PREPARATION: 1.)Relations A relation is a set of inputs and outputs, often written as ordered pairs (input, output).

We can also represent a relation as a mapping diagram or a graph. A relation is simply a set of ordered pairs. Functions A function is a relation in which each input has only one output. In the relation , y is a function of x, because for each input x (1, 2, 3, or 0), there is only one outputy. x is not a function of y, because the input y = 3 has multiple outputs: x = 1 and x = 2. A function is a set of ordered pairs in which eachx-element has only ONE y-element associated with it. 2.)1. Reflexive Relation: R is a relation in A and for every a A, (a,a) R then R is said to be a reflexive relation. Example: Every real number is equal to itself. Therefor "is equal to " is a reflexive relation in the set of real numbers. 2. Symmetric Relation: R is a relation in A and (a,b) R implies (b,c) R then R is said to be a symmetric relation. Example: In the set of all real numbers "is equal to" relation is symmetric. 3. Anti-Symmetric Relation: R is a relation in A. If (a,b) R and (b,a) R implies a = b, then R is said to be an anti-symmetric relation. Example: In set of all natural numbers the relation R defined by "x divides y if and only if (x,y) R" is anti-symmetric. For x|y and y|x then x = y. 4. Transitive Relation: R is a relation in A if (a,b) R and (b,c) R implies (a,c) R is called a transitive relation. Example: In the set of all real numbers the relation "is equal to" is a transitive relation. For a = b, b = c implies a = c. 5. Equivalence Relation: A relation R in a set A is said to be an equivalence relation if it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Example: In the set of all real numbers the relation "is equal to" is an equivalence relation for a R, a = a, b = a implies b = a and a = b, b = c implies a = c. Transitivity A relation R is transitive if and only if (henceforth abbreviated iff), if x is related by R to y, and y is related by R to z, then x is related by R to z. For example, being taller than is a transitive relation: if John is taller than Bill, and Bill is taller than Fred, then it is a logical consequence that John is taller than Fred. A relation R is intransitive iff, if x is related by R to y, and y is related by R to z, then x is not related by R to z. For example, being next in line to is an intransitive relation: if John is next in line to Bill, and Bill is next in line to Fred, then it is a logical consequence that John is not next in line to Fred. A relation R is non-transitive iff it is neither transitive nor intransitive. For example, likes is a non-transitive relation: if John likes Bill, and Bill likes Fred, there is no logical consequence concerning John liking Fred. Symmetricity A relation R is symmetric iff, if x is related by R to y, then y is related by R to x. For example, being a cousin of is a symmetric relation: if John is a cousin of Bill, then it is a logical consequence that Bill is a cousin of John.

A relation R is asymmetric iff, if x is related by R to y, then y is not related by R to x. For example, being the father of is an asymmetric relation: if John is the father of Bill, then it is a logical consequence that Bill is not the father of John. A relation R is non-symmetric iff it is neither symmetric nor asymmetric. For example, loves is a non-symmetric relation: if John loves Mary, then, alas, there is no logical consequence concerning Mary loving John. Reflexivity A relation R is reflexive iff, everything bears R to itself. For example, being the same height as is a reflexive relation: everything is the same height as itself. A relation R is irreflexive iff, nothing bears R to itself. For example, being taller than is an irreflexive relation: nothing is taller than itself. A relation R is non-reflexive iff it is neither reflexive nor irreflexive. For example, loves is a non-reflexive relation: there is no logical reason to infer that somebody loves herself or does not love herself. Equivalence A relation R is an equivalence iff R is transitive, symmetric and reflexive. For example, identical is an equivalence relation: if x is identical to y, and y is identical to z, then x is identical to z; if x is identical to y then y is identical to x; and x is identical to x.

ASIS,DARWIN B. ENGLISH-IV IV-E.AGUINALDO MRS.VIRGINIA PACHECO ABAN