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I. Discuss the three ways of visually representing data? Describe them, tell when
and how they’re used?
1) Bar Graph
-Equally spaced, and each bar has the same width as the rest.
-This method is usually used for comparisons.
2) Pie Graph
-A circle that is divided into “slices of a pie” where each slice corresponds to a
category of the data. The area of each slice is proportional to the percentage of
items in that category. This is done by making the center angle of each slice
equal to 360 degrees times the percentage associated with the segment.
-This method is used to present data in percentiles or figures given in fractions.
3) Histogram
-Just like a bar graph; except no spaces.
-Can be automatically converted into a line graph by placing a dot in the center
of each bar, and then connecting the dots.
-Each bar is centered over its corresponding data. This is done by having the
bottom of each bar extend a ½ hunt on each side of it’s data. For example, if a
bar is representing the data of “12” then the base of the bar extends from 11 ½
to 12 ½.
-This method is used for looking for trends. It’s usually used in data that
consists a collectin of numbers. For example, the data could consist of ages,
weights, test scores, etc.
x: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
y: 7 6 4 5 2 1 3 0 8
However, in the case of an even amount of data in a set, we would end up with
two center-most data’s as the median, so in this case we would find the mean
of these two data’s:
e.g. {1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8} *Since the medians are both 4 and 5, we find the mean of 4
and 5, so the median of this set is: 4 + 5 = 9 / 2 = 4 ½
The median is 4 ½.
Quartiles/ Calculation:
-The data must be first arranged in numerical order to compute the quartiles.
-Each quartile divides the data into approx. 4 equal parts, each part roughly
consisting of 25%.
-Each quartile is used for information about the dispersion of the data.
-The Interquartile Range is the middle 50% of where the data lies, or Q3-Q1 (the
data that lies in the regions of the first quartile to the third quartile):
-Another way to think about it, Q1 is 25%; Q2 is 50%; Q3 is 75%; and Q4 is 100%.
e.g. If the data set given has a median that arrives at two numbers {the average
of the middle two numbers}, the quartiles would be computed this way:
-The to the left of the median are 1, 4, 7, 11, and 16, and the numbers to
the right of the median are 22, 29, 37, 46, and 56.
-For the interquartile range, these lists have medians 7 and 37,
respectively. Therefore,
the interquartile range is Q3 - Q1 = 37 - 7 = 30.
Example:
“Table A”
“Table B”
Proportion of Proportion of
Cookies Sold Cookies
Sold
Monthly sales at Schnuck’ s at Dierberg’ s
2 3/59 .05 21/109 .19
3 3/59 .05 0/109 0
4 14/59 .24 0/109 0
5 21/59 .36 11/109 .10
6 11/59 .19 13/109 .12
7 5/59 .08 51/109 .47
8 2/59 .03 13/109 .12
Total: =1 Total: =1
Probability Distribution
-Frequency and relative frequency distributions are obtained from actual
experiments; whereas the probably distribution are obtained from “theoretical”
experiments (interpreted based off data from actual experiments)