DEFINITION SOAP AND EXAMPLES

Soap are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. The general formula of a soap : RCOO Na / RCOO K. R is an alkyl group which contain 12 to 16 carbon atoms.

HISTORY OF SOAP MANUFACTURING

Purifying oils is recorded on Babylonians made soap around 2800 B.C. Hebrew Tables around 4000 B.C. Ash + Lime Caustic potash Caustic Potash + fats soap

Process of making soap ashes or sodium carbonate from common salt is patented by Nicholas Leblane (French).

Michel Chevreul (French) discovered animal fats are cmposed of fatty acids and glycerol ( Causes rapid development of soap & candle.)

Sodium carbonate Na CO is produced cheaply & used for glass making , soaps and detergent.

After 20 years, Ernest Solvay ( Belgian Chemist) developed Solvay process

Later on, vegetables oil is used to replace animal fats.

 Solvay Process - Carbon dioxide ( obtained from heating CaCo ) is passed into concentrated NaCl solution which is saturated with ammonia . NaCl +NH +H O + CO Na HCO +NH Cl - NaHCO is then heated to obtain soda. 2NaHCO Na CO +H O +CO .

SOAP PREPARATION PROCESS IN THE LABORATORY

STEP 1: Palm oil and concentrated sodium hydroxide solution is poured into a beaker, heated, stirred until it boil [the layer of oil dissaperar] and cooled

B e a k e i B rr r u eo n d s g e a n u z b e u r n e r

G l a s s W

T r i p o d s t a n d

STEP 2: Water and a few spatulas of sodium chloride was added,boiled again and cooled. White precipitate is formed and floats on the surface of the mixture.

Sodium chloride reduces the solubility of easily to precipitate and floats. STEP 3: Mixture is filtered by filter paper.

S Sop di a P u t r mu e chl c lora i id p e i t a t i o n o f

D i s t i l l e d
soap in water, therefore soap is

w a t e r

F s i o l a t p e i F r i s l p f t a l r p

R e s i d u e (

F iC lo n t i e c r a

STEP 4: Solid soap is washed with distilled water to remove excess alkali and salt.

R e s i d F u i e l t ( r Procedure: s a o t a e 1. 10 cm3 of palm oil is measured with measuring cylinder 10ml and poured into a beaker 250ml. p 2. 50 cm3 of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution 5 mol dm-3 measured with ) measuring cylinder 50ml and poured in the beaker.
3. The mixture is heated and stirred with glass rod until its boiling for 5 minutes. Then, the flame is turned off and the mixture is left to cool. 4. 50 cm3 water and a few spatulas of sodium chloride was added to the mixture and boiled again for 5 minutes. Then, the flame is turned off and the mixture is left to cool. [white precipitate is formed and floats]. 5. The mixture is filtered with filter paper, and the residue (soap) is washed by distilled water.

Example:

Palm oil + sodium hydroxide sodium palmitate + glycerol

Soap Sodium palmitate Sodium stearate Sodium oleat

Chemical formula CH3(CH2)14COONa CH3(CH2)16COONa CH3(CH2)CH=CH(CH2)COOK

Potassium soap is usually used for bathing because its more softer and milder than sodium.

DEFINITION OF DETERGENT AND EXAMPLES

Detergent is sodium salt for sulphonic acid. Sulphonic acid is an organic acid with chain lengths of 12 to 18 carbon per molecule.

Two common detergent; i. Sodium alkyl sulphate

ii. Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate

O S O

N a
(R represent hydrocarbon chain that contain 12 to 18
+

Types of detergent (a) (b) (c) Anionic detergent Cationic detergent Non-ionic detergent

PREPARATION OF DETERGENT
Sodium alkyl sulphate & Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate are anionic detergent.

PREPARATION OF SODIUM ALKYL SULPHATE

Step 1: Sulphonation

Step 2: Neutralization
The alkyl sulphonic acid is neutralized by using sodium hydroxide.

Alkyl sulphonic acid

PREPARATION OF SODIUM ALKYLBENZENE SULPHONATE

Step 1: Alkylation

Step 2: Sulphonation

Alkyl benzene

Step 3: Neutralization

AMBIK KT PNDRIVE..
S o d i u m

THE CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP AND DETERGENTS

The cleansing action for soaps and detergent results from their ability; I. II. III. to lower the surface tension of water, to emulsify oil or grease / dirt, and to hold them in suspension in water.

This ability is due to the structure of soaps and detergent

Structure of soaps
Soap consists of sodium/potassium cations and soap anions. When a sodium/potassium soap is dissolve in water, it will form soap anions and sodium ion, Na+ or potassium ion, K+ Sodium soap soap anions + sodium cations [Na+]

Potassium soap soap anions + potassium cations [K+]

What is soap anions?

C H
3

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

Hydrophobic[hydrocarbon chains]

Hydrophilic[carboxilate group]

S o From the diagram above shows that the structure of soap anions consists of, a i. hydrocarbon chains known as hydrophobic part p ii. carboxylate/ionic group known as hydrophilic part a n i o n

C O O

Structure of detergent
Detergent of sodium cations and detergent anions. When a detergent is dissolve in water, it will form detergent anions and sodium ion, Na+.

What is detergent anions?

i) Sodium alkyl sulphate detergent

C H
3

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H OSOC C 2 H H
2 2

C H Na+
2

O O

Hydrophobic [hydrocarbon/alkyl chains]

Hydrophilic[sulphate ions]

Alkyl sulphate ion

O S O
3

From the diagram above shows that the structure of alkyl sulphate anions consists of, i. hydrocarbon/alkyl chains known as hydrophobic part ii. sulphate/ionic group known as hydrophilic part i) Sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate detergent

C H
3

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

C H
2

O
C H
2

Hydrophobic[hydrocarbon/alkyl benzene chains]

Hydrophilic [sulphonate ions]

S O O

Alkylbenzene sulphonate anios

NS aO
+ 3

From the diagram above shows that the structure of alkyl benzene sulphonate anions consists of, i. ii. hydrocarbon/alkyl benzene chains known as hydrophobic part sulphonate/ionic group known as hydrophilic part

Remember this; In water, soap and detergent dissolves to form soap anions and detergent anions. The anions will carry out the cleansing action, because these anions consists of hydrophobic and hydrophilic part. Why? Hydrophobic is water-hating part, is soluble in oil/grease/dirt, but insoluble in water. Hydrophilic is water-loving part, is soluble in water but insoluble in oil/grease/dirt. Both of the properties of anions, makes soap and detergent act as an effective cleansing agent.

How soap and detergent carry out the cleansing action?

S o Soa d p/d i G eter u + r gen m e t a ion i s D o e i n / The cloth is dipped in a soap r detergent solutions. or d Soap and detergent reduces t surface tension of water. the i This increase the wetting ability of water, therefore the surface of r c l + t
+ + +

the cloth is wetted thoroughly.

+ + + +

o t h

- Hydrophilic part dissolves in water. - Hydrophobic part dissolves in dirt/grease.

H y d r o p h i l i c p a

+ +

H y d r o p h o b i c p

+ +

+ +

- Mechanical agitation during scrubbing helps pull the dirt/grease free, and break the grease into small part.

+ +

S o d i u m

h - The droplets do not coagulate and redeposit on the surface of the cloth because the repulsion y between the negative charges on their surface. d - The droplets is suspended in the water forming an emulsion. r - Rinsing washes away these droplets and leaves the surface clean. o x i d e

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP AND DETERGENT

Advantages of soap
1. Soap are effective cleaning agent in soft water. - Soft water did not contains Mg2+ ions and Ca2+ ions. - Example: rain water, tap water

2.

Soap does not polluted the environment. - Soap is biodegradable (can be decomposed by bacteria) because it was made from substance that found in animal and plant.

3.

Soap will not harmed the aquatic life. - Soap will not change pH value of river and pool because soap is salt and weak alkali.

Disadvantage of soap
1. Soap is not suitable for use in hard water. Hard water contains Mg2+ ions and Ca2+ ions. Example: Sea water, river water

Why not suitable? Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions react with the soap ions to form an insoluble precipitate known as soap scum. Soap scum reduces the amount of soap available for cleaning, thus wasting soap. Soap scum does not rinse away easily. Soap scum can form deposits on clothes causing them to be grey or yellow in colour.

2. Soap did not effective in acidic water. - Soap ion react with ion H+ to produce carboxylic acid molecule.

Advantage of detergent
1. Detergent is effective in hard and soft water. - Detergent do not form scum with hard water. - Detergent form soluble substances with calcium or magnesium ions.

2. Detergent effective in acidic water - Detergent ion did not combine with H+ .

3. Detergent is synthetic cleansing agent. - Structure of the hydrocarbon chain can be modified to produce detergents with specific properties.

Disadvantage of detergent
1. Detergent can cause pollution to environment - Detergents not biodegradable, so that it cannot be decomposed by bacteria

2. Detergent harmed to aquatic life - Detergent contains phosphate fertilizer will increases the growth of seaweed and algae in pond or river. Lots of soluble oxygen in water will be use up by bacteria to decompose seaweed and algae when the plant died. The content of oxygen in water decreases, thus can kill aquatic life.

3. Detergent produce a lot of foam. - Foam can cover the water surface and prevent the oxygen dissolves into water, thus will kill aquatic life.

DETERGENT ADDITIVES AND THEIR FUNCTION

The main substance in detergent is sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate and sodium alkyl sulphate. Example of detergent is shampoo, clothes washing powder and dishes washing liquid.

Various type of additive is also added to detergent to enhance the cleaning efficiency and to meet the needs of consumers.

additives Whitening agent (sodium perborate) Biological enzymes (amilase, lipase, protease, selulase) Fluorescent agent (Blancophor) Buildup agent (sodium tripoliphosphate) Drying agent (sodium sulphate, Sodium silicate) Stabilizers Perfumes

Function React as bleach agent to vanished the colour stain but did not fade the colour of the clothes. React to substance that in organic properties like blood, food and water. Enzymes dissolve and change it to substance that can dissolve in water. Make the clothes more white, shiny and bright. Soften hard water, expel ion Mg2+ dan Ca2+ . increase the pH value Ensured that the detergent is always in a dry condition. To prevent the formation of foam To make clothes smell fresh and clean.

Antiseptic substance

To kill all microorganism that cause disease and smell.