Thermodynamics 1. Thermodynamic system and control volume: 1.1 System: A quantity of fixed mass under investigation.

There is a
three type of system. A) closed system B) open system C) isolated system A) Closed system: where there is no mass transfer between system and surroundings. i.e. energy can cross the system boundary, but mass doesnt. There is a fixed mass in the system. Example: thermo flax. B) Open system: where there is a mass transfer and energy transfer between the system and surroundings. Here volume of the system keeps constant. Example: compressor. Generally the entire engineering device is under the category of open system. C) Isolated system: there is no interaction between system and surroundings. 1.2 Surroundings: Everything external to the system 1.3 System boundary: Interface separating system and surroundings 2. Property of system: generally two types of property A) Intensive property: a property which is independent of the mass of the system. Example intensive properties include temperature and pressure. B) Extensive property: a property which depends on the mass (or the extent) of the system, example extensive properties include mass, total volume, total energy. In general, if you cut a system in half and re-measure its properties, intensive properties remain unchanged, while extensive properties are cut in half. Properties are defined for systems which are in 3. Zeroth law of thermodynamics: When two bodies have equality of temperature with a third body, then they have equality of temperature. i.e. if a body A is an thermal equilibrium with a body B and also separately with body C then body A and C also in thermal equilibrium. From this law we can find the concept of Temperature. 4. Thermodynamics equilibrium: means system under three different equilibrium conditions. They are a) mechanical equilibrium b) chemical equilibrium c) electrical equilibrium. 5. First law of thermodynamics: There are a variety of ways to represent the first law of thermodynamics also known as the principle of conservation of energy.

During any cycle, the cyclic integral of heat added to a system is proportional to the cyclic integral of work done by the system. If we denote a cyclic integral by , the mathematical representation of this law is For a system undergoing a process, the change in energy is equal to the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system.

Internal energy: a thermodynamic property which is a theoretical

construct suggested by the first law of thermodynamics as something to account for the difference between heat transfer and work in any process between the same start and end states. This is an extensive property. It is an function of temperature.

First law application :

Nozzles and diffusers: A nozzle is a device which induces a velocity increase; a diffuser is a device which induces a velocity decrease. For flows with subsonic velocities, nozzles have area decrease in the flow direction, while diffusers have area increases with the flow direction.

Introduction to the Rankine cycle:

a thermodynamic cycle which forms the foundation for most steam power plants.

Second law of thermodynamics:

Kelvin-Planck statement: It is impossible for any system to operate in a thermodynamic cycle and deliver a net amount of work to its surroundings while receiving an energy transfer by heat from a single thermal reservoir. Clausius Statement: it is impossible to construct a device which will operating in a cycle producing no effect other than the transferring heat from law temp reservoir to high temperature reservoir.

From this 2nd law we get the idea of enthalpy. And also about heat pump and refrigerator. Enthalpy: it is an extensive property. It defines amount of heat present in a body. Reversible processes: A process in which it is possible to return both the system and surroundings to their original states Irreversible Process: A process in which it is impossible to return both the system and surroundings to their original states. Now it may be possible to restore the system to its original state but not the surroundings. So all the processes means all the engg devices are irreversible. Isothermal Process: The process where temperature remains constant.
Carnot Cycle
. From the second law, it has been observed that the efficiency of a heat engine is less than unity. If the efficiency of heat engine is less than unity, what is the maximum efficiency of a heat engine? This can be answered by considering the Carnot cycle. The concept of carnot cycle is executed via Carnot engine.

Carnot Engine
Let us consider the operation of a hypothetical engine which employs the Carnot cycle. The Carnot engine consists of a cylinder-piston assembly in which a certain amount of gas(working fluid) is enclosed. Refer to Figure 18.1 representing the Carnot cycle.

Reversible Isothermal Heat Addition Reversible Adiabatic Expansion Reversible Isothermal Heat Rejection, Reversible Adiabatic Compression