Assignment 03 OSILLOSCOPE

Introduction:
The oscilloscope is basically a graph- displaying device. The C.R.O gives the visual representation of the time varying signals. Basically it operates on voltages, it is possible to convert current, pressure, strain, acceleration and other physical quantities into the voltages using transducers and obtain their visual representation on the C.R.O.

Block Diagram of CRO

Construction:
The major parts of CRO I. CRT IV. Time base VII. Power Supply An analog scope has two major signal paths. The 1 st is the vertical signal path for deflecting the CRT beam vertically in response to input signal. The second is the horizontal. It triggers the scope and moves the beam from left to right across the screen. The attenuators match the high input impedance of the scope probes to low impedance of the vertical preamplifiers. The amount of attenuation and preamp gain is set by the vertical sensitivity knob provided on the front panel. The triggering portion tells the horizontal section when to start moving the beam from the left of the CRT to the right. II. Vertical Amplifier V. Horizontal Amplifier III. Delay line VI. Trigger Circuit

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Assignment 03 OSILLOSCOPE Cathode ray tube (CRT) The cathode ray tube (CRT) is the heart of the C.R.O. The CRT generates the electron beam. The main parts of the CRT are Electron gun ( It provides a sharply focused electron beam directed towards the fluorescent coated screen) Deflection system ( it position the electron beam anywhere on the screen) Fluorescent screen (on striking electrons it glows, enable the tube to visually present electronic signals) Glass tube Base

CRT circuit Trigger Circuit The horizontal deflection starts at the same point of the input vertical signal, each time it sweeps. Hence to synchronize the horizontal deflection with the vertical deflection a triggering or synchronizing circuit is used. It converts the incoming signal into the trigger pulses, which are used for synchronization. Vertical Amplifier This is used to amplify the signal in the vertical section.

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Assignment 03 OSILLOSCOPE Time Base Generator The time base generator is used to generate the saw tooth voltage that require deflecting the beam in the horizontal section. This voltage deflects the spot at a constant time dependent rate. So the x-axis on the screen can be as time which helps to display and analyze the time varying signals. Delay Line In the vertical section to delay the signal for some time it is used. Delay line circuit is shown in figure. There are two types of delay lines used in CRO. I) Lumped parameter delay line. II) Distributed parameter delay line Horizontal Amplifier The saw tooth voltage produced by the time base generator may not be sufficient strength. It is amplified using the horizontal amplifier before giving it to the horizontal plates. Power supply To generate and accelerate an electron power supply provides the voltages. It provides the voltage to other circuits of amplifier like horizontal amplifier and vertical amplifier. There are two section of the power supply block. The high voltage and low voltage section. The high voltage are required to CRT, of range 1000V to 1500V.The low voltage is for the heater of the electron gun. This is positive voltage and few 100 volts.

Working
When voltage is applied to the input of CRO then vertical deflection of electron will be proportional to the magnitude of the input voltage. It is then necessary to convert horizontal deflection into time axis. The time base generator provides periodic saw tooth voltage (sweep). This saw tooth voltage is applied to horizontal deflecting plates. During the trace Tr, Vx linearly increasing w.r.t.So electron beam will move linearly in the horizontal direction. At the end of Tr beam reaches at max poison at this instant the voltage suddenly drops to zero in a short time, known as fly back period. After this beam sudden jumps back to the original position as extreme left in figure.

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Assignment 03 OSILLOSCOPE
For time Tr, spot moves horizontally across the face of the screen along x-axis from left to right. Thus the horizontal axis is converted in to time axis. When input sinusoid applied voltage to CRO probe and internally generated saw tooth voltage is applied to horizontal plates then saw tooth voltages keeps on shifting the spot horizontally while the applied voltage shifts the spot vertically proportional to its magnitude. Due to effect of both voltages a waveform can be seen on the screen. When signal and saw tooth voltage frequencies are equal a single cycle appears on screen. When the sweep (saw tooth) is lower than signal several cycles appear on screen. When sweep is higher than signal less than one cycle appear on the screen. We can say the numbers of cycles depend upon ration of the two signal frequencies.

REFERENCES: Electronic Measurements By V.U.Bakshi U.A.Bakshi Electronic Instruments and Instrumentation Technology By M.M.S. Anand22 Electronics Instrumentation By H S Kalsi

Submitted To: Sir Amir Khalil Submitted By: Abdul Shakoor Sp09-Bee-052

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