r t s f o r new s o l u t i o n s . E d i t e d b y F r a n k Barnaby, former d i r e c t o r o f t h e S t o c k h o l m I n t e r n a t i o n a l Peace R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , w i t h r e s e a r c h f r o m w o r l d - w i d e o r g a n i z a t i o n s and coni n c l u d i n g Cro t r i b u t i o n s f r o m m a j o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l f i g u r e s - E a s t , West and n o n - a l i g n e d , B r u n d t l a n d , Johan C a l t u n g , P e t r a K e l l y , M a u r i c e F. S t r o n g and I n g a Thorsson - i t p r e s e n t s t h e o p t i o n s f o r peace and a s u s t a i n a b l e f u t u r e i n a u t h o r i t a t i v e and h a r d - h i t t i n g g r a p h i c style. (Cavaye P l a c e , London SW10 9PC. U K ) .

Thomas O h l s o n ( e d ) ,

4c k h o l m : (Sto

SIPRI, 1988) 260pp. I s t h e arms t r a d e o u t o f c o n t r o l ? I s more c o n t r o l d e s i r a b l e ? 'What can be l e a r n e d f r o m p r e v i o u s a t t e m p t s t o c o n t r o l t h e t r a n s f e r o f arms? Which a r e t h e m a i n obs t a c l e s t o more r e s t r a i n t ? Who s h o u l d b e g i n t h e p r o c e s s o f c o n t r o l ? These a r e some o f t h e q u e s t i o n s d e a l t w i t h i n t h i s book. S i n c e t h e e a r l y 1970s, arms t r a n s f e r s have p l a y e d a prominent r o l e i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s and have been a f o c u s o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l concern. S t r u c t u r a l changes i n t h e arms m a r k e t h a v e l e d t o a d e c l i n e i n p o l i t i c a l c o n t r o l o f t h e arms t r a d e . S h o r t t e r m c o m n e r c i a l and p o l i t i c a l g a i n s have f r e q u e n t l y c l a s h e d w i t h l o n g e r t e r m f o r e i g n p o l i c y o b j e c t i v e s . The book assessses p a s t a t t e m p t s , c u r r e n t p r o p o s a l s and f u t u r e p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r l i m i t i n g t h e t r a d e i n weapons and weapon t e c h n o l o g y w i c h t h e T h i r d W o r l d . T h i s volume c o m p l e t e s S I P R I ' s t r i l o g y on t h e f a c t s and i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h e b u i l d u p o f c o n v e n t i o n a l weapon a r s e n a l s i n t h e T h i r d World: Arms P r o d u c t i o n i n t h e T h i r d (1986) and Arms T r a n s f e r t o t h e T h i r d W o r l d , 1971-85 ( P i p e r s vag 28, l 7 1 73 S o l n a , Sweden). J o z e f G o l d b l a t and D a v i d Cox ( e d s ) . N u c l e a r Weapon T e s t s : P r o h i b i t i o n o r L i m i t a t i o n ? (Stockholm: SIPRI, 1988) 423pp. No o t h e r i s s u e i n t h e f i e l d o f arms c o n t r o l has been t h e s u b j e c t o f so much i n t e r n a t i o n a l d e l i b e r a t i o n and n e g o t i a t i o n as t h a t o f t h e c e s s a t i o n o f n u c l e a r weapon t e s t s . The c o n c l u s i o n s o f t r i e volume a r e as f o l l o w s : ( i ) A comprehensive t e s t ban w o u l d r e n d e r f u r t h e r n u c l e a r weapon development l a r g e l y i m p o s s i b l e . The r a c e f o r q u a l i t a t i v e improvement o f n u c l e a r weapons an i m p o r t a n t c h a n n e l o f t h e superpowers arms c o m p e t i t i o n - w o u l d t h e r e b y be c o n s i d e r a b l y narrowed. ( i i ) N o n - n u c l e a r weapon s t a t e s c o u l d p r o d u c e a f i r s t - g e n e r a t i o n f i s s i o n d e v i c e w i t h o u t t e s t i n g and b e c o n f i d e n t t h a t t h e d e v i c e w o u l d e x p l o d e . B u t t h e weapon w o u l d be u n s o p h i s t i c a t e d , o f u n c e r t a i n y i e l d and p e r h a p s

difficult

t o deliver.

T h i s w o u l d s i o w down t h e p r o l i f e r a t i o n o f

fission

neapons among

s t a t e s . The development o f t h e r m o n u c l e a r weapons w i t h o u t c o n d u c t i n g t e s t s w o u l d be o u t o f t h e q u e s t i o n ; t h e i r p r o l i f e r a t i o n w o u l d t n e r e f o r e be p r e c l u d e d a l t o g e t h e r . ( i i i ) C e s s a t i o n o f t e s t s by t h e p r e s e n t n u c l e a r weapon s t a t e s w o u l d de-emphasize t h e m i l i t a r y r o l e o f n u c l e a r weapons. I t nay t h e r e n y a f f e c t t h e v i e w s o f t h o s e c o u n t r i e s w h i c h have so f a r been r e l u c t a n t t o g i v e up t n e i r n u c l e a r weapon o p t i o n . ( i v ) A t e s t ban w o u l d be a m a j o r i n t e r i a t i o r a l achievevent w i t h considerable confidence-building e f f e c t s .

.
27pp.;

M i c h a e l B r z o s k a , The E r o s i o n o f R e s t r a i n t i n West Cerman Arms T r a n s f e r P o z c y : 1 9 8 8 ) M i c h a e l B r z o s k a and P e t e r Lock, Widening t h e Gap: The E f f e c t s o f M i l i t a r y Research

and Development on N o r t h - S o u t h R e l a t i o n s ( 1 9 8 8 ) 23pp. ( C e n t r e f o r t h e S t u d y o f Uars, Armaments and Development, Hamburg U n i v , A l l e n d e - P l a t z 1, 2000 Hamburg 13, FRG). C e r t K r e l l , a s t p o l < t i k D i v e r s i o n s o f 4 e s t Gernan S e c u r ? t y B ( 1 9 8 8 ; S'+*lZpp; Thanas Risse-Kappen, Z e r o O p t i o n : The G l o b a l E l i m i n a t i o n o f Ground-Launched I n t e r m e d i a t e -

Range M i s s i l e s - A P o l i t i c a l Assessment (1988) 34pp; Thomas Pisse-Kappen l e d ) , T a c t i c a l M i s s i l e Defenses and West European S e c u r i t y ( 1 9 8 8 ) 79pp. (Peace Research I n s t i tute Frankfurt, Leimenrode 29,

6000 F r a n k f u r t / M .
and

l, FRG).
The Qual Face o f

Richard Falk,

Revolutionaries

Functionaries:

Terrorism (New

York: D u t t o n , 1988) 222pp. S a u l M e n d l o v i t z w r i t e s : "An e x t r a o r d i n a r y accomplisnment. Cdref u l , comprehensive, and p r e c i s e , F a l k has w r i t t e n t h e d e f i n i t i v e a n a l y s i s on t e r r o r i s m . By c r u c i a l l y i n t e g r a t i n g h i s p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e innocent w i t h h i s theory o f counterterrorism, h e i n c i s i v e l y s c r u t i n i z e s i m p r o p e r v i o l e n c e . R e v o l u t i o n a r i e s and F u n c t i o n a i r e s i s a must r e a d and n e c e s s a r y f o r government o f f i c i a l s and c i t i z e n s a l i ~ e o come t o g r i p s w i t h t n e t deep r o o t s o f v i o l e n c e i n o u r e r a . "

( 2 P a r k Avenue, New Y o ~ K ,NV 10016, USA).

R e p r e s e n t a t i o n s du T i e r s Monde ( P a r i s : CEWEV) 99pp. Dans l a s i t u a t i o n de c r i s e act . u e ^ l e , l e s o p i n i o n s , I ' i r n a q i n a i r e , l e s s a v o i r s s u r 1 ' A u t r e s o n t des e n j e u x c o n s i d e r a b l e s . Les t e x t e s r 6 u n i s i c i s ' e f f o r c e n t de d e c r y p t e r I e c o n t e n u de c e s r e p r 6 s e n t d t i o n s . L'ouvr a g e f o u r n i t a u s s i des r e f e r e n c e s b i b l i o g r a p h i q u e s e t des i n f o r m a t i o n s s u r l e s a c t i v i t e s c o n c e r n a n t u n domaine ma1 connu. Le moment e s t venu d ' u n b i l a n e t d ' u n e r e l a n c e des r e c h e r c h e ~c o n c e r n a n t I e m i r o i r b r i s e q u ' e s t n o t r e p e r c e p t i o n du T i e r s Monde. Non m o i n s u r g e n t e s s o n t I e s i n t e r v e n t i o n s dans I e s d e b a t s en c o u r s e t l a m i s e en q u e s t i o n d ' u n f l o t de s t e r e o t y p e s n e g a t i f s , q u i s e n t s u r t o u t nos l i m i t a t i o n s c u l t u r e l l e s e t s c i e n t i f i q u e s . r u e M a l h e r , 75004 P a r i s , F r a n c e ) .

(9

K a r l P. Sauvant, I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a n s a c t i o n s i n S e r v i c e s : The P o l i t i c s o f T r a n s b o r d e r Data F l o w s ( B o u l d e r : Westview P r e s s , 1986) 372pp. Over t h e p a s t decade, t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e and f o r e i g n d i r e c t i n v e s t m e n t i n s e r v i c e s , and e s p e c i a l l y d a t a s e r v i c e s ( t r a n s b o r d e r d a t a f l o w s ) , has i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y . T h i s book examines t h e r i s e o f d a t a s e r v i c e s ( d a t a p r o c e s s i n g , s o f t w a r e , d a t a bases, and t e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s e r v i c e s ) and t h e i m p a c t o f t h e s e s e r v i c e s on i n t e r n a t i o n a l economic t r a n s a c t i o n s , t h e n l o o k s a t t r a d e and f o r e i g n d i r e c t i n v e s t m e n t i n s e r v i c e s i n g e n e r a l and r e v i e w s t h e p o l i c y p o s i t i o n o f t h e U n i t e d States, t h e p r i n c i p a l proponent o f t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l s e r v i c e s discussion. Sauvant a n a l yzes t h e i n t e r e s t s o f v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s v i s - i - v i s t r a d e and f o r e i g n d i r e c t investment i n data s e r v i c e s , l o o k i n g a t p r o t e c t i o n o f p r i v a c y i s s u e s as we11 as c o m p e t i n g a l u e s and approaches r e l a t i n g t o t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f d a t a r e s o u r c e s . He r e v i e w s t h e i n t e r "ationa: p o l i c y d i s c u s s i o n as c a r r i e d o u t i m b ' l a t e r a l and mu1 t i l a t e r a l n e g o t i a t i o n s t h r o u g h t h e OECD, t h e '51, t k e CAT? and m e U n i t e d N a t T i r s . S a s i c s t a t < s t < c a l d a t a accompany t h e t e x t , and key p o l i c y documents a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h e annexes. B o u l d e r , C o l o r a d o 80301, USA). (5500 C e n t r a l Ave.

.
1988, -

J a l a l e d d i n J a l a l i ( e d ) , A Research I n v e n t o r y t o r t h e M u l t i l a t e r a l Trade N e g o t i a t i o n s . f l o r i d Bank Papers f o r t h e Uruguay Round, ( W a s h i n g t o n : IBRD, 1988) 287pp.

D a v i d Weir, The Bhopal Syndrome: P e s t i c i a e s , E n v i r o n m e n t & H e a l t h (London: E a r t h s c a n , 1987) 208pp. T h i s book documents t h e g r o w i n g t h r e a t t o human l i f e and t h e e n v i r o n m e n t posed by t h e g l o b a l p e s t i c i d e b u s i n e s s . W a r e a l l a t r i s k : F l i x b o r o u g h , England, 1974: e c y l o h e x a n e e x p l o s i o n ; 28 k i l l e d , 89 i n j u r e d , 3000 evacuated, 6 0 - a c r e s i t e c o m p l e t e l y dest r o y e d . Seveso, I t a l y , 1976: d i o x i n escape; mary c h i l d r e n d i s f i g u r e d by c h l o r a c n e , 4450 a c r e s o f f a r m l a n d p o i s o n e d , 100,000 g r a z i n g animals k i l l e d , 1000 p e o p l e e v a c u a t e d . Montana, Mexico, 1981: c h l o r i n e r e l e a s e ; 29 k i l l e d , 1000 i n j u r e d , 5000 e v a c u a t e d . Bhopal, I n d i a , 1984: M1C gas escape; 2500 k i l l e d , 10,000 5 e r j o u s l y i n j u r e d , 20,CCO p a r t i a l l y d i s a b l e s , 180,000 a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d , "10,000 f u r t h e r casies o f i n j u r y a p p e a r i n g . B a s e l , Switzerland, 1986: 66,000 pounds o f p e s t i c i d e s l e a c h e d { n t o t h e R h i n e . The Bhopal Syndrome e v a l u a t e s t h e r i s k s i n v o l v e d i n t h e c u r r e n t w o r l d w i d e e s c a l a t i o n i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n and use o f a g r i c u l t u r a l p e s t i c i d e s . I t p r o v i d e s t h e i n f o r m a t i o n needed f o r a common f i c h t a g a i n s t a common d a n g e r . ( 3 E n d s l e i g h S t r e e t , London KCIH ODD, UK). H a b i t a t , G l o b a l R e p o r t on Human S e t t l e m e n t s 1986 ( O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1987) 229pp. T h i s i s t h e most comprehensive p u b l i c a t i o n y e t r e l e a s e d by t h e U n i t e d N a t i o r s on human s e t t l e m e n t s . Produced by The U n i t e d N a t i o n s C e n t r e f o r Human S e t t l e m e n t s ( H a b i t a t ) , t h i s volume i n t r o d u c e s t h e c o n c e p t o f human s e t t l e m e n t s as i t has e v o l v e d f r o m t h e i n a u g u r a l H a b i t a t Conference i n 1976 i n Vancouver, and a n a l y s e s t r e n d s and p r o s p e c t s i n b o t h t h e g l o b a l and t h e r e g i o n a l spaces. I t s e l e c t s and i l l u s t r a t e s k e y p o l i c y i s s u e s i n t h e a r e a s o f n a t i o n a l development, management, i n s t i t u t i o n s , f i n a n c i n g , l a n d , i n f r a s t r u c t u r e , b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s and c o n s t r u c t i o n t e c h n o l o g y , and she1 t e r . I t i 1 l u s t r a t e s t h e n e c e s s a r y t r a n s i t i o n f r o m n o r m a t i v e and r e g u l a t o r y p r a c t i c e s t o e n a b l i n g s t r a t e g i e s , and i t p r e s e n t s t h e r o l e o f human s e t t l e m e n t s as b o t h t h e o b j e c t i v e s and t h e i n s t r u m e n t s o f development. statistical annex p r o v i d e s 18 t a b l e s o f n a t i o n a l d a t a . ( W a l t o n S t r , O x f o r d OX2 6DP, U K ) . Case S t u d i e s o f (PO3 38, Bangladesh and K, A

. .

K a t a r i n a Tomasevski,

F o r e i g n A i d and Human R i g h t s : of Human R i g h t s , 1986) 1t2pp.

(The D a n i s h C e n t e r Denmark). Yvonne C a r o u t c h ,

1002 Copenhagen

C i o r d a n o Bruno:

Le v o l c a n de V e n i s e ( A r i s t a ,

1988) 253pp.

Une b i o -

graphie fascinante, fondee 3 l a f o i s s u r l a f i c t i o n e t I ' e r u d i t i o n , du m e r v e i l l e u x G i o r d a n o Bruno, h o m e de f e u q u i au XVIe s i e c l e osa. en I t a l i e e t 2 t r a v e r s l l E u r o p e , p o s e r l a q u e s t i o n de l a p l u r a l i t 6 des mondes e t de I ' i n f i n i , c ' e s t - 2 - d i r e de l a l i b e r t e . D e f i q u i i e f i t p e r i r s u r I e bucher en 1600. Ce p r e c u r s e u r d ' u n e h u m a n i t e g l o b a l e , m y s t i que sans r e l i g i o n e t p r e c u r s e u r de C a l i l e e , f u t un p h i l o s o p h e , un s a v a n t , un h e r m e t i s t e , u n v i s i o n n a i r e e t un g r a n d p o e t e . 11 i n c a r n a 1e g e n i e h o r s des normes,

I ' a i s e 5 !a t a b l e

des s o u v e r a i n s e t des a l c h i m i s t e s c o m e a c e l l e des h e r e t i q u e s ou des gueux. Sa v i e e s t un roman d ' u n e d e n s i t e e g a l e a c e l l e de son o e u v r e . Aprgs a v o i r 1u l ' e d i t i o n de 1975, M a r g u e r i t e Yourcenar e c r i v a i t 2 I ' a u t e u r : "Ce n ' e s t pas p a r c e q u ' u n h e r o s c h e r c h e l a p e r fection qu'il a t t e i n t I e bonheur. Mais c e f o u d i v i n i n i t lui-m&ne I e f e u au b r a s i e r p o u r que t r i o m p h e n t e n f i n ses { d e e s . La, sa j o i e f u t sans d o u t e i n i m a q i n a D l e . Vous f a i t e s r e v i v r e l a t r a j e c t o i r e de c e t E t r e g r a n d i o s e avec l a meme v e r a c i t e que s i vous a v i e z e t 6 sa compagne". (24580 P l a z a c - R o u f f i g n a c , F r a n c e ) .

PERIODICALS

HUMAN RIGHTS:

The Human R i g h t s B u l l e t i n o f
NO1

t h e Law A s s o c i a t i o n f o r A s i a and t h e P a c i f i c

(LAWASIA) ( V o l 6 ,

2 ) i s a r i c h d o u b l e i s s u e whose 155 pages a r e f i l l e d w i t h f a c t s

a b o u t m o s t c o u n t r i e s c o u n t r i e s o f t h e r e g i o n . SIM N e w s l e t t e r , t h e N e t h e r l a n d s q u a r t e r l y o f human r i g h t s ( V o l 6, N02) d i s s u s s e s 'The i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r o t e c t i o n o f human r i g h t s , w i t h a r t i c l e s on t h e UN, t h e ILO, t h e C o u n c i l o f Europe and t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n o f American S t a t e s . 'The e x e r c i z e o f p o l i t i c a l freedoms i n Morocco' i n The Review o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C m i s s i o n o f J u r i s t s ( N o 4 0 ) . S o c i a l J u s t i c e , A J o u r n a l o f Crime, C o n f l i c t & W o r l d O r d e r i s t h e new name o f C r i m e and S o c i a l J u s t i c e ; v01 15. NO1 f o c u s s e s on p r i s o n s t r u g g l e s a t L e x i n q t o n , K e n t u c k y , USA. 'Rescatando e l Derecho Andino: Derecho a g r a r i o y d e r e c h o s human o s * en S o c i a l i s m o y Participation ( N 0 4 2 ) . CULTURES: ' I b n K h a l d o u n ' s i d e a s on s o c i e t y ' i n ( V o l 10, N 0 2 ) . ' A t t e m p t s a t d e f i n i n g an I s l a m i c Economic O r d e r ' i n Economics ( V o l 3 7 ) . The T h a t c h e d P a t i o , house maga z i n e of t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Centre f o r E t h n i c S t u d i e s reviews a t l e n g t h Vikram S e t h ' s novel 'The Golden G a t e ' . I n Green L i n e ( N o 6 4 ) Susan G r f f f i n t a l k s a b o u t t h e n a t u r e o f c u l t u r e t h a t has b r o u g h t humankind t o t h e b r i n k . ' E x t e n s i o n d e l t r a b a j o en e l mundo a b o r i g e n ' en Fundapazl ( N o 1 2 ) . ' P u e b l o s i n d i g e n a s m i l i t a r i z a d o s ' en A m a n e c e r i n d i o (AEo 6 , N07), p u b l i c a c i 6 n de l a C o n f e d e r a c i f i n de n a c i o n a l i d a d e s de l a Amazonia e c u a t o r i a n a . ' T e c n o l o g i a y c u l t u r a en 10s Andes: h e l a d a s e n t r e S i q c h o s y Toacazo' on Hombre y A m b i e n t e E l punto ' R i g h t - w i n g r e l i g i o u s s e c t s ' i n IDOC I n t e r n a z i o n a l e de v i s t a i n d i g e n a (Afio I , ? S ) . ( 8 8 / 1 ) . 'Tendances dte I ' a n t h r o p o l o g i a ' e s t I e theme du no116 de l a Revue i n t e r n a t i o n a l e

d e sciences sociales. CHANCE: 'Why w o r k ? When t h e r e ' s so much more t o l i f e ' i n t h e U t n e Reader, t h e b e s t o f t h e [US] a l t e r n a t i v e p r e s s (N028). C e n t r e p o i n t (N032) c e l e b r a t e s i t s 1 0 t h a n n i v e r s a r y and l o o k s a t ' w h e r e does t h e Community go f r o m h e r e ? ' . F u t u r e S u r v e y ( V o l 10, N08) l o o k s , i n t e r a l i a , a t w o r l d f u t u r e s and a t r e g i o n s and n a t i o n s . I n ( V o l 20, N04), l a n M i l e s wonders 'The e l e c t r o n i c c o t t a g e : m y t h o r n e a r - m y t h ? ' and S o h a i l I n a y a t u l l a h a b o u t ' A l t e r n a t i v e f u t u r e s f o r t h e P h i l i p p i n e s ' . 'Hegemonia, p o l i t i c a y s o c i a l i s m o : La a c t u a l i d a d de G r a m s c i ' en Economia i n f o r m a ( 1 5 3 ) . HEALTH: Debabar B a n e r j i d i s c u s s e s 'The b a t t l e f o r t o t a l h e a l t h c a r e ' i n a s p e c i a l number o f t h e I n d i a I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t r e Q u a r t e r l y on ' I n d i a : F o r t y y e a r s ' ( V o l 14, N03) w h i c h a l s o f e a t u r e s J.K. C a l b r a i t h , S u r e n d r a P a t e l ( ' T o o much f o r t o o f e w ' ) and s e v e r a l o t h e r s . IAlma A t a t e n y e a r s a f t e r ' i n A p p r o p r i a t e Technology f o r H e a l t h (N020). HA1 News (Ne40) c e l e b r a t e s i t s 4 0 t h i s s u e when W O c e l e b r a t e s i t s 4 0 t h a n n i v e r s a r y . H a l f d a n M a h l e r , t h e H r e t i r i n g D i r e c t o r o f WHO, draws a p a r a l l e l . Medicaments e s s e n t i e l s : l e p o i n t (No6) c e l s b r e p o u r sa p a r t l e s d i x ans de I ' i d e e des medicaments e s s e n t i e l s , ' m a i s e n c o r e beaucoup . 3 f a i r e ' . An i n t e r v f e w w i t h Dr S i d n e y M. Wolfe, t h e a u t h o r o f ' P i l l s t h a t d o n ' t w o r k ' in t h e M u l t i n a t i o n a l M o n i t o r ( V o l 9, N06). ' D r u g g i n g t h e T h i r d World: Japanese p h a r m a c e u t i ( N o s ) . 'The p e o p l e ' s remedy: H e a l t h c a r e i n E l S a l v a d o r ' i n t h e cals i n Thailand' i n M o n t h l y Review ( V o l 40, N03). The f o c u s s e c t i o n o f Panoscope ( N 0 7 ) i s on a i d s . ' A d a p t e r l ' e d u c a t i o n p o u r l a s a n t e aux r e a l i t e s c u l t u r e l l e s du monde r u r a l ' dans F a m i l l e e t Developpement ( N o 4 9 ) . ' L ' a l l a i t e m e n t m a t e r n e l ' dans S a n t e f a r n i l i a l e e t c o m u n i c a t i o n , b u l l e t i n 3 l ' u s a g e des r a d i o d i f f u s i o n s a f r i c a i n e s ( N o g ) e t ' H a b i t a t e t s a n t e ' dans l a L e t t r e u r b a i n e de 1 'ENDA (Ne15).

FOOD PRODUCTION: ' P e r u : A g r i c u l t u r e , c r i s i s and macroeconomic p01 i c y ' b y J a v i e r I g u i i i i z and ' A g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r p o l i c y and macroeconomic p l a n n i n g ' b y T r e v o r H a r k e r i n t h e Cepal Review ( N 0 3 3 ) . The IDS B u l l e t i n ( V o l 19, N02) f o c u s s e s on 'Cash c r o p s i n d e v e l o p i n g count r i e s ' . I n l n t e r n a t i o n a l A g r i c u l t u r a l Development ( V o l 8, N04) Farhana Raque Rahman w r i t e s a b o u t ' a p r o j e c t i n Bangladesh r t h i c h s h o u l d b r i n g new o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o s m a l l f a r m e r s ' . The I L E I A N e w s l e t t e r ( I n f o r m a t i o n c e n t r e f o r Low E x t e r n a l I n p u t A g r i c u l t u r e ) i s d e v o t e d t o 'Mechanized v e r s u s non-mechanized approaches t o s o i l ' M o u n t a i n A g r i c u l t u r e ( V o l 4, ? l ) . r m i n e r a l i z a t i o n * i n S o i l R e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n , a n e t w o r k n e w s l e t t e r ( V o l 111, N o l O ) . (N015) p r e s e n t e un d o s s i e r s u r ' c u l t u r e s a s s o c i e e s : l e p a s s e au s e c o u r s d u f u t u r ' .

es un b o l e t i n s o b r e t e c n o l o g i a a l i m e n t a r i a a p r o p r i a d a a1 d e s a r r o l l o a q r o i n d u s t r i a t Su N o 35 es un e s p e c i a l s o b r e 'eel f r i o ' . c u l t i v o s en e l A I t i p l a n o i en 'Camas o r g a n i c a s p r o t e g i d a s : (Noll).

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t h e n e w s l e t t e r o f FAIR ( F a i r n e s s & Accuracy i n R e p o r t i n g ) c o n t i n u e s 1, P 8 examines i t s f i r s t y e a r and r e v e a l s 'New York C i t y ' s b i g

s e c r e t : The n u c l e a r h o m e p o r t ' whereas Vol 2. N o l compares t h e c o v e r a q e o f KAL 007 and I r a n A i r 655. 'New i n f o r m a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y f o r d e v e l o p m e n t ' i n S a r i l a k a s G r a s s r o o t s Development ( V 0 l I l l , N02). VILLES: Un numero muy r i c o de l a R e v i s t a I n t e r a m e r i c a n a de P l a n i f i c a c i o n ( V o l CIUDADES XX11, N085) p r e s e n t a d o p o r Ignacy Sachs y V i c e n t e Sanchez con, e n t r e o t r o s , ' E s t r u c t u r a s de 10 c o t i d i a n o y funci'onamiento i n f o r m a l ' p o r V i c e n t e Sanchez; de l a 'economia r e a l ' : mhs a l l & de l a d i c o t o m i a f o r m a l 'Mercado, no mercado, cuasimercado y l a ' e c o n o m i c r e a l ' p o r

I g n a c y Sachs; ' E s t r a t e g i a s de 1a s u p e r v i v i e n c i a en l a s c i u d a d e s l a t i n o a m e r i c a n a s ' p o r Susana F i n q u e l e v i c h ; ' E s p a c i o y t e c n o l o g i a en e l t r o p i c o humedo' p o r Eduardo N e i r a ; 'Camb i o d e l e s t i l o de v i d a d e l Venezolano a n t e l a c r i s i s ' p o r Frank Bracho: e t c . 'Economie p o p u l a i r e u r b a i n e ' dans l a L e t t r e u r b a i n e (No16) RURAL DEVELOPMENT: En Nueva S o c i e d a d ( N 0 9 6 ) , ' E l mundo campesino cambio s i n r e f o r m a ' .

Re-

forma A g r a r i a (Aiio 17. No3) examine l a q u e s t i o n a g r a i r e au B r e s i l : q u ' e s t - c e q u i a r e e l l e m e n t change dans l e s annees 8 0 / 8 5 ? ( e n p o r t u g a i s ) . I n t h e Journal o f S o c i a l Development i n A f r i c a ( V o l 3, N02), ' R u r a l g r o w t h p o i n t i n Zimbabwe' and ' S o c i a l s e r v i c e s t o r u r a l a r e a s ' . Dans Need ( N 0 8 ) , un d o s s i e r s u r l ' & l e c t r i f i c a t i o n r u r a l e . INDUSTRY: A s p e c i a l t h e m a t i c i s s u e o f P u b l i c E n t e r p r i s e , 'Performance e v a l u a t i o n o f p u b l i c

e n t e r p r i s e s i n d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s ' ( V o l 8, N o l ) and 'The making o f a s t a t e - o w n e d cong l o m e r a t e : a B r a z i l i a n c a s e s t u d y ' ( V o l 8, N o 2 ) . 'New m a t e r i a l s , new m a c h i n e s ' i n Impact o f s c i e n c e o n s o c i e t y (No1491. MEDIO AMBIENTE en Pensamiento

ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONNEMENT: 'Medio ambiente, d e t e r i o r o y recuperation' I b e r o a m e r i c a n o ( 1 2 ) . Cemat's Red N e w s l e t t e r ( V o l 3, N026) r e p o r t s on t h e

F i r s t C e n t r a l American Conference on e n v i r o n m e n t a l a c t i o n . Bhopal and U n i o n C a r b i d e i n IOCU Consumer I n t e r p o l Memo ( N 0 1 8 / 8 8 ( 6 1 ) . 'Poor p e o p l e f o r e s t r y ' i n A p p r o p r i a t e t e c h n o l o g y ( V o l 15, N o l ) . 'La d e s t r u c t i o n p r o g r e s s i v e du S a h e l ' p a r Rene Dumont dans F u t u r i b l e s ' P o l l u t i o n de l ' e s ( N 0 1 2 3 ) . ' D i s t r i b u t i o n de l ' e a u ' , no s p e c i a l ( V o l 16, N02) de

m.

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(No108). ' U m e l t D r i t t e W e l t '

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(17).

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n e w s l e t t e r o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o u n c i l o f S c i e n t i f i c U n i o n s ( N '33) r e p o r t s on t h e e n d i n g o f ENLMAR, t h e w o r k i n g g r o u p on t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l consequences o f n u c l e a r war and o f f e r s t h e u s u a l news on 1CSU's a c t i v i t i e s . TERCER SISTEMA

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R e v i s t a de C i e n c i a s S o c i a l e s ( N o 3 7 - 3 8 ) . ' S u b v e r s i o n y l u c h a a n t i s u b v e r s i v a : l a s b a t a l l a s m i s s i g n i f i c a t i v a s l a s d a r h l a p o b l a c i 6 n o r g a n i z a d a ' e n t r e v i s t a con e l g e n e r a l S i n e s i o Jarama en Ouehacer ( 5 3 ) . 'Regroupement a s s o c i a t i f e t d e c e n t r a l i s a t i o n ' dans & [ N 0 5 6 ) . Workteam ing. 'goes r e g i o n a l

f r o m Botswana t o o t h e r SADCC c o u n t r i e s ;

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I n t e r n a t i o n a l Labour R e p o r t ( 2 7 - 2 8 ) has a s e c t i o n on ' A f t e r J a p a n '

t h e P h i l i p p i n e s and o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . ANCOC I n f o r m a t i o n Notes ('401 8, ?S) r e p o r t s on t h e r e g i o n a l s m a l l - s c a l e f i s h e r i e s d e v e l opment i n S o u t h E a s t A s i a . ' S o c i e a a d de consume' en A l t e r n a t i v a s ( 5 4 ) . 'Consumer m o n i t o r ' i n BEUC News ( 7 6 ) . ' R e f l e x i o n s s u r l e s Ongs, l e u r g e s t i o n e t I e u r r o l e en m a t i e r e de developpement: l t a l i e , A n g l e t e r r e , lnde, C h i l i , F r a n c e ' dans T r a n s n a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n s T r a n s n a t i o n a l e s ( 8 8 1 3 ) . #OMEN

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P h i l i p p i n e s ( V o l I I , N03) and 'Homen i n f i s h e r i e s ' ('401 I I , N o 2 i . 'Success s t o r i e s i n women's c o m m u n i c a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s ' by Kamla B h a s i n i n Uomen i n a c t i o n ( 8 8 / 2 ) . # I D B u l l e t i n ( V o l 3, '4'3) torsr i n o f f e r s 30 pages o f ' r e s o u r c e s ' . ' S o c i a l Change: A r e women a c t o r s o r s p e c t a (Vol 3 , N o > ) . "#men i n t h e o l o g y ' i n ( N 0 3 0 ) . L'= de ? 'AFARD, evo-

que ( e n f r a n q a i s e t en a n g l a i s ) 1es a c t i v i t i e s de 1'AFARD e t d ' a u t r e s a s s o c i a t i o n s f e m i n i nes. La T r i b u n e ( N 0 1 3 / 1 4 ) c o n s t i t u e u n 'manuel d ' a c t i o n c m u n a u t a i r e c o n c e r n a n t l e s s t r a f e g i e s p r o s p e c t i v e s d f a c t i o n de N a i r o b i pour l a p r o m o t i o n de l a f e m n e ' . PEACE: ' A f t e r s t r a t e g y : The s e a r c h f o r a post-modern p o l i t i c s o f p e a c e ' i n A l t e r n a t i v e s ( V o l X l l l , N 0 3 ) . 'The peace s c e n a r i o a f t e r t h e INF t r e a t y ' i n I n d i a I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t r e Q u a r t e r l y (V01 14, N"4). 'Myths and f a c t s on US bases and t h e P h i l i p p i n e economy' in

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V l l , N02) and ' US bases v e r s u s P h i l p p i n e s o v e r e i g n t y ' i n P h i l i p p i n e Resource C e n t e r M o n i t o r [ N o 3 ) . 'Mi l;t a r i z a t i o n , s t e p t o a n n i h i l a t i o n ' i n A s i a n - P a c i f i c E n v i r o n m e n t ( V o l 5, N 0 2 ) . 'New t e c h n o l o g i e s and econcmics o f d e f e n c e ' i n The I n t e r n a t i o n a l S p e c t a t o r ( V o l XXI I I , N o l ) . 'Las i d e o l o q i a s de l a v i o l e n c i a p o l U i c a ' en E l B i m e s t r e ( N 0 3 9 ) .

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i p a l e s p r o b l e m a s y p e r s p e c t i v a s ' en l n v e s t i g a c i 6 n econbmica (NO181 ) . I n W o r l d Development, 'The i n t e g r a t i o n o f d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s i n t h e GATT system ( V o l 16, N o s ) and 'The i m p a c t o f u n t y i n g a i d o f t h e European C m u n i t y c o u n t r i e s ( N 0 7 ) . 'Lome 10 ans a p r e s ' dans c h e r c h e s i n t e r n a t i o n a l e s ( 2 7 ) . ' P r o s p e c t s f o r change i n t h e EC-ACP? I n t h e LDSs Campaign N e w s l e t t e r ( N 0 1 1 / 1 2 ) . ' C o c a l c o c a i n e : c o n t r o v e r s y c o n t i n u e s ' i n Andean Focus ( V o l V, N o 3 ) . ' P r i v a t e a i d and p u b l i c p o l i c y : a case s t u d y ' i n I n d o c h i n a I s s u e s ( 8 2 1 . ' L ' i n c i d e n c e de ? a r e f o r m e du systems m o n e t a i r e i n t e r n a t i o n a l s u r l e s economies du T i e r s Monde: l a reconduct i o n des i n e g a l i t e s ' dans A f r i c a Development/ A f r i q u e e t Developpement ( V o l XI I , N03). D e b t s and d e v e l o p m e n t ' i n Development h Socio-Economic P r o g r e s s ( 1 / 8 8 ) . ' P r o p u e s t a s de a l i v i o de l a deuda e x t e r n a l en OCCIJCRESET B o l e t i n ( N o b ) . Azja, 'Redistribution and g r o w t h i n e a r l y s t a g e o f d e v e l o p m e n t ' by Z o f i a Dobrska i n A f r y k a , NORTH-SOUTH: 'German F o u n d a t i o n s : Ameryka L a c i n s k a ( 6 5 ) . i n P a c i f i c W o r l d ( N 0 8 ) . The

Meddling i n t h e P a c i f i c ? '

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r i e s ' i n Development & S o u t h - S o u t h C o o p e r a t i o n ( V o l IV, N 0 6 ) . 'The p o o r and t h e p o w e r l e s s , Economic p o l i c y and change i n t h e C a r i b b e a n ' by C l i v e Thomas i n C a r i c o n P e r s p e c t i v e s (?42:. 'Segunda r e u n i o n de l a C o m i s i 6 n S u r ' en Comercio E x t e r i o r ( V o l 38, N o 5 ) : 'L'OUA e t l a g e s t i o n des c r i s e s a f r i c a i n e s ' p a r Edem K o d j o dans Le C a h i e r de 1 ' I P R l ( N 0 2 ) . GLOBE: A l o o k a t t h e Gaia h y p o t h e s i s i n I n t e r n a t i o n a l P e r m a c u l t u r e ( N 0 2 8 ) . -L e a ! a n Nobe1 P r i z e Winners C o l l o q u i u m ' i n Nova Spe; L e t t e r ( 1 1 - 1 2 ) . PLACES: ' S c i e n c e and

' 3 7 ahos de economic p e r u a n a ' en A c t u a l i d a d economica d e l P e r u (Ano X,

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1 2 ) . ' N i c a r a g u a : Development under f i r e ' i n IDS B u l l e t i n ( V o l 19, N03). ' Panama: More t h a n j u s t a c a n a l ' i n C e n t r a l America B u l l e t i n (V01 7, N 0 7 - 8 ) . 'Uganda i n t r a n s i t i o n by Mahmood Mamdani i n T h i r d W o r l d Q u a r t e r l y ( V o l 10, N 0 3 ) . ' E t h i o p i a , P l u s (;a change' i n

A f r i c a Press C l i p s ( V o l 1, N03) A c t i o n on Namibia i s a u n i q u e source on t h e l a s t m a j o r colony. Southern A f r i c a i s t h e t o p i c o f t h e A u s t r a l i a n Care N e w s l e t t e r (No87). ' P a l e s t i n a : una r i v o l t a p e r I ' i d e n t i t i ' i n P o l i t i c a i n t e r n a z i o n a l e ( 7 / 8 8 ) . The C h i l d r e n o f Stones/ Les e n f a n t s des p i e r r e s b r i n g s r e g u l a r l y news and f a c t s about t h e i n t i f a d a . V i b r o i s q u a t e r l y n e w s l e t t e r on development i n I n d o n e s i a . 'China b e f o r e and a f t e r t h e t h i r t e e n t h p a r t y cong r e s s ' i n Man & Development ( V o l X, N023). ' C h i n a ' s economic reforms 2: Western perspec(Vol 8:2) i s a useful t i v e s ' i n A s i a n - P a c i f i c E c o n m i c L i t e r a t u r e ( V o l 2, N o l ) . u p d a t i n g on r e p r e s s i o n i n M a l a y s i a . Statement o f t h e E a s t - P a c i f i c c o n s u l t a t i o n on E a s t Timor i n Asian Student News ( 4 ) . N W PERIOOICALS: E e d i t e d by M a u r i c e G o l d m i t h , i s a new i n t e r n a t i o n a l t e c h n o l o g i c a l paper. C o r d i l l e r a C u r r e n t s and C o r d i l l e r a Papers a r e p u b l i s h e d by t h e C o r d i l l e r a Resource Center f o r Indigenous p e o p l e ' s r i g h t s i n t h e Phi 1i p p i nes. F u t u r e Generations, pub1 ished i n M a l t a , i s t h e ' n e w s l e t t e r of t h e g l o b a l network on r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s t o f u t u r e qenerations & their enviroment. i s a new magazine f o r development and environment i n t h e Himalaya. P e s t i c i d e s News i s t h e q u a r t e r l y n e w s l e t t e r o f t h e P e s t i c i d e s t r u s t i n t h e UK. CIRDAFRICA, t h e Arusha-based c e n t r e on i i n t e g r a t e d r u r a l development f o r A f r i c a , has s t a r t e d p u b l i s h i n g a R u r a l World T r i b u n e . V l l l e s en dhveloppement e s t I e nouveau b u l l e t i n de l a C o o p e r a t i o n f r a n c a i s e pour I e dgveloppement u r b a i n , I ' h a b i t a t e t I'amenaqement du territoire.

m,

. A c t u a l i d a d e c o n m i c a , CEDAL, AV CuzmSn B l a n c o 465, Of 504, Lima, P e r 6 . A f r i c a Development, W 3304, W, Senegal . A f r i c a P r e s s C l i p s , P o s t f a c h 88, l 0 0 0 , TZST, A u s t r i a . A f r i k a , Azja, h e r y k a Lacinska, Krakowskie PrzedmieZcie 30, 00-927 Warszawa, . A I i r a n , FOB 1049, 10830 P u l a u Pinang, M a l a y s i a . A l t e r n a t i v a s , Q u i l c a 431, 5 , Peru Y 110054, I n d i a / 777 UN Plaza, New York, N . A l t e r n a t i v e s , 29 R a j p u r Rd. . Amanecerindio, Apdo 790, Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador . Andean Focus, 138 Broadway, R o m 302, New York, NY 10038, USA WC2E 8HW, U K . A p p r o p r i a t e T e c h n o l o u , 9 K i n g S t r , Covent Garden, . A p p r o p r i a t e Technology f o r H e a l t h , WHO, 1211 27, S w i t z e r l a n d . A s i a n - P a c i f i c E c o n m i c L i t e r a t u r e , GPO Box 4, Canberra ACT 2601, A u s t r a l i a . A s i a n - P a c i f i c Environment, 37 Lorong B i r c h , 10250 a,i a Malays . A s i a n S t u d e n t News, 511 Nathan Road, l / F Hong Kong . BEUC Actualit.5s/News, r u e Royale 29, b o T t e 3, l 0 0 0 B r u x e l l e s , B e l g i q u e . E l Bimestre, Pueyrredon 510, 6' p i s o , 1032 Buenos A i r e s , A r g e n t i n a . Le C a h i e r de l ' I P R 1 , Cdse p o s t a l e 459, 1215 15, Suisse . CARE N e w s l e t t e r , PO0 16, Rundle M a l l , SA 5000, A u s t r a l i a
. Caricom P e r s p e c t i v e , POB 10827, Ceorgetonn, Guyana . C e n t r a l America B u l l e t i n , POB 4797, B e r k e l e y , CA 94704-4797, . C e n t r e p o i n t , PO8 35, W , Auckland, New Zealand
USA

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NSC, POB 16,

NW5 ZLW, U K

Poland.

10017, USA

. CEPAL Review,

. C m e r c i o E x t e r i o r , C. de M a l i n t z i n 28, C o l . Carmen, Coyoacan, OF 04100, Mexico . Consumer I n t e r p o l Memo, IOCU, POB 1045, 10830 W, M a l a y s i a . C o r d i l l e r a C u r r e n t s , Rm 314, L a p e r a l B l d g , Session Road, 2600 Baguio C i t y , P h i l i p p i n e s

. W, 29 Craven S t r e e t , mWC2N SNT, UK . The C h i l d r e n o f S t o n e s I L e s e n f a n t s des p i e r r e s ,

C a s i l l a 179 D,

Santiago, C h i l e

C I W , CP 127, 1211

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i n f o r m a , Fac. de E c o n m i a , Ciudad U n i v e r s i t a r i a , 04510 OF, M6xico Landhausstr. 18, 7400 Tubingen, FRG 666 Broadway, S u i t e 400, New York, N 10012, USA Y F a m i l l e e t developpement, BP 3907, 9, Togo FONDA, 18 r u e de Varenne, 75007 France F u t u r e Generations N e w s l e t t e r , I E I , O l d U n i v Bldg, S t P a u l ' s S t r e e t , V a l l e t t a , M a l t a F u t u r e s , B u t t e r w o r t h S c i e n t i f i c Ltd, PO8 63, G u i l d f o r d , W 2 SBH, U K F u t u r e Survey, 4916 S t . Elm0 A v a u e , Bethesda, M 20814-5089, USA O F u t u r i b l e s , 55 r u e de Varenne, 75341 Cedex 07, France Green L i n e , 34 Cowley Road, OX4 IHZ, U K Hai News, I K U , POB 1045, 10830 Malaysia W ,POB 42, L a l i t p u r 44702, Nepal Hombre Y ambiente, Abya-Yala, C a s i l l a 8513, Ecuador Human, Ohdake Found., C e n t r a l Bldg, 9 t h f l . , 1-1-5 Kyobashi, Chuo-Ku, 104 Japan Hunan R i g h t s B u l l e t i n , Lawasia, 170 P h i l i p S t r e e t , N W 2000. A u s t r a l i a S IOOC, Via S.M. de1l1Anima 30, 00186 ltalia IDS B u l l e t i n , U n i v e r s i t y o f Sussex, B r i g h t o n W 1 9RE, U K ILEIA N e w s l e t t e r , PO0 64, 3830 AB , The N e t h e r l a n d s E Unesco, 7 p l a c e de Fontenoy, 75700 , France I n d i a l n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t r e O u a r t e r l y , 40 Max MueITer Marg, New D e l h i l 1 0 003, I n d i a Indochina Issues, 236 Massachusetts Ave NE, S u i t e 510, Washington, DC 20002, USA I n f o r m a t i o n s Notes, ANGOC, 47 M a t r i n c o Bldg, 2178 Pasong T a m , M a k a t i , M e t r o M a n i l a , P h i l i p p i n e s 1200 l n t e r n a t i o n a l A g r i c u l t u r a l Oevelopment, 19 Woodford C l , Caversham, Reading RC4 7HN, I N I n t e r n a t i o n a l Labour Reports, FOB 45, Stainborough, Barnaley, Y o r k s h i r e S75 3EA, U K l n t e r n a t i o n a l P e r m a c u l t u r e J o u r n a l , 113 E n m r e Rd, N W 2042, A u s t r a l i a S The l n t e r n a t i o n a l S p e c t a t o r , l s t i t u t o A f f a r i l n t , V i a l e M a z z i n i 88, 00195 Italy l n v e s t i g a c i 6 n e c o n h i c a , Fac de E c o n m i a , Ciudad Univ, OF 04510, M6xico I s l a m i c Order, c10 Ferozsons P r i n t e r s , Pakistan lTECO/Peuples e t l i b 6 r a t i o n s . 31 r u e du h u l e t , l 0 0 0 B r u x e l l e s , @elgique J o u r n a l o f S o c i a l Development i n A f r i c a , P Bag 66022 Kopje, W , Zimbabwe W, SEMTA, C a s i l l a 20410, U ,l i v i a h LOC's Campaign N e w s l e t t e r , YOC, L e l i e g r a c h t 21, 1016 C Amsterdam, N e t h e r l a n d s R L e t t r e u r b a i n e , ENOA, W 3370, U Sgncgal , Man 4 Development, CRRIO, 2-A S e c t o r 19-A, Madhya Marg, Chandiqarh 160 019, I n d i a Mhdicaments e s s e n t i e l s : l e P o i n t , OMS, 1211 27, Suisse M o n t h l y Review, 155 West 2 3 r d S t r e e t , New York, 10011, USA M u l t i n a t i o n a l M o n i t o r , POB 19405, Washington, DC 20036, USA 54 b d R a s p a i l , R o m 309, 75270 Cedex 06, France Nova Spes L e t t e r , V i a d i V i l l a E m i l i a n i 10, 00197 Italy Nueva Sociedad, Apdo 61.712, 1060-A, Venezuela OCCI/CRESET, C a r r e r a 6a No76-34, W, C o l m b i a Opciones, Academia de Humanism0 C r i s t i a n o , C a t e d r a l 1063, Sopiso, Santiago, C h i l e P a c i f i c World, I n s t i t u t e o f Resource Management, FOB 10-12, W e l l i n g t o n , New Zealand Panoscope, 8 A l f r e d P l a c e , WClE 7E8, U K Pensamiento lberoamericano, I C I , Avda de 10s Reyes C a t 6 1 i c o s 4, 28 040 W , Espana P e s t i c i d e s News, 20 C m p t o n Terrace, NI ZUN, U K Peuples en marche, l 0 r u e Lanterne, 69001 France

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. -, ltalia . PPST B u l l e t i n , NO6 Second C r o s s S t r , Karpagam Gardens, Adyar, m690 020, I n d i a . P u b l i c E n t e r p r i s e , FOB 92, 61109 L j u b l j a n a , Y u g o s l a v i a . -, Fundapaz, C o r r i e n t e s 330, P i s o 3", Of 321, 1378 Buenos A i r e s , A r g e n t i n a . Reforma A g r i r i a , C a i x a P o s t a l 1396, 13018 Campinas 550 Paulo, B r a s i l ., CITA, U n i v e r s i d a d de C o s t a R i c a , San J o s k , Costa R i c a . The Review, ICJ, PO8 120, 1224 m, w i t z e r l a n d S . R e v i s t a de c i e n c i a s s o c i a l e s , Apdo 498, 2050 S a n V e a r o , C o s t a R i c a . R e v i s t a l n t e r a m e r i c a n a de P l a n i f i c a c i 6 n , SIAP, 06140 OF, M 6 x i c o . Revue i n t e r n a t i o n a l e des s c i e n c e s s o c i a l e s , 7 p l a c e de Fontenoy, 75 700, S,c e Fran . R u r a l World T r i b u n e , CIROAFRICA, POB 6115, -, Tanzania . S a n t e f a m i l i a l e & c m u n i c a t i o n , URTNA, W 3237, =,h e g a l S . S a r i l a k a s , 43 E s t r e l l a S t r e e t , W,M e t r o M a n i l a , P h i l i p i n e s . S c i e n c e I n t e r n a t i o n a l , ICSU, 51 Bd de Montmorency, 75016 U F r a n c e , . S i l e n c e , 4 r u e Bodin, 69001 France . SIM N e w s l e t t e r , B o o t h s t r a a t 6, 3512 8W , Netherlands . S o c i a l i s m y P a r t i c i p a c i 6 n , J.F. Sznchez C a r r i b n , @ 17, P e r u . S o c i a l J u s t i c e , POB 40601, San F r a n c i s c o , CA 92122, USA . S o i l R e m i n e r a l i z a t i o n , 152 S o u t h S t r e e t , Northampton, MA 01060, USA . -, BP 41, 6700 M Wageningen, Pays-Bas . *, E 380, 6700 AJ Wageningen, Pays-Bas P ! . The T h a t c h e d P a t i o , 8 Kynsey T e r r a c e , Colombo 8, S r i Lanka . T h i r d W o r l d Q u a r t e r l y , New Z e a l a n d House, 8 Haymarket, SWlY 415, UK
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f o r Women's Resources, 2 F1 Mar-Santos Bldg, Quezon C i t y , P h i l i p p i n e s P o l i t i c a i n t e r n a z i o n a l e , IPALMO, v i a d e l T r i t o ~ e 62/b, OC187

43 Don A. Roces Ave,

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. La T r i b u n e / T h e T r i b u n e , l n t . Women's C e n t r e , 777 UN P l a z a , New York, NY 10017, USA The U t n e Reader, P00 1974, m OH 43306-1974, USA , . Le V e n ' d ' e s t , CP 430, P e t i t - R o c h e r , NB EOB 2E0, Canada . W, S e j a h t e r a F o u n d a t i o n , Soropadan Rt2/Rw5 K l . Karangasem, 57145, I n d o n e s i a . V i l l e s en d6veloppernent, ISTED, 38 r u e L i a n c o u r t , 75014 m,F r a n c e
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. Timbangan, NCCP Ec. C e n t e r , 879 E p i f a n i o de 10s . Transnational Associations Transnationales, rue . W,P o s t f a c h 1152, 6107 R e i n h e i m 2, FRG

S a n t o s Avenue, Washington 40,

Quezon C i t y ,

Philippines Belgique

l050 Bruxelles,

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USA

. Workteam, POB 20906, Gaborone, Botswana . W o r l d Development, S u i t e 501, 1717 Mass.

Women i n A c t i o n ,

and Women's J o u r n a l ,

cf.

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Ave N W Washington DC 20030

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:.'.5. L - i s z i q a saper b e h does not imply that i t u i l i be p b i i s m d . J e a i s i o n s i n t h i s r e s p e c t are based on t h e need for a c e r t a i n balance b e m e e n themes, a c t o r s , regions and Z a r i m g e s . The e d i t o r s r e g r e t t h a t time makes i t impossible t o engage i n d i r e c t cor'r'espom'e~ee uith authors about papers. Papers may be obtained directLtj from t h e author.

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Jayanta

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Political

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Movements

ICIMOD, FOB 3226, Kathmandu, N e p a l ) 10pp. R a f f Carmen, R u r a l development c o m m u n i c a t i o n : A means o r an end? ( C e n t r e f o r A d u l t & U n i v o f Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK) 9pp.

Higher Education,

Mehat Abo E l Nasr and R o n a l d C. Walton,

A t t i t u d e s o f S o c i a l Workers Towards t h e P o l i -

t i c a l Arena w i t h S p e c i a l R e f e r e n c e t o t h e S i t u a t i o n i n E g y p t ( U n i v e r s i t y C o l l e g e , FOB 78, C a r d i f f CF1 I X L , UK) 17pp. Jose C a r l o s Escudero, La c r i s i s , l a salud y 1a i z q u i e r d a ( U n i v e r s i d a d N a c i o n a l de

L u j a n , CC 221,

6700 L u j a n BA, A r g e n t i n a ) 11pp. Malamah-Thomas, Educational I n n o v a t i o n i n S i e r r a Leone: P a r t i c i p a t o r y Re-

.
. . .

D a v i d H.

s e a r c h (PR) Community T h e a t r e f o r E d u c a t i o n and Development, 3pp;

T r a i n i n g f o r Development

Through T h e a t r e : The S i e r r a Leone E x p e r i e n c e , 15pp. ( I n s t i t u t e o f A d u l t E d u c a t i o n & E x t r a M u r a l S t u d i e s , F o u r a h Bay C o l l e g e , U n i v e r s i t y o f S i e r r a Leone, Freetown, S i e r r a L e o n e ) . S y l v i a Marcos, C u r i n g and Cosmology: The C h a l l e n g e o f P o p u l a r M e d i c i n e s (CP 62000,

Cuarnavaca,

M o r e l o s , M x i c o ) 6pp. E q u i p a m i e n t o y s e r v i c i o s urbanos ( i n s t Nac de D e s a r r Urb, Domingo Lima, P e r u ) 4pp.

Eduardo N e i r a A l v a ,

Cueto l 2 0 6to.pis0,

Jesus M a r b .

C e n e v i e v e Prady,

Un r 6 s e a u de r e c u e i l e t de d i f f u s i o n de ' t e c h n o l o g i e s a l t e r n a t i v e s ' R i o da J a n e i r o RJ, B r e s i l ) 6pp.

(Bresil),

[ F o n d a t i o n en chemin N02] (FASE, CEP 22221,

N A T I O N A L SPACE

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,

Archie J.

Bahm,

C r e a t i v i t y i n C h i n a Today N 87131, M USA) 4pp.

(Dept o f

Philosophy,

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o f New

Mexico, Albuquerque, K e i t h Buchanan,

The M a k i n g o f a Wasteland ( 4 9 Renown Road,

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l a n d ) 6pp. D i e g o L u i s C a s t e l l a n o s , R e f l e x i o n e s a c e r c a d e l tema de l a p r i v a t i z a c i 6 n y sus i m p l i c a c i o n e s en u n proqrama de g o b i e r n o s o c i a l d e m o c r a t i c a ( U r b . Santa S o f i a , C a l l e C e n t r o , O u i n t a La C o n g u i t a , 1060 Caracas, Venezuela) I l p p .

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m:

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