Nama :

4551/2

Tingkatan .. UNIT PEPERIKSAAN DALAMAN SMKA AL-IRSHAD POKOK SENA , KEPALA BATAS

PEPERIKSAAN AKHIR TAHUN TINGKATAN 4 BIOLOGY

KERTAS 2
OKTOBER 2011

4551/2

2 hours thirty minutes

Dua jam tiga puluh minit

JANGAN BUKA KERTAS SOALAN INI SEHINGGA DIBERITAHU

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES 1. 2. 3. This question paper consists of three sections : Section A and Section B Answer all questions in Section A. Write your answers for Section A clearly in the spaces provided in the question paper Answer TWO question from Section B. Write your answer for Section B on the lines paper in detail. You may use equations, diagrams, tables, graphs and other suitable methods to explain your answer. Show your working, it may help you to get marks.. If you wish to cancel any answer, neatly cross out the answer. The diagrams in the questions are not drawn to scale unless stated. Marks allocated for each questions or part question are shown in brackets The time suggested to complete Section A is 90 minutes, Section B is 60 minutes. You may use a non-programmable scientific calculator

For Examiners Use Section Question 1 2 A 3 4 5 6 B 7 8 9 Full Marks 12 12 12 12 12 20 20 20 20 Marks Obtained

4. 5. 6. 7.

8.
9.

Total

100

10 Hand in this question paper at the end of the examination

Kertas soalan ini mengandungi 15

halaman bercetak

4551/2

SECTION A 60 MARKS Answer all questions 1. Figure 1 shows a typical cell observed under the electron microscope.

P Q R S FIGURE 1 (a) ( i ) Identify whether it is plant cell or an animal cell Plant cell [1 mark] ( ii ) Give two reasons for your answer in (a)( i ) . - has cell wall - has a single / large vacuole has chloroplasts Any two correct answers [2 marks] Name the organelles P, Q and R . P : Vacuole Q : Mitochondrion R : Nucleus

[3 marks] What is the significance of P for the cell ?. To control the osmotic balance // regulate turgor pressure in the cell. [1 mark]

(d)
-

Explain the function of Q. Site for generating energy ( needed )

4551/2

for cells activities / cell division / cellular respiration

4551/2

[2 marks] (e) What would happen to the cell if organelle S is absent?

Cannot maintain the shape of plant cells Cannot protect the plant cell from rupturing ( due to the movement of excess water into cells )// Cannot provide mechanical support for the plant cells [3 marks] TOTAL: 12 MARKS

2.

Figure 2.1 shows a fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane.

Diagram 2.1 a ) Label structures P, Q, R and S in diagram 1.1 using the following:

Pore Cholesterol Carrier protein P Phospholipid

P: carrier protein Q: pore R: cholestrol S: phospolipid

4551/2

4551/2

[4 marks]

FIGURE 2.2 An experiment has been carried out on plant cell, S which is soaked in solution T. The result is shown in Figure 2.2. (b) State the type of solution T.

hypertonic
[1 mark] (c) (i) Name the phenomenon that occurs on plant cell S. .

plasmolysis
[1 mark] (ii) Explain how does the phenomenon in (c) (i) occurs.

P1: there is a different concentration between inside and outside cell P2: water molecules in the cell diffuse out by osmosis P3: the cytoplasm contract and the plasma membrane moves away from the cell wall Any 2
[2 marks] (i) Draw the shape of the plant cell after it is soaked in distilled water in the space provided below.

[3 marks]

4551/2

4551/2

(d)

(ii) State the process that takes place in the cell.

deplasmolysis
[1 mark] TOTAL: 12 MARKS 3. Diagram 3 shows structures of protein. The protein structures can be classified into four levels J, K, L and M based on organization of their structures.

Y
J K L Diagram 3 (a) ( i) Label amino acid and peptide bond in J X : Amino acid Y : Peptide bond [2 marks] (ii) Name the protein structures of L and M L: Secondary structure M: Quaternary structure [2 marks] (b) (i) Name the organelle in the cell where the protein is synthesized? Ribosome [1 mark] (iii) By using the letters J,K L and M, which protein structure is represented Enzyme Haemoglobin : K :M M

4551/2

4551/2

[ 2 marks ] (c) Explain why food is kept in refrigerator? F : P1 : P2 : Temperature in refrigerator is low Enzyme (in bacteria) is inactive food cannot be decomposed

[3 marks ]

d)

A branded washing machine is provided with temperature regulator. A housewife uses the detergent containing enzyme at 40oC to wash the clothes. Using the information given, explain why? F: 40oC is an optimum temperature P1: enzyme activity is maximum P2: the cleaning is more effective. [ 2 marks] TOTAL: 12 MARKS

4.

Figure 4.1 shows phases U and V of the cell cycle of a cheek cell. Phase U and phase V are two main phases in the cell cycle. Phase U consists of three sub-phases, X, Y and Z. Phase V involves two processes, P and Q

Q P Z

X Y U

Figure 4.1

4551/2

4551/2

(a)

Name the phase labelled U and V. U : Interphase V : Mitotic phase // M phase [ 2 marks ]

(b) (i) Draw and label the cell during U phase.

chromatin plasma membrane Nuclear membrane

[ 3 marks] (ii) What happen in the cell during U phase. Protein synthesis// Number of organelles increases // energy storage Replication of DNA // Final preparation of cell for cell division to take place //synthesis of cellular materials// mitotic spindle begins to form// Energy storage increases
Any ONE above

[ 1 mark ] (i) Name the processes P and Q in phase V : P : Mitosis Q : Cytokinesis [ 2 marks ] (ii) Figure 4.2 shows a cell which is found in human cheek.

Figure 4.2

4551/2

4551/2

State two characteristics of daughter cells when the cell in Figure 4.2 undergoes P process ? Number of chromosomes: The daughter cell has similar number of chromosomes to the parent cell Genetic content: The daughter cell has similar genetic content to the parent cell. [ 2 marks ] Figure 4.3 shows the formation of cancer cell in the mouth. Carsinogenic chemical

Normal cheek cell Figure 4.3

Cancer cells

Based on Figure 4.3 , explain how cancer cell develops ? F nature of carsinogenic chemicals Carsinogenic Chemical causes uncontrolled mitosis E1 formation of cancer cells Carsinogenic chemical can induce the cheek cell to divide and form cancer cells E2 its effect to the surrounding cells Cancer cells interrupt / interfere the function of normal cells [ 2 marks ] TOTAL: 12 MARKS 5. (a) Diagram 5 shows the use and production of energy in human body.

4551/2

4551/2

Glucose + oxygen

Carbon dioxide + heat

ATP + P

ADP~P

Diagram 5 (i) Name the processes labeled X and Y. X : Cellular respiration Y : Cell activity // muscles contraction [2 marks]

(ii) Name the organelle in the cell that is able to synthesis ATP. .

Mitochondria
[1 mark]

(b)

State two differences between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration when one molecule

4551/2

4551/2

of glucose is used.

Aerobic respiration - oxygen is present carbon dioxide, water and energy are produced 38 molecules of ATP are generate large amount of energy is released (2898 kJ)

Anaerobic respiration - oxygen is absence lactic acid and energy (in muscle cells) or ethanol, carbon dioxide, and energy (in yeast) 2 molecules of ATP are generate small amount of energy is released (210 kJ during fermentation) and (150kJ in muscle cells)

- in mitochondria

- in cytoplasm
[4 marks]

(c)

(i) After a vigorous exercise, the oxygen content in human body decrease while the carbon dioxide content increase. State the receptor that detect the change of oxygen and carbon dioxide content.

Central chemoreceptors // Peripheral Chemoreceptor // Aortic bodies and Carotid bodies

[1 mark] (ii) Describe how the change of oxygen and carbon dioxide content are regulated by the body.

The higher level of carbon dioxide in the blood cause the drop of pH value The drop in pH is detected by Central Chemoreceptor in Medulla Oblongata Then the Central Chemoreceptor send the nerve impulses to the diaphragm and intercostal muscle, causing (respiratory muscles) to contract and relax Finally, increases the breathing and ventilation rate Concentration of carbon dioxide and pH value of the blood return to normal levels

(d)

[3 marks] (i) Based on your knowledge in Biology, state another situation where our body will give the same response as in (c)(ii)

Climbing a mountain
[1 mark] TOTAL: 12 MARKS

4551/2

10

4551/2

SECTION B ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS 40 marks 6 (a)

Food preservation involves methods of preparing food to extend the lifespan and to avoid wastage of food.

Based on the above statement, explain the necessity for food processing. [10 marks] (b) Type of food Milk Fruits Meat and fish Food preservation method Pasteurisation Canning Refrigeration TABLE 1 Table 1 shows several methods of food preservation that being used in food processing. Describe how the method can preserve food for along period of time. [10 marks]

4551/2

11

4551/2

4551/2

12

4551/2

ITEM NO 6 (a)

SCORING CRITERIA Able to explain the necessity of food processing Sample answer F1 prevent food spoilage E1 (food spoilage) causes by the action of microorganism E2 decomposing bacteria/fungi on carbohydrate/protein E3 produced carbon dioxide, water, ammonia hydrogen E4 make food become toxic F2 Oxidation of food when cut/expose to air E1 oxygen react with enzymes/chemicals released by cell F3 Increase it commercial value E1 food additives is added in preserving the freshness of food E2 Improve the taste/appearance/texture F4 Intention of diversifying the uses of food E1 increased the variety of products

MARKS

REMARK

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 10

(b)

Able to describe how each method can preserve food for along period of time Sample answer Pasteurisation: - milk is treated to 63oC for 30 minutes//72oC for 15 seconds - followed by rapid cooling to below 10oC - destroy bacterias but not the spores - retains the natural flavour of milk//nutrients//vitamin B - must refrigerated to avoid the growth of sperms Canning: - use heat sterilisation - kill microorganisms and spores - steamed at high temperature and pressure to drive out air - sealed while the food is being cooled - vacuum in the can prevent growth of microorganism Refrigeration: - stored at temperature below 0oC - prevent the growth of microorganisms/the germination of spores TOTAL

1 1 1 1 1 Max4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 10

Max4

4551/2

13

4551/2

7 (a)

Briefly describe the respiratory system found in organism Q and R in diagram 7.1 and how they obtain oxygen for respiration.

[10 marks] (b) Diagram 8.2 shows gaseous exchange across the surface of the alveolus and blood capillaries in the lungs. Based on diagram 7.2, explain how respiratory gaseous are transported in human body.

[10 marks] Hjk

4551/2

14

4551/2

ITEM NO 7 (a)

SCORING CRITERIA Able to explain the respiratory system found in grasshopper and fish. Sample answer Grasshopper P1- the respiratory system of insects is known as tracheal system P2- air enters the trachea through spiracles P3- opening & closing of spiracle is control by valves P4- the trachea is reinforced with rings of chitin to prevent collapsing P5- trachea branch into tracheoles which provide a large surface area for diffusion of gas P6- oxygen then dissolves into the fluid at the end of tracheoles P7- oxygen diffuse directly from tracheloes into th cells, while carbon dioxide diffuse out from cells into the tracheloes P8- contain air sacs which speed up the movement of gases to and from insectss tssue Any fve Fish P9- Respiratory structure in fish is gills P10- a fish has four pairs of gills covered by an operculum on each side P11- each gill has two rows of gill filament to increase the surface area for gaseous exchange P12- the filament have thin membranes with a rich supply of blood capillaries to facilitate exchange of respiratory gases P13- the efficiency gaseous exchange is aided by countercurrent exchange mechanism P14- during inspiration, the mouth opens, buccal cavity expands both of the operculums are closed. Water enter the mouth P15- the mouth then closes. The floor of the buccal cavity is raised. Water Any five

MARKS

REMARK

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 5

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 5

4551/2

15

4551/2

ITEM NO 7 (b)

SCORING CRITERIA
P1- gaseous exchange occurs at alveoli P2- movement of gases occur through simple diffusion P3- oxygen from alveoli diffuse to the blood capillaries// carbon dioxide diffuse from blood capillaries to the alveoli P4- diffusion of oxygen from alveoli to blood capillaries and carbon dioxide from blood capillaries to alveoli caused by difference in partial pressure of both gases P5- partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli is higher than partial pressure of oxygen in blood capillaries// while partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood capillaries is higher than partial pressure of carbon dioxide in alveolus P6- oxygen diffuse into red blood cell P7- oxygen combined with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin P8- oxygen in the form of oxyhaemoglobin is pumped by heart to all body cells P9-oxygen diffused from blood capillaries to the cell// carbon dioxide diffuse from cells to the blood capillaries P10- carbon doxide is sent to the lungs as bicarbonate ions/ carbonic acid/ carbaminohaemoglobin P11- deoxygenated blood is sent back to the heart by the vena cava P12- Deoxygenated blood is sent to the lung by pulmonary artery to excrete out the carbon dioxide Any 10.

MARKS
1 1 1 1

REMARK

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 10

4551/2

16

4551/2

8 (a)

Diagram 8 shows the process of colonization and succession in a barren land.

Based on diagram 8, explain what is meant by colonization and succession and how the process leads to a complex community [8 marks] (b) (c) State the problems faced by the mangrove plants grown near the estuaries of rivers. Explain how these plants adapt to survive. [8 marks] Give reasons why the mangrove swamps is ecologically valuable. [4 marks]

4551/2

17

4551/2

ITEM NO

SCORING CRITERIA Able to explain what is meant by colonisation and succession and how the process lead to a complex community Colonization Is a process whereby a species colonise a newly formed area.

MARKS

REMARK

Succession A process when a species of organisms/ changes the environment/ habitat which results in the species/ organism 1 being replaced/ succeeded by other species/ community P1- pioneer species have special adaptation that enable them to survive on dry and nutrient poor soil P2- usually hardy plants which have dense root system to bind the sand particles and hold water as well as humus. P3- Activities of the pioneer species cause a change in the habitat making it more suitable for other species P4- they have short life cycles thus when they die, they remain add to the humus content of the soil P5- pioneer species modifies the environment creating a less favorable condition to themselves P6- instead, they establish condition that are more conducive to other species which are called successor species P7- successor species i.e. herbaceous plant grow bigger than pioneer species i.e. grass, reducing the amount of sunlight that reaches them and gradually replacing them P8- most of the successor species have small winddispersable seeds which are able to spread and grow rapidy P9- they (successor species/ herbaceous plants) also change the structure and quality of the soil, making it more conducive for a larger plants like shrubs to grow 4551/2 18

1 1 1

1 1

1 1

4551/2

P10- new plants/ shrubs then become the new dominant species. They can grow faster and they out-compete the pioneer/ herbaceous plants which grow at a slower rate P11- the dominant species in turn modify the environment, allowing larger trees to grow P12- the larger trees out-compete the shrubs which are replaced by forest-floor species which require lower light intensity P13- Finally, a climax/ complex community is formed Any 8
(b) Problems P1- swamp is muddy, too soft to support the plants P2- waterlogged soil with little oxygen for plant roots to Respire P3-water in the soil has high concentration of salt P4- seeds of plant fall on the soft mud and sink easily into the mud/ will not germinate/ die due to the lack of oxygen in waterlogged mud Adaptation P5- mangrove plants are able to support themselves in soft ground by having a highly branched and widespread root system. e.g prop roots P6- have breathing roots called pneumatophores P7- roots of mangrove trees have higher salt content than seawater P8- excess salt which enters the roots are eliminated via hydathodes at lower epidermis of leaves P9- seeds of mangrove trees are viviparous P10- the germinated seeds having long radical that still attached at the parent trees P11- long radical help to support the shoot above muddy ground and do not drown or get washed to sea by waves.

13 8

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

4551/2

19

4551/2

Any 8 11 8 (c) Able to state the reasons why the mangrove swmps is ecologically valuable P1- provide sheltered nurseries for young fishes, crabs and other sealife P2- spawning grounds for ishes and crabs P3- Habitat for variety of animals (eg monkey, bird) living in the mangrove swamp P4- help to prevent coastal erosions by sea waves 1 1 1 1 4

4551/2

20

4551/2

9 (a)

(a)

Diagram 9 shows the Nitrogen Cycle. . Nitrogen in the atmosphere

Faeces

Urine

Root nodules of legumes

Organic materials

Ammonium compound

Nitrite

Nitrate Diagram 9.1 Based on Diagram 9.1, discuss the role of microorganisms in the Nitrogen Cycle. Berdasarkan Rajah 9.1 , bincangkan peranan mikroorganisma di dalam Kitar Nitrogen [10 marks]

(b)

4551/2

Diagram 9.2 shows the ozone layer in atmosphere that protects earth from ultraviolet Root nodules 21 of legumes Nodul akar kekacang

4551/2

rays from the sun.

Solar radiation Sinaran suria

Stratosphere Stratosfera

Ozone layer Lapisan ozon Harmful ultraviolet radiation Sinaran ultra ungu berbahaya Troposphere Trofosfera

Earth Bumi DIAGRAM 9.2 Describe how the ozone layer becomes thinner. Discuss its effects on humans and the environment and suggest the ways to solve these problems. [10 marks]

4551/2

22

4551/2

Item Criteria number 9 (a) F1 - Rhizobium bacteria inside the root nodules of legumes and Nostoc sp. found freely in the soil fixed the nitrogen in air F2 - decaying bacteria / fungi decompose plant /animal / dead organism / waste product P1 - to form ammonium compound F3 - Nitrosomonas sp./ nitrifying bacteria converted ammonium compound to nitrite F4 - Nitrobacter sp /nitrifying bacteria convert nitrite to nitrate P2 - nitrate is absorbed by plant to form plant protein P3 - (plant protein) eaten by an animal to form animal protein F4 - Denitrifying bacteria reduce the nitrate content in the soil P4 - by converting the nitrate into nitric oxide and nitrogen gas P5 - nitrogen gas goes back into the atmospheric to complete the nitrogen cycle Able to explain how the ozone layer becomes 9 (b) thinner / ozone depletion occur Thinning of the ozone layer is due to the widespread use of CFC It is used in aerosol, industrial solvents, electronics and Freon in air conditioners Ultraviolet radiation strikes a CFC molecule cause the chlorine atom to break away Then the chlorine atom collides with an ozone molecule and combines with an oxygen atom to form chlorine monoxide and oxygen Then the free atom of oxygen collides with the chlorine monoxide, the two oxygen atoms form a molecule of oxygen

Marks 1

Notes

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 mark s

1 1 1 1 1 Max 5

4551/2

23

4551/2

Item number

Criteria The chlorine atom is released and free to destroy more ozone molecules The chlorine produced re-enters the cycle When the ozone layer becomes thinner, more ultraviolet radiation reaches the Earth The effect of excessive ultraviolet radiation on human reduction of the bodys immune system skin cancer cataract of the eye Effect on plants reduction of the rate of growth therefore reducing crop yields Effect on aquatic organism death of plankton, reduce food supply to aquatic organism, fishermans catch is reduced. Steps to overcome this problem Reduce or stop using CFC or chlorine-based products Replace CFC with HCFC Use wrapping papers instead of polystyrene boxes Patch up the holes in the ozone layer by firing frozen ozone balls into the atmosphere

Marks

Notes

1 1 1 Max 3 1

Max 2 1 1 1 1 TOTAL 10marks

Disediakan oleh, .. (NUR HAFEZA BT ABU HASSAN) Guru Biologi Tingkatan 4.

Disemak dan Disahkan oleh, . (Salahiah Bt Daman) Guru Kanan Bidang Sains & Matematik.

4551/2

24