Sek Men Sains Muzaffar Syah

7.5
Electrical energy is defined as the ability of the electric current to do work. It is supplied by a source of electricity such as cell or battery when current flows in a closed circuit. It can be converted by an electrical appliance into other forms of energy such as heat, light, mechanical when current flows in it. The potential difference, V across two points is defined as the energy, E dissipated or transferred by 1 C of charge, Q that moves through the two points.

Define electrical energy

Relation -ship between electrica l energy, voltage, current and time.

V =

E Q

Current is the rate of charge flow.

E = VQ = VIt
From ohms law,

Q = It

V = IR :
or

E = I Rt
2

V V 2t I= E= R R

The unit of electrical energy is Joule, J Power is the rate of electrical energy dissipated or transferred. Power = Energy Time

Define electric power

P=

E t

P =

VIt = VI t
2

unit = J s-1 = Watt = W

For resistors and lamps, combine P = VI with V = IR

P = VI
Power rating Formula for energy consumed Compare power rating and energy consumptio n of various electrical appliances

P=I R

V2 P= R

An electrical kettle which is marked 240 V 1500 W means that the electric kettle will consume 1500 J of electrical energy every 1 second if it is connected to the 240 V. The amount of electrical energy consumed in a given time: Energy consumed = Power rating x time E = Pt

The larger the power rating in the electrical appliance, the more energy is used

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every second. The longer the usage time, the more electrical energy is consumed. Appliance Fan Television Computer Air condition Washing machine Water heater Power rating / W 50 100 200 1 000 1 800 3 600 Time / hr 1 1 1 1 Energy consumption / J

What is kWh?

1 kilowatt-hour represents the amount of energy consumed in 1 hour by an electrical appliance at the rate of 1 kilowatt. 1 kWh = 1 unit energy E = Pt 1 kWh = 1 kW x 1 hr = 1000 W x 3600 s = 3.6 x 106 J

How to calculate the cost of electrical energy

Cost = number of units x cost per unit If one unit of electricity cost 21.8 cents, calculate the cost of using five 36 W fluorescent lamps if they are switched on five hours a day for the month of January. E = Pt = 5 x 0.036 kW x 5 hr x 31 = 27.9 unit Cost = 27.9 x 21.8 = RM 6.10

What is the efficiency of an electrical appliance

Efficiency is a percentage of the output power to the input power. Efficiency = Energy output x 100% = Output power x 100% Energy input Input power

The efficiency of an electrical appliance is always less than 100% as some energy is lost in the form of heat and sound.

Solve problem involving electrical energy and power 1. An electric kettle is connected across a 240 V power supply. If the resistance of the heating element is 40 , calculate (b) the current flowing through the element (c) the quantity of heat produced in 10 minutes

2. An immersion heater has a power rating of

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240 V, 750 W. (a) What is the meaning of its power rating? (b) What is the resistance of the immersion heater? (c) What is the electrical energy consumed in 15 minutes? 3. The lamp of a motorcycle is labeled 12 V, 15 W. (a) Explain the meaning of 12 V, 15 W. (b) What is the value of the current flowing through the lamp when it is connected to a 12 V supply? (c) How much is the resistance of the filament of the lamp? 4. The diagram shows three light bulbs A, B and C connected to a power supply of 12 V.

Calculate the ammeter reading. 5. (a) The diagram shows two resistors of 1 and 2 connected in series to a 12 V battery.

Calculate

(i)
(ii)

the current, I flowing the energy dissipated by each resistor.

(b) The diagram shows two resistors of 1 and 2 connected in parallel to a 12 V

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battery.

What is the power dissipated by each resistor?

6. A lamp is marked 240 V, 100 W What is the

efficiency of the lamp if it produces a light output of 12 W? 7. An appliance with a power of 2 kW is used for 10 minutes, three times a day. If the cost of electricity is 25 cents per unit, what is the cost of operating the appliance in the month of April?

Activity 1: To determine the cost of operating electrical appliances The usage of electrical appliances in Alis household in one day is as shown in the table below. Appliance Number of units Power Time duration used Lamp 8 100 W 12 hr Television 1 700 W 8 hr Kettle 1 2 kW 1 hr Fridge 1 400 W 12 hr Fan 3 70 10 hr (a) Determine the total electrical energy (in kWh) used in 1 day. (b) Calculate the cost of electrical energy usage in Alis house in one month if the cost per unit is as follows: First 100 units = 22 cents per unit Every additional unit = 26 cents per unit.

Describe ways

The term energy efficiency refers to gaining a higher level of useful outputs

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of increasing energy efficiency

What are fuses?

Three-pin plug

using less input. This can be achieved using efficient devices. By increasing energy efficiency, not only are we reducing our cost but also we assist the industry in energy conservation. Several ways to increase energy efficiency includes: 1. Use more energy efficient lightings Replace regular incandescent (filament) light bulbs with compact fluorescent light bulbs. 2. Proper utilization of all electrical appliances Run your washing machine only when it is fully loaded & Iron your clothes only when you have at least a few pieces to iron. 3. Limit excessive usage of air-conditioning and lighting by switching them off upon leaving the room, thus reducing energy loss. 4. Regular cleaning of air filters in air-condition units and clothes dryers. 5. defrost refrigerators regularly, check the seal on refrigerator doors and vacuum the grille behind refrigerators. 6. Improve ventilation and air flow. A fuse is a short piece of thin wire which overheats and melts if current of more than a certain value flows through it. If a short circuit develops in the appliance, a current which is too high will flow. The fuse will melt and prevents overheating of the wire that can cause a fire. If an electrical appliance is rated 960 W and 240 V then current in normal use is 4.0 A. The fuse suitable for use must slightly higher than the normal current flowing through the appliance .ie 5 A fuse. Live wire, L (brown). A current flows through the circuit Neutral wire, N (blue). It is a zero potential difference. Earth wire, E (green). Safety wire which connects the metal body of the appliance to earth. If a live wire touches the metal body of appliance, a large current would immediately flow to the earth and breaks the fuse. This will prevent a person from electrocution.

TUTORIAL 7.5
1. An electric bulb is labeled 240 V , 60 W. How much energy is used by the bulb in one minute if the bulb is connected to a 240 V supply? A. 60 J B. 120 J C. 240 J D. 360 J E. 3600 J

3. A fluorescent lamp used in a normal household has a power of 40 W. If the cost per unit of electrical energy used is 20 cents, what is the cost of switching on the fluorescent lamp for 20 hours? A. 1.6 cents B. 16 cents C. RM 1.60 D. RM 16.00 4. Two filament bulbs P and Q are connected in parallel to a 12 V power supply.

2. A filament bulb which is labeled 12 V, 24

W is glowing with normal brightness. What is the resistance of the bulb? A. 2 B. 3 C. 6 D. 12 E. 24

Which observation below is not true? A. Bulb Q is brighter than bulb P

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Sek Men Sains Muzaffar Syah B. The current passing through bulb Q is bigger than the current passing through bulb P. C. Resistance of bulb P is lower than that of bulb Q. D. Bulb Q produces more heat per second than bulb P. 5. An electric motor connected to a 240 V supply draw a current of 2.5 A from the supply when it is lifting a load of 20 kg. (a) Name one suitable material to be used to a heating element in the immersion heater. ____________________________ (b) The immersion heater is connected to a 240 V supply. Calculate; (i) the current that passes through the immersion heater.

The load moved up at a constant speed though a height of 25 m in 10 seconds. What is the efficiency of the motor? A. 8.3 % B. 83 % C. 62 % D. 75 % E. 95 %

6. Which graph shows the relationship

between the power, P, and the square of the current, I2 , of a wire with constant resistance? (2008)

(ii) the resistance of the immersion heater

(c) A student conducts an experiment to compare the heating effect of immersion heaters P,Q an R. The volume and initial temperature of the water is fixed. The following table shows the result of the experiment.

Immersi on heater

Potential difference/V

Current/A

Time for the water to start boiling/ minute

7. Figure shows an immersion heater with specification of 240V, 1 000 W

P Q

240 240

6.0 5.0

8.0 10.0

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R (i)

240

4.0

9.0

Air conditioner Water heater Refrigerator

240V, 2kW 240 V, 4 kW 240 V, 1 kW

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State the energy change that occurs when the immersion heater switched on. ________________________ ________________________

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(ii) Calculate the energy supplied by each of the immersion heaters P,Q and R to start boiling the water.

(a) What is meant by the label 240 V, 4 kW ? _____________________________ _____________________________ (b) (i) What is the suitable fuse is used in the refrigerator? _____________________________

(ii) Give the reason for your answer in b(i) _____________________________ (iii) Using your answer in (c)(ii) suggest which immersion heater is the most suitable to heat water. Give one reason for your answer. ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ (c) The following table shows the electrical energy consumption tariff. Energy consumption First 100 units Next 100 units Over 200 units Rate per unit RM0.20 RM0.23 RM0.25

Based on the table calculate the total cost for one month to use the electrical appliances.

The table shows three electrical appliances are used in one month. Appliance Rating Time of use in hour

The figure shows an electric motor is used to lift a load.

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Sek Men Sains Muzaffar Syah 10. Diagram 6 shows a lighting circuit of a house.

(a) State the energy transformations that take place when the switch is closed. ___________________________ (b) The mass of the load is 0.8 kg and is lifted to a height 1.5 m in 4.0 second. The reading of the ammeter and voltmeter are 1.2 A and 5.0 V respectively. Calculate (i) useful energy output of the motor

(a) (i) Underline the correct answer in the bracket to complete the sentence below. The bulbs in Diagram 6 are connected in (series, parallel) (ii) What will happen to the other bulbs if one bulb blows? ______________________________ (b) All the bulbs in Diagram 6 are labeled 240 V, 60 W. (i) What is meant by 240 V, 60 W? _______________________________ _______________________________

(ii)

Energy input to the motor?

(ii) Calculate the current in the circuit

when only one bulb is lit.

(iii)

the efficiency of the motor.

(c) When the load is removed and the switch is closed, what happen to the (i) reading of ammeter? . (ii) power of the motor?

(iii)Calculate the total resistance of the

circuit when all bulbs are lit.

(iv) How can the bulbs be connected to increase the total resistance of the circuit? ______________________________ SPM 2007

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