2nd Cavalry Regiment

Always Ready

Contents
Articles
2d Stryker Cavalry Regiment 1 9 9 18 22 43 44 45 47 49 53 75

Historical engagements
Battle of Lundy's Lane Siege of Fort Meigs Battle of Gettysburg Battle of the Hundred Slain Kidder massacre Marias Massacre Battle of Powder River Battle of the Rosebud Cavite Battle of 73 Easting

References
Article Sources and Contributors Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 83 85

Article Licenses
License 86

2d Stryker Cavalry Regiment

2d Stryker Cavalry Regiment

2nd Cavalry Regiment (Stryker)

Regimental coat of arms Active Allegiance Branch Partof Garrison/HQ Nickname Motto Colors Engagements May 23, 1836 Present United States of America United States Army United States Army Europe (USAREUR) Rose Barracks, Vilseck, Germany Second Dragoons
[1]

Toujours Prt (Always Ready) Remember Your Regiment and follow your officers (Unofficial motto) Yellow and Orange Mexican-American War Indian Wars American Civil War Spanish-American War Philippine-American War World War I World War II Gulf War Operation Iraqi Freedom Operation Enduring Freedom

Commanders
Current commander Notable commanders Colonel Keith A. Barclay William S. Harney Henry Hopkins Sibley David E. Twiggs Philip St. George Cooke Joseph T. Dickman Harry Chamberlin Creighton Abrams Walter L. Sharp Tommy Franks

Insignia

2d Stryker Cavalry Regiment

distinctive unit insignia

shoulder sleeve insignia

U.S. Cavalry Regiments Previous Next

1st Cavalry Regiment 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment

The 2nd Stryker Cavalry Regiment (2SCR), also known as the Second Dragoons,[1] is an active mechanized infantry and cavalry regiment of the United States Army. The Second Dragoons is a component of V Corps and United States Army Europe, with its garrison at the Rose Barracks in Vilseck, Germany. It can trace its lineage back to the early part of the 19th century where the 2nd Cavalry has the distinction of being the longest continuously serving regiment in the Army. The regiment has previously been known as the 2nd Regiment of Dragoons (5/1836-3/1843, 4/1844-8/1861); 2nd Regiment of Riflemen (3/1843-4/1844); 2nd U.S. Cavalry Regiment (8/1861-7/1942); 2nd Cavalry Regiment (Mecz) (1/1943-12/1943); 2nd Cavalry Group (Mecz) (12/1943-7/1946); 2nd Constabulary Regiment (7/1946-11/1948); 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment (11/1948-7/1992); 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment (Light) (7/1992-6/2006); 2nd Stryker Cavalry Regiment (6/2006-7/2011) and most recently 2nd Cavalry Regiment (July 2011-present).

Motto and patch

The Regimental Motto: Toujours Prt (French: 'Always Ready') - remember your regiment and follow your officers. The fleur-de-lis on the badge commemorates the Regiment's service in France during WWI. The palmetto Leaf symbolizes the campaign against the Seminole Indians. The eight-pointed shield represents the original badge of a Dragoon as does the color.

History
Between 1808-1815
In 1808, there was one Regiment of Dragoons and during the War of 1812 another regiment was raised. Units of both Regiments of Dragoons served in engagements at the Mississineway River; the Battle of Lundy's Lane; Fort Erie and the siege of Fort Meigs. These two regiments were consolidated on March 30, 1814 into the Regiment of Light Dragoons but this new unit was dissolved on June 15, 1815.[2]

2d Stryker Cavalry Regiment

Early organization
The precursor organization was originally established by President Andrew Jackson on May 23, 1836, as the Second Regiment of Dragoons of the U.S. Army. Two squadrons were originally raised, one at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, and one in Florida to combat the Seminole Indians. It saw its first combat during the Seminole Wars, then served on the Texas frontier under Col. David Twiggs. The regiment fought in the Mexican-American War, the early frontier Indian Wars, Bleeding Kansas, and the Utah War.

Civil War
At the onset of the Civil War in 1861, it was recalled to the Eastern theater and redesignated in Ausgust of that year as the Second Cavalry. For much of the war, it was a key part of either the "Reserve Brigade" or the "Regular Brigade" of the Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Potomac and served in numerous campaigns and battles. During the Battle of Gettysburg, the 2nd U.S. Cavalry served under Wesley Merritt and engaged the Confederates south of Gettysburg on the third day.

Bezaleel W. Armstrong, 2d Lieutenant, 2d Dragoons, 1846; served in Mexican War at Vera Cruz and Mexico City, 1847-48; died 1849, aged 26. Daguerreotype, c. 1846.

Like the other early mounted units, many members of the Second Cavalry went on to higher ranks and command positions on both sides during the War.

Indian Wars
Fetterman Massacre (December 21, 1866) Kidder Massacre (July 2, 1867). Marias Massacre (January 23, 1870) Battle of Powder River (March 17, 1876) Battle of the Rosebud (June 17, 1876)

Spanish-American War, World War I and World War II

During the Spanish-American War, the 2nd Cavalry deployed to Cuba, joining Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders, fighting at El Canay, San Juan Hill, Aquadores, and Santiago. The Regiment remained in Cuba on pacification duty for the next three years. From Cuba, the Regiment deployed to the Philippines, participating in the Cavite Campaign in 1899 as well as fighting the Moro in 1911 and 1912. During World War I, the Regiment 'saddled up' again, this time under 'Black Jack' Pershing in Europe, participating in several battles, including the Aisne-Marne Offensive. Troops B, D, F and H became the last elements of the Regiment to ever engage the enemy as mounted horse cavalry. During World War II, the Regiment (this time under the designation of '2nd Cavalry Group, Mechanized') landed in France in July 1944, becoming part of General Patton's Third Army. During this period, the Regiment became known as the 'Ghosts of Patton's Army' due to their ability to conduct reconnaissance, materializing seemingly at will behind German lines. The Regiment made the deepest penetration of the war, arriving in Czechoslovakia before finally linking up with Soviet forces heading west. Under the leadership of Col. Charles H. Reed, the Regiment conducted a raid behind Soviet lines to rescue the famous Lipizzaner Stallions. At the end of the war, the unit was re-designated, yet again, as the 2nd Constabulary Regiment, and eventually the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment in 1948.

2d Stryker Cavalry Regiment

The Cold War, Desert Storm, and Reorganization

During the Cold War, the Regiment was responsible for guard/surveillance duty along the Iron Curtain, acting as a tripwire for the long-expected, but never materializing, Warsaw Pact invasion of Western Europe. The Regiment's border sector varied in its dimensions over the years but always included portions of both the East German and Czechoslovakian borders with the Federal Republic of Germany. The Regiment patrolled the border by air and ground. Ground cavalry troops on the border operated out of border camps close to the frontier. Regular border tours in sizable sectors contributed to the development of independence and self-sufficiency that characterizes cavalry operations and paid great training dividends in leader training to the cavalry squadrons of the Regiment. In 1978, M Company, 3rd Squadron, 2nd ACR was selected to represent the US in the 1979 Canadian Army Trophy (CAT), finishing 4th - the first time the US entrant had not placed last. The fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe meant the Regiment had to now redefine its role. During this process, the Regiment was alerted for deployment to Saudi Arabia in response to the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. The regiment spearheaded the VII Corps end-run deep into Iraq during the Persian Gulf War. During its covering force mission, units of the Regiment destroyed two brigades of the Iraqi Republican Guards Tawakalna Division in the Battle of 73 Easting. The unit earned the Valorous Unit Award for its service in Operation Desert Storm. Returning from the Gulf, the Regiment was relocated from Germany to Fort Lewis, Washington. The Regiment's ground squadrons were converted into a light cavalry unit consisting of Humvees mounted with TOW launchers, MK-19 grenade launchers, .50 caliber machine guns and squad automatic weapons (SAW). The 2nd ACR "light" was then sent to Ft Polk, LA in 1992. From here, the Regiment deployed in support of the peace enforcement operation in Haiti from 1995 to 1996. The 3rd Squadron ("Wolfpack") was the first ground unit to deploy and operated under the 25th Infantry Division in Port au Prince, Haiti. After six months in Haiti, 1st Squadron arrived to replace 3rd Squadron. 2nd Squadron replaced 3rd Squadron in October 1995 and redeployed in March 1996 completing the cycle.

Bosnia service
In April 1997, the Regiment received orders to be prepared to deploy to Bosnia and Herzegovina. Following the first Mission Rehearsal Exercise held at the JRTC in June, the unit moved to Germany to begin integration with the 1st Armored Division. Meanwhile, all its equipment was shipped to the Intermediate Staging Base at Taszar, Hungary. The Regiment's participation in Operation Joint Guard began when the 2nd and 3rd Squadrons moved across the Sava River into Bosnia in August 1997 to augment the 1st Infantry Division (Forward) in support of Bosnia-Herzegovina's municipal elections. The Regiment's air cavalry, the 4th Squadron and the Regimental Support Squadron also moved into the country. The Regiment's separate units the 502nd Military Intelligence Company; the 84th Engineer Company; Company H (Aviation Maintenance), 159th Aviation Regiment; and the Air Defense Battery completed the Regimental troop list. While the ground squadrons were in Bosnia, the Regimental headquarters deployed to Germany to train with the 1st Armored Division Headquarters in preparation for assuming command in Bosnia. During August and September, the Regiment was spread across five countries on two continents, and was under the direct command and control of three different general officer commands. This period included another first for any Army unit during a 12-month period: the Regiment participated in major training exercises at all three of the Army's Combat Training Centers: The National Training Center (NTC) at Fort Irwin, the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) at Fort Polk, and the Joint Multinational Readiness Center (JMRC) at Hohenfels, Germany [3]. In October the remainder of the Regiment rode into theater, assuming responsibility for the American sector of Multinational Division (North), which stretched from the war-torn bridge at Brcko in the north to the shattered city of Srebrenica in the south. The first major action of the Regiment in Bosnia was the seizing of Serbian radio-television towers to control communications into the Republika Srpska. Other significant operations that the Regiment conducted include: the

2d Stryker Cavalry Regiment restructuring of the Republika Srpska Specialist Police; the creation of the first multi-ethnic police department, in the city of Brko; security for the announcement of the Brcko Arbitration Decision (an effort to resolve the status of this Serb-dominated city within Bosnia); institution of common license plates and currency in Bosnia, and the opening of the Bosnian rail system. In conducting operations in sector, the Regiment executed an estimated 12,500 patrols and 480 weapon storage site inspections, supervised the removal of over 12,000 mines, and oversaw 350 training exercises for the former warring factions. The Regiment served one of the longest tours of military units there.

The 21st century

The Regiment relocated once again, after returning from Bosnia, this time to Fort Polk, Louisiana where the unit remained until deployed again to the Gulf for Operation Iraqi Freedom, remaining for a total of 16 months. The Regiment was required to fight against insurgent forces in areas ranging from Baghdad to Najaf to Al Kut. On its return from combat operations, the Regiment found itself heading back to Fort Lewis in Washington in December 2004. The Regiment was re-designated the 2nd Cavalry Regiment and reorganized as a Stryker Brigade Combat Team in April 2005. On June 1, 2006 at Fort Lewis, Wash., the 2nd Cavalry Regiment and the 1st Brigade, 25th Infantry Division conducted a joint reflagging and casing ceremony. The 2nd CR was reflagged as the 4th Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division (Stryker). The 1st Brigade, 25th Infantry Division cased its brigade colors and was reflagged as the 2nd Stryker Cavalry Regiment. The Army restationed 2d SCR to Rose Barracks, Vilseck, Germany, near the Regiment's Cold War home of Nuernberg, as of September 15, 2006. With a A Stryker from the Cavalry Regiment participating in a Joint Task foundation of infantry-based tactics and the mobility of Force-East training exercise at Novo Selo Training Range, Bulgaria, the Stryker vehicle, the Stryker unit has become more September 3, 2009. of a hybrid, filling the gap between pure, light infantry and the mechanized, heavy infantry. This move now truly describes the soldiers of the unit as 'Dragoons' - mounted infantry. On May 8, 2007, the Department of Defense announced that the 2nd Cavalry Regiment (Syrker) would deploy to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom in August 2007. The 3rd Squadron (Wolfpack), with Troop N ("Nemesis") of 4th Squadron attached, along with Troop E ("Eagle"), 2nd Squadron (Cougars), were very successful in rooting out Al-Qaeda forces from their last stronghold in Baghdad's Hadar neighborhood in East Rashid. 1st Squadron participated in the final clearance of Sadr City. The regiment served a 15-month tour in Iraq in both the Baghdad area and later Diyala province. It was at its most consolidated by June 2008 with all units but 1st Squadron, which was in Sadr City. On November 25, 2008, the 2nd Cavalry Regiment (Stryker) was officially welcomed back to Vilseck, Germany. In July 2010, they deployed to Afghanistan upon their return the name was changed from 2nd Stryker Cavalry Regiment to 2nd Cavalry Regiment (Stryker).

Operation Enduring Freedom

On March 15, 2010, the Department of Defense announced that the 2nd Stryker Cavalry Regiment would deploy to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and the International Security Assistance Force in July 2010. In July 2010, 1st Squadron assumed responsibility of Tarin Kowt, Afghanistan in Uruzgan Province as well as the Shah Wali Kot District Serving alongside 2nd Cavalry Regiment (Australia). The remainder of the Regiment was located in the volatile Kandahar Province with Regimental Headquarters located at FOB Lagman.

2d Stryker Cavalry Regiment

Current structure
The 2nd Cavalry (Stryker) is organized as a Stryker Brigade Combat Team, consisting of the following units: 2nd Stryker Cavalry Regiment: Regimental Headquarters Troop (Stryker Headquarters Company) 1st Squadron "War Eagles" - (Stryker Battalion) Headquarters Company "Mustangs" - (Stryker Headquarters Company) Apache Company - (Stryker Infantry Company) Bull Company - (Stryker Infantry Company) Comanche Company - (Stryker Infantry Company) 2nd Squadron "Cougars" - (Stryker Battalion) Headquarters Company "Headhunters" - (Stryker Headquarters Company) Dog Company - (Stryker Infantry Company) Eagle Company - (Stryker Infantry Company) Fox Company - (Stryker Infantry Company) 3rd Squadron "Wolfpack" - (Stryker Battalion) Headquarters Company "Hammer" - (Stryker Headquarters Company) Ghostrider Company - (Stryker Infantry Company) Hawk Company - (Stryker Infantry Company) Iron Company - (Stryker Infantry Company) 4th Squadron "Saber" (Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition Squadron) Headquarters Troop "Warhorse" - (Stryker Headquarters Troop) Killer Troop - (Stryker Cavalry Scout Troop) Lightning Troop - (Stryker Cavalry Scout Troop) Mad Dog Troop - (Stryker Cavalry Scout Troop) Nomad Troop - (Surveillance Troop) Outlaw Troop - (Anti-Armor Troop - 9 TOW-equipped Stryker vehicles) Sapper Company (Engineer Company) Fires Squadron "Artillery Hell" (Field Artillery Battalion) Headquarters Battery - "Hellraisers" A Battery (6-Gun 155mm Howitzer Battery) B Battery (6-Gun 155mm Howitzer Battery) C Battery (6-Gun 155mm Howitzer Battery) Palehorse Troop - (Military Intelligence Company) Regimental Support Squadron "Muleskinners" Headquarters Troop "Hellraisers" Supply and Transportation Troop "Pack Horse" Maintenance Troop "Blacksmiths" Medical Troop "Stryker Medics" Quickstrike Troop - (Signal Troop)
2nd Cavalry Regiment(Stryker) Structure

2d Stryker Cavalry Regiment

Medal of Honor recipients of the 2nd Cavalry Regiment

Private Heth Canfield. Indian Wars. On 15 May 1870, while serving with Company C at Little Blue, Nebraska, for displaying gallantry in action.[4] Private Michael Himmelsback. Indian Wars. On 15 May 1870, while serving with Company C at Little Blue, Nebraska, for displaying gallantry in action.[4] Private Patrick James Leonard. Indian Wars. On 15 May 1870, while serving with Company C at Little Blue, Nebraska, for displaying gallantry in action.[4] Private Thomas Hubbard. Indian Wars. On 15 May 1870, while serving with Company C at Little Blue, Nebraska, for displaying gallantry in action.[4] Private George W. Thompson. Indian Wars. On 15 May 1870. while serving with Company C at Little Blue, Nebraska, for gallantry in action.[4] Private Wilfred Clark. Indian Wars. On 9 August 1877 at Big Hole, Montana, and on 20 August 1877 at Camas Meadows, Idaho, while serving with Company L, for displaying conspicuous gallantry, especial skill as sharpshooter.[4] Private William Leonard. Indian Wars. On 7 May 1877, while serving with Company L, for bravery in action.[4] First Sergeant Henry Wilkens. Indian Wars. On 7 May 1877, at Little Muddy Creek, Montana, and 20 August 1877 at Camas Meadows, Idaho, for gallantry in action.[4] Private Samuel D. Phillips. Indian Wars. On 7 May 1877, while serving with Company H at Little Muddy Creek, Montana, for gallantry in action.[4] Corporal Harry Garland. Indian Wars. On 7 May 1877 at Little Muddy Creek, Montana, and on 29 August 1877 at Camas Meadows, Idaho, while serving with Company L, for gallantry in action with hostile Sioux, at Little Muddy Creek, Mont.; having been wounded in the hip so as to be unable to stand, at Camas Meadows, Idaho, he still continued to direct the men under his charge until the enemy withdrew.[4] William H. Jones. Indian Wars. While serving with Company L, on 7 May 1877 at Little Muddy Creek, Montana for gallantry in the attack against hostile Sioux Indians, and on 20 August 1877 at Camas Meadows for the engagement with Nez Perces Indians in which he sustained a painful knee wound.[4] Second Lieutenant Edward J. McClernand. Indian Wars. On 20 September 1877, for gallantly attacking a band of hostiles and conducting the combat with excellent skill and boldness.[4] Sergeant T.B. Glover. Indian Wars. On 10 April 1879 At Mizpah Creek, Montana, and at Pumpkin Creek, Montana on 10 February 1880, while serving with Troop B, he was in charge of small scouting parties, fought, charged, surrounded, and captured war parties of Sioux Indians.[4] Captain Eli L. Huggins. Indian Wars. On 1 April 1880, at O'Fallons Creek, Montana, for surprising the Indians in their strong position and fighting them until dark with great boldness.[4] Second Lieutenant Lloyd M. Brett. Indian Wars. On 1 April 1880, at O'Fallons Creek, Montana, his fearless exposure and dashing bravery in cutting off the Indians' pony herd, thereby greatly crippling the hostiles.[4]

2d Stryker Cavalry Regiment

Alliances
Australia - 2nd Cavalry Regiment (Bond of Friendship) Germany - German Logistikbataillon 4 (Bond of Friendship)

References
[1] "Special Unit Designations" (http:/ / www. history. army. mil/ html/ forcestruc/ spdes-123-ra_ar. html). United States Army Center of Military History. 21 April 2010. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20100609010022/ http:/ / www. history. army. mil/ html/ forcestruc/ spdes-123-ra_ar. html) from the original on 9 June 2010. . Retrieved June 23, 2010. [2] Stubbs, Mary Lee; Connor, Stanley. ARMOR-CAVALRY Part I: Regular Army and Army Reserve (http:/ / www. history. army. mil/ books/ Lineage/ arcav/ arcav. htm). From the Office of the Chief of Military History, Washington D.C., 1969. [3] http:/ / www. hohenfels. army. mil [4] "[[United States Army Center of Military History (http:/ / www. history. army. mil/ html/ moh/ worldwari. html)] Medal of Honor Citations Archive"]. Indian War Campaigns Medal of Honor Recipients. United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20090626121714/ http:/ / www. history. army. mil/ html/ moh/ worldwari. html) from the original on 26 June 2009. . Retrieved 2009-06-23.

External links
2SCR Official Unit Page (http://www.2scr.army.mil:) GlobalSecurity.org: 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/ 2acr.htm) "Kidder Massacre" in which 11 soldiers of the 2nd Cavalry and an Indian Guide were killed July 2, 1867 at Beaver Creek, Sherman County Kansas by Cheyenne & Sioux. {for Reference only} (http://www.goodlandnet. com/history/kidder.htm). Second Cavalry Association Historical Archives Site (http://history.dragoons.org/)

Historical engagements
Battle of Lundy's Lane
The Battle of Lundy's Lane (also known as the Battle of Niagara Falls[1]) was a battle of the Anglo-American War of 1812, which took place on 25 July 1814, in present-day Niagara Falls, Ontario. It was one of the bloodiest battles of the war,[2] and one of the deadliest battles ever fought on Canadian soil.[3]

Background
On 3 July 1814 an American army under Major General Jacob Brown launched an attack across the Niagara River near its source on Lake Erie. His force quickly captured the British position at Fort Erie and then advanced north. Two days later one of his two brigades of regular U.S. Infantry under Brigadier General Winfield Scott defeated a British force commanded by Major General Phineas Riall at the Battle of Chippawa. A few days after the battle Brown outflanked the British defences along the Chippawa River and the British fell back to Fort George near the mouth of the Niagara on Lake Ontario. Brown lacked the necessary troops and heavy artillery to attack this position. At the time a British naval squadron controlled the lake. Commodore Isaac Chauncey, commander of the American ships based at Sackett's Harbor, New York, was waiting for new frigates and heavily-armed brigs to be completed before he could challenge the British squadron. When these were finally ready to sail, the American squadron was further delayed in port when Chauncey fell ill. As a result no reinforcements or heavy guns could be sent to Brown while the British were able to move several units across the lake from York to reinforce Fort George.[4] For most of July Brown's army occupied Queenston a few miles south of Fort George. In this forward position they were harassed by Canadian militia and Indians. On 24 July Brown fell back to the Chippawa River intending to secure his supplies before advancing west to Burlington.[4] As soon as Brown retired, British light infantry and militia under Major General Riall advanced to Lundy's Lane 4 miles (unknown operator: u'strong'km) north of the Chippawa to allow light troops to maintain contact with the American main force.[5]

Battle
Preliminary movements
Early on 25 July, the British Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, Lieutenant General Gordon Drummond, arrived in Fort George to take personal command on the Niagara peninsula. He immediately ordered a force under Lieutenant Colonel John Tucker to advance south from Fort Niagara (which the British had captured in December 1813) along the east side of the Niagara River, hoping this would force Brown to evacuate the west bank.[6] Instead, Brown ordered an advance north, intending in turn to force the British to recall Tucker's column to protect Fort George. The Americans apparently did not know that the British held Lundy's Lane in strength. As soon as Riall knew the Americans were advancing, he ordered his troops to fall back to Fort George and ordered another column under Colonel Hercules Scott to move from St. David's to Queenston to cover his withdrawal, rather than advance to his support. These orders were countermanded by Drummond, who had force-marched a detachment of reinforcements to Lundy's Lane from Fort George. The British were still reoccupying their positions when the first American units came into view, at about 6:00pm.[7]

Battle of Lundy's Lane

10

Scott's attack
Lundy's Lane was a spur from the main portage road alongside the Niagara River. It ran along the summit of some rising ground (about 25 feet higher than the surrounding area) and therefore commanded good views of the area. The British artillery (two 24-pounder and two 6-pounder guns, one 5.5-inch howitzer and a Congreve rocket detachment) was massed in a cemetery at the highest point of the battlefield. The American 1st Brigade of regulars under Winfield Scott emerged in the late afternoon from a forest into an open field and were badly mauled by the British artillery.[8] Scott sent the 25th U.S. Infantry, commanded by Major Thomas Jesup, to outflank the British left. The 25th found a disused track leading to a landing stage on the river, and used it to pass round the British flank. They caught the British and Canadian units there (the light company of the 1st Battalion of the 8th (King's) Regiment and the Upper Canada Incorporated Militia Battalion) while they were redeploying and unaware of the American presence, and drove them back in confusion. The British and Canadians rallied, but had been driven off the Portage Road. Jesup sent Captain Ketchum's light infantry company to secure the junction of Lundy's Lane and The Niagara Frontier in 1814 the Portage Road. Ketchum's company captured large numbers of wounded and messengers, including Major General Riall who had been wounded in one arm and was riding to the rear. Most of the prisoners escaped when Ketchum himself, having briefly rejoined Jesup, ran into an enemy unit while trying to return to the main body of the American army, although Riall and militia cavalry leader Captain William Hamilton Merritt remained prisoners.[9] Jesup's action and the steadiness of Scott's brigade nevertheless persuaded Drummond to withdraw his centre to maintain alignment with his left flank, and also pull back the Glengarry Light Infantry, who had been harassing Scott's own left flank. The withdrawal of Drummond's centre left the artillery exposed in front of the infantry.[10]

Brown's attack
By nightfall, Scott's brigade had suffered heavy casualties, but Brown had arrived with the American main body (the 2nd Brigade of regulars under Brigadier General Eleazer Wheelock Ripley and a brigade of volunteers from the militia under Brigadier General Peter B. Porter). As Ripley and Porter relieved Scott's brigade, Brown ordered the 21st U.S. Infantry under Lieutenant Colonel James Miller to capture the British guns. Miller famously responded, "I'll try, Sir". While the British were distracted by another attack by the 1st U.S. Infantry on their right, Miller's troops deployed within a few yards of the British artillery. They fired a volley of musketry which killed most of the gunners and followed up with a bayonet charge which captured the guns and drove the British centre from the hill. The British infantry immediately behind the guns (the 2nd Battalion of the 89th Foot) tried to counter-attack, but were driven back by Miller and Ripley. Meanwhile, the British column under Colonel Hercules Scott was arriving on the field, already tired from its unnecessary diversion via Queenston. Unaware of the changed situation, they blundered into Ripley's brigade and were also driven back in disorder, losing their own three 6-pounder guns. These were recovered by a charge by the light company of the 41st Foot, but were either abandoned again[10] or remained in British hands but could not be

Battle of Lundy's Lane brought into action as the drivers and gunners had been scattered.[11]

11

Drummond's counter-attack
While the Americans tried to deploy their own artillery among the captured British guns, Drummond (who had been wounded in the neck) reorganized his troops and mounted a determined attempt to retake his own cannon. There was no subtlety; Drummond merely launched an attack in line, without attempting to use his many light infantry to harass or disorder the American line,[12] or to locate any weak points in it. The attack was beaten back after a short-range musketry duel over the abandoned British guns, in which both sides suffered heavy casualties.[13] The Glengarry Light Infantry, who had once again begun to harass the American left flank, were mistaken for Americans by other British units and forced to withdraw after suffering casualties from British fire. Undeterred by his first failure, Drummond launched a second attack, using the same methods and formation as in the first. Although some American units wavered, they were rallied by Ripley and stood their ground.[14] While the combat was taking place, Winfield Scott led his depleted brigade (which had been reorganized into a single ad-hoc battalion under Major Henry 1869 map of the battle Leavenworth) in an unauthorized attack against Drummond's centre. Scott's brigade was engaged both by the British and by units of Ripley's brigade, who were not aware of the identity of the troops at which they were shooting. Drummond's line was driven back but Scott's men broke in disorder and retreated, before rallying on the American left.[15] Scott rode off to join Jesup's regiment, still out on the right flank, but was severely wounded shortly afterwards. Shortly before midnight, Drummond launched a third counter-attack, using every man he could find,[16] although by this time the British line consisted of mixed-up detachments and companies, rather than organised regiments and battalions. The fighting over the artillery was even closer than before, with bayonets being used at one point, but again the exhausted British fell back.

End of the battle

By midnight both sides were spent. On the American side only 700 men were still standing in the line. Winfield Scott and Jacob Brown were both severely wounded. Brown would soon recover but Scott's injury removed him from the campaign. With supplies and water short, Brown ordered a retreat. Porter and Lieutenant Colonel Jacob Hindman (Brown's artillery commander) protested but complied. Ripley was apparently left unaware of Brown's order until he realised that Hindman's artillery had been withdrawn.[17] Although urged by Porter to maintain his position, he also withdrew.[11] The British still had 1,400 men on the field but they were in no condition to interfere with the American withdrawal. Drummond had ordered some units to hold the Portage Road and left some light infantry outposts near the Americans, but had withdrawn the remainder a short distance west along Lundy's Lane.[18] The American artillerymen had suffered severely during the fighting and Hindman had difficulty finding sufficient draught horses to get all his guns away. One American 6-pounder gun had been lost earlier during the close-range fighting when its drivers had been hit by musket fire and the horses drawing it had bolted into the British lines.[19] Hindman also had to abandon a howitzer with a broken carriage. However, the Americans were able to drag away one captured 6-pounder gun which had earlier been pushed to the bottom of the high ground in the centre of the

Battle of Lundy's Lane former British position.[20] Hindman later found some more horses and sent a team back to recover one of the prized British 24-pounder guns. The team was captured by British parties who were wandering around the battlefield.[21]

12

Aftermath
In the early hours of the morning of 26 July, Brown ordered Ripley to recover the abandoned British guns the next day. Reinforcing his exhausted men with detachments which had been left at Chippawa, Ripley moved out at daybreak with 1,200 soldiers but found that Drummond had reoccupied the battlefield with 2,200 men.[22] Ripley withdrew, unmolested. The American army fell back to Fort Erie, first deliberately destroying the old British fortifications along the Chippawa River and burning the bridges behind them. Because they were short of transport, they had to abandon or destroy much equipment and supplies to make room for the wounded on the available wagons. Drummond was later to claim from this that the Americans had retreated in disorder. In fact, after burying some of the British and Canadian dead on the battlefield and burning many American corpses in large funeral pyres, the British had themselves withdrawn to Queenston until Drummond received reinforcements.

Casualties
The British official casualty return had 84 killed, 559 wounded, 42 captured and 193 missing.[] The Americans captured 19 British officers and 150 other ranks, giving a revised British casualty total of 84 killed, 559 wounded, 169 captured and 55 missing.[] The original American official casualty return, dated 30 July 1814, gave 171 dead, 572 wounded and 117 missing.[23] A slightly later version gave the same number of killed and wounded but only 110 missing.[24] Donald Graves says, "British records state that four officers and 75 Americans of other ranks captured at Lundy's Lane were imprisoned at Quebec in the autumn of 1814. The remainder of the missing were probably the wounded or dead left on the field after Ripley withdrew".[25] Three officers of the 22nd U.S. Regiment of Infantry; Lieutenants William Sturgis, John D. Kehr and Robert M. Davidson, who appear on the casualty list as "missing" and "supposed to be killed"[26] were later confirmed as having been killed on 25 July.[27] This gives a revised American loss of 174 killed, 572 wounded, 79 captured and 28 missing. Graves speculates that the discrepancies in the proportions of killed and wounded men between British and American casualties may be accounted for by the Americans not collating their casualty returns until five days after the battle, when some of those originally listed as missing were confirmed to have been killed, and some severely wounded men had died of their wounds.[28]

Battle of Lundy's Lane

13

Outcome and analysis

There had been much fighting at close quarters. Veteran British officers, who had fought against French armies in the Peninsular War, were horrified at the carnage they had witnessed at Lundy's Lane. Drummond reported, "Of so determined a Character were [the American] attacks directed against our guns that our Artillery Men were bayonetted by the enemy in the Act of loading, and the muzzles of the Enemy's Guns were advanced within a few Yards of ours". The battle confirmed that the American regular forces had evolved into a highly professional army. Scott is widely credited for this progress, having modelled and trained his troops using French Revolutionary Army drills and exercises, although not all the American units present at Lundy's Lane had benefitted from his personal training.[29] Evidence compiled by Donald Graves, a Canadian historian employed at the Directorate of History, Department of National Defence Canada, argues that General Drummond failed to use skirmish pickets to protect Lundy's Lane Historical Museum in Niagara his guns, which were consequently captured by the Americans. Falls, Ontario, Canada on Lundy's Lane near the Drummond also showed little tactical finesse during his battle site counter-attacks, not using his light infantry to their best advantage and mounting only straightforward frontal attacks. American historian John R. Elting suggests that if Drummond had instead concentrated on the vulnerable American left flank, he might have won a decisive victory.[22] (Drummond had much administrative experience, but had previously seen action only in the abortive Flanders Campaign in 1794 as a comparatively junior officer, and in the Egyptian campaign in 1801 as commander of a battalion.) In respect to the effect of the battle on the War, the British won a strategic victory, since the Americans on the Niagara had suffered so many casualties that they were now badly outnumbered, and were forced to retire to Fort Erie. Richard V. Barbuto says, "On 26 July, Brown's plan to advance on Burlington Heights was irretrievably shattered... Drummond had secured the forts at the northern end of the Niagara, and he had blunted an American advance. Although there was still a lot of fight in both forces, the balance of combat power on the Niagara Peninsula had swung from the invaders to the defenders".[30] However, Drummond followed up the retreating Americans so slowly that they had time to reorganise and to prepare Fort Erie for defence. During the ensuing Siege of Fort Erie, the British suffered very heavy casualties from a disastrous failed storming attempt and from sickness and shortages of supplies, and were forced to raise the siege, thus throwing away any advantage they may have gained as a result of the Battle of Lundy's Lane.

Battlefield and memorials

The site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1937.[31][32] The site of the battle is now a residential and commercial area of Niagara Falls, Ontario. Part of the battlefield site was preserved next to the Drummond Hill Cemetery on Lundy's Lane east of Drummond Road. Other memorials added to the site include: Soldiers Monument created by the Canadian Parliament and unveiled by Lundys Lane Historical Society in 1895 Commemorative Wall added 2004[33] Laura Secord Monument Laura Secord is buried at the Drummond Hill Cemetery

Battle of Lundy's Lane

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Legacy
James Miller's response, "I'll try, Sir", to Brown's order to capture the British guns is now the motto of the 5th U.S. Infantry, into which the 21st were merged in 1815 when Congress reduced the United States Army to a smaller peacetime establishment. Ten active regular infantry battalions of the United States Army (1-2 Inf, 2-2 Inf, 1-3 Inf, 2-3 Inf, 4-3 Inf, 1-5 Inf, 2-5 Inf, 1-6 Inf, 2-6 Inf and 4-6 Inf) perpetuate the lineages of a number of American infantry units (the old 1st, 9th, 19th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd and 25th Infantry Regiments) that took part in the battle. As the result of a decision taken in 2012, four Ontario-based regiments of the Canadian Army perpetuate the history and heritage of the Battalion of Incorporated Militia and thus will carry the NIAGARA battle honour earned by that battalion. These regiments are: The Lincoln and Welland Regiment, the Queen's York Rangers, the Brockville Rifles and the Princess of Wales' Own Regiment. http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?category=1& featureId=6&pageId=26&id=4823 In 1908, Canadian poet Duncan Campbell Scott wrote a poem, "The Battle of Lundy's Lane," which won a contest sponsored by the Toronto Globe. The poem was reprinted in his 1916 collection, Lundy's Lane and Other Poems.[34] Lundy's Lane is mentioned in the unofficial Canadian patriotic anthem, "The Maple Leaf Forever" : At Queenston Heights and Lundy's Lane our brave fathers, side by side for freedom, homes, and loved ones dear, firmly stood and nobly died. And those dear rights which they maintained, we swear to yield them never. Our watchword evermore shall be, the Maple Leaf forever! In the 2002 film Gangs of New York, the character of Bill "the Butcher" Cutting, played by Daniel Day Lewis, mentions that his father died "for his country" on the "25th of July Anno Domini 1814". Given the context of the film, it is likely he was referring to the Battle of Lundy's Lane.

Orders of battle
British order of battle [] American order of battle Left Division (Major General Jacob Brown) []

Lieutenant General Sir Gordon Drummond

Battle of Lundy's Lane

15
1st Brigade (Brigadier General Winfield Scott) 9th U.S. Infantry (Major Henry Leavenworth) 11th U.S. Infantry Major (John McNeil) 22nd U.S. Infantry (Colonel Hugh Brady) 25th U.S. Infantry (Major Thomas Jesup) Towson's Company U.S. Artillery (Two 6-pounder guns, One 5.5-inch howitzer) 2nd Brigade (Brigadier General Eleazer Wheelock Ripley) 21st U.S. Infantry (Lieutenant Colonel James Miller)

Right Division (Major General Phineas Riall) 2nd (Light) Brigade (Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Pearson) Glengarry Light Infantry (Lieutenant Colonel Francis Battersby)

Upper Canada Incorporated Militia Battalion (Lieutenant Colonel William Robinson) 1st Militia Brigade (Lieutenant Colonel Love Parry)

Detachments from 1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th Lincoln and 2nd York Militia Regiments One troop, 19th Light Dragoons (Major Robert Lisle) Provincial Dragoons (Merritt's Troop) (Captain William Hamilton Merritt) Royal Artillery (Two 6-pounder guns, One 5.5-inch howitzer) Drummond's column 2nd Battalion, 89th Foot (Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Wanton Morrison) Three companies, 1st Battalion, 1st Foot (Royal Scots) (Captain William Brereton) Light company, 1st Battalion, 8th (King's) Foot (Captain Francis Campbell) Light company 41st Foot (Captain Joseph B. Glew) Artillery (Captain James MachLachlane)

17th U.S.Infantry (one company) 19th U.S. Infantry (one company) 23rd U.S.Infantry (Major Daniel McFarland) 1st U.S. Infantry (four companies) (Lieutenant Colonel Robert Nicholas) 3rd (Militia) Brigade (Brigadier General Peter B. Porter) 5th Pennsylvania Militia (Major James Wood) New York Militia Volunteers (Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Dobbin) Canadian Volunteers (approx. 1 company) (Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Willcocks U.S. Artillery (Lieutenant Colonel Jacob Hindman) Ritchie's Company (Two 6-pounder guns, One 5.5-inch howitzer) Biddle's Company (Three 12-pounder guns) Cavalry (Captain Samuel D. Harris) Detachment, U.S. Dragoons Troop, New York Volunteer Dragoons

Royal Artillery (Two light 24-pounder guns) Royal Marine Artillery (Two Congreve rocket launchers) Colonel Hercules Scott's Column 1st Brigade (Colonel Scott) 103rd Foot (Major William Smelt) Five companies, 1st Battalion, 8th (King's) Foot (Major Thomas Evans) Flank companies, 104th (New Brunswick) Foot (Captain Richard Leonard) 2nd Militia Brigade (Lieutenant Colonel Christopher Hamilton)

Note: A company of three 18-pounder guns under Captain Alexander Williams and another of two 18-pounder guns under Lieutenant David Douglass could not be brought into action

Caldwell's Western Rangers Detachments from 1st, 2nd Norfolk, 1st Essex, 1st Middlesex, 4th, 5th Lincoln and 2nd York Regiments Royal Artillery (Three 6-pounder guns) (Captain James Mackonochie) Reserve (Lieutenant Colonel John Gordon) Seven companies, 1st Battalion, 1st Foot (Royal Scots)

Note: the companies of the Royal Scots and 8th King's were very understrength, after the Battle of Chippawa earlier in the month.

Battle of Lundy's Lane

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Notes
[1] The War of 1812 (http:/ / www. archives. gov. on. ca/ english/ on-line-exhibits/ 1812/ niagara-1814. aspx) [2] Heidler (2004), p. 161 [3] Belanger (2009), p. 72 [4] Graves (1997), p.104 [5] Graves (1999), p.107 [6] Elting (1995), p.190 [7] Elting (1995), p. 191 [8] Graves (1997), pp.129-131 [9] Graves (1997), pp. 138-141 [10] Graves (1997), p.145 [11] Elting (1995), p. 195 [12] Graves (1997), p.167 [13] Graves (1997), pp. 170-171 [14] Graves (1997), p. 174 [15] Elting (1995), p. 194 [16] Graves (1997), pp. 180-181 [17] Graves (1997), pp. 182-183 [18] Graves (1997), p. 187 [19] Elting (1995), p. 193 [20] Graves (1997), p. 183 [21] Graves (1997), p. 185 [22] Elting (1995), p.196 [23] Cruikshank, p. 421 [24] Wood, p. 164 [25] Graves (1993), p. 175 [26] Cruikshank, p. 423 [27] Whitehorne, pp. 149-150 [28] Graves (1997), pp.197-198 [29] Elting (1995), pp.179-180 [30] Barbuto, p. 229 [31] Battle of Lundy's Lane (http:/ / www. pc. gc. ca/ apps/ lhn-nhs/ det_E. asp?oqSID=0435& oqeName=Battle+ of+ Lundy''s+ Lane& oqfName=Bataille+ de+ la+ ruelle+ de+ Lundy), Directory of Designations of National Historic Significance of Canada [32] Battle of Lundy's Lane (http:/ / www. historicplaces. ca/ en/ rep-reg/ place-lieu. aspx?id=12081& pid=0). Canadian Register of Historic Places. Retrieved September 16, 2011. [33] "Battlefield Commemorative Wall" (http:/ / www. niagarafalls. ca/ city_hall/ departments/ parks_recreation_and_culture/ art_scene/ community_groups/ heritage/ battlefield_wall. asp). City of Niagara Falls, Ontario. . Retrieved 2009-07-14. [34] John Garvin, " Duncan Campbell Scott (http:/ / digital. library. upenn. edu/ women/ garvin/ poets/ scottdc. html)," Canadian Poets (Toronto: McLelland, Goodchild & Stewart, 1916), 133. UPenn, Web, Apr. 1, 2011

References
Barbuto, Richard V. (2000). Niagara 1814: America Invades Canada. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN0-7006-1052-9. Belanger, Jeff (2009-01). Ghosts of War: Restless Spirits of Soldiers, Spies, and Saboteurs (http://books.google. com/books?id=eSkxzGghPrUC&pg=PA72). The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN978-1-4358-5177-1. Borneman, Walter R. (2004). 1812: The War That Forged a Nation. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN978-0-06-053112-6. Cruikshank, Ernest A. (1971 (first published 1907). The Documentary History of the Campaign upon the Niagara Frontier in the Year 1814 (Reprint ed.). by Arno Press. ISBN0-405-02838-5. Elting, John R. (1995). Amateurs to Arms! A military history of the War of 1812. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN0-306-80653-3. Graves, Donald E. (1993). The Battle of Lundy's Lane, On the Niagara in 1814. Baltimore, MD: The Nautical & Aviation Company of America, Inc.. ISBN1-877853-22-4.

Battle of Lundy's Lane Graves, Donald E. (1997). Where Right and Glory Lead! The Battle of Lundy's Lane 1814. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio Inc.. ISBN1-896941-03-6. Heidler, David Stephen; Heidler, Jeanne T. (2004-09). Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 (http://books.google. com/books?id=_c09EJgek50C&pg=PA161). Naval Institute Press. ISBN978-1-59114-362-8. Hitsman, J. Mackay; Graves, Donald E (1999). The Incredible War of 1812. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. ISBN1-896941-13-3. Quimby, Robert S. (1997). The U.S. Army in the War of 1812: An Operational and Command Study. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press. ISBN0-87013-441-8. Whitehorne, Joseph (1992). While Washington Burned: The Battle for Fort Erie, 1814. Baltimore, MD: The Nautical & Aviation Publishing Company of America. ISBN1-877853-18-6. Wood, William (1968). Select British Documents of the Canadian War of 1812. Volume III, Part 1. New York: Greenwood Press.

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External links
History of the Incorporated Militia Battalion of Upper Canada (http://www.warof1812.ca/imuc.htm) Images from the Historic Niagara Digital Collections at Niagara Falls Public Library (http://www.nflibrary.ca/ nfplindex/results.asp?action=browse&q=295&key=2265) Art works in the collection of the Niagara Falls Public Library (http://www.nflibrary.ca/nfplindex/results. asp?action=browse&q=79&key=2265) Poems of the Battle of Lundy's Lane from the Niagara Falls Poetry Project (http://www.niagarapoetry.ca/ warcontents.htm) PBS Documentary Includes a chapter on Lundy's Lane. (http://www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-1812/the-film/ watch-film-and-bonus-features/)

Siege of Fort Meigs

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Siege of Fort Meigs

The Siege of Fort Meigs took place during the War of 1812, in northwestern Ohio. A small British army with support from Indians attempted to capture the recently-constructed fort to forestall an American offensive against Detroit, which the British had captured the previous year. An American sortie and relief attempt failed with heavy casualties, but the British failed to capture the fort and were forced to raise the siege.

Background
In the early days of the War of 1812, an American Army under Brigadier General William Hull surrendered following the Siege of Detroit. To recover Detroit, the Americans formed the Army of the Northwest. Brigadier General James Winchester briefly commanded the Army before William Henry Harrison was commissioned Major General in the regular United States Army.[1] Harrison's advance was hampered by bad weather and shortage of supplies. On 22 January 1813, the leading detachment of his army (commanded by Winchester) was defeated at the Battle of Frenchtown. Harrison withdrew with his main body to the Maumee or Miami du Lac River, and in spite of rebukes from James Monroe, who was temporarily serving as United States Secretary of War, he gave orders for the construction of several forts to protect the rivers and trails which his army would use in any renewed advance. Two of the most important were Fort Meigs (named for Return J. Meigs, Jr., the Governor of Ohio) on the Maumee River and Fort Stephenson on the Sandusky River. Harrison descended the Maumee to the site of Fort Meigs with an army which ultimately numbered 4,000 men (mainly militia) and began construction of the fort on 1 February 1813. He contemplated a hit-and-run attack across the frozen Lake Erie against the British position at Amherstburg, but found that the ice was breaking up and returned to the half-finished fort.[2] He found the officer he had left in charge, Joel B. Leftwich, had left with all his men because the enlistment period of the militia units assigned to the task had expired. Construction had halted, and the wood that had been cut was being used as firewood. As the enlistments of Harrison's Ohio and Kentucky militia were also about to expire, Harrison disbanded his force and departed for Cincinnati, Ohio, to raise a fresh army. He left Engineer Major Eleazer D. Wood to complete the construction of the fort. The garrison consisted of several hundred men from the 17th and 19th U.S. Infantry, who were inadequately clothed, plus militia from Pennsylvania and Virginia whose own enlistments were soon to expire. The fort was on the south bank of the Maumee, near the Miami Rapids. Across the river were the ruins of the old British Fort Miami and the site of the 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers. Fort Meigs occupied an area of 8 acres (unknown operator: u'strong' m2), the largest constructed in North America to that date. The perimeter consisted of a fifteen-foot picket fence, linking eight blockhouses. The north face was protected by the Maumee, and the east and west faces by ravines. The south face was cleared of all timber to create an open glacis.[3] The poor weather of early spring prevented a British attack while the fort was still vulnerable.[4] The British commander on the Detroit frontier, Major General Henry Procter, had been urged to attack Presque Isle (present day Erie, Pennsylvania), where the Americans were constructing a flotilla intended to seize control of Lake Erie, but Procter refused unless he received substantial reinforcements. Instead, he decided upon an attack on Fort Meigs, to disrupt American preparations for a summer campaign and hopefully capture supplies.[5] Harrison received word of Procter's preparations, and hastened down the Maumee with 300 reinforcements, increasing the garrison of the fort to a total of 1,100 men.[3] Harrison had persuaded Isaac Shelby, the Governor of Kentucky, to call up a brigade of 1,200 Kentucky militia under Brigadier General Green Clay. Clay's brigade followed Harrison down the Maumee, but had not reached the fort before it was besieged.

Siege of Fort Meigs

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The Siege begins

Procter's force disembarked at the mouth of the Maumee on 26 April. His force consisted of 31 men of the Royal Artillery, 423 men of the 41st Regiment of Foot, 63 men of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment, 16 men from other units, and 462 Canadian militia. He also had roughly 1,250 American Indian warriors led by Shawnee chief Tecumseh. His artillery consisted of two 24-pounder guns (which had been captured at Detroit), nine lighter guns and two gunboats mounting 9-pounder guns.[3] It took several days for the British force to move up the Maumee and set up batteries. Most of these were on the north side of the river, but one was set up on the south side. Most of the Indians also were on the south side of the river, loosely investing the fort. As the British established their batteries, Harrison ordered "traverses", embankments 12 feet (unknown operator: u'strong'm) high, to be hastily thrown up within the fort. The British batteries opened fire on 1 May, but most of the cannon shot fired sank harmlessly into the wet earth of the traverses and embankments.

Battle of the Miami

On 2 May, Harrison sent a courier to Clay's force, with orders for part of them to spike the British guns on the north bank and then withdraw into the fort, while a sortie from the fort attacked the battery on the south bank. The Indians had seemingly not guarded the river properly[3] and the Kentuckians gained complete surprise. Early on the morning of 5 May, a detachment from Clay's brigade under Colonel William Dudley landed from boats on the north bank of the river. Dudley's command comprised 761 of his own 10th Kentucky Detached Regiment of Militia, 60 of the 13th Kentucky Regiment of Detached Militia and 45 U.S. Army regular troops.[6] This force stormed the

Plan of the Battle of 5 May, from Benson J. Lossing's Pictorial Field Book of the War of 1812

batteries on the north bank and spiked the guns but used ramrods for the spiking instead of handspikes, which meant that the cannon were only temporarily disabled.[7] Dudley then lost control of some of his men. Coming under fire from Indians in the woods, part of the Kentuckian force pursued Tecumseh's men, who led them deeper into the forest. Dudley followed in an attempt to bring them back, leaving Major James Shelby in command at the battery.[8] Major Adam Muir led three companies of the 41st and one of Canadian militia from the British camp and stormed the battery, killing many of the Kentuckians and forcing Shelby to surrender.[9] In the woods, the disorganised Kentuckians were decimated in confused fighting.[7] Of Dudley's 866 officers and men,[6] only 150[10] escaped to the fort. This became known as "Dudley's Massacre" or "Dudley's Defeat". On the south bank, the American sortie against the British battery was partially successful. Colonel John Miller, at the head of 350 regulars and volunteers, captured the battery and took 41 prisoners. However, Captain Richard Bullock, with the flank companies of the 1/41st, two companies of militia and 300 Indians, counterattacked and, in hard fighting, drove Miller's detachment back into the fort with heavy casualties.[11] Meanwhile the rest of Clay's force reached the fort to reinforce the garrison.

Siege of Fort Meigs

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Aftermath
After the battle, the prisoners from Dudley's command were taken for confinement to the ruined Fort Miami near the British camp. Here, some of the Indians began massacring prisoners and several Americans were killed before Tecumseh, Lieutenant Colonel Matthew Elliott and Captain Thomas McKee of the Indian Department persuaded the warriors to stop.[12] Tecumseh is reputed to have asked Procter why he had not stopped the massacre and, when Procter replied that the Indians could not be made to obey, replied, "Begone! You are unfit to command. Go and put on petticoats".[10] Another version of the incident had Tecumseh rebuking Procter with, "I conquer to save; you to kill".[13] Eye-witness accounts stated that between 12 and 14 prisoners were killed in the massacre.[14] The battle of 5 May was known to the British as "the Battle of the Miami", having taken place beside the Miami du Lac River (now known as the Maumee River). The 41st Regiment were awarded the battle honour, "Miami", in commemoration of their victory.[15] Five active regular battalions of the United States Army (1-3 Inf, 2-3 Inf, 4-3 Inf, 2-7 Inf and 3-7 Inf) perpetuate the lineage of the old 17th, 19th and 24th Infantry Regiments, which had elements that were engaged at Fort Meigs. In addition, Virginia militia units that eventually became the 150th Cavalry (ARNG WV) were present during the construction of the fort.

Casualties
The British official casualty return gave 14 killed, 47 wounded and 40 captured.[16] It was headed as being for May 5 but it appears to have been for the entire siege up to and including May 5, since it included among the wounded Captain Laurent Bondy of the Canadian militia, who is known to have received his (ultimately fatal) wound from artillery fire on May 3. The Native Americans allied to the British had 19 men killed and wounded.[17] Harrison reported the casualties sustained by his garrison in the entire siege, from 28 April to 9 May, as 80 killed and 190 wounded, of whom 12 were killed and 20 wounded by artillery fire.[18] This would indicate 68 killed and 170 wounded during the engagement on 5 May. An official British return of prisoners details 547 captured Americans but a note from Procter states that "since the above return was made out more than eighty prisoners have been brought by the Indians".[19] This would give a total of about 630 Americans captured at the battle.[20] Harrison reported no men missing or captured from his garrison,[21] so all of the prisoners taken on 5 May must have been from Dudley's troops on the north bank of the river. The official casualty report for Dudley's command, compiled after the Kentucky Militia prisoners were paroled, details 80 men killed and 100 wounded (all of whom had been captured)[22]. This gives total casualties for Dudley's 866-strong detachment of 80 killed, 100 wounded prisoners, 530 unwounded prisoners and 6 missing; and an overall American loss on May 5 of 148 killed, 170 wounded, 100 wounded prisoners, 530 unwounded prisoners and 6 missing.

End of the Siege

On 7 May, terms were arranged providing for the mutual exchange of all regular prisoners and the parole of the Kentucky Militia prisoners, who were convoyed to Sandusky under pledge of performing no further military service until formally exchanged for British prisoners.[20] On the same day, Procter's artillery resumed fire, but most of the Indians had abandoned the army and the Canadian militia were anxious to get back to their farms. The renewed bombardment had little effect, and the garrison of the fort now outnumbered the besiegers. Procter abandoned the siege on 9 May. The total American loss in the siege came to 160 killed, 190 wounded, 100 wounded prisoners, 530 other prisoners and 6 missing: 986 in all.[] John Sugden says that 14 killed, 47 wounded and 41 captured were Procter's entire (non-Indian) casualties for the siege, which indicates that 1 man was captured after 5 May.[]

Siege of Fort Meigs

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Second Siege
Once the British had departed, Harrison left Clay in command of the fort with about 100 militiamen. Tecumseh urged Procter to make a renewed effort to capture the fort in July. Tecumseh's warriors staged a mock battle in the woods to make it appear as if they were attacking a column of American reinforcements to lure Clay out of the fort. However, Clay knew no reinforcements were coming, and the ruse failed. Procter quickly abandoned the second siege.

Notes
[1] Skaggs, David Curtis (October, 2008). "The Making of a Major General: the Politics of Command of the North West Army, 1812-13" (http:/ / www. napoleon-series. org/ military/ Warof1812/ 2008/ Issue10/ c_Harrison. html). . Retrieved 12 October 2009. [2] Elting, p.64 [3] Elting, p.105 [4] Elting, p.104 [5] Hitsman and Mackay, p.141 [6] Lossing, p. 486 [7] Sugden, p. 332 [8] Antal, p. 225 [9] James, p. 188 [10] Gilpin, p. 187 [11] James, pp. 199-200 [12] Antal, p. 226 [13] Sugden, p. 337 [14] Sugden, p. 335 [15] Yaworsky, Jim, The 41st Regiment and the War of 1812 (http:/ / www. warof1812. ca/ 41stregt. htm) [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] James, p. 430 Cruikshank, p. 297 Eaton, p. 8 Wood, p. 39 Gilpin, p. 189 Gilpin, pp. 188, 193 Eaton, p. 9

References
Antal, Sandy (1997). A Wampum Denied: Proctor's War of 1812. Carleton University Press. ISBN0-87013-443-4. Berton, Pierre (2001). Flames Across the Border. Anchor Canada. ISBN978-0-385-65838-6. Cruikshank, Ernest (1971 (first published 1902)). The Documentary History of the Campaign upon the Niagara Frontier in the Year 1813. Part I: January to June, 1813. New York: Arno Press (reprint edition). ISBN0-405-02838-5. Eaton, Joseph H. (2000). Returns of Killed and Wounded in Battles or Engagements with Indians and British and Mexican Troops, 1790-1848, Compiled by Lt. Col J. H. Eaton (Eatons Compilation). Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration Microfilm Publications. Elting, John R. (1995). Amateurs to Arms: A military history of the War of 1812. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN0-306-80653-3. Gilpin, Alec R. (1958 (1968 reprint edition)). The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest. East Lansing, MI: The Michigan State University Press. Hitsman, J. Mackay; Donald E. Graves (1999). The Incredible War of 1812. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. ISBN1-896941-13-3. James, William (1818). A Full and Correct Account of the Military Occurrences of the Late War between Great Britain and the United States of America: Volume I. London: Printed for the Author. ISBN0-665-35743-5.

Siege of Fort Meigs Latimer, Jon (2007). 1812: War with America. Harvard University Press. ISBN0-674-02584-9. Lossing, Benson J. (1976 (first published 1868)). The Pictorial Fieldbook of the War of 1812. Somersworth: New Hampshire Publishing Company. ISBN0-912274-31-X. Sugden, John (1999). Tecumseh: A Life. London: Pimlico. ISBN0-7126-6508-0. Wood, William (1968 (first published 1923)). Select British Documents of the Canadian War of 1812, Volume II. New York: Greenwood Press.

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External links
The War of 1812 (http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/allbat.html) Events: Fort Meigs (http://www.galafilm.com/1812/e/events/ftmeigs.html)

Battle of Gettysburg
/tsbr/, with an /s/ sound),[1] was fought July 13, 1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The battle with the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War,[2] it is often described as the war's turning point.[3] Union Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, ending Lee's invasion of the North. The Battle of Gettysburg (local After his success at Chancellorsville in Virginia in May 1863, Lee led his army through the Shenandoah Valley to begin his second invasion of the Norththe Gettysburg Campaign. With his army in high spirits, Lee intended to shift the focus of the summer campaign from war-ravaged northern Virginia and hoped to influence Northern politicians to give up their prosecution of the war by penetrating as far as Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, or even Philadelphia. Prodded by President Abraham Lincoln, Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker moved his army in pursuit, but was relieved just three days before the battle and replaced by Meade. Elements of the two armies initially collided at Gettysburg on July 1, 1863, as Lee urgently concentrated his forces there, his objective being to engage the Union army and destroy it. Low ridges to the northwest of town were defended initially by a Union cavalry division under Brig. Gen. John Buford, and soon reinforced with two corps of Union infantry. However, two large Confederate corps assaulted them from the northwest and north, collapsing the hastily developed Union lines, sending the defenders retreating through the streets of town to the hills just to the south. On the second day of battle, most of both armies had assembled. The Union line was laid out in a defensive formation resembling a fishhook. In the late afternoon of July 2, Lee launched a heavy assault on the Union left flank, and fierce fighting raged at Little Round Top, the Wheatfield, Devil's Den, and the Peach Orchard. On the Union right, demonstrations escalated into full-scale assaults on Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill. All across the battlefield, despite significant losses, the Union defenders held their lines. On the third day of battle, July 3, fighting resumed on Culp's Hill, and cavalry battles raged to the east and south, but the main event was a dramatic infantry assault by 12,500 Confederates against the center of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge, known as Pickett's Charge. The charge was repulsed by Union rifle and artillery fire, at great losses to the Confederate army. Lee led his army on a torturous retreat back to Virginia. Between 46,000 and 51,000 soldiers from both armies were casualties in the three-day battle. That November, President Lincoln used the dedication ceremony for the Gettysburg National Cemetery to honor the fallen Union soldiers and redefine the purpose of the war in his historic Gettysburg Address.
i

Battle of Gettysburg

23

Background and movement to battle

Further information: Gettysburg Campaign, Gettysburg Battlefield, Confederate order of battle, and Union order of battle Shortly after the Army of Northern Virginia won a major victory over the Army of the Potomac at the Battle of Chancellorsville (April 30 May 6, 1863), Robert E. Lee decided upon a second invasion of the North (the first was the unsuccessful Maryland Campaign of September 1862, which ended in the bloody Battle of Antietam). Such a move would upset Federal plans for the summer campaigning season and possibly reduce the pressure on the besieged Confederate garrison at Vicksburg. The invasion would allow the Confederates to live off the bounty of the rich Northern farms while giving war-ravaged Virginia a much-needed rest. In addition, Lee's 72,000-man army[] could threaten Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, and possibly strengthen the growing peace movement in the North.[4] Thus, on June 3, Lee's army began to shift northward from Fredericksburg, Virginia. To attain more efficiency in his command, Lee had reorganized his Gettysburg Campaign (through July 3); cavalry movements shown two large corps into three new corps. Lt. Gen. James with dashed lines. ConfederateUnion Longstreet retained command of his First Corps. The old corps of deceased Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson was divided in two, with the Second Corps going to Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell and the new Third Corps to Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill. The Cavalry Division was commanded by Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart.[5] The Union Army of the Potomac, under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, consisted of seven infantry corps, a cavalry corps, and an Artillery Reserve, for a combined strength of about 94,000 men.[] However, President Lincoln replaced Hooker with Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade, a Pennsylvanian, because of Hooker's defeat at Chancellorsville and his timid response to Lee's second invasion north of the Potomac River. The first major action of the campaign took place on June 9 between cavalry forces at Brandy Station, near Culpeper, Virginia. The 9,500 Confederate cavalrymen under Stuart were surprised by Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton's combined arms force of two cavalry divisions (8,000 troopers) and 3,000 infantry, but Stuart eventually repulsed the Union attack. The inconclusive battle, the largest predominantly cavalry engagement of the war, proved for the first time that the Union horse soldier was equal to his Southern counterpart.[6] By mid-June, the Army of Northern Virginia was poised to cross the Potomac River and enter Maryland. After defeating the Federal garrisons at Winchester and Martinsburg, Ewell's Second Corps began crossing the river on June 15. Hill's and Longstreet's corps followed on June 24 and June 25. Hooker's army pursued, keeping between the U.S. capital and Lee's army. The Federals crossed the Potomac from June 25 to June 27.[7]

Battle of Gettysburg

24 Lee gave strict orders for his army to minimize any negative impacts on the civilian population.[8] Food, horses, and other supplies were generally not seized outright, although quartermasters reimbursing Northern farmers and merchants with Confederate money were not well received. Various towns, most notably York, Pennsylvania, were required to pay indemnities in lieu of supplies, under threat of destruction. During the invasion, the Confederates seized some 40 northern African Americans, a few of whom were escaped fugitive slaves but most were freemen. They were sent south into slavery under guard.[9] On June 26, elements of Maj. Gen. Jubal Early's division of Ewell's Corps occupied the town of Gettysburg after chasing off newly raised Pennsylvania militia in a series of minor skirmishes. Early laid the borough under tribute but did not collect any significant supplies. Soldiers burned several railroad cars and a covered bridge, and destroyed nearby rails and telegraph lines. The following morning, Early departed for adjacent York County.[10]

Meanwhile, in a controversial move, Lee allowed Jeb Stuart to take a portion of the army's cavalry and ride around the east flank of the Union army. Lee's orders gave Stuart much latitude, and both generals share the blame for the long absence of Stuart's cavalry, as well as for the failure to assign a more active role to the cavalry left with the army. Stuart and his three best brigades were absent from the army during the crucial phase of the approach to Gettysburg and the first two days of battle. By June 29, Lee's army was strung out in an arc from Chambersburg (28 miles (45km) northwest of Gettysburg) to Carlisle (30 miles (48km) north of Gettysburg) to near Harrisburg and Wrightsville on the Susquehanna River.[11] In a dispute over the use of the forces defending the Harpers Ferry garrison, Hooker offered his resignation, and Abraham Lincoln and General-in-Chief Henry W. Halleck, who were looking for an excuse to get rid of him, immediately accepted. They replaced Hooker early on the morning of June 28 with Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade, then commander of the V Corps.[12] On June 29, when Lee learned that the Army of the Potomac had crossed the Potomac River, he ordered a concentration of his forces around Cashtown, located at the eastern base of South Mountain and eight miles (13km) west of Gettysburg.[13] On June 30, while part of Hill's Corps was in Cashtown, one of Hill's brigades, North Carolinians under Brig. Gen. J. Johnston Pettigrew, ventured toward Gettysburg. In his memoirs, Maj. Gen. Henry Heth, Pettigrew's division commander, claimed that he sent Pettigrew to search for supplies in townespecially shoes.[14] When Pettigrew's troops approached Gettysburg on June 30, they noticed Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. John Buford arriving south of town, and Pettigrew returned to Cashtown without engaging them. When Pettigrew told Hill and Heth what he had seen, neither general believed that there was a substantial Federal force in or near the town, suspecting that it had been only Pennsylvania militia. Despite General Lee's order to avoid a general engagement until his entire army was concentrated, Hill decided to mount a significant reconnaissance in force the following morning to determine the size and strength of the enemy force in his front. Around 5 a.m. on Wednesday, July 1, two brigades of Heth's division advanced to Gettysburg.[15]

This 1863 oval-shaped map depicts Gettysburg Battlefield during July 13, 1863, showing troop and artillery positions and movements, relief hachures, drainage, roads, railroads, and houses with the names of residents at the time of the Battle of Gettysburg.

Battle of Gettysburg

25

First day of battle

Further information: Battle of Gettysburg, First Day Anticipating that the Confederates would march on Gettysburg from the west on the morning of July 1, Buford laid out his defenses on three ridges west of the town: Herr Ridge, McPherson Ridge, and Seminary Ridge. These were appropriate terrain for a delaying action by his small cavalry division against superior Confederate infantry forces, meant to buy time awaiting the arrival of Union infantrymen who could occupy the strong defensive positions south of town at Cemetery Hill, Cemetery Ridge, and Culp's Hill. Buford understood that if the Confederates could gain control of these heights, Meade's army would have difficulty dislodging them.[16]

Overview map of the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 1863

Heth's division advanced with two brigades forward, commanded by Brig. Gens. James J. Archer and Joseph R. Davis. They proceeded easterly in columns along the Chambersburg Pike. Three miles (5km) west of town, about 7:30 a.m. on July 1, the two brigades met light resistance from vedettes of Union cavalry, and deployed into line. According to lore, the Union soldier to fire the first shot of the battle was Lt. Marcellus Jones.[17] In 1886 Lt. Jones returned to Gettysburg to mark the spot where he fired the first shot with a monument.[18] Eventually, Heth's men reached dismounted troopers of Col. First shot monument William Gamble's cavalry brigade, who raised determined resistance and delaying tactics from behind fence posts with fire from their breechloading carbines.[19] Still, by 10:20 a.m., the Confederates had pushed the Union cavalrymen east to McPherson Ridge, when the vanguard of the I Corps (Maj. Gen. John F. Reynolds) finally arrived.[20] North of the pike, Davis gained a temporary success against Brig. Gen. Lysander Cutler's brigade but was repulsed with heavy losses in an action around an unfinished railroad bed cut in the ridge. South of the pike, Archer's brigade assaulted through Herbst (also known as McPherson's) Woods. The Federal Iron Brigade under Brig. Gen. Solomon Meredith enjoyed initial success against Archer, capturing several hundred men, including Archer himself.[21] General Reynolds was shot and killed early in the fighting while directing troop and artillery placements just to the east of the woods. Shelby Foote wrote that the Union cause lost a man considered by many to be "the best general in

Battle of Gettysburg the army."[22] Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday assumed command. Fighting in the Chambersburg Pike area lasted until about 12:30 p.m. It resumed around 2:30 p.m., when Heth's entire division engaged, adding the brigades of Pettigrew and Col. John M. Brockenbrough.[23] As Pettigrew's North Carolina Brigade came on line, they flanked the 19th Indiana and drove the Iron Brigade back. The 26th North Carolina (the largest regiment in the army with 839 men) lost heavily, leaving the first day's fight with around 212 men. By the end of the three-day battle, they had about 152 men standing, the highest casualty percentage for one battle of any regiment, North or South.[24] Slowly the Iron Brigade was pushed out of the woods toward Seminary Ridge. Hill added Maj. Gen. William Dorsey Pender's division to the assault, and the I Corps was driven back through the grounds of the Lutheran Seminary and Gettysburg streets.[25] As the fighting to the west proceeded, two divisions of Ewell's Second Corps, marching west toward Cashtown in accordance with Lee's order for the army to concentrate in that vicinity, turned south on the Carlisle and Harrisburg roads toward Gettysburg, while the Union XI Corps (Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard) raced north on the Baltimore Pike and Taneytown Road. By early afternoon, the Federal line ran in a semicircle west, north, and northeast of Gettysburg.[26] However, the Federals did not have enough troops; Cutler, who was deployed north of the Chambersburg Pike, had his right flank in the air. The leftmost division of the XI Corps was unable to deploy in time to strengthen the line, so Doubleday was forced to throw in reserve brigades to salvage his line.[27] Around 2 p.m., the Confederate Second Corps divisions of Maj. Gens. Robert E. Rodes and Jubal Early assaulted and out-flanked the Union I and XI Corps positions north and northwest of town. The Confederate brigades of Col. Edward A. O'Neal and Brig. Gen. Alfred Iverson suffered severe losses assaulting the I Corps division of Brig. Gen. John C. Robinson south of Oak Hill. Early's division profited from a blunder by Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow, when he advanced his XI Corps division to Blocher's Knoll (directly north of town and now known as Barlow's Knoll); this represented a salient[28] in the corps line, susceptible to attack from multiple sides, and Early's troops overran Barlow's division, which constituted the right flank of the Union Army's position. Barlow was wounded and captured in the attack.[29] As Federal positions collapsed both north and west of town, Gen. Howard ordered a retreat to the high ground south of town at Cemetery Hill, where he had left the division of Brig. Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr in reserve.[30] Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock assumed command of the battlefield, sent by Meade when he heard that Reynolds had been killed. Hancock, commander of the II Corps and Meade's most trusted subordinate, was ordered to take command of the field and to determine whether Gettysburg was an appropriate place for a major battle.[31] Hancock told Howard, "I think this the strongest position by nature upon which to fight a battle that I ever saw." When Howard agreed, Hancock concluded the discussion: "Very well, sir, I select this as the battle-field." Hancock's determination had a morale-boosting effect on the retreating Union soldiers, but he played no direct tactical role on the first day.[32] General Lee understood the defensive potential to the Union if they held this high ground. He sent orders to Ewell that Cemetery Hill be taken "if practicable." Ewell, who had previously served under Stonewall Jackson, a general well known for issuing peremptory orders, determined such an assault was not practicable and, thus, did not attempt it; this decision is considered by historians to be a great missed opportunity.[33] The first day at Gettysburg, more significant than simply a prelude to the bloody second and third days, ranks as the 23rd biggest battle of the war by number of troops engaged. About one quarter of Meade's army (22,000 men) and one third of Lee's army (27,000) were engaged.[34]

26

Battle of Gettysburg

27

Second day of battle

Further information: Second Day, Little Round Top, Culp's Hill, and Cemetery Hill

Plans and movement to battle

Throughout the evening of July 1 and morning of July 2, most of the remaining infantry of both armies arrived on the field, including the Union II, III, V, VI, and XII Corps. Longstreet's third division, commanded by Maj. Gen. George Pickett, had begun the march from Chambersburg early in the morning; it did not arrive until late on July 2.[35] The Union line ran from Culp's Hill southeast of the town, northwest to Cemetery Hill just south of town, then south for nearly two miles (3km) along Cemetery Ridge, terminating just north of Little Round Top. Most of the XII Corps was on Culp's Hill; the remnants of I and XI Corps defended Cemetery Hill; II Corps covered most of the northern half of Cemetery Ridge; and III Corps was ordered to take up a position to its flank. The shape of the Union line is popularly described as a "fishhook" formation. The Confederate line paralleled the Union line about a mile (1,600m) to Robert E. Lee's plan for July 2, 1863 the west on Seminary Ridge, ran east through the town, then curved southeast to a point opposite Culp's Hill. Thus, the Federal army had interior lines, while the Confederate line was nearly five miles (8km) long.[36] Lee's battle plan for July 2 called for Longstreet's First Corps to position itself stealthily to attack the Union left flank, facing northeast astraddle the Emmitsburg Road, and to roll up the Federal line. The attack sequence was to begin with Maj. Gens. John Bell Hood's and Lafayette McLaws's divisions, followed by Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson's division of Hill's Third Corps. The progressive en echelon sequence of this attack would prevent Meade from shifting troops from his center to bolster his left. At the same time, Maj. Gen. Edward "Allegheny" Johnson's and Jubal Early's Second Corps divisions were to make a demonstration against Culp's and Cemetery Hills (again, to prevent the shifting of Federal troops), and to turn the demonstration into a full-scale attack if a favorable opportunity presented itself.[37] Lee's plan, however, was based on faulty intelligence, exacerbated by Stuart's continued absence from the battlefield. Instead of moving beyond the Federals' left and attacking their flank, Longstreet's left division, under McLaws, would face Maj. Gen. Daniel Sickles's III Corps directly in their path. Sickles had been dissatisfied with the position assigned him on the southern end of Cemetery Ridge. Seeing higher ground more favorable to artillery positions a half mile (800m) to the west, he advanced his corpswithout ordersto the slightly higher ground along the Emmitsburg Road. The new line ran from Devil's Den, northwest to the Sherfy farm's Peach Orchard, then northeast along the Emmitsburg Road to south of the Codori farm. This created an untenable salient at the Peach Orchard; Brig. Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys's division (in position along the Emmitsburg Road) and Maj. Gen. David B. Birney's division (to the south) were subject to attacks from two sides and were spread out over a longer front than their small corps could defend effectively.[38]

Battle of Gettysburg Longstreet's attack was to be made as early as practicable; however, Longstreet got permission from Lee to await the arrival of one of his brigades, and while marching to the assigned position, his men came within sight of a Union signal station on Little Round Top. Countermarching to avoid detection wasted much time, and Hood's and McLaws's divisions did not launch their attacks until just after 4 p.m. and 5 p.m., respectively.[39]

28

Attacks on the Union left flank

As Longstreet's divisions slammed into the Union III Corps, Meade was forced to send 20,000 reinforcements[40] in the form of the entire V Corps, Brig. Gen. John C. Caldwell's division of the II Corps, most of the XII Corps, and small portions of the newly arrived VI Corps. The Confederate assault deviated from Lee's plan since Hood's division moved more easterly than intended, losing its alignment with the Emmitsburg Road,[41] attacking Devil's Den and Little Round Top. McLaws, coming in on Hood's left, drove multiple attacks into the thinly stretched III Corps in the Wheatfield and overwhelmed them in Sherfy's Peach Orchard. McLaws's attack eventually reached Plum Run Valley (the "Valley of Death") before being beaten back by the Pennsylvania Reserves division of the V Corps, moving down from Little Round Top. The III Corps was virtually destroyed as a combat unit in this battle, and Sickles's leg was amputated after it was shattered by a cannonball. Caldwell's division was destroyed piecemeal in the Wheatfield. Anderson's division, coming from McLaws's left and starting forward around 6 p.m., reached the crest of Cemetery Ridge, but it could not hold the position in the face of Overview map of the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg, July 2, counterattacks from the II Corps, including an almost 1863 suicidal bayonet charge by the small 1st Minnesota regiment against a Confederate brigade, ordered in desperation by Hancock to buy time for reinforcements to arrive.[42] As fighting raged in the Wheatfield and Devil's Den, Col. Strong Vincent of V Corps had a precarious hold on Little Round Top, an important hill at the extreme left of the Union line. His brigade of four relatively small regiments was able to resist repeated assaults by Brig. Gen. Evander M. Law's brigade of Hood's division. Meade's chief engineer, Brig. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren, had realized the importance of this position, and dispatched Vincent's brigade, an artillery battery, and the 140th New York to occupy Little Round Top mere minutes before Hood's troops arrived. The defense of Little Round Top with a bayonet charge by the 20th Maine was one of the most fabled episodes in the Civil War and propelled Col. Joshua L. Chamberlain into prominence after the war.[43]

Battle of Gettysburg

29

Attacks on the Union right flank

About 7:00 p.m., the Second Corps' attack by Johnson's division on Culp's Hill got off to a late start. Most of the hill's defenders, the Union XII Corps, had been sent to the left to defend against Longstreet's attacks, and the only portion of the corps remaining on the hill was a brigade of New Yorkers under Brig. Gen. George S. Greene. Because of Greene's insistence on constructing strong defensive works, and with reinforcements from the I and XI Corps, Greene's men held off the Confederate attackers, although the Southerners did capture a portion of the abandoned Federal works on the lower part of Culp's Hill.[44]

Union breastworks on Culp's Hill

Just at dark, two of Jubal Early's brigades attacked the Union XI Corps positions on East Cemetery Hill where Col. Andrew L. Harris of the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, came under a withering attack, losing half his men; however, Early failed to support his brigades in their attack, and Ewell's remaining division, that of Maj. Gen. Robert E. Rodes, failed to aid Early's attack by moving against Cemetery Hill from the west. The Union army's interior lines enabled its commanders to shift troops quickly to critical areas, and with reinforcements from II Corps, the Federal troops retained possession of East Cemetery Hill, and Early's brigades were forced to withdraw.[45] Jeb Stuart and his three cavalry brigades arrived in Gettysburg around noon but had no role in the second day's battle. Brig. Gen. Wade Hampton's brigade fought a minor engagement with newly promoted 23-year-old Brig. Gen. George Armstrong Custer's Michigan cavalry near Hunterstown to the northeast of Gettysburg.[46]

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30

Third day of battle

Further information: Culp's Hill, Pickett's Charge, and Third Day cavalry battles General Lee wished to renew the attack on Friday, July 3, using the same basic plan as the previous day: Longstreet would attack the Federal left, while Ewell attacked Culp's Hill.[47] However, before Longstreet was ready, Union XII Corps troops started a dawn artillery bombardment against the Confederates on Culp's Hill in an effort to regain a portion of their lost works. The Confederates attacked, and the second fight for Culp's Hill ended around 11 a.m., after some seven hours of bitter combat.[48] Lee was forced to change his plans. Longstreet would command Pickett's Virginia division of his own First Corps, plus six brigades from Hill's Corps, in an attack on the Federal II Corps position at the right center of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge. Prior to the attack, all the artillery the Confederacy could bring to bear on the Federal positions would bombard and weaken the enemy's line.[49]

Overview map of the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg, July 3, 1863

Around 1 p.m., from 150 to 170 Confederate guns[50] began an artillery bombardment that was probably the largest of the war. In order to save valuable ammunition for the infantry attack that they knew would follow, the Army of the Potomac's artillery, under the command of Brig. Gen. Henry Jackson Hunt, at first did not return the enemy's fire. After waiting about 15 minutes, about 80 Federal cannons added to the din. The Army of Northern Virginia was critically low on artillery ammunition, and the cannonade did not significantly affect the Union The "High Water Mark" on Cemetery Ridge as it position. Around 3 p.m., the cannon fire subsided, and 12,500 Southern appears today. The monument to the 72nd soldiers stepped from the ridgeline and advanced the three-quarters of Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment a mile (1,200 m) to Cemetery Ridge in what is known to history as ("Baxter's Philadelphia Fire Zouaves") appears at right, the Copse of Trees to the left. "Pickett's Charge". As the Confederates approached, there was fierce flanking artillery fire from Union positions on Cemetery Hill and north of Little Round Top, and musket and canister fire from Hancock's II Corps. In the Union center, the commander of artillery had held fire during the Confederate bombardment, leading Southern commanders to believe the Northern cannon batteries had been knocked out. However, they opened fire on the Confederate infantry during their approach with devastating results. Nearly one half of the attackers did not return to their own lines. Although the Federal line

Battle of Gettysburg wavered and broke temporarily at a jog called the "Angle" in a low stone fence, just north of a patch of vegetation called the Copse of Trees, reinforcements rushed into the breach, and the Confederate attack was repulsed. The farthest advance of Brig. Gen. Lewis A. Armistead's brigade of Maj. Gen. George Pickett's division at the Angle is referred to as the "High-water mark of the Confederacy", arguably representing the closest the South ever came to its goal of achieving independence from the Union via military victory.[51] There were two significant cavalry engagements on July 3. Stuart was sent to guard the Confederate left flank and was to be prepared to exploit any success the infantry might achieve on Cemetery Hill by flanking the Federal right and hitting their trains and lines of communications. Three miles (5km) east of Gettysburg, in what is now called "East Cavalry Field" (not shown on the accompanying map, but between the York and Hanover Roads), Stuart's forces collided with Federal cavalry: Brig. Gen. David McMurtrie Gregg's division and Brig. Gen. Custer's brigade. A lengthy mounted battle, including hand-to-hand sabre combat, ensued. Custer's charge, leading the 1st Michigan Cavalry, blunted the attack by Wade Hampton's brigade, blocking Stuart from achieving his objectives in the Federal rear. Meanwhile, after hearing news of the day's victory, Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick launched a cavalry attack against the infantry positions of Longstreet's Corps southwest of Big Round Top. Brig. Gen. Elon J. Farnsworth protested against the futility of such a move but obeyed orders. Farnsworth was killed in the attack, and his brigade suffered significant losses.[52]

31

Aftermath
Casualties
The two armies suffered between 46,000 and 51,000 casualties. Union casualties were 23,055 (3,155 killed, 14,531 wounded, 5,369 captured or missing),[] while Confederate casualties are more difficult to estimate. Many authors have referred to as many as 28,000 Confederate casualties,[53] but Busey and Martin's more recent definitive 2005 work, Regimental Strengths and Losses, documents 23,231 (4,708 killed, 12,693 wounded, 5,830 captured or missing).[] Nearly a third of Lee's general officers were killed, wounded, or captured.[54] The casualties for both sides during the entire campaign were 57,225.[55] The following tables summarize casualties by corps for the Union and Confederate forces during the three day battle.[56]

"The Harvest of Death": Union dead on the battlefield at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, photographed July 5 or July 6, 1863, by Timothy H. O'Sullivan.

Union Corps I Corps II Corps III Corps V Corps VI Corps XI Corps XII Corps Cavalry Corps

Casualties (k/w/m) 6059 (666/3231/2162) 4369 (797/3194/378) 4211 (593/3029/589) 2187 (365/1611/211) 242 (27/185/30) 3807 (369/1924/1514) 1082 (204/812/66) 852 (91/354/407)

Artillery Reserve 242 (43/187/12)

Battle of Gettysburg

32

Confederate Corps First Corps Second Corps Third Corps Cavalry Corps

Casualties (k/w/m) 7665 (1617/4205/1843) 6686 (1301/3629/1756) 8495 (1724/4683/2088) 380 (66/174/140)

Bruce Catton wrote, "The town of Gettysburg looked as if some universal moving day had been interrupted by catastrophe."[57] But there was only one documented civilian death during the battle: Ginnie Wade (also widely known as Jennie), 20 years old, was hit by a stray bullet that passed through her kitchen in town while she was making bread.[58] Nearly 8,000 had been killed outright; these bodies, lying in the hot summer sun, needed to be buried quickly. Over 3,000 horse carcasses[59] were burned in a series of piles south of town; townsfolk became violently ill from the stench.[60]

Confederate retreat
Further information: Retreat from Gettysburg The armies stared at one another in a heavy rain across the bloody fields on July 4, the same day that the Vicksburg garrison surrendered to Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. Lee had reformed his lines into a defensive position on Seminary Ridge the night of July 3, evacuating the town of Gettysburg. The Confederates remained on the battlefield, hoping that Meade would attack, but the cautious Union commander decided against the risk, a decision for which he would later be criticized. Both armies began to collect their remaining wounded and bury some of the dead. A proposal by Lee for a prisoner exchange was rejected by Meade.[61]

Gettysburg Campaign (July 5 July 14, 1863).

Lee started his Army of Northern Virginia in motion late the evening of July 4 towards Fairfield and Chambersburg. Cavalry under Brig. Gen. John D. Imboden was entrusted to escort the miles-long wagon train of supplies and wounded men that Lee wanted to take back to Virginia with him, using the route through Cashtown and Hagerstown to Williamsport, Maryland. Meade's army followed, although the pursuit was half-spirited. The recently rain-swollen Potomac trapped Lee's army on the north bank of the river for a time, but when the Federals finally caught up, the Confederates had forded the river. The rear-guard action at Falling Waters on July 14 added some more names to the long casualty lists, including General Pettigrew, who was mortally wounded.[62] In a brief letter to Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck written on July 7, Lincoln remarked on the two major Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg. He continued: Now, if Gen. Meade can complete his work so gloriously prosecuted thus far, by the literal or substantial destruction of Lee's army, the rebellion will be over.[63]

Battle of Gettysburg Halleck then relayed the contents of Lincoln's letter to Meade in a telegram. Despite repeated pleas from Lincoln and Halleck, which continued over the next week, Meade did not pursue Lee's army aggressively enough to destroy it before it crossed back over the Potomac River to safety in the South. The campaign continued into Virginia with light engagements until July 23, in the minor Battle of Manassas Gap, after which Meade abandoned any attempts at pursuit and the two armies took up positions across from each other on the Rappahannock River.[64]

33

Union reaction to the news of the victory

The news of the Union victory electrified the North. A headline in The Philadelphia Inquirer proclaimed "VICTORY! WATERLOO ECLIPSED!" New York diarist George Templeton Strong wrote:[65] The results of this victory are priceless. ... The charm of Robert E. Lee's invincibility is broken. The Army of the Potomac has at last found a general that can handle it, and has stood nobly up to its terrible work in spite of its long disheartening list of hard-fought failures. ... Copperheads are palsied and dumb for the moment at least. ... Government is strengthened four-fold at home and abroad. George Templeton Strong, Diary, p. 330. However, the Union enthusiasm soon dissipated as the public realized that Lee's army had escaped destruction and the war would continue. Lincoln complained to Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles that "Our army held the war in the hollow of their hand and they would not close it!"[66] Brig. Gen. Alexander S. Webb wrote to his father on July 17, stating that such Washington politicians as "Chase, Seward and others," disgusted with Meade, "write to me that Lee really won that Battle!"[67]

Effect on the Confederacy

The Confederates had lost politically as well as militarily. During the final hours of the battle, Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens was approaching the Union lines at Norfolk, Virginia, under a flag of truce. Although his formal instructions from Confederate President Jefferson Davis had limited his powers to negotiations on prisoner exchanges and other procedural matters, historian James M. McPherson speculates that he had informal goals of presenting peace overtures. Davis had hoped that Stephens would reach Washington from the south while Lee's victorious army was marching toward it from the north. President Lincoln, upon hearing of the Gettysburg results, refused Stephens's request to pass through the lines. Furthermore, when the news reached London, any lingering hopes of European recognition of the Confederacy were finally abandoned. Henry Adams wrote, "The disasters of the rebels are unredeemed by even any hope of success. It is now conceded that all idea of intervention is at an end."[68] The immediate reaction of the Southern military and public sectors was that Gettysburg was a setback, not a disaster. The sentiment was that Lee had been successful on July 1 and had fought a valiant battle on July 23, but could not dislodge the Union Army from the strong defensive position to which it fled. The Confederates successfully stood their ground on July 4 and withdrew only after they realized Meade would not attack them. The withdrawal to the Potomac that could have been a disaster was handled masterfully. Furthermore, the Army of the Potomac had been kept away from Virginia farmlands for the summer and all predicted that Meade would be too timid to threaten them for the rest of the year. Lee himself had a positive view of the campaign, writing to his wife that the army had returned "rather sooner than I had originally contemplated, but having accomplished what I proposed on leaving the Rappahannock, viz., relieving the Valley of the presence of the enemy and drawing his Army north of the Potomac." He was quoted as saying to Maj. John Seddon, brother of the Confederate secretary of war, "Sir, we did whip them at Gettysburg, and it will be seen for the next six months that that army will be as quiet as a sucking dove." Some Southern publications, such as the Charleston Mercury, criticized Lee's actions in the campaign and on August 8 he offered his resignation to President Davis, who quickly rejected it.[69] Gettysburg became a postbellum focus of the "Lost Cause", a movement by writers such as Edward A. Pollard and Jubal Early to explain the reasons for the Confederate defeat in the war. A fundamental premise of their argument

Battle of Gettysburg was that the South was doomed because of the overwhelming advantage in manpower and industrial might possessed by the North. However, they claim it also suffered because Robert E. Lee, who up until this time had been almost invincible, was betrayed by the failures of some of his key subordinates at Gettysburg: Ewell, for failing to seize Cemetery Hill on July 1; Stuart, for depriving the army of cavalry intelligence for a key part of the campaign; and especially Longstreet, for failing to attack on July 2 as early and as forcefully as Lee had originally intended. In this view, Gettysburg was seen as a great lost opportunity, in which a decisive victory by Lee could have meant the end of the war in the Confederacy's favor.[70]

34

Gettysburg Address
The ravages of war were still evident in Gettysburg more than four months later when, on November 19, the Soldiers' National Cemetery was dedicated. During this ceremony, President Abraham Lincoln honored the fallen and redefined the purpose of the war in his historic Gettysburg Address.[71] Today, the Gettysburg National Cemetery and Gettysburg National Military Park are maintained by the U.S. National Park Service as two of the nation's most revered historical landmarks.

Gettysburg National Cemetery

Historical assessment
Decisive victory?
The nature of the result of the Battle of Gettysburg has been the subject of controversy for years. Although not seen as overwhelmingly significant at the time, particularly since the war continued for almost two years, in retrospect it has often been cited as the "turning point", usually in combination with the fall of Vicksburg the following day.[3] This is based on the hindsight that, after Gettysburg, Lee's army conducted no more strategic offensiveshis army merely reacted to the initiative of Ulysses S. Grant in 1864 and 1865and by the speculative viewpoint of the Lost Cause writers that a Confederate victory at Gettysburg might have resulted in the end of the war.[72]
[The Army of the Potomac] had won a victory. It might be less of a victory than Mr. Lincoln had hoped for, but it was nevertheless a victoryand, because of that, it was no longer possible for the Confederacy to win the war. The North might still lose it, to be sure, if the soldiers or the people should lose heart, but outright defeat was no longer in the cards. Bruce Catton, Glory Road
[73]

It is currently a widely held view that Gettysburg was a decisive victory for the Union, but the term is imprecise. It is inarguable that Lee's offensive on July 3 was turned back decisively and his campaign in Pennsylvania was terminated prematurely (although the Confederates at the time argued that this was a temporary setback and that the goals of the campaign were largely met). However, when the more common definition of "decisive victory" is intendedan indisputable military victory of a battle that determines or significantly influences the ultimate result of a conflicthistorians are divided. For example, David J. Eicher called Gettysburg a "strategic loss for the Confederacy" and James M. McPherson wrote that "Lee and his men would go on to earn further laurels. But they never again possessed the power and reputation they carried into Pennsylvania those palmy summer days of 1863." However, Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones wrote that the "strategic impact of the Battle of Gettysburg was ... fairly limited." Steven E. Woodworth wrote that "Gettysburg proved only the near impossibility of decisive action in the Eastern theater." Edwin Coddington pointed out the heavy toll on the Army of the Potomac and that "after the battle Meade no longer possessed a truly effective instrument for the accomplishments of his task. The army needed a thorough reorganization with new commanders and fresh troops, but these changes were not made until Grant

Battle of Gettysburg appeared on the scene in March 1864." Joseph T. Glatthaar wrote that "Lost opportunities and near successes plagued the Army of Northern Virginia during its Northern invasion," yet after Gettysburg, "without the distractions of duty as an invading force, without the breakdown of discipline, the Army of Northern Virginia [remained] an extremely formidable force." Ed Bearss wrote, "Lee's invasion of the North had been a costly failure. Nevertheless, at best the Army of the Potomac had simply preserved the strategic stalemate in the Eastern Theater ..." Peter Carmichael refers to the "horrendous losses at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, which effectively destroyed Lee's offensive capacity," implying that these cumulative losses were not the result of a single battle. Thomas Goss, writing in the U.S. Army's Military Review journal on the definition of "decisive" and the application of that description to Gettysburg, concludes: "For all that was decided and accomplished, the Battle of Gettysburg fails to earn the label 'decisive battle'."[74]

35

Lee vs. Meade

Prior to Gettysburg, Robert E. Lee had established a reputation as an almost invincible general, achieving stunning victories against superior numbersalthough usually at the cost of high casualties to his armyduring the Seven Days, the Northern Virginia Campaign (including the Second Battle of Bull Run), Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville. Only the Maryland Campaign, with its tactically inconclusive Battle of Antietam, had been less than successful. Therefore, historians have attempted to explain how Lee's winning streak was interrupted so dramatically at Gettysburg. Although the issue is tainted by attempts to portray history and Lee's reputation in a manner supporting different partisan goals, the major factors in Lee's loss arguably can be attributed to: (1) Lee's overconfidence in the invincibility of his men; (2) the performance of his subordinates, and his management thereof; (3) health issues, and; (4) the performance of his opponent, George G. Meade, and the Army of the Potomac.

George G. Meade

Throughout the campaign, Lee was influenced by the belief that his men were invincible; most of Lee's experiences with the Army of Northern Virginia had convinced him of this, including the great victory at Chancellorsville in early May and the rout of the Union troops at Gettysburg on July 1. Since morale plays an important role in military victory when other factors are equal, Lee did not want to dampen his army's desire to fight and resisted suggestions, principally by Longstreet, to withdraw from the recently captured Gettysburg to select a ground more favorable to his army. War correspondent Peter W. Alexander wrote that Lee "acted, probably, under the impression that his troops were able to carry any position however formidable. If such was the case, he committed an error, such however as the ablest commanders will sometimes fall into." Lee himself concurred with this judgment, writing to President Davis, "No blame can be Robert E. Lee attached to the army for its failure to accomplish what was projected by me, nor should it be censured for the unreasonable expectations of the publicI am alone to blame, in perhaps expecting too much of its prowess and valor."[75] The most controversial assessments of the battle involve the performance of Lee's subordinates. The dominant theme of the Lost Cause writers and many other historians is that Lee's senior generals failed him in crucial ways, directly causing the loss of the battle; the alternative viewpoint is that Lee did not manage his subordinates adequately, and did not thereby compensate for their shortcomings.[76] Two of his corps commandersRichard S. Ewell and A.P.

Battle of Gettysburg Hillhad only recently been promoted and were not fully accustomed to Lee's style of command, in which he provided only general objectives and guidance to their former commander, Stonewall Jackson; Jackson translated these into detailed, specific orders to his division commanders.[77] All four of Lee's principal commanders received criticism during the campaign and battle:[78] James Longstreet suffered most severely from the wrath of the Lost Cause authors, not the least because he directly criticized Lee in postbellum writings and became a Republican after the war. His critics accuse him of attacking much later than Lee intended on July 2, squandering a chance to hit the Union Army before its defensive positions had firmed up. They also question his lack of motivation to attack strongly on July 2 and July 3 because he had argued that the army should have maneuvered to a place where it would force Meade to attack them. The alternative view is that Lee was in close contact with Longstreet during the battle, agreed to delays on the morning of July 2, and never criticized Longstreet's performance. (There is also considerable speculation about what an attack might have looked like before Dan Sickles moved the III Corps toward the Peach Orchard.)[79] J.E.B. Stuart deprived Lee of cavalry intelligence during a good part of the campaign by taking his three best brigades on a path away from the army's. This arguably led to Lee's surprise at Hooker's vigorous pursuit; the meeting engagement on July 1 that escalated into the full battle prematurely; and it also prevented Lee from understanding the full disposition of the enemy on July 2. The disagreements regarding Stuart's culpability for the situation center around the relatively vague orders issued by Lee, but most modern historians agree that both generals were responsible to some extent for the failure of the cavalry's mission early in the campaign.[80] Richard S. Ewell has been universally criticized for failing to seize the high ground on the afternoon of July 1. Once again the disagreement centers on Lee's orders, which provided general guidance for Ewell to act "if practicable." Many historians speculate that Stonewall Jackson, if he had survived Chancellorsville, would have aggressively seized Culp's Hill, rendering Cemetery Hill indefensible, and changing the entire complexion of the battle. A differently worded order from Lee might have made the difference with this subordinate.[81] A.P. Hill has received some criticism for his ineffective performance. His actions caused the battle to begin and then escalate on July 1, despite Lee's orders not to bring on a general engagement (although historians point out that Hill kept Lee well informed of his actions during the day). However, illness minimized his personal involvement in the remainder of the battle, and Lee took the explicit step of removing troops from Hill's corps and giving them to Longstreet for Pickett's Charge.[82] In addition to Hill's illness, Lee's performance was affected by his own illness, which has been speculated as chest pains due to angina. He wrote to Jefferson Davis that his physical condition prevented him from offering full supervision in the field, and said, "I am so dull that in making use of the eyes of others I am frequently misled."[83] As a final factor, Lee faced a new and formidable opponent in George G. Meade, and the Army of the Potomac fought well on its home territory. Although new to his army command, Meade deployed his forces relatively effectively; relied on strong subordinates such as Winfield S. Hancock to make decisions where and when they were needed; took great advantage of defensive positions; nimbly Winfield S. Hancock shifted defensive resources on interior lines to parry strong threats; and, unlike some of his predecessors, stood his ground throughout the battle in the face of fierce Confederate attacks. Lee was quoted before the battle as saying Meade "would commit no blunders on my front and if I make one ... will make haste to take advantage of it." That prediction proved to be correct at Gettysburg. Stephen Sears wrote, "The fact of the matter is that George G. Meade, unexpectedly and against all odds, thoroughly outgeneraled Robert E. Lee at Gettysburg." Edwin B. Coddington wrote that the soldiers of the Army of the Potomac received a "sense of triumph

36

Battle of Gettysburg which grew into an imperishable faith in [themselves]. The men knew what they could do under an extremely competent general; one of lesser ability and courage could well have lost the battle."[84] Meade had his own detractors as well. Similar to the situation with Lee, Meade suffered partisan attacks about his performance at Gettysburg, but he had the misfortune of experiencing them in person. Supporters of his predecessor, Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, lambasted Meade before the U.S. Congress's Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, where Radical Republicans suspected that Meade was a Copperhead and tried in vain to relieve him from command. Daniel E. Sickles and Daniel Butterfield accused Meade of planning to retreat from Gettysburg during the battle. Most politicians, including Lincoln, criticized Meade for what they considered to be his tepid pursuit of Lee after the battle. A number of Meade's most competent subordinatesWinfield S. Hancock, John Gibbon, Gouverneur K. Warren, and Henry J. Hunt, all heroes of the battledefended Meade in print, but Meade was embittered by the overall experience.[85]

37

Commemoration in U.S. postage and coinage

A commemorative half dollar for the battle was produced in 1936. As was typical for the period, mintage was very low, just 26,928. During the Civil War Centennial, the U.S. Post Office issued five postage stamps commemorating the 100th anniversaries of famous battles, as they occurred over a four-year period, beginning with the Battle of Fort Sumter Centennial issue of 1961. The Battle of Shiloh commemorative stamp was issued in 1962, the Battle of Gettysburg in 1963, the Battle of the Wilderness in 1964, and the Appomattox Centennial commemorative stamp in 1965.[86] On January 24, 2011, the America the Beautiful quarters program will introduce a 25-cent coin commemorating Gettysburg National Military Park and the Battle of Gettysburg. The reverse side of the coin depicts the monument on Cemetery Ridge to the 72nd Pennsylvania Infantry.[87]

Gettysburg Centennial Commemorative issue of 1963

In popular media
The Battle of Gettysburg was depicted in the 1993 film, Gettysburg, based on Michael Shaara's 1974 novel The Killer Angels. The film and novel focused primarily on the actions of Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, John Buford, Robert E. Lee, and James Longstreet during the battle. The first day focused on Buford's cavalry defense, the second day on Chamberlain's defense at Little Round Top, and the third day on Pickett's Charge.

Gettysburg National Military Park Quarter, issued 2011

In the 2004 mockumentary C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America, the Battle of Gettysburg is won by the Confederate forces as a result of politician Judah P. Benjamin successfully convincing the United Kingdom and France to aid the Confederacy. This causes a butterfly effect that sees the Confederacy win the Civil War and subsequently conquer all of North and South America except Canada.[88] Iced Earth's three-part song cycle Gettysburg (1863), published in 2004, dramatizes the battle.

Battle of Gettysburg

38

Notes
[1] Robert D. Quigley, Civil War Spoken Here: A Dictionary of Mispronounced People, Places and Things of the 1860's (Collingswood, NJ: C. W. Historicals, 1993), p. 68. ISBN 0-9637745-0-6. [2] The Battle of Antietam, the culmination of Lee's first invasion of the North, had the largest number of casualties in a single day, about 23,000. [3] Rawley, p. 147; Sauers, p. 827; Gallagher, Lee and His Army, p. 83; McPherson, p. 665; Eicher, p. 550. Gallagher and McPherson cite the combination of Gettysburg and Vicksburg as the turning point. Eicher uses the arguably related expression, "High-water mark of the Confederacy". [4] Coddington, pp. 89; Eicher, p. 490. [5] Eicher, p. 491. [6] Symonds, p. 36. [7] Trudeau, pp. 45, 66. [8] Lee's orders from Chambersburg, June 27, 1863 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=YmsFAAAAQAAJ& printsec=titlepage#PRA1-PA323,M1) [9] Symonds, pp. 4954. [10] Nye, pp. 27278. [11] Symonds, pp. 4143; Sears, pp. 103106; Esposito, text for Map 94 ( Map 34b (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20100607100747/ http:/ / www. military. com/ Resources/ ResourceFileView/ civilwar_maps_map34_largerview. htm) in the online version); Eicher, pp. 504507; McPherson, p. 649. [12] Sears, p. 123; Trudeau, p. 128. [13] Coddington, pp. 181, 189. [14] Eicher, pp. 508509, discounts Heth's claim because the previous visit by Early to Gettysburg would have made the lack of shoe factories or stores obvious. However, many mainstream historians accept Heth's account: Sears, p. 136; Foote, p. 465; Clark, p. 35; Tucker, pp. 9798; Martin, p. 25; Pfanz, First Day, p. 25. [15] Eicher, p. 508; Tucker, pp. 99102. [16] Sears, pp. 15558. [17] Battle of Gettysburg: "Who Really Fired the First Shot?" (http:/ / www. historynet. com/ battle-of-gettysburg-who-really-fired-the-first-shot. htm) [18] Marcellus Jones Monument at Gettysburg (http:/ / www. brotherswar. com/ Gettysburg-Day-1Pic-15. htm) [19] Martin, pp. 8081. The troopers carried single-shot, breechloading carbines manufactured by Sharps, Burnside, and others. It is a modern myth that they were armed with multi-shot repeating carbines. Nevertheless, they were able to fire two or three times faster than a muzzle-loaded carbine or rifle. [20] Symonds, p. 71; Coddington, p. 266; Eicher, pp. 51011. [21] Tucker, pp. 11217. [22] Foote, p. 468 [23] Tucker, p. 184; Symonds, p. 74; Pfanz, First Day, pp. 26975. [24] Busey and Martin, pp. 298, 501. [25] Pfanz, First Day, pp. 27593. [26] Clark, p. 53. [27] Pfanz, First Day, p. 158. [28] Pfanz, First Day, p. 230. [29] Pfanz, First Day, pp. 156238. [30] Pfanz, First Day, p. 294. [31] Pfanz, First Day, pp. 33738; Sears, pp. 22325. [32] Martin, pp. 48288. [33] Pfanz, First Day, p. 344; Eicher, p. 517; Sears, p. 228; Trudeau, p. 253. Both Sears and Trudeau record "if possible." [34] Martin, p. 9, citing Thomas L. Livermore's Numbers & Losses in the Civil War in America (Houghton Mifflin, 1900). [35] Coddington, p. 333; Tucker, p. 327. [36] Clark, p. 74; Eicher, p. 521. [37] Sears, p. 255; Clark, p. 69. [38] Pfanz, Second Day, pp. 9397; Eicher, pp. 52324. [39] Pfanz, Second Day, pp. 11923. [40] Harman, p. 59. [41] Harman, p. 57. [42] Sears, pp. 31224; Eicher, pp. 53035; Coddington, p. 423. [43] Eicher, pp. 52730; Clark, pp. 8185. [44] Eicher, pp. 53738; Sauers, p. 835; Pfanz, Culp's Hill, pp. 20534; Clark, pp. 11516. [45] Pfanz, Culp's Hill, pp. 23583; Clark, pp. 11618; Eicher, pp. 53839. [46] Sears, p. 257; Longacre, pp. 19899.

Battle of Gettysburg
[47] Harman, p. 63. [48] Pfanz, Culp's Hill, pp. 284352; Eicher, pp. 54041; Coddington, pp. 46575. [49] Eicher, p. 542; Coddington, pp. 48586. [50] See discussion of varying gun estimates in Pickett's Charge article footnote. [51] McPherson, pp. 66163; Clark, pp. 13344; Symonds, pp. 21441; Eicher, pp. 54349. [52] Eicher, pp. 54950; Longacre, pp. 22631, 240-44; Sauers, p. 836; Wert, pp. 27280. [53] Examples of the varying Confederate casualties for July 13 are Sears, p. 498 (22,625); Coddington, p. 536 (20,451, "and very likely more"); Trudeau, p. 529 (22,874); Eicher, p. 550 (22,874, "but probably actually totaled 28,000 or more"); McPherson, p. 664 (28,000); Esposito, map 99 ("near 28,000"); Clark, p. 150 (20,448, "but probably closer to 28,000," which he inaccurately cites as a nearly 40% loss); Woodworth, p. 209 ("at least equal to Meade's and possibly as high as 28,000"); NPS (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20110513133710/ http:/ / www. nps. gov/ history/ hps/ abpp/ battles/ pa002. htm) (28,000). [54] Glatthaar, p. 282. [55] Sears, p. 513. [56] Busey and Martin, pp. 12547, 260315. Headquarters element casualties account for the minor differences in army totals stated previously. [57] Catton, p. 325. [58] Sears, p. 391. [59] Sears, p. 511. [60] Woodworth, p. 216. [61] Eicher, p. 550; Coddington, pp. 53944; Clark, pp. 14647; Sears, p. 469; Wert, p. 300. [62] Clark, pp. 14757; Longacre, pp. 26869. [63] Coddington, p. 564. [64] Coddington, pp. 53574; Sears, pp. 49697; Eicher, p. 596; Wittenberg et al., One Continuous Fight, pp. 34546.. [65] McPherson, p. 664. [66] Donald, p. 446; Woodworth, p. 217. [67] Coddington, p. 573. [68] McPherson, pp. 650, 664. [69] Gallagher, Lee and His Army, pp. 86, 93, 102-05; Sears, pp. 501502; McPherson, p. 665, in contrast to Gallagher, depicts Lee as "profoundly depressed" about the battle. [70] Gallagher, Lee and His Generals, pp. 207208; Sears, p. 503; Woodworth, p. 221. Gallagher's essay "Jubal A. Early, The Lost Cause, and Civil War History: A Persistent Legacy" in Lee and His Generals is a good overview of the Lost Cause movement. [71] White, p. 251. White refers to Lincoln's use of the term "new birth of freedom" and writes, "The new birth that slowly emerged in Lincoln's politics meant that on November 19 at Gettysburg he was no longer, as in his inaugural address, defending an old Union but proclaiming a new Union. The old Union contained and attempted to restrain slavery. The new Union would fulfill the promise of liberty, the crucial step into the future that the Founders had failed to take." [72] McPherson, p. 665; Gallagher, Lee and His Generals, pp. 207208. [73] Catton, p. 331. [74] Eicher, p. 550; McPherson, p. 665; Hattaway and Jones, p. 415; Woodworth, p. xiii; Coddington, p. 573; Glatthaar, p. 288; Bearss, p. 202; Carmichael, p. xvii; Goss, Major Thomas (JulyAugust 2004). "Gettysburg's "Decisive Battle"" (http:/ / www. au. af. mil/ au/ awc/ awcgate/ milreview/ goss. pdf). Military Review: 1116. . Retrieved November 11, 2009. [75] Sears, pp. 499500; Glatthaar, p. 287; Fuller, p. 198, states that Lee's "overweening confidence in the superiority of his soldiers over his enemy possessed him." [76] For example, Sears, p. 504: "In the final analysis, it was Robert E. Lee's inability to manage his generals that went to the heart of the failed campaign." Glatthaar, pp. 28586, criticizes the inability of the generals to coordinate their actions as a whole. Fuller, p. 198, states that Lee "maintained no grip over the operations" of his army. [77] Fuller, p. 195, for example, refers to orders to Stuart that "were as usual vague." Fuller, p. 197, wrote "As was [Lee's] custom, he relied on verbal instructions, and left all details to his subordinates." [78] Woodworth, pp. 20910. [79] Sears, pp. 501502; McPherson, pp. 65657; Coddington, pp. 37580; A more detailed collection of historical assessments of Longstreet at Gettysburg may be found in James Longstreet#Gettysburg. [80] Sears, p. 502; A more detailed collection of historical assessments of Stuart in the Gettysburg Campaign may be found in J.E.B. Stuart#Gettysburg. [81] McPherson, p. 654; Coddington, pp. 31719; Eicher, pp. 51718; Sears, p. 503. [82] Sears, pp. 502503. [83] Sears, p. 500. [84] Sears, p. 506; Coddington, p. 573. [85] Sears, pp. 505507. [86] Smithsonian National Postal Museum (http:/ / arago. si. edu/ index. asp?con=1& cmd=1& mode=& tid=2038859) [87] U.S. Mint America the Beautiful Quarters Program website (http:/ / www. usmint. gov/ mint_programs/ atb/ ?local=gettysburg) [88] Confederate Legacy Presents C.S.A.: A Historical Timeline (http:/ / www. csathemovie. com/ timeline/ )

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Battle of Gettysburg

40

References
Bearss, Edwin C. Fields of Honor: Pivotal Battles of the Civil War. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2006. ISBN 0-7922-7568-3. Busey, John W., and David G. Martin. Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg, 4th ed. Hightstown, NJ: Longstreet House, 2005. ISBN 0-944413-67-6. Carmichael, Peter S., ed. Audacity Personified: The Generalship of Robert E. Lee. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8071-2929-1. Catton, Bruce. Glory Road. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1952. ISBN 0-385-04167-5. Clark, Champ, and the Editors of Time-Life Books. Gettysburg: The Confederate High Tide. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1985. ISBN 0-8094-4758-4. Coddington, Edwin B. The Gettysburg Campaign; a study in command. New York: Scribner's, 1968. ISBN 0-684-84569-5. Donald, David Herbert. Lincoln. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995. ISBN 0-684-80846-3. Eicher, David J. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-684-84944-5. Esposito, Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959. OCLC5890637. The collection of maps (without explanatory text) is available online at the West Point website (http://www. dean.usma.edu/departments/history/Atlases/AmericanCivilWar/AmericanCivilWar.html). Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative. Vol. 2, Fredericksburg to Meridian. New York: Random House, 1958. ISBN 0-394-49517-9. Fuller, Maj. Gen. J. F. C. Grant and Lee, A Study in Personality and Generalship. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1957. ISBN 0-253-13400-5. Gallagher, Gary W. Lee and His Army in Confederate History. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8078-2631-7. Gallagher, Gary W. Lee and His Generals in War and Memory. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8071-2958-5. Glatthaar, Joseph T. General Lee's Army: From Victory to Collapse. New York: Free Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-684-82787-2. Harman, Troy D. Lee's Real Plan at Gettysburg. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2003. ISBN 0-8117-0054-2. Hattaway, Herman, and Archer Jones. How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1983. ISBN 0-252-00918-5. Longacre, Edward G. The Cavalry at Gettysburg. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986. ISBN 0-8032-7941-8. McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford History of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-19-503863-0. Martin, David G. Gettysburg July 1. rev. ed. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Publishing, 1996. ISBN 0-938289-81-0. Nye, Wilbur S. Here Come the Rebels! Dayton, OH: Morningside House, 1984. ISBN 0-89029-080-6. First published in 1965 by Louisiana State University Press. Pfanz, Harry W. Gettysburg The First Day. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8078-2624-3. Pfanz, Harry W. Gettysburg The Second Day. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987. ISBN 0-8078-1749-X. Pfanz, Harry W. Gettysburg: Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993. ISBN 0-8078-2118-7.

Battle of Gettysburg Rawley, James A. Turning Points of the Civil War. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966. ISBN 0-8032-8935-9. Sauers, Richard A. "Battle of Gettysburg." In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. ISBN 0-393-04758-X. Sears, Stephen W. Gettysburg. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003. ISBN 0-395-86761-4. Symonds, Craig L. American Heritage History of the Battle of Gettysburg. New York: HarperCollins, 2001. ISBN 0-06-019474-X. Tagg, Larry. The Generals of Gettysburg (http://www.rocemabra.com/~roger/tagg/generals/). Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing, 1998. ISBN 1-882810-30-9. Trudeau, Noah Andre. Gettysburg: A Testing of Courage. New York: HarperCollins, 2002. ISBN 0-06-019363-8. Tucker, Glenn. High Tide at Gettysburg. Dayton, OH: Morningside House, 1983. ISBN 978-0-914427-82-7. First published 1958 by Bobbs-Merrill Co. Wert, Jeffry D. Gettysburg: Day Three. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. ISBN 0-684-85914-9. White, Ronald C., Jr. The Eloquent President: A Portrait of Lincoln Through His Words. New York: Random House, 2005. ISBN 1-4000-6119-9. Wittenberg, Eric J., J. David Petruzzi, and Michael F. Nugent. One Continuous Fight: The Retreat from Gettysburg and the Pursuit of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, July 414, 1863. New York: Savas Beatie, 2008. ISBN 978-1-932714-43-2. Woodworth, Steven E. Beneath a Northern Sky: A Short History of the Gettysburg Campaign. Wilmington, DE: SR Books (scholarly Resources, Inc.), 2003. ISBN 0-8420-2933-8. National Park Service battle description (http://web.archive.org/web/20110513133710/http://www.nps. gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/pa002.htm)

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Further reading
External images
GettysburgPhotographs.com (http:/ / www. gettysburgphotographs. com/ ) CivilWar.org maps & photos (http:/ / www. civilwar. org/ battlefields/ gettysburg. html) Gettysburg.edu paintings & photos (http:/ / www. gettysburg. edu/ library/ gettdigital/ civil_war/ civilwar. htm) GettysburgAnimated.com (http:/ / www. civilwaranimated. com/ GettysburgAnimation. html)

Bachelder, John B. The Bachelder Papers: Gettysburg in Their Own Words. Edited by David L. Ladd and Audrey J. Ladd. 3 vols. Dayton, OH: Morningside Press, 1994. ISBN 0-89029-320-1. Bachelder, John B. Gettysburg: What to See, and How to See It: Embodying Full Information for Visiting the Field (http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3111589). Boston: Bachelder, 1873. OCLC4637523. Ballard, Ted, and Billy Arthur. Gettysburg Staff Ride Briefing Book (http://www.history.army.mil/StaffRide/ Gettysburg/gettysburg_2010.pdf). Carlisle, PA: United States Army Center of Military History, 1999. OCLC42908450. Bearss, Edwin C. Receding Tide: Vicksburg and Gettysburg: The Campaigns That Changed the Civil War. Washington DC: National Geographic Society, 2010. ISBN 978-1-4262-0510-1. Boritt, Gabor S., ed. The Gettysburg Nobody Knows. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-19-510223-1. Desjardin, Thomas A. These Honored Dead: How the Story of Gettysburg Shaped American Memory. New York: Da Capo Press, 2003. ISBN 0-306-81267-3.

Battle of Gettysburg Frassanito, William A. Early Photography at Gettysburg. Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications, 1995. ISBN 1-57747-032-X. Fremantle, Arthur J. L. The Fremantle Diary: A Journal of the Confederacy. Edited by Walter Lord. Short Hills, NJ: Burford Books, 2002. ISBN 1-58080-085-8. First published 1954 by Capicorn Books. Gallagher, Gary W., ed. Three Days at Gettysburg: Essays on Confederate and Union Leadership. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-87338-629-9. Gottfried, Bradley M. Brigades of Gettysburg. New York: Da Capo Press, 2002. ISBN 0-306-81175-8. Gottfried, Bradley M. The Maps of Gettysburg: An Atlas of the Gettysburg Campaign, June 3 June 13, 1863. New York: Savas Beatie, 2007. ISBN 978-1-932714-30-2. Grimsley, Mark, and Brooks D. Simpson. Gettysburg: A Battlefield Guide. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8032-7077-1. Hall, Jeffrey C. The Stand of the U.S. Army at Gettysburg. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-253-34258-9. Haskell, Frank Aretas. The Battle of Gettysburg. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2006. ISBN 978-1-4286-6012-0. Hawthorne, Frederick W. Gettysburg: Stories of Men and Monuments. Gettysburg, PA: Association of Licensed Battlefield Guides, 1988. ISBN 0-9657444-0-X. Huntington, Tom. Pennsylvania Civil War Trails: The Guide to Battle Sites, Monuments, Museums and Towns. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2007. ISBN 978-0-8117-3379-3. Laino, Philip, Gettysburg Campaign Atlas, 2nd ed. Dayton, OH: Gatehouse Press 2009. ISBN 978-1-934900-45-1. McMurry, Richard M. "The Pennsylvania Gambit and the Gettysburg Splash." In The Gettysburg Nobody Knows, edited by Gabor Boritt. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-19-510223-1. McPherson, James M. Hallowed Ground: A Walk at Gettysburg. New York: Crown Publishers, 2003. ISBN 0-609-61023-6. New York (State), William F. Fox, and Daniel Edgar Sickles. New York at Gettysburg: Final Report on the Battlefield of Gettysburg (http://www.archive.org/details/finalreportongettys01burgrich). Albany, NY: J.B. Lyon Company, Printers, 1900. OCLC607395975. Paris, Louis-Philippe-Albert d'Orlans. The Battle of Gettysburg: A History of the Civil War in America (http:// books.google.com/books?id=woP8IV7zHGwC). Digital Scanning, Inc., 1999. ISBN 1-58218-066-0. First published 1869 by Germer Baillire. Petruzzi, J. David, and Steven Stanley. The Complete Gettysburg Guide. New York: Savas Beatie, 2009. ISBN 978-1-932714-63-0. Shaara, Michael. The Killer Angels: A Novel. New York: Ballantine Books, 2001. ISBN 978-0-345-44412-7. First published 1974 by David McKay Co. Stackpole, Gen. Edward J. They Met at Gettysburg. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1956, OCLC22643644.

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External links
Gettysburg National Military Park (National Park Service) (http://www.nps.gov/gett/) Papers of the Gettysburg National Military Park seminars (http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/ gett/gettysburg_seminars/index.htm) U.S. Army's Interactive Battle of Gettysburg with Narratives (http://www.army.mil/gettysburg) Military History Online: The Battle of Gettysburg (http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/gettysburg/) The Brothers War: The Battle of Gettysburg (http://www.brotherswar.com/) Gettysburg Discussion Group archives (http://www.gdg.org/) List of 53 Confederate generals at Gettysburg (http://www.bklyn-genealogy-info.com/Military/ ConfederateGenerals.html)

Battle of Gettysburg List of 67 US generals at Gettysburg (http://www.bklyn-genealogy-info.com/Military/UnionGenerals.html) Eye witness accounts by Sergeant Luther Mesnard of Company D of OH 55th (http://freepages.military. rootsweb.ancestry.com/~redmurdock/LutherMesnard.html) A film clip "Blue and Gray At 75th Anniversary Of Great Battle, 1938/07/04 (1938)" (http://archive.org/ details/1938-07-04_Blue_and_Gray_At_75th_Anniversary_Of_Great_Battle) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]

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Battle of the Hundred Slain

The Battle of Hundred Slain, known traditionally as "The Fetterman Massacre", was an armed encounter during Red Cloud's War in 1866. It was fought on December 21, 1866 near Fort Phil Kearny in the Wyoming Territory between about 2,300 warriors of the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne led by Crazy Horse and Red Cloud and a troop of the United States cavalry led by Captain William Fetterman, who was killed during the fighting. This battle was a major victory for Native Americans in the 1860s.

Background
During the autumn of 1866, allied bands of Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho in the Powder River area were under the leadership of Red Cloud. Warriors from these bands regularly attacked the troops at both Forts Phil Kearny and C.F. Smith, effectively closing travel by emigrant miners and settlers on the Bozeman Trail. The troops under assault often included parties gathering wood for fuel for the forts.

Battle
On the morning of December 21, 1866, a wood train from Ft. Kearny was attacked again. The fort's commander, Col. William Carrington, ordered a relief party, composed of 49 infantrymen of the 18th Infantry, 27 mounted troopers of the 2nd Cavalry and with Captain James Powell commanding. Captain Powell had led a similar effort two days earlier and declined to pursue the Indians over Lodge Trail Ridge. However, by claiming seniority as a brevet lieutenant colonel, Capt. William Fetterman asked for and was given command of the relief party. Powell remained behind. Another officer of the 18th, Lt. George W. Grummond, also a vocal critic of Carrington, led the cavalry. Colonel Carrington stated he ordered Fetterman not to cross Lodge Trail Ridge, where relief from the fort would be difficult. Fetterman was joined by Captain Frederick Brown, until recently the post quartermaster and another of Carrington's critics. Carrington stated he told Grummond to remind Fetterman of his order not to cross over Lodge Trail Ridge. The relief party numbered 79 officers and men. Two civilians, James Wheatley and Isaac Fisher, joined Fetterman, bringing the total force up to 81 men. Instead of marching down the wood road to the relief of the wood train, Fetterman quickly turned north and crossed the Sullivant Hills toward Lodge Trail Ridge. Within a few minutes of their departure from the fort, a Lakota decoy party including Oglala warrior Crazy Horse appeared on Lodge Trail Ridge. Fetterman took the bait, especially since several of the warriors stood on their ponies and insultingly waggled their bare buttocks at the troopers. Fetterman and his company were joined by Grummond at the crossing of the creek, deployed in skirmish line and marched over the Ridge in pursuit. They raced down into the Peno Valley, where an estimated 1,000-3,000 Indians were concealed. At approximately noon on that day, men at the fort heard gunfire, beginning with a few shots followed immediately by sustained firing. The ambush was not observed, but evidence indicated the cavalry probably had charged the Indians. The cavalry's most advanced group was nearly a mile down the ridge beyond the infantry. When the Cheyenne and Oglala Lakota sprang their trap, the soldiers had no escape. None of them survived.

Battle of the Hundred Slain

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Aftermath
Fetterman and his entire 81-man detachment were dead. Carrington's official report claimed that Fetterman and Brown shot each other to avoid capture, though Army autopsies recorded Fetterman's death wound as a knife slash. It remains a subject of debate. The warriors mutilated most of the bodies of the soldiers. Most of the dead soldiers were scalped, beheaded, dismembered, disemboweled, and even castrated, facts widely publicized by the newspapers.

Kidder massacre
The Kidder Massacre of 29 June 1867 refers to the killing of United States Second Lieutenant Lyman Kidder, along with an Indian scout and ten enlisted men in Sherman County, Kansas, near Goodland, by a Sioux and Cheyenne war party. It was during the period of the Indian Wars on the western plains.

Background
Born in Vermont, Lt. Lyman Kidder was a son of politician and judge Jefferson P. Kidder. His family moved to the Dakota Territory. He was an uncle of Jeff Kidder, an Old West lawman. In June 1867 Kidder and his men were ordered to take dispatches from General William Sherman to Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer, camped on the Republican River in Nebraska. Lt. Kidder's party reached the encampment, but prior to their arrival, Custer had become restless and moved his force to the south, then to the northwest. When Lt. Kidder discovered Custer's force had departed, he seemed to have thought Custer moved south to Fort Wallace. En route to Fort Wallace, Kidder and his troops were killed by a Sioux and Cheyenne war party. When Custer sent troopers to search for Lt. Kidder's party, they found a dead army horse on the trail, then signs of a running battle for a few miles along Beaver Creek. On 12 July, Custer's scout Will Comstock found the mutilated bodies of the Kidder party north of Beaver Creek in northern Sherman County, Kansas. The Army concluded the men were killed by a war party of Cheyenne and Sioux warriors led by Pawnee Killer. Kidder's body, identified by his shirt, was taken by his father, a judge in the Dakota territory, for burial in the family plot in St. Paul, Minnesota.[1][2] The bodies of the other soldiers were taken to Fort Wallace and buried. When Fort Wallace was closed in the 1880s, the soldiers' remains were moved to Fort Leavenworth, where they were reinterred. Numerous artists depicted Custer's arriving at the scene of the massacre. In his book, My Life on the Plains, Custer described it in these words: "Each body was pierced by from 20 to 50 arrows, and the arrows were found as the savage demons had left them, bristling in the bodies." In 1967 "The Friends of the Library of Goodland Kansas" erected an historic marker in honor of the soldiers and scout, on land owned by Kuhrt Farms.[3]

Kidder massacre

45

References
[1] "Kidder Massacre: list of the fallen" (http:/ / www. goodlandnet. com/ history/ kidder. htm), Goodland, Kansas Website, accessed 23 October 2009 [2] "Kidder Massacre" (http:/ / www. garryowen. com/ k1. jpg), photo of historic marker, Garry Owen Website, accessed 23 October 2009 [3] "Kidder Massacre" (http:/ / www. garryowen. com/ k1. jpg), photo of historic marker, Garry Owen Website, accessed 23 October 2009

External links
"Lt Kidder" (http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Kidder&GSfn=Lyman& GSbyrel=in&GSdyrel=in&GSob=n&GRid=6077351&), Find A Grave "Pawnee Killer" (http://www.firstpeople.us/photographs2/Pawnee-Killer-Oglala-no-date.html), photograph, First People, Oglala Sioux Website

Marias Massacre
The Marias Massacre (also known as the Baker Massacre) was a massacre of Piegan Blackfeet Indians by the United States Army which took place in Montana during the late nineteenth century Indian Wars.

Background
The Marias Massacre occurred in the context of massive European-American westward expansion. Relations between the Blackfoot Confederacy (comprising the Blackfoot, Blood, and Piegan tribes) and whites had been largely hostile for years. Amid this tension, the event which touched off the massacre involved a young Piegan Blackfoot who in 1867 stole some horses from Malcolm Clarke, a white trader, as payment for his own horses, whose loss he blamed on Clarke.[1] Clarke and his son tracked Owl Child down and beat him in front of a group of Blackfeet. In response, on August 17, 1869, Owl Child and a group of other Piegan warriors shot and killed Clarke, and seriously wounded his son.[2] Malcolm Clarke raped a Blackfoot woman, the relative of his wife who was also a Blackfoot woman. Clarke's rape victim was Owl Child's wife.[3] The raped woman gave birth to a child as a result of the rape.[4] The killing of Clarke inflamed European-Americans, and there were widespread calls for revenge. The United States Army demanded of the Blackfoot Confederacy that Owl Child be killed and his body delivered within two weeks; Owl Child, meanwhile, had fled and joined the band of Mountain Chief, the head chief of the Piegans.[5] When the two week deadline had passed, General Philip Sheridan sent out a squadron of cavalry (the Second US Regiment), led by Major Eugene Baker, to track down and punish the offending party. He ordered: If the lives and property of the citizens of Montana can best be protected by striking Mountain Chief's band, I want them struck. Tell Baker to strike them hard.[6] Sheridan's plan was a dawn attack on a village in heavy snow, when most of the Indians would be sleeping or huddling inside to keep warm (a strategy he had employed before, when George Custer attacked Black Kettle's band of Cheyennes in the Battle of Washita River).[7]

The massacre
On January 23, 1870, Baker's party received a scouting report that the group of Piegans, led by Mountain Chief, was camped along the Marias River. They attacked the site at Willow Rounds, but Mountain Chief had been warned and left the area, so Baker's men instead ended up attacking the camp of Chief Heavy Runner, who had enjoyed friendly relations with the white men. Although Baker's scouts had reportedly warned him that he was about to attack the wrong camp, he proceeded anyway against the protests of those scouts. As the men of the camp were mostly out

Marias Massacre hunting, the raid was a massacre of mostly women and children. A hasty count by Baker's men showed 173 dead (mostly women and children) with 140 women and children captured, while only one cavalryman died, after falling off his horse and breaking his leg. A Blackfoot scout counted 217 corpses after the massacre; the number 173 given by the army was counted by drunken army personnel.[8] Heavy Runner himself was killed as he left his lodge with an American flag given to him as a promise for his camp's safety. Winter lodges were falling into flames and burning small children and the oldest ones who were unable to even begin escaping the pre-dawn ambush of bullets. Many survivors hid in the freezing waters of the Marias River. The prisoners were chased onto the prairie and left there. Mountain Chief's band escaped to Canada. Descendants of the victims retell the event through oral histories. Every Native American man who was massacred was thrown into a fire. One of the men was cut in half with a bayonet.[9]

46

Reactions
Many blamed (and still blame) Major Eugene M. Baker, a known alcoholic, for the massacre and failure to capture Mountain Chief's men, and, of course, for the massacre that he failed to report on paper. However, in the subsequent controversy, General Sheridan expressed his confidence in Baker's leadership, and managed to prevent an official investigation into the incident. Conflict between the settlers and the Blackfeet declined after this incident. The Blackfeet Nation, already badly weakened by smallpox, did not have the numbers or support this late in the Indian Wars to respond.

Notes
[1] Welch 2007, pg. 27 [2] Welch 2007, pp. 28-29 [3] A descendant of Heavy Runner telaccessed February 6, 2011 (http:/ / blackfootdigitallibrary. com/ en/ asset/ [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] joe-upham-tells-story-bakers-massacre,) http:/ / blackfootdigitallibrary. org/ 2011, CarolMurrayTellsBakerMassacre1.flv Welch 2007, pg. 30 Quoted in Welch 2007, pg. 30 Welch 2007, pg. 29 CarolMurrayTellsBakerMassacre1.flv (http:/ / blackfootdigitallibrary. org/ ,) accessed Feb. 5, 2011 CarolMurrayTellsBakerMassacre1.flv (http:/ / blackfootdigitallibrary. org/ ,)

References
Welch, James with Paul Stekler (2007 [1994]). Killing Custer: The Battle of Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians. New York: Norton Paperback (W. W. Norton & Company). ISBN 978-0-393-32939-1.

External links
An Uncelebrated Anniversary (http://www.dickshovel.com/parts.html) Witness to Carnage: The 1870 Marias Massacre in Montana (http://www.dickshovel.com/parts2.html) Native American Legends: The Marias Massacre (http://www.legendsofamerica.com/NA-MariasMassacre. html)

Battle of Powder River

47

Battle of Powder River

The Battle of Powder River occurred March 17, 1876, in the Montana Territory between the United States Army and a force of Cheyenne Native Americans during Crook's Big Horn Expedition in the Great Sioux War of 1876.

Overview
Major General George Crook, commander of the Department of the Platte, had been ordered to locate the camps of several bands of Sioux and Cheyenne that had left their reservations and appeared to be preparing to go on the warpath. The camps of Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse were thought to be located in the region of the headwaters of the Powder, Tongue, and Rosebud rivers. Crook was concerned that as spring progressed and the weather improved, hundreds more Indians might leave the reservations to join the war bands, and he wanted to locate and destroy the camps and villages as soon as possible. Accompanied by a handful of newspaper reporters, Crook left Fort Fetterman on March 1 with 883 men from a variety of cavalry regiments, along with civilian and friendly Indian scouts and a herd of forty-five beef cattle. A blizzard on March 5 deposited over a foot of snow and significantly delayed Crook's progress. Temperatures fell so low that the thermometers of the day could not record the cold. The soldiers had to heat their forks in the coals of their fires to prevent the tines from freezing to their tongues. Crook's column slowly followed old Bozeman Trail to the head of Otter Creek, where on March 16, Crook divided his command. At 5 p.m., in freezing weather, he sent Colonel Joseph J. Reynolds (a West Point classmate of President Ulysses S. Grant and a combat veteran of both the Mexican-American War and Civil War) on a night march with about 300 men with rations for one day, following the trail of two Indians southeast toward the Powder River. Shortly before dawn on March 17, scouts located a large Indian village on the west bank of Powder River. The camp was 600 to 1,000 feet below the soldiers, who were on a high plateau. It proved to be a Cheyenne village of 105 lodges, containing about 600 Northern Cheyenne, with perhaps 225 warriors and an immense pony herd (estimated at 800 to 1,500 in number). However, gaining access to the hostile village proved problematic, as the ground was snow covered and icy, and broken up by numerous steep ravines and coulees. With great difficulty, Reynolds led his men and horses down the bluffs. He ordered Company K to make a pistol charge through the village. However, he failed to support this attack with the rest of his command, and the warriors quickly escaped. The Cheyenne, including Wooden Leg, led them from the danger and occupied the bluffs to the north, where his warriors retaliated with a galling fire. From positions on ledges and behind rocks, the Indians held the soldiers at bay until all the women and children escaped across the river, and Cheyenne withdrew to the relative safety of Sitting Bull's and Crazy Horse's villages further up the Powder River where they were given shelter, food, and clothing. By 9:00 a.m., Reynolds had full possession of the abandoned village, which proved to be full of guns, ammunition, war supplies, and vast stores of food, confirming military fears that Crazy Horse planned to go on the warpath. The colonel gave orders for his men to destroy it and then withdraw twenty miles southward to the mouth of Lodge Pole Creek, where he was to rejoin General Crook. The village and supplies proved difficult to burn, and the resulting exploding ammunition was hazardous to the troopers. By 2:30 p.m., Reynolds had finally accomplished that task and his men withdrew to Lodge Pole Creek, arriving at 9:00 p.m., in a greatly exhausted condition. However, Crook was not there, as he had camped ten miles to the northeast and had failed to inform Reynolds of his new location. In Reynolds's premature haste to withdraw, he left behind three dead soldiers, as well as a badly wounded private who was subsequently "cut limb to limb" by vengeful Indians. For listing of dead cavalrymen see [1] Reynolds had captured a large portion of Cheyenne ponies. However, Indians soon recaptured them during another snowstorm early on the morning of March 18, as the exhausted guards were negligent and sleepy. It was not until noon that day that Reynolds finally rendezvoused with General Crook. The reunited column finally arrived back at Fort Fetterman on March 26.

Battle of Powder River Colonel Reynolds was accused of dereliction of duty for failing to properly support the first charge with his whole command; for burning the captured supplies, food, blankets, buffalo robes, and ammunition instead of keeping them for army use; and most of all, for losing the 800 captured ponies. In January 1877, he was court-martialled at Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory, and found guilty. He was sentenced to suspension from rank and command for one year for his conduct. His friend, President Grant, remitted the sentence, but Reynolds never served again. He was retired on disability leave on June 25, 1877, exactly one year after the Battle of Little Bighorn. Crook's and Reynolds's failed Big Horn Expedition and their inability to destroy Crazy Horse's fighting ability at Powder River had contributed to that embarrassing defeat. The Powder River battle site is near present-day Broadus, Montana. In 1951, Hollywood produced a fictional movie loosely based upon the historical battle, starring Van Heflin, Yvonne De Carlo, Jack Oakie, and Rock Hudson. The movie was released in the United States under the name Tomahawk, and entitled Battle of Powder River in the United Kingdom and elsewhere.

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Order of battle
U.S. Army (Col J. J. Reynolds, 3rd U.S. Cav., in command) Troops A, B, E, I, and K, 2nd U.S. Cavalry Troops A, D, E, F, and M, 3rd U.S. Cavalry Sioux and Cheyenne (Little Wolf in command) war band of approximately 225 warriors

References
[1] (http:/ / www. rootsweb. ancestry. com/ ~nalakota/ wotw/ military/ reynoldsattackcrazyhorsevillage_wotw043034. html) (Possibly the remains of the unfortunate Private were those of a human skull and cavalry uniform found in a Powder River Indian Camp by Custer as he described in a letter of June 17, 1876 to his wife; Boots and Saddles, Chapter 34).

Dillon, Richard H., North American Indian Wars 1983. Greene, Jerome A. (editor), Battles and Skirmishes of the Great Sioux War, 1876-1877: The Military View, University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. ISBN 0-8061-2535-7. Marquis, Thomas, Wooden Leg: A Warrior Who Fought Custer. 1920. Voices from the Western Frontier (http://www.rootsweb.com/~nalakota/wotw/military/ reynoldsattackcrazyhorsevillage_wotw043034.html)

Battle of the Rosebud

49

Battle of the Rosebud

The Battle of the Rosebud (also known the Battle of the Rosebud Creek) occurred June 17, 1876, in the Montana Territory between the United States Army and a force of Lakota Native Americans during the Black Hills War. The Cheyenne called it the Battle Where the Girl Saved Her Brother, because of an incident during the fight involving Buffalo Calf Road Woman.[1]

Background
General George Crook commanded a mixed force of some 970 cavalry and mule-mounted infantry, 80 civilian teamsters and miners, and 260 Crow (or Absaroke) and Shoshone Indian scouts, traditional foes of the Lakota. The expedition was part of a three-pronged campaign by some 2,400 soldiers to force roughly between 600 and 1700[2] Lakota and Cheyenne warriors, and thousands of family noncombatants, to return to their reservations. Crook had made a previous attempt in March to corner the Lakota. When his force got within a hundred miles of the Yellowstone River, it was struck by a blizzard, forcing him to abandon his supply train and resulting in numerous frostbite casualties. When the force managed to locate a track of horses, Crook sent three companies of the 2nd Cavalry under its commander, Colonel J. J. Reynolds, to continue the search. Reynolds discovered a village of Cheyenne which was in use as a staging area, containing 800-1500 ponies as well as large stores of guns, ammunition, food and other supplies. Ordering a pistol charge by a single company under his command, Reynolds took the Cheyenne by surprise and drove their warriors from the immediate area, but failed to support his attack with the rest of his force. When resistance on the outskirts of the village stiffened, Reynolds ordered the Cheyenne supplies destroyed and left with great haste, leaving several soldiers behind and exhausting his force in attempting to reunite with Crook thereafter. Guards posted that night to watch the ponies which had been seized were so tired they fell unconscious, and the ponies were liberated by Cheyenne trailing Reynolds' force. For failing to follow through on the initial attack with his full detachment, and for destroying rather than holding the Cheyenne supplies, Reynolds was later court-martialed.

Attacked on the Rosebud

On 17 June 1876, Crook's column marched northward along the south fork of Rosebud Creek. The holiday atmosphere that prevailed since the arrival of the Indian scouts on 15 June was suddenly absent. The Crow and Shoshone scouts did not sense their enemies' presence. The soldiers, particularly the mule-riding infantry, were fatigued from the previous day's 35-mile march and the early morning reveille at 3 a.m. At 8 a.m., Crook stopped to rest his men and animals. Although deep in hostile territory, Crook made no special dispositions for defense. His troops halted in their marching order. The Crow and Shoshone scouts remained alert while the soldiers rested. Soldiers in camp began to hear gunfire coming from the bluffs to the north, where the scouts were positioned. As the intensity of fire increased, a scout rushed into the camp shouting, "Lakota, Lakota!"[3] By 0830, the Sioux and Cheyenne had hotly engaged Crook's Indian allies on the high ground north of the main body. Heavily outnumbered, the Crow and Shoshone scouts fell back toward the camp, but their fighting withdrawal gave Crook time to deploy his forces. Crook directed his forces to seize the high ground north and south of the Rosebud Creek. He ordered Captain Van Vliet, with two troops of the 3d Cavalry, to occupy the high bluffs to the south. In the north, the commands of Major Chambers with two companies of the 4th Infantry and three companies of the 9th Infantry, and Captain Noyes with three troops of the 2d Cavalry, formed a dismounted skirmish line and advanced toward the Sioux. Their progress was slow due to flanking fire from Indians occupying the high ground to the northeast.

Battle of the Rosebud To accelerate the advance, Crook ordered Captain Anson Mills, commanding six troops of the 3d Cavalry, to charge the Sioux. Mills' mounted charge unnerved the Indians and they withdrew along the ridgeline, not stopping until they reached the next crest. Mills quickly re-formed three troops and led another charge, driving the Indians northwest again to the next hill. Preparing to drive the Indians from there, Mills received orders from Crook to cease the advance and assume a defensive posture. Chambers and Noyes led their forces forward in support and, within minutes, joined Mills on top of the ridge. The bulk of Crook's command, joined by the packers and miners, occupied Crook's Ridge. Establishing his headquarters there at approximately 0930, Crook considered his next move. At the west end of the field, Lieutenant Colonel William Royall, Crook's second in command, pursued the Indians' attacking the rear of Crook's camp. Leading Captain Henry's three troops of the 3d Cavalry and two troops borrowed from Mills' command, Royall advanced rapidly along the ridgeline to the northwest, finally halting his advance near the head of Kollmar Creek. Royall's detachment was a mile from the main body and in danger of being cut off and destroyed. Sensing this vulnerability, the Sioux and Cheyenne warriors shifted their main effort to the west and concentrated their attacks on Royall. Seeing the danger, Crooks sent orders to Royall to withdraw to Crooks Ridge. Royall sent only one troop to join Crook, claiming later his forces had been too hotly engaged. Crook's initial charges secured key terrain but did little to damage the Indian forces. Assaults scattered the Indians but they did not quit the field. After falling back, the Sioux and Cheyenne kept firing from a distance and attacked several times in small parties. When counterattacked by the soldiers, the warriors sped away on their swift horses. Crook realized his charges were ineffective. Crook returned to his battle plan. Believing the Sioux and Cheyennes' fighting tenacity was based on defense of families in a nearby village, Crook ordered Mills and Noyes to withdraw their cavalry from the high ground and follow the Rosebud north to find the suspected village. He recalled Van Vliet's battalion from the south side of the Rosebud. A mile away, Royall's situation was deteriorating. He tried to withdraw across Kollmar Creek but found the Indians' fire too heavy. Next he began to withdraw southeast along the ridgeline. A large group of Sioux and Cheyenne broke off from the fight against Crooks' main forces and charged boldly down the valley of Kollmar Creek, advancing all the way to the Rosebud. The arrival of Van Vliet's command checked the warriors' advance. Crook ordered the Crow and Shoshone scouts to charge into the withdrawing warriors' flank. Mills' advance up the Rosebud left Crook without sufficient force to aid Royall and his hard-pressed battalion. While Mills made his way up the Rosebud, searching for a village that did not exist, Royall's situation grew worse. At approximately 1130, Royall withdrew to the southeast and assumed a new defensive position. He hoped to lead his command across Kollmar Creek and rendezvous with Crook. Meanwhile, the Sioux and Cheyenne attacked him from three sides. From his headquarters, Crook realized that Royall needed help to get out of the situation, help only Mills' force could provide. Crook sent orders to Mills redirecting him to turn west and attack the rear of the Indians' pressing Royall. At approximately 1230, Royall decided against further waiting and withdrew his troops into the Kollmar ravine to remount their horses. From there, they would have to ride through gunfire to reach the relative safety of Crook's main position. As the US cavalry began their dash, the Crow and Shoshone scouts countercharged the pursuing enemy and relieved much of the pressure on Royall's men. Two companies of infantry left the main position to provide covering fire from the northeast side of the ravine. Royall's command still suffered grievous casualties. Mills arrived too late to assist Royall's withdrawal, but his unexpected appearance on the Indians' flank caused the Sioux and Cheyenne to break contact and retreat. Concentrating his mounted units, Crook now led them up the Rosebud in search of the non-existent Indian village. The advance came upon a narrow ravine which the scouts warned was an excellent spot for an ambush. Crook halted his advance. The battle of Rosebud was over. By the standards of Indian warfare, it had been an extremely long and bloody engagement. Never before had the Plains Indians fought with such ferocity, and never before had they shown such a willingness to accept casualties. Nor was their sacrifice in vain. Concerned for his wounded, short on supplies, and perhaps still shaken by the Indians'

50

Battle of the Rosebud ferocity, Crook returned to his camp on Goose Creek and stayed there for seven weeks awaiting reinforcements. Unlike his enemies, Crook's command would play no role in the momentous events at The Little Bighorn. The hard fought battle lasted for six hours. Hard fighting by Crooks Indian allies during the early stages saved his command from a likely devastating surprise attack. The gallantry of the Crow and Shoshone scouts throughout the battle was crucial to Crooks averting disaster.

51

Results
Historian Joseph Marshall III argues that the Lakota would have won the battle had it not been for the fact that they were fighting after riding all night to arrive at the battle.[4] Crook reported a loss of 32 dead and 21 wounded and 13 of the Lakota dead. Although Crook's force was left in possession of the battlefield and he claimed a victory, the battle caused Crook to return to his base camp at Goose Creek and halted his advance which prevented him from joining up with the 7th Cavalry under George Armstrong Custer. Crook withdrew to a position on Big Goose Creek, near present-day Sheridan, Wyoming, and waited 7 weeks for reinforcements from the 9th Infantry and 5th Cavalry before resuming the campaign on August 5. The battlesite is preserved at the Rosebud Battlefield State Park in Big Horn County, Montana.

Order of battle
United States Department of the Platte - Brig. Gen. George Crook U.S. 2nd Cavalry Regiment (Companies A, B, D, E, and I) U.S. 3rd Cavalry Regiment (Companies A, B, C, D, E, F, G, I, L, and M) Companies D & F U.S. 4th Infantry Regiment Companies C,G,H U.S. 9th Infantry Regiment

Sioux and Cheyenne Crazy Horse

Battle of the Rosebud

52

References
[1] [2] [3] [4] Page 290, Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, Henry Holt (1991), Trade paperback, 488 pages, ISBN 0-8050-1730-5 The Journey of Crazy Horse - Joseph M. Marshall III. Vaughn 1956, p. 50. "Lakota History" Joseph Marshall III, 2004, The Journey of Crazy Horse: A Lakota History Viking

Notes Dillon, Richard H. (1983). North American Indian Wars. Finerty, John F., War-path and Bivouac: or, the Conquest of the Sioux: a first-hand account by a Chicago newspaper reporter accompanying the Crook expedition and present at the Rosebud Vaughn, J. W. (1956). With Crook at the Rosebud (http://books.google.com/books?id=XB91AAAAMAAJ& q=With+Crook+on+the+Rosebud&dq=With+Crook+on+the+Rosebud&hl=en&sa=X& ei=FSkPT56iLdLksQLX1s2HBA&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA). Stackpole Co.. pp.245. Retrieved 2012-01-12.

External links
Crooks report of Rosecreek Battle .pp.448-449 (http://books.google.com/books?id=5O5CAAAAIAAJ& pg=PA448&dq=Battle+of+Rosebud+Creek&lr=&cd=16#v=onepage&q=Battle of Rosebud Creek&f=false) Battle of the Rosebud: Crook's Counterattack, 0830-1000 (http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/ sioux/sioux.asp#The)

Cavite

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Cavite
Province of Cavite Lalawigan ng Kabite Provincia de Cavite
Province

Seal Flag Nickname(s): Historical Capital of The Philippines Motto: Dangal at Pag-ibig sa Bayan Honor and Love for Country

Map of the Philippines with Cavite highlighted Coordinates: 14161N 120521E Country Region Founded Capital Philippines CALABARZON (Region IV-A) March 10, 1917 Imus (de jure) * Trece Martires City (de facto) (seat of government)

Government Governor Juanito Victor C. Remulla, Jr. (Nacionalista)

Cavite

54
Recto M. Cantimbuhan (Liberal)

Vice-Governor Area Total Area rank Highestelevation Lowestelevation Population (2007) Total Rank Density

1512.41km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 69th out of 80 716m (unknown operator: u'strong'ft) 0m (0ft)

2856765 1st out of 80 unknown operator: u'strong'/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) 2nd out of 80 Caviteos

Densityrank Demonym Divisions Independentcities Component cities Municipalities Barangays Districts Time zone ZIP Code Spoken languages Website

0 4 19 829 1st to 7th districts of Cavite PHT (UTC+8) 4106 Tagalog, Chavacano, English www.cavite.gov.ph [1]

*) Although Imus is the officially-designated capital and seat of government by P.D. 1163, de facto the provincial government functions from and remains in Trece Martires City.

Cavite (Filipino: Kabite) is a province of the Philippines located on the southern shores of Manila Bay in the CALABARZON region in Luzon, just 30 kilometers south of Manila. Cavite is surrounded by Laguna to the east, Metro Manila to the northeast, and Batangas to the south. To the west lies the South China Sea.

Etymology
The name "Cavite" comes the Hispanicized form of kawit or it is a corruption of kalawit, Tagalog words for "hook," in reference to the small hook-shaped peninsula jutting into Manila Bay.[2] The name originally only applied to the peninsula (Cavite La Punta, now Cavite City) and the adjacent lowland coastal area (Cavite Viejo, now Kawit). Cavite City used to serve as the capital of the province until 1954, and as with many other provinces organized during the Spanish colonial era, the name of the capital was applied to the whole province. Another theory proposes that the name is a Hispanicized form of kabit, Tagalog for "joined," "connected," or "attached," referring to the peninsula's topographical relation to the mainland.[2]

Cavite

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Geography
Cavite is located within the Greater Manila Area, not to be confused with adjacent Metro Manila, the defined capital district. The urban influence of the metropolis together with easy accessibility, adequate infrastructure and comparatively fresh natural setting makes the picturesque province an ideal refuge.

Land area
Cavite occupies land area of 1427.06 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) which is approximately 8.72 percent of CALABARZONs total land area, 2.74 percent of the regional area and 0.48 per cent of the total land area of the Philippines. The municipalities of Maragondon and Silang have the biggest land areas comprising 165.49 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) and 156.41 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) respectively, while the municipality of Noveleta has the smallest land area as indicated by 5.41 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) or 0.38 percent of the provincial total and area.[3]

Islands of Cavite
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Balot Island, located at the mouth of Ternate River[4] Caballo Island Corregidor El Fraile Island Carabao Island La Monja Island, located west of Corregidor Limbones Island, located off Maragondon coast near Batangas border Pulo ni Burunggoy (now Island Cove Resort) located in Bacoor Bay[5] Santa Amalia Island, located NW of Corregidor[6]

Topography and slope

Situated at the entrance of Manila Bay, Cavite is characterized by rolling hinterlands punctuated by hills; shoreland fronting Manila Bay at sea level; and rugged portion at the boundary of Batangas where the Dos Picos mountains are located. The province has two principal rivers and two mountain ranges. Cavite is divided into four physiographical areas, namely: the lowest lowland area, lowland area, the central hilly area and the upland mountainous area. The lowest lowland area is the coastal plain in particular. These areas have extremely low ground level of EL. 0m to EL. 2m compared to the high tide level of about EL. 0.8m from the Mean Sea Level (MSL). These are the city of Cavite City and the municipalities of Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta, Rosario, northern part of Carmona and eastern part of Ternate. The lowland area consists of the coastal and alluvial plains. These areas have flat ground slope of less than 0.5% and low ground elevation of EL. 2m to EL. 30m. The alluvial plain can be found in the municipality of Imus and southern part of General Trias. Into these municipalities forms the transition area between the coastal plain and the central hilly area. It also covers some areas of Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta, Rosario, Tanza and Carmona. The third topography type is the central hilly area, generally found on the mountain foot slope. It forms the rolling tuffaceous plateau. This topography includes steep hills, ridges and elevated inland valley. The plateau is characterized with ground elevation ranging from 30m to nearly 400m. Its ground slope ranges from 0.5 to 2%. The city of Trece Martires and Dasmarias and the municipalities of General Emilio Aguinaldo, General Mariano Alvarez, Indang, Maragondon, Ternate, Silang and Carmona have this kind of topography.

Cavite The last topography type is upland mountainous area, found in Magallanes, Amadeo, Tagaytay City, Mendez, Alfonso, southern part of Maragondon and Carmona. They are situated at a very high elevation above EL. 400m with slopes of more than 2%.[7] The Tagaytay ridge has an average elevation of unknown operator: u'strong' metres (2000ft) with Mount Sungay (now Peoples Park in the Sky) at 14831.71N 121119.02E, the highest elevation in the province at 716 metres (unknown operator: u'strong'ft).[8] The mountain was much higher before, topped by rock formations that resembled horns (Sungay in Tagalog) hence the name. Unfortunately, the prominence of the mountain was leveled in half during the construction of Peoples Park in the Sky during the Marcos administration.

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Land resources and distribution

Cavites land resources are categorized into two: forest lands and alienable and disposable lands. Forest lands are being maintained as they play a great role for the ecological balance of the Province aside from the fact that they are home to numerous flora and fauna that needs to be protected and preserved. Correspondingly, the alienable and disposable lands are the built-up areas as well as production areas. These lands are intended for urban, economic and demographic developments. Forest Lands Cavite Province lies in the western monsoon forest zone. This location is very beneficial for the formation of tropical rainforests which are characteristically made through natural vegetation. In 2007, the existing for estarea within the province totalled to 8,624.956 hectares. These forest areas were categorized as Protected Landscape under R.A.7586 otherwise known as National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS) and the unclassified forest (Non-N I P A S ) . By virtue of Proclamation Number 1594 on 26 October 1976, a total of 4,000 hectares located in Ternate and Maragondon, Cavite was proclaimed as national park, now known as the Mts. Palay-Palay and Mataas na Gulod Protected Landscape. The park lies in the border of Cavite and Batangas and has three peaks, Palay-Palay, Pico de Loro and Mataas na Gulod. Still, there were five (5) unclassified forests found along Tagaytay Ridge, Maragondon, Magallanes, Ternate and Alfonso . With regards to the records of mountains, seven were named such as Pico de Loro, Mt. Palay-Palay, Mt. Buntis, Mt. Mataas na Gulod, Mt. Nagpatong, Mt. Hulog and Mt. Gonzales. The richness of Cavites forest provides the abundance of different forest products. Grass in nature, bamboo, is one of the most available forest products being found in the municipalities of Ternate, Magallanes, Maragondon and General Aguinaldo throughout the year. Alienable and Disposable Lands These lands are being used in various ways, either for agriculture, residences, open areas, etc. These actual uses are termed as land-u s e . Based on the Cavite Provincial Physical Framework Plan 2005-2010, Cavites alienable and disposable lands are further classified into production lands and built-up areas. Production lands in Cavite are intended for agriculture, fishery and mining. On the other hand, built-up areas are mainly for residential areas, commercial, industrial and tourism areas. Production Land-Use Majority of production land-use is into agriculture. Considering that 50.33% of the total provincial land area is engaged into agriculture, it can be generalized that in spite of rapid urbanization in the province, Cavite remains to have an agricultural economy that makes food security attainable. Some of the major crops being produced in the province are rice, corn, coffee, coconuts, cutflowers and vegetables. Included in the agricultural land use are livestock farms that range from piggeries, poultries, goat farms and cattle farms. The climatic suitability of Cavite makes the province ideal for integrated farming, having crops and livestock rising in one farm.

Cavite Fishery is also another major component of the agricultural sector. Having rich marine resources and long coastlines, the province is home to numerous fishery activities . This industry has provided livelihood to many Caviteos. In some lowland and even upland areas, fishery, in the form of fish ponds are also producing considerable amount of fish products. Some areas in Cavite are also engaged in fish processing and production of fish products like fish sauce. Mining is the third component of production land-use in the province. As of 2009, there are 15 mining and quarrying areas operating in Cavite. Extraction includes filling materials, gravel and sand. Built-up Areas The built-up areas are mainly composed of residential and industrial sites. This also includes commercial and business areas where commerce is transpiring. According to the 2007 Census of Population and Housing by the National Statistics Office, there are 611,450 occupied housing units in Cavite. Moreover, according to the Housing and Land-Use Regulatory Board, there are around 1,224 housing subdivisions with issued license to sell in the province until 2009 which occupies an area of 9,471 hectares. Meanwhile, the industrial sector also develops rapidly in the Province. For 2009, operational industrial estates cover around 2,939 hectares. Tourism establishments are also considered built-up areas such as golf courses, leisure farms, resorts and the likes.[7]

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Water resources
Six major rivers are identified in Cavite. Numerous springs, waterfalls and rivers found in the upland areas of the province are observed to be useful for domestic, tourism, and industrial users. The province is also endowed with waterfalls. The hydrological network of the province is composed of main rivers and tributaries. These rivers and tributaries generally have a flowing direction from the highlands of Tagaytay City going to Manila Bay with stretches from the Municipality of Bacoor up to Ternate. In the lowland areas covering the towns of Bacoor, Imus, General Trias, Dasmarias, Naic, Tanza, Ternate, hundreds of artesian wells and deepwells provide water supply for both domestic and irrigation purposes. Cavite boasts a stretch of about 123 kilometers of shoreline. These can be found along Cavite City, Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta, Rosario, Tanza, Naic, Maragondon, and Ternate. The richness of Cavites coastal resources paved the way for our recognition as major producer of oysters and mussels. The fisherfolks are also active producers of sugpo/bangus. On the western coastlines lie the breathtaking beaches with pale gray sand. Thus, basically, coastal resource of the province contributes to the economic activities related to fishery and tourism.[9] Major Rivers These rivers are known to have various tributaries passing through the municipalities of the province. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Maragondon River Labac River Caas River San Juan River Bacoor River Imus River

Springs 1. 2. 3. 4. Balite Spring (Amadeo) Saluysoy Spring (Alfonso) Matang Tubig Spring (Tagaytay City) Malakas Spring ( General Aguinaldo)

Cavite 5. Ulo Spring (Mendez) Waterfalls 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Palsajingin Falls (Indang) Balite Falls (Amadeo) Malibiclibic Falls (Gen. Aguinaldo) Talon-Butas Falls (Gen. Aguinaldo) Saluysoy Falls (Alfonso) Tala River (Gen. Aguinaldo)

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Soil properties
Cavite is composed of several soil types according to soil surveys conducted by the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM). Classification of soil types in a specific area is a very important consideration in identifying its most fitted land-use. This way, utmost productivity can be achieved. The lowland area of Cavite is generally composed of Guadalupe clay and clay loam. It is characterized as coarse and granular when dry but sticky and plastic when wet. Its substratum is solid volcanic tuff. These types of soils are suited to lowland rice and corn while those in the upland are suited for orchard and pasture. Guadalupe clay adobes are abundant in the southern part of Bacoor and Imus bordering Dasmarias. The soil is hard and compact and difficult to cultivate that makes it generally unsuitable for diverse cropping. It is very sticky when wet and granular when dry. Forage grass is advised for this type of soil. Hydrosol and Obando sand are found along Bacoor Bay. The shoreline of Rosario, Tanza, Naic and Ternate are lined with Guadalupe sand. The central area principally consists of Magallanes loam with streaks of Magallanes clay loam of sandy texture. This is recommended for diversified farming such as the cultivation of upland rice, corn, sugarcane, vegetables, coconut, coffee, mangoes and other fruit trees. The steep phase should be forested or planted to rootcrops. The eastern side of Cavite consists of Carmona clay loam with streaks of Carmona clay loam steep phase and Carmona sandy clay loam. This type of soil is granular with tuffaceaous material and concretions. It is hard and compact when dry, sticky and plastic when wet. This type of soil is planted to rice with irrigation or sugarcane without irrigation. Fruit trees such as mango, avocado and citrus are also grown in this type of soil. Guingua fine sandy loam is found along the lower part of Malabon and Alang-ilang River at Noveleta. The type of soils that dominate the upland areas are Tagaytay loam and Tagaytay sandy loam with mountain soil undifferentiated found on the south-eastern side bordering Laguna province. Also on the southern tip are Magallanes clay and Mountain soil undifferentiated with interlacing of Magallanes clay loam steep phase. The Tagaytay loam contains fine sandy materials, moderately friable, and easy to work on when moist. In an undisturbed condition, it bakes and becomes hard when dry. About one-half of this soil type is devoted to upland rice and upland crops. On the other hand, Tagaytay sandy loam is friable and granular with considerable amount of volcanic sand and underlain by adobe clay. Mountain soil undifferentiated is forested with bamboos found in the sea coast. Cavite also has the Patungan sand characterized by pale gray to almost white sand with substratum of marine conglomerates which are found at Sta. Mercedes in Maragondon and in some coastlines of Ternate.[7]

Mineral resources and reserves

The greater parts of Cavite are composed of volcanic materials, tuff, cinders, basalt, breccias, agglomerate and interbeddings of shales, and sandstones. The dormant and active volcanoes (Taal) are within these volcanic areas and have been the sources of volcanic materials which form the Tagaytay Cuesta. The drainage systems are deeply entrenched in the tuffs, eroding thin interbedded sandstones and conglomerate rocks which are the sources of little reserves of sand and gravel in the larger stream. Adobe stone quarries also flourish in the tuff areas. Cavite coastal areas have marl and conglomerate sedimentary rocks and some igneous rocks which are prominent in the high, mountainous regions of western part of the province. Black sands are found in Kawit while Noveleta has its

Cavite own salt products. Magallanes has gravel deposits while reserves of sand and gravel materials are found in Alfonso, Carmona, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, Naic, Ternate, Maragondon and Silang.[7]

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Climate
Cavite belongs to Type 1 climate based on the Climate Map of the Philippines by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration(PAGASA). Being a Type 1, Cavite has two pronounced seasons the dry season, which usually begins in November and ends in April, and the rainy season, which starts in May and ends in October. Cavites cool periods are from December to February while summer months are from April to May.[7]

Economy
Cavite is one of the most industrialized and one of the fastest growing provinces in the country due to its close proximity to Metro Manila. Many companies, such as Intel, have established manufacturing plants in numerous industrial parks in the province. As of 2003, there are thirty-one (31) industrial estates in the province. A total of 973 investors have poured their investments in the 718 existing industrial establishments. Most of the investors have established partnership with their Filipino counterparts in varying levels of equity participation. Since the 1990s when the provincial government launched the Second Revolution with industrialization as one of its priority thrusts, Cavite has become a preferred destination of both local and foreign investors. Rapid urbanization has transformed Cavite into an industrial and commercial area in CALABARZON.

Agriculture
Cavite is predominantly an agriculture province. Cavites economy is largely dependent to agriculture. Despite urbanization and industrialization, still, a significant number of Caviteos are engaged into agribusinesses. Data gathered from Office of the Provincial Agriculturist shows that though the province lies in the industrial belt, the agricultural land is about 49.38 percent or 70,466.53 hectares of the total land area of the Province. This is 1,176.5 hectares bigger than that of the declared agricultural lands in 2008 (69,290.03 hectares). The municipality of Maragondon has the biggest area intended for agriculture, accounts for 14.57% of the total provincial agricultural lands while Cavite City has no longer available land for agriculture related activities and industries. If based on total agricultural lands, we may say that the major players in agriculture in the Province are Maragondon, Silang, Indang, Naic and Alfonso. Of the seven districts in the province, the top three with the widest agricultural area are District VII comprising 43,587.01 hectares or 61.85 percent of the total agricultural areas with 27,115 farmers followed by District VI with 17.40 percent or 12,257.71 hectares having 8,701 farmers and District V comprising 10,248.55 hectares with 10,295 farmers. The municipality of Silang has the most number of farmers. The municipality of Maragondon only ranks 3rd in terms of number of farmers. This can be attributed to highly mechanized operation and vast plantation of rice. The same is true with Gen. Trias and Naic, known as the rice producing municipalities in Cavite. The number of farmers increased by 6.5% that corresponds to around 3,097 farmers. The increase in the number of farmers was due to worldwide recession which led to work displacement of some Caviteos. Silang is dominated by pineapple and coffee plantations as well as with cutflower production.[10]

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Industry and commerce

Despite the challenges of the worldwide economic crisis, the province of Cavite was able to maintain the number of industrial locators in the province. The crisis had a minimal effect in terms of number of industrial establishments f rom 805 in 2008 down to 798 in 2009. Majority of these industrial establishments have been operating in District V (266) followed by District I (262) and District IV ranks third with 123. Among the cities and municipalities, Rosario has a record of the highest number of these industrial establishments (259), followed by the municipalities of Carmona with 194 and Dasmarias City with 123. As observed, more businessmen have been encouraged to establish business outsource manufacturing jobs in Cavite knowing that the province offers lower cost of labor and shows higher manpower capability The number of industrial establishments is stable at 798 in 2009. This is 0.87% l ower than that of 2008 (805). Despite the worldwide economic crisis, Cavite managed to maintain the number of its industrial locators. Though in some industrial estates, there are companies who shut down their operations, still there are other s that opted to locate in the Province. Despite the decr ease, the total number of industri al locator s remains higher than i ts value from the year 2002 to 2009. This only shows the confidence that the industri es have to the province of Cavite as one of the most sought location for industrial establishments. Land use plan of the province defines the location of industrial zones for the strategic provision and optimization of support facilities needed by industries. Cavite has established a total of 46 economic zones/industrial estates, 27 are operating, 7 are proclaimed and 12 are still in the process of development. In terms of number of economic zones, District V has the majority of these with 16 industrial zones/estates followed by District VI with 15. Cavite has twelve (1 2) economic zones with status of development in progress. These are economic zones that are still doing some land development and are not yet fully occupied by locators. The largest economic zone under development is located in Gen. Trias, the PEC Industrial Park with 177 hectares intended for garments, textiles, semiconductors, food processing and pharmaceuticals. The total area of economic zones which development is still in progress is 1,095.5 hectares. This would mean a lot of available resources to accommodate the incoming investments and industrial locators in Cavite.[10]

List of shopping malls in Cavite

SM City Bacoor SM City Dasmarias SM City Rosario SM Center Molino SM Marketmall Dasmarias SM Hypermarket Imus (formerly Makro Imus) The District (Ayala Mall in Imus that is under construction) Robinsons Place Imus Robinsons Place Dasmarias Robinsons Summit Ridge Tagaytay Robinsons Supermarket General Trias Wilcon Builder's Depot - Dasmarias Central Mall Dasmarias SM Savemore Tagaytay SM Savemore Zapote-Bacoor Puregold General Mariano Alvarez (GMA) Puregold Bacoor Puregold Tanza

SM City Dasmarias, the largest shopping mall in the Province.

Cavite Puregold Jr. Tagaytay Puregold Jr. Langkaan Dasmarias (proposed) Waltermart Carmona Waltermart Dasmarias Waltermart General Trias FRC Supermall Bacoor (includes SM Savemore Zapote-Bacoor) FRC Supermall Imus (includes Puregold Imus) Lotus Mall Imus (includes Waltermart Supermarket Imus) RFC Mall Bacoor RFC Mall Zapote Bacoor Fun Mall Rosario Annies Plaza Tanza L Paseo Arcade Trece Martires City L Paseo Arcade Indang Ayala Mall Dasmarinas (under construction) South Supermarket Imus Ever Supermarket Paliparan-3 Dasmarias City Robinson's Silang (under construction)

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Tourism
Cavite is a historic, picturesque and scenic province providing a place conducive to both business and leisure. Tagaytay City serves as the main tourist center. Historical attraction and sites are Fort San Felipe and Sangley Point, both in Cavite City; Corregidor Island; General Trias; Calero Bridge, Noveleta; Battle of Alapan Marker and Flag in Imus; Zapote Bridge in Bacoor; Battle of Binakayan Monument in Kawit; Tejeros Convention Site in Rosario; and Aguinaldo Shrine, the site of the declaration of Philippine Independence in Kawit. Several old churches stand as glorious reminders of how the Catholic faith has blossomed in the Province of Cavite. Existing museums include Geronimo de los Reyes Museum, General Trias; Museo De La Salle, Dasmarias; Philippine Navy Museum, Cavite City; Baldomero Aguinaldo Museum, Kawit; and Cavite City Library Museum, Cavite City. There are eight (8) world-class golf courses in the province. Natural wonders are mostly found in the upland areas such as Tagaytay Ridge, Macabag Cave in Maragondon, Balite Aguinaldo Shrine, the birthplace of Philippine Independence. Falls in Amadeo, Malibiclibic Falls in General Aguinaldo-Magallanes border, Mts. Palay-Palay and Mataas na Gulod National Park in Ternate and Maragondon, Sitio Buhay Unclassified Forest in Magallanes and flowers, vegetables and coffee farms. The Aguinaldo Shrine and Museum in Kawit is where the independence of the Philippines was proclaimed on June 12, 1898 by General Aguinaldo, the Philippines first president. This province is today Historical Capital of The Philippines

Cavite The Andres Bonifacio House in General Trias is the former home of the country's revolutionary leader The site of his court martial in Maragondon is also preserved. Other historical sites include the Battle of Alapan and Battle of Julian Bridge Markers, the House of Tirona, and Fort San Felipe. The main churches of the province are the Imus Cathedral, Silang, General Trias, Kawit and Maragondon Catholic Churches. The Shrines of Our Lady of La Salette in Silang, and St. Anne, Tagaytay, also attract pilgrims. Corregidor is an island fortress where Filipino and American forces fought against the Japanese invaders in 1942. It has become a tourist attraction with tunnels, cannons and other war structures still well-preserved. The famous line of General Douglas McArthur said is associated with Corregidor: I shall return! There are first class hotels, inns and lodging houses to accommodate both foreign and local tourists. Conference facilities can be found in several convention centers, hotels and resorts in the province. Restaurants and Corregidor, the famous last bastion of Philippine-American specialty dining places offer mushroom dishes, native defense forces. delicacies and exotic cuisines. Seafoods, fruits, coffee, organic vegetables, tinapa, handicrafts, ornamental plants also abound in the province. There are twenty-two (22) accredited tourism establishments and three (3) accredited tour guides. There are also tour packages being arranged with the Department of Tourism. Centuries old traditions and the very rich culture of Cavite have been the source of great pride to Caviteos.

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Political subdivisions

Cavite is subdivided into 19 municipalities and 4 cities:

City Nickname(s) District No. of Population Area Barangays (2007) (km) Pop. density (per km) 6,175/km City Mayor

Dasmarias City

-> University City of Cavite -> Industrial Giant of the CALABARZON -> Melting Pot of Cavite -> The Historic and Cultural City of 3 Bays -> International Transport Hub of the Future

IV

76

556,330

90.1

Jennifer A. Barzaga

Cavite City

84

104,581

10.89

9,603/km

Romeo G. Ramos

Trece Martires City -> The Seat of Provincial Government

VI

13

124,131

39.10

2,935.5/km

Melandres G. de Sagun Abraham N. Tolentino Municipal Mayor

Tagaytay City

-> The Countrys 2nd Summer Capital

VII

34

61,623

66.1

932/km

Municipality

Nickname(s)

District

No. of Population Area Barangays (2007) (km)

Pop. density (per km) 660.8/km

Alfonso

-> Agro-Industrial Center of the Upland Cavite -> Coffee Capital of the Philippines

VII

32

47,973

72.60

Virgilio P. Varias

Amadeo

VI

26

43,000

46.90

676/km

Benjarde A. Villanueva Strike B. Revilla

Bacoor

-> Cavite's Gateway To The Metropolis

II

73

441,197

52.40

20,073/km

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-> Center for Investment & Sports of Cavite -> Industrial Corridor of Cavite -> Mushroom Capital of Cavite -> A Highly Urbanized Commercial-Residential Center -> A Center for Agro Modernization V 14 68,135 40.24 1,693/km Dahlia A. Loyola

Carmona

General Mariano Alvarez

27

136,613

11.40

11,983/km

Leonisa Joana B. Virata

General Emilio Aguinaldo General Trias

VII

14

17,818

42.13

422.9/km

Bienvenido P. Belostrino Luis A. Ferrer IV

-> A New Frontier for Development in the CALABARZON -> Flag and Christmas Capital of the Philippines -> A Bustling Commercial Center -> Upland Market Center

VI

33

218,387

117.28 2,680.9/km

Imus

III

97

253,158

71.66

1,475/km

Homer T. Saquilayan

Indang

VII

36

60,755

74.90

811.1/km

Bienvenido V. Dimero Reynaldo B. Aguinaldo Edwin B. Sisante Mon Anthony D. Andaman Manuel L. Romera Edwina P. Mendoza Enrico M. Alvarez

Kawit

-> The Birthplace of Philippine Independence

23

76,405

22.86

3,342/km

Magallanes Maragondon

-> An Eco-Tourism Center -> Historic Town & a Wildlife Sanctuary

VII VII

16 27

18,890 33,604

73.07 127.04

258.5/km 264.5/km

Mendez Naic

-> Economic Development on the Rise -> Industrial Terminal & Amusement Center of the Future -> Cradle of Bravior On Rapid Urbanization -> An agricultural-commercial-industrial Center -> Food Bastion of Metro Manila -> A Prime Tourist Destination

VII VII

25 30

26,757 87,058

43.27 86.00

618.4/km 1,142/km

Noveleta Rosario

I I

16 20

46,336 94,228

16.43 5.67

2,392/km

11,491/km Jose M. Ricafrente Jr. 952/km Clarito A. Poblete

Silang Tanza

V VI

64 41

234,285 206,178

209.4 78.24

2,635.2/km Marcus Ashley C. Arayata 374/km Lamberto D. Bambao

Ternate

-> A Major Tourism Growth Center

VII

10

20,457

54.70

History
Cavite is named as the Historical Capital of the Philippines. It is the cradle of Philippine Revolution, and the birthplace of Philippine Independence. Cavite got its name from a Tagalog word kawit (which means hook) owing to the hook-shaped land on the Old Spanish map. The land was formerly known as "Tangway" where Spanish authorities constructed a fort from which the city of Cavite rose. Archeological evidence in coastal areas show prehistorical settlements. According to local folklore, the earliest settlers of Cavite came from Sulu or Borneo. In the 17th century, encomiendas or Spanish Royal land grants were given in Cavite and Maragondon. Jesuit priests brought in settlers from Mollucas. These settlers, known as "Mardicas," set Other settlements grew and by the turn of the century, Cavite towns were already trading with one another. Traditional industries began to thrive as Manila's commerce grew. In 1872, Filipinos launched their revolt against Spain. Three Filipino priestsJose Burgos, Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamorawere implicated in the Cavite mutiny when 200 Filipinos staged a rebellion within Spanish garrisons. On August 28, 1896, when the revolution against Spain broke out, Cavite became a bloody theater of war. Led by Emilio Aguinaldo, Caviteos made lightning raids on Spanish headquarters, and soon liberated the entire province. Aguinaldo commanded the Revolution to its successful end: the proclamation of the Republic of the Philippines, on June 12, 1898 in Kawit, the first constitutional republic in Asia, and third established

Cavite overall, after the Lanfang Republic in 1777, and the Republic of Formosa in 1895. Cavite proudly stands as a place with a glorious past. Its warm and friendly people, whose ancestors came down with a noble cause, manifest industry and patience in various skills and professions, openly receptive to the entry and exchange of culture and technology that are of value to the province. In 1942, the Japanese Imperial forces entered Cavite, which was long the site of a major US naval base serving the United States Asiatic Fleet. The military built of founding general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was active on 1942 to 1946 and the 4th Infantry Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary was active again on 1944 to 1946 and stationed in Cavite during the Japanese Occupation. In 1942 to 1945, Filipino soldiers of the 4th, 41st, 42nd, 43rd, 45th and 46th Infantry Division of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was entering the provinces in Cavite with the recognized guerrillas of the Cavite Guerrilla Forces and the Filipino-American Cavite Guerrilla Forces or FACGF under by Colonel Mariano Castaeda of the Philippine Constabulary from the attack the Japanese troops since the battle for the Filipino recaptures in Cavite. After the conflict insurgencies in Cavite on 1944, local Filipino troops of the Philippine Commonwealth Army units and Caviteo resistance was over to retreating by the Japanese forces. Before the liberation in Cavite on 1945 by joint U.S. and Filipino soldiers and aiding the Caviteo resistance groups was liberated the clearing province and defeats Japanese. In January to August 1945, combined Filipino & American troops along with the Caviteo guerrilla fighters liberated in Cavite from the Japanese forces begins the Battle for the Liberation of Cavite at the end of World War II.

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Governors
Mariano Trias (July 15, 1898 to August 10, 1898) Emiliano Riego De Dios (August 10, 1898 to October 7, 1898) Ladislao Diwa (October 7, 1898 - 1901) Mariano Trias (1901 - 1905) Louis J. Van Schaick (1905 - 1907) Leonardo R. Osorio (1908 - 1909) Tomas Mascardo (1910 - 1912) Antero S. Soriano (1912 - 1919) Luis O. Ferrer Sr. (1919 - 1921) Raymundo C. Jeciel (1922 - 1925) Fabian Pugeda (1925 - 1931) Pedro F. Espiritu (1931 - 1934) Ramon Samonte (1935 - 1940) Emilio F. Virata - Acting Governor Luis Y. Ferrer Jr. (1940 - 1944) Mariano N. Castaeda (1944) Dominador M. Camerino (1944 - 1945) Mariano N. Castaeda - Acting Governor Rafael F. Trias (1945) Francisco T. Arca (1945) Dominador M. Camerino (1946 - 1954) Mariano B. Villanueva - Acting Governor Horacio Rodriguez - Acting Governor Dominador Mangubat - Acting Governor Delfin N. Montano (1956 - 1971)

Cavite Lino D. Bocalan (1972) Dominador M. Camerino - Acting Governor Juanito R. Remulla (Declared, September 24, 1979) Juanito R. Remulla (January 30, 1980 to February 19, 1986) Fernando C. Campos (1986 - 1987) Juanito R. Remulla (1987 - 1995) Epimaco A. Velasco (1995 to January 1998) Ramon "Bong" Revilla, Jr. (1998 - 2001) Erineo S. Maliksi (2001 - 2010) Juanito Victor C. Remulla, Jr. (2010 - present)

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People and culture

Culture and Traditions
Caviteos are very proud of their majestic and interesting cuture and traditions. Aside from the celebrations of town fiestas, the province of Cavite celebrates festivals as forms of thanksgiving for a bountiful harvest and in honor of its patron saints. Some of these festivals are also observed in honor of the historical legacies passed from one generation to another generation. In fact, the province fetes the renowned Kalayaan Festival which is given a great social importance in commemoration of the heroism of its people.

Population
Cavite has a total population of 2,856,765 recorded in the 2007 Census, within an area of 1,512.4km making it the most populous (if independent cities are excluded from Cebu and Negros Occidental), and the second most densely-populated province in the country. The tremendous increase can be observed in the year 1990 when industrialization was introduced in the province. Investors established their businesses in different industrial estates that magnetized people to migrate to Cavite due to job opportunities the province offers. Another factor attributed to the increase of population is the mushrooming of housing subdivisions. Since Cavite is proximate to Metro Manila, people working in the metropolitan area choose to live in the province together with their families. Natural increase also contributes to the increase in population. As of January 2011, Cavite is estimated by the Provincial Population Office to have 3.3 million people, giving a density of 2,182 people per square km.[11] Among the cities and municipalities in Cavite, the city of Dasmarias has the biggest population with 556,330 people while the municipality of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo has registered the smallest population with 17,818 people. Cavite is a highly urbanized growth center of the country. It is classified as predominantly urban having 90.69 percent of the population are concentrated in the urban areas, while 9.21 percent of the population reside in rural areas. Since year 2000, urban population increased which can be attributed to in-migration due to expansion of residential areas as well as influx of commercial establishments, services and facilities.

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Languages
The main languages spoken are Tagalog, Chabacano and English. Chabacano, sometimes spelled as Chavacano, is a creole originally spoken by majority of the Caviteos that lived in Cavite City and Ternate after the arrival of the Spaniards three centuries ago. Around 30000 Caviteos speak Chabacano. Due to Cavite's proximity to Metro Manila a large number of people have moved from farther provinces, resulting in a significant usage of Bikol, Cebuano and Ilokano.

Religion
In line with national statistics, the majority (70%) of the population are Roman Catholic while adherents of the Aglipayan Church account for 20% and the Iglesia ni Cristo account for 4% of the population. Other Christian sects and Muslims comprise the remainder. However, the strong presence of the Christian Churches such as the mainline Evangelical Churches (UNIDA, IEMELIF, Methodist, UCCP, Baptist and Assemblies Of God), Christian Fellowships (Jesus Is Lord, Bread of Life, Christ's Commission Fellowship, Jesus Christ Spreading the Good News), and other Christian Churches such as the United Pentecostal Churches and numerous Oneness groups, have increased the population of the other Christian Churches. This may now account for about 5% of the total Cavite population.

Notable people
Kaye Abad (Imus, Cavite) is a Filipina actress. Baldomero Aguinaldo (Kawit, Cavite) was a leader of the Philippine Revolution. Emilio Aguinaldo (Kawit, Cavite) is the first President of the Philippines Mariano Alvarez (Noveleta, Cavite) is one of the generals of the Philippine Revolution Banda San Francisco de Malabon (General Trias, Cavite) is known for being the first marching band to play the Philippine National Anthem Lupang Hinirang. Banda San Francisco de Malabon is now known as Banda Matanda. Roman Basa (Cavite City, Cavite) is second president of the Katipunan, shot in Bagumbayan on February 6, 1897 Christian Bautista (Imus, Cavite) is a singer, actor, host, and model. Juan Cailles (Tanza, Cavite) is a revolutionary; educator; Governor of Laguna. Felipe Caldern y Roca (Tanza, Cavite) is a National hero and Father of the Malolos Constitution. Fernando Calderon (Tanza, Cavite) is the first Filipino to be the Dean of the College of Medicine and Director of the Philippine General Hospital Paulo C. Campos (Dasmarinas, Cavite) is a 1988 National Scientist in medical science, "The Father of Nuclear Medicine in the Philippines" Josefino Cenizal (Tanza, Cavite) is the composer of the famous Filipino Christmas carol Ang Pasko ay Sumapit, "Hindi Kita Malimot" Olivia Cenizal (Tanza, Cavite) was a film actress Lourdes J. Cruz is a biochemist and 2006 National Scientist Ranidel de Ocampo (Tanza, Cavite) is a PBA Player and plays for Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters Yancy de Ocampo (Tanza, Cavite) is a PBA Player and plays for Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters Gloria Diaz (Ternate, Cavite) is an award-winning actress in the Philippines,[12] and the first Filipino to win the Miss Universe crown.[13] Ladislao Diwa (Cavite City, Cavite) is one of the founders of Katipunan Susan Enriquez (Carmona, Cavite) is a broadcast journalist, reporter, host of GMA Network. Mart Escudero is a television and movie actor,Had won in the tv segment Starstuck. Heart Evangelista (Carmona, Cavite) A filipina Award winning & Primetime Television and movie actress. Julian Felipe (Cavite City, Cavite) is the composer of Philippine National Anthem

Cavite Gomburza is the collective name of the three Filipino priests who were executed on 17 February 1872 at Bagumbayan in Manila, Philippines by Spanish colonial authorities on charges of subversion arising from the 1872 Cavite mutiny. Roxanne Guinoo (Rosario, Cavite) is a film and television actress. Hospicio Hermosa (Carmona, Cavite), also known as "Hopia" is a faith healer from Carmona.[14] Imusicapella (Imus, Cavite) is a church choir based at the Our Lady of the Pillar Parish in Imus, Cavite. Imusicapella embarked in four international concert tours in 2003, 2005, 2007 and 2011 in the USA, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, France, Spain, Netherlands, Poland and Czech Republic. They participated in several international choral competitions. Shirly Ann Labang (Tanza, Cavite) is a chess international master with an ELO rating of 2610. She competed in the prestigious 2009 Chess World Cup in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. Panfilo Lacson (Imus, Cavite) is a Filipino politician. Hilario Lara (Imus, Cavite) is the 1985 National Scientist in public health, "The Father of Philippine Public Health" Xian Lim (Aniban, Bacoor, Cavite) is an actor, musician and singer, leading man of Kim Chiu in My Binondo Girl Ayong Maliksi (Imus, Cavite) is a former Governor. Lani Mercado (Imus, Cavite) is a member of the Philippine House of Representatives for the 2nd District of Cavite, which comprise of only the municipality of Bacoor. She is also an actress.[15] She is married to actor and Senator Bong Revilla. Diego Mojica (General Trias, Cavite) was the original high-ranking leader of the Katipunan chapter in his town. Known as "Katibayan", he was the president of the Sangguniang Balangay of Mapagtiis. Justiniano S. Montano (Tanza, Cavite) was a Senator and Congressman Gregoria Montoya (Kawit, Cavite) is considered as the Joan of Arc of the Philippine Revolution Dr. Eusebio M. Nazareno, Sr. (Naic, Cavite), early pioneer in Philippine dentistry and oral implantology. Founder and first president of the Philippine Society of Implant Dentistry (PSID) and Philippine College of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgeons (PCOMS), former president of Philippine Dental Association Efren Peaflorida (Cavite City, Cavite) is the CNN Hero of the Year for 2009. Marcelito Pomoy (Imus, Cavite) is a male singer and the grand winner of Pilipinas Got Talent (season 2) Mars Ravelo (Tanza, Cavite) is a Graphic novelist Gilbert Remulla (Imus, Cavite) is a Filipino newscaster and politician. Jolo Revilla (Bacoor, Cavite) is a Filipino actor, politician. Juanito Remulla (Imus, Cavite) is a former Governor and one of the founded of Partido Magdalo. Ram Revilla (Imus, Cavite) is a Filipino actor. Ramon Revilla, Jr. (Imus, Cavite) is a Filipino actor, politician and senator of the Republic of the Philippines. Ramon Revilla, Sr. (Imus, Cavite) is a Filipino actor and former Senator of the Philippines. Strike Revilla (Bacoor, Cavite) is a politician (National President, League of the Municipalities of the Philippines). Marian Rivera (Imus, Cavite) is a Filipina actress and occasional singer-dancer. Leopoldo Salcedo (Cavite City, Cavite) was a two-time FAMAS award-winning Filipino film actor who specialized in portraying dramatic heroes. Julius Segovia (Tanza, Cavite) is a reporter for GMA NEWS Antero Soriano (Tanza, Cavite) is senator and former governor Luis Antonio Tagle (Imus, Cavite) is a Filipino Roman Catholic Archbishop[16] of the Archdiocese of Manila[17] and de facto Primate of the Republic of the Philippines.[18] Appointed by Pope Benedict XVI Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite were Filipino patriots in Cavite who were executed by mustketry on September 11, 1896 accused of cooperating with the Katipunan during the Philippine Revolution against Spain.

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Cavite Candido Tirona (Kawit, Cavite) is the first revolutionary capitan general in the Philippines Justo Torres (Tanza, Cavite) is a Supreme Court justice Mariano Trias (General Trias, Cavite) is considered to be the first de facto Philippine Vice President of that revolutionary government established at the Tejeros Convention. Epimaco Velasco (Tanza, Cavite) is a former governor of Cavite Jose R. Velasco (Imus, Cavite) is a plant physiologist and agricultural chemist, 1998 National Scientist in biology (plant nutrition) Cesar Virata (Imus, Cavite) is a former Prime Minister of the Philippines.

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Elected officials
Governor: Juanito Victor C. Remulla, Jr. (Nacionalista) Vice-Governor: Recto M. Cantimbuhan (Liberal) Board Members: 1st District: Dino Carlo R. Chua Ryan R. Enriquez 2nd District: Edwin E. Malvar Rolando S. Remulla 3rd District: Larry Boy S. Nato Rodrigo P. Arguelles, Sr. 4th District: Raul Rex D. Mangubat Teofilo B. Lara 5th District: Marcos C. Amutan Aristides Jose V D. Velazco 6th District: Hermogones C. Arayata III Albert G. Ambagan, Jr. 7th District: Virgilio T. Ambion Irene D. Bencito Liga ng mga Barangay: Ramon "Jolo" B. Revilla III Cavite Councilor League: Maurito "Morit" C. Sison SK Federation: Meldon G. de Sagun

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House of Representatives
1st District: Joseph Emilio A. Abaya (Liberal) 2nd District: Jesusa Victoria H. Bautista (Lakas Kampi) 3rd District: Erineo S. Maliksi (Liberal) 4th District: Elpidio F. Barzaga, Jr. (National Unity) 5th District: Atty. Roy M. Loyola (Liberal) 6th District: Antonio A. Ferrer (National Unity) 7th District: Jesus Crispin C. Remulla (Nacionalista)

Colleges and universities

Asian Institute of Science And Technology Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies Adventist University of the Philippines AMA Computer College Brooklyn College (of Hotel and Restaurant Management) Cavite State University Colegio De Amore De La Salle University-Dasmarias De La Salle Health Sciences Institute Eulogio "Amang" Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology (EARIST) Emilio Aguinaldo College Far Eastern University - Silang International School of Hotel and Restaurant Management Lyceum of the Philippines University National College of Science and Technology Olivarez College - Tagaytay Philippine Christian University - Dasmarias Polytechnic University of the Philippines - Maragondon Rogationist College St. Dominic College of Arts and Sciences St. Joseph College Saint Francis Academy - De La Salle Supervised Saint Francis of Assisi College [19] Saint Jude College San Sebastian College Recoletos de Cavite Southern Luzon College (of Business, Maritime, Science, and Technology) Southern Philippines Institute of Science And Technology STI College Technological University of the Philippines Trece Martires City College University of Perpetual Help System

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Transportation
Cavite's total road network comprises roughly 1,973 kilometers. 407.7 kilometers national roads are mostly paved with concrete or asphalt and are relatively in good condition with some portions in need of rehabilitation. Provincial roads made stretch to an approximate total length of 335.1 kilometers. Most of these roads are concrete, some are paved with asphalt and the rest remain gravel roads. Majority of the municipal/city roads are paved with concrete, while barangay roads consist of 46.7% concrete and asphalt roads and 53.3% earth and gravel roads. There are three main highways transversing through the province: the Aguinaldo Highway that runs in a general north-south direction; the Governor's Drive the runs in a general east-west direction and the A. Soriano Highway that runs within the coastal towns on the west. The existing road length computed in terms of road density with respect to population at the standard of 2.4 kilometers per 1,000 population has a deficit of 3,532.71 kilometers. Cavite's transport infrastructure has not kept in pace with the mushrooming of industrial and commercial activities resulting to quilts of urban sprawl, traffic congestion and increased road accidents. The section of Aguinaldo Highway (at Bacoor, Imus and Dasmarias) serving as a major link between the province and the national capital Manila is currently experiencing traffic volume 20% in excess of its designed capacity. Without any drastic improvements in the road network of Cavite, this same section will be saddled with traffic volumes 5 times more than its capacity in 2005 and 11 times more in 2015. Current entrance and exit routes to and from Cavite are no longer sufficient to decongest traffic along major thoroughfares. The lack of transportation facilities, traffic control systems and insufficient road signages, substandard road structures, prioritization of intersecting streets/alleys against major roads, dangerous electric posts at outer lanes in some areas further aggravate to the worsening transportation situation. Likewise, observed mixed traffic (pedestrian, public transport modes jeepneys, tricycles, cars) along streets/roads, especially in the business districts add up to the traffic problem. The national and local government is taking the serious transportation problems lightly which results to stress and dismay of many Cavite residents. Everyday, hordes of employees eager to go for work trooped and lined up for hours along major roads in Bacoor and Imus municipalities. Public transports like buses, jeepneys, and AUs bound to and from the province are always jam-packed like sardine cans. It usually takes a staggering two (2) hours to travel from Imus to Baclaran/Pasay Rotonda (Metro Manila) and vice versa, which is only around 20 kilometers. But, in 2011, under the administration of Governor Juanito Victor C. Remulla, Jr.,the Cavite Express Way (Cavitex) was opened, which lessened the heavy volume of vehicles passing in Aguinaldo Highway in Bacoor. Residents living near the coasts of Cavite like Cavite City and Noveleta, can now swiftly travel from Metro Manila into their towns and vice versa, using Cavitex and not-needing to pass in the original heavy traffic route (which passes from Aguinaldo Highway and to Tirona Highway). This project lessened the traffic in Aguinaldo Highway in Bacoor, so travel time from Imus to Baclaran/Pasay now only takes one hour of travel.

Bus Companies in Cavite

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BUS COMPANY SAN AGUSTIN

ROUTE Dasmarias City - Lawton (Regular Aircon) Tagaytay - Lawton (Regular Aircon) Mendez - Lawton (Regular Aircon) Cavite City - Lawton (Regular Aircon) Nasugbu/Lian - Lawton (Regular Aircon) (Formerly Mindanao Express) Tagaytay City-Mendez Crossing Cavite - Cubao (Philtranco Alibangbang, Araneta Center Bus Terminal) (Regular Aircon) Balayan Batangas - Cubao (Philtranco Alibangbang, Araneta Center Bus Terminal) (Regular Aircon)

ERJOHN & ALMARK

Dasmarias City - Lawton / Ayala (Regular Aircon) Silang - Lawton / Ayala (Regular Aircon) Tagaytay - Lawton / Ayala / Mandaluyong-Ortigas (Regular Aircon) Mendez - Lawton / Ayala / Mandaluyong-Ortigas (Regular Aircon) Ternate - Lawton via CAVITEX (Regular Aircon) Mendez Crossing Cavite -Lawton (Regular Aircon) (Formerly Mindanao Express)

BATMAN STAREXPRESS CORP. (BSC)

Lian/Nasugbu Batangas - Pasay/Baclaran (Aircon Super De Luxe, Regular Aircon) Balayan Batangas - Pasay/Baclaran (Aircon Super De Luxe, Regular Aircon)

JASPER JEAN SERVICES

Dasmarias City - POEA Ortigas / Malanday / Cubao Farmers / Navotas Terminal (Regular Aircon, Semi-DeLuxe) Cavite City - Lawton/Avenida via CAVITEX/Coastal Rd., Baclaran (Regular Aircon, De Luxe) Cavite City - Olongapo City, Zambales/San Fernando Pampanga via Coastal Rd, EDSA, NLEX & SCTEX (Regular Aircon, De Luxe) Cavite City - Baguio via NLEX & National Road (Regular Aircon, De Luxe) Ternate - Lawton/Avenida via CAVITEX/Coastal Rd., Baclaran (Regular Aircon, De Luxe) Mendez - Lawton/Avenida via CAVITEX/Coastal Rd., Baclaran (Regular Aircon, De Luxe) Mendez - Olongapo City, Zambales/San Fernando Pampanga via Coastal Rd, EDSA, NLEX & SCTEX (Regular Aircon, De Luxe)

SAULOG TRANSIT INC.

SAINT ANTHONY of PADUA LORNA EXPRESS

Cavite City - Lawton (Regular Aircon) Dasmarias City/Tagaytay City-Mendez Crossing Cavite - Lawton (Regular Aircon) Indang/Trece Martirez - Pasay/Baclaran (Ordinary)

JETHRO LINER STARLINER

Maragondon - Lawton (Aircon, Mini-De Luxe) Dasmarias City - Lawton (Regular Aircon) Amadeo/Tagaytay City - Lawton (Regular Aircon)

EDMOND LINES

Naic - Lawton via CAVITEX (Regular Aircon) Naic - Baclaran via CAVITEX (Minibus Ordinary)

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RICHFORD BUS LINES JUAYMAH MAUREEN TRANSPORT

Maragondon - Lawton (Regular Aircon) General Mariano Alvarez/Carmona - Quiapo/Lawton/Ayala/Alabang (Old bus-type Aircon) Naic/Tanza - Lawton (Regular Aircon, Semi-De Luxe) Dasmarias City - Lawton/Quiapo (Regular Aircon, Semi-De Luxe) Dasmarias City - Ayala, Makati (Regular Aircon, Old Class-City Buses)

JONCY TRANSPORT SOLID STAR (Fides Express/Del Carmen Trans.)

ALFONSO LINER CAVITE BATANGAS TRANSPORT SERVICES & COOPERATIVE (CBTSC)

Alfonso Cavite - Pasay/Baclaran (Regular Aircon & Ordinary) Alfonso Cavite/Tagaytay City/Dasmarias City - Lawton (Regular Aircon) Alfonso Cavite - Pasay/Baclaran (Ordinary)

DON ALDRIN DIONET'S LINER

Trece Martirez City - Pasay/Baclaran (Regular Aircon) Trece Martirez City - Lawton (Regular Aircon) Indang/Trece Martirez - Pasay/Baclaran (Ordinary)

BLESSED GRACE EXPRESS BAES EXPRESS FERDINAND LINER CELYROSA EXPRESS (Safeway Express)

Indang/Trece Martirez - Pasay/Baclaran (Ordinary) Indang/Trece Martirez - Pasay/Baclaran (Ordinary) Indang/Trece Martirez - Pasay/Baclaran (Ordinary) Calatagan Batangas/Tagaytay City-Mendez Crossing Cavite - Pasay/Baclaran (Aircon & Ordinary) Indang/Trece Martirez - Pasay/Baclaran (Aircon & Ordinary)

PERALDO LINER FERAER LINER STOW AWAY

Indang/Trece Martrirez City - Pasay/Baclaran (Aircon & Ordinary) Indang/Trece Martirez - Pasay/Baclaran (Aircon & Ordinary) Naic - Baclaran via CAVITEX (Minubus Ordinary) Naic/Maragondon/Ternate - Lawton via CAVITEX (Regular Aircon)

MCTI (Cavite City Loop)

Dasmarias - Ayala via Alabang Festival Mall Skyway SLEX Carmona GMA Roxas Blvd. (Japayuki and Almazora Aircon buses) Ternate - Lawton via CAVITEX (Regular Aircon)

ARIEL EXPRESS

LRT Line 1 South Extension Project

The LRT Line 1 South Extension Project, through southern Metro Manila to the Province of Cavite has been identified as an integral link of the Rail Transit Network by Metro Manila Urban Transportation Integration Study (MMUTIS). It is one of the priority projects of the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) and LRTA. It is also a flagship project of the Office of the President. The project aims to expand the existing LRT Line 1 service southward to the cities of Paraaque and Las Pias and the adjoining municipalities of Bacoor, Imus and the city of Dasmarias, in the Cavite Province. The 27-km route of the light railway system was planned to carry a capacity of 40,000 passengers per direction per hour. The extension will have 48 air-conditioned coaches, 12-four car trains, 10 passenger stations and a satellite depot in Cavite. The first phase of the project will serve approximately 1.9 million commuters based in Pasay, Paranaque, Las Pinas and

Cavite Bacoor. The second phase of the project will include an 11-kilometer extension to commuters based in Imus and Dasmarias.

74

Ferry services
Cavite City to SM Mall of Asia in Pasay.

References
[1] http:/ / www. cavite. gov. ph/ [2] Official Website of the Provincial Government of Cavite - Cavite City (http:/ / cavite. gov. ph/ main/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=94& Itemid=90) [3] http:/ / www. cavite. gov. ph/ SocioEconomic_Profile/ 2009/ Physical%20and%20Natural%20Resources. pdf [4] "Ternate Website" (http:/ / ternate-cavite. tripod. com/ ). Ternate Cavite Website. Retrieved on 2011-10-28. [5] "History" (http:/ / www. islandcovephil. com/ about/ history/ ). Island Cove Hotel and Leisure Park. Retrieved on 2011-10-28. [6] U.S. Army (1916). "United States military reservations, National cemeteries, and military parks" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=fc4DAAAAMAAJ), p. 344. Government Printing Office, Washington. [7] "Physical and Natural Resources" (http:/ / www. cavite. gov. ph/ Socio-Economic_Profile/ 2009/ Physical and Natural Resources. pdf). Province of Cavite Official Website. [8] "Mount Sungay elevation" (http:/ / maps. google. com/ maps?q=mount+ sungay,+ Philippines& hl=en& ll=14. 142152,121. 0217& spn=0. 021848,0. 031457& sll=37. 0625,-95. 677068& sspn=39. 235538,57. 216797& hnear=Mt+ Sungay& t=p& z=15). Google maps. Retrieved on 2012-02-04. [9] http:/ / www. cavite. gov. ph/ Socio-Economic_Profile/ 2009/ General%20Information. pdf [10] http:/ / www. cavite. gov. ph/ Socio-Economic_Profile/ 2009/ Economic%20Sector-Agriculture. pdf [11] http:/ / www. mb. com. ph/ articles/ 297358/ cavite-population-balloons-33-million Cavite population balloons to 3.3 million [12] Gloria Diaz shares view on remakes (http:/ / www. sunstar. com. ph/ manila/ gloria-diaz-shares-view-remakes). [13] Gloria Diaz, 1969 (http:/ / gloriadiaz1969. tripod. com/ main. html). [14] (http:/ / carmonagov. net/ home/ about-carmona/ history-of-carmona-in-filipino/ 64-alamat-at-pamahiin. html) [15] "Lani Mercado to throw hat into political ring?" (http:/ / www. philstar. com/ Article. aspx?articleid=458462). The Philippine Star. April 17, 2009. . Retrieved June 22, 2010. [16] http:/ / www. cei2008. ca/ en/ bioluisantoniogtagle [17] RINUNCIA DELLARCIVESCOVO METROPOLITA DI MANILA (FILIPPINE) E NOMINA DEL SUCCESSORE (http:/ / press. catholica. va/ news_services/ bulletin/ news/ 28189. php?index=28189& po_date=13. 10. 2011& lang=en) [18] http:/ / cbcpnews. com/ ?q=node/ 17213 [19] http:/ / www. stfrancis. edu. ph/

External links
Official Website of the Provincial Government of Cavite (http://www.cavite.gov.ph) 2007 Philippine Census Information (http://www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/2008/pr0830tx.html) Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cavite". Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Battle of 73 Easting

75

Battle of 73 Easting
The Battle of 73 Easting was a decisive tank battle fought on 26 February 1991, during the Gulf War, between American-British armored forces and those of the Iraqi Republican Guard. The battle took place several hours after the Battle of Al Busayyah. It was named for a UTM north-south coordinate line (an "Easting", measured in kilometers and readable on GPS receivers) in the featureless desert that was used as a phase line to measure progress of the offensive. The battle was described by the Military Channel as "the last great tank battle of the 20th century." The main U.S. unit in the battle was the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment (2nd ACR), a 4,500 man reconnaissance and security element assigned to VII Corps. It consisted of three ground squadrons (1st, 2nd and 3rd), an aviation (attack helicopter) squadron (4th), and a support squadron. The 2ACR combat team numbered around 10,000 soldiers. Each ground squadron was made up of three cavalry troops, a tank company, a self-propelled howitzer battery, and a headquarters troop. Each troop comprised 120 soldiers, 12 M3 Bradley fighting vehicles and nine M1A1 Abrams main battle tanks.[1] The corps' main body consisted of the American 3rd Armored Division (3rd AD) and 1st Infantry Division (1st ID) and 1st Armored Division (1st AD), and the British 1st Armoured Division (1 AD). The job of 2ACR was to advance east, led by scouts in Bradleys with tanks covering them from the rear, and to locate the enemy at a distance. They covered the advance of the 3rd Armored Division until late on February 25 and then covered the movement of 1st Infantry Division as it moved north from its initial objectives. The Regiment's mission was to strip away enemy security forces, clear the way of significant defenses and locate the Republican Guard's defensive positions so they could be engaged by the full weight of the armored forces.[2] On the night of 23/24 February, in accordance with General Norman Schwarzkopf's plan for the ground assault called "Operation Desert Sabre", VII Corps raced east from Saudi Arabia into Iraq in a maneuver later nicknamed the "Hail Mary." The Corps had two goals: to cut off Iraqi retreat from Kuwait, and to destroy five Republican Guard divisions near the Iraq-Kuwait border that might attack the Arab and Marine units moving into Kuwait to the south. Initial Iraqi resistance was light and scattered and the 2nd ACR fought only minor engagements until 25 February. The primary battle was conducted by 2ACR's three squadrons of about 400 soldiers, along with the 1st Infantry Division's two leading brigades, who attacked and destroyed the Iraqi 18th Mechanized Brigade and 37th Armored Brigade) of the Tawakalna Division, each consisting of between 2,500 to 3,000 personnel.[1]

Plan
The 2nd ACR was to advance east, locate and engage the enemy and determine his dispositions and then allow the mechanized brigades of the 1st ID to pass through to finish destroying the Iraqis. The 2nd ACR's limit of advance changed during the operation. VII Corps Fragmentary Plan Seven, issued during the night of February 25-26, made the 60 Easting the Regiment's initial limit of advance. After 2ACR made contact with the Republican Guard's security zone, Corps changed the limit to the 70 Easting. Along that line, the 1st ID would pass through the Regiment and push on to objectives further east. Lieutenant General Frederick M. Franks, Jr., the commander of the VII Corps, ordered Colonel Don Holder, the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment commander, to locate the enemy and to avoid becoming decisively engaged.[3] The Regiment had its three armored cavalry squadrons operating on line with Second Squadron in the north, Third Squadron in the center and First Squadron in the south. The Fourth Squadron (the combat aviation squadron) flew reconnaissance and attack missions chiefly in the northern and central zones. Unusually for a corps covering force, the Regiment lacked a reserve tank or mechanized infantry battalion. Weather restricted flight operations severely, however, and kept Fourth Squadron grounded for about half of the daylight hours. Moving through the Republican Guards' security area on the morning of the 26th, the Regiment encountered Iraq's heavily armored Tawakalna Division [4] in the north and the 12th Iraqi Armored Division in the center and south. All

Battle of 73 Easting Iraqi units occupied well-constructed defensive emplacements and had prepared alternate positions which enabled them to reorient to the west to face VII Corpss attack. The 12th Armored Division's assignment to the Republican Guard was not known at the time of the engagement.[5] Despite extensive aerial and artillery bombardment by U.S. forces, most Iraqi units defending along the 70 Easting remained effective. The Regiment employed artillery fire from the supporting 210th Field Artillery Brigade, air strikes, and attack helicopters (both Apaches of 2-1 Aviation and Cobras of Fourth Squadron) against the Republican Guard units as the armored cavalry squadrons moved east through the security zone. Sandstorms slowed this movement throughout the day, restricting visibility to as little as 400 metres (unknown operator: u'strong'ft).

76

Approach to the 70 Easting

Second ACR began the 26th of February on the VII Corps Objective SMASH still oriented to the northeast. In the early morning hours, Lt Colonel Scott Marcys Third Squadron fought Tanks from the 3rd Armored Division Brigade along the Line of Departure. companies of the Iraqi 50th Armored Brigade, which had moved into the Regiments southern area to confirm reports that allied units were in the vicinity. At 0522 the Regiment received Corps Frag Plan Seven, which adjusted its zone and objective and directed all Corps units to move east to attack units of the Republican Guard. The order adjusted the boundary between 2ACR and the 1st UK Armoured Division to the south and the early movements of the day involved re-orienting the Regiments squadrons and coordinating with 1st UK Armored Division along the new boundary, the 80 Northing.[6] The aviation squadron led by Lt Colonel Don Olson established a screen along the 50 Easting by 7 a.m. and by 8 a.m. the armored cavalry squadrons had moved into their new zones. Third Squadron, operating in the center, destroyed a T72 tank before 8 a.m., establishing the first ground contact with the Iraqi Republican Guards Tawakalna Division. All three squadrons were in contact with security forces by 9 a.m. but a violent sandstorm blew into the area and movement to the Regiments limit of advance, the 60 Easting, took until 11 a.m. Air cavalry operations ceased just after 9 a.m. and would not resume until afternoon. Lt Colonel Tony Isaacs First Squadron meanwhile encountered scattered enemy positions in the south and by noon had reported destroying twenty-three T55 tanks, twenty-five armored personnel carriers, six artillery pieces and numerous trucks.[7] Lt Colonel Mike Kobbes Second Squadron troops all reported resistance from small Tawakalna Division security outposts while Third Squadron destroyed similar outposts in the Regimental center. Lt Gen Franks visited the Regiments main command post just before 1 p.m. There, the Regimental executive officer, Lt Colonel Roger Jones and the S2, Major Steve Campbell, briefed him on the situation and informed him that sensors were reporting movement of tracked vehicles to the north out of the Regiments zone. By 3:00 p.m. Third Armored Division had reached the 50 Easting and begun to move abreast of the Regiment to the north. First Infantry Divisions movement to join the fight was taking longer than expected, however. Lt General Franks therefore directed the Second Armored Cavalry to continue its attack as far as the 70 Easting and to make contact with the Republican Guards main defenses and prevent their movement. At the same time, he ordered the Regiment to avoid becoming decisively engaged (meaning to refrain from committing all its maneuver forces and thereby losing freedom of action). Colonel Holder issued a Fragmentary Order at 3:20 to comply with the Corps Commanders directive and by 3:45 Second Squadrons E and G Troops were in contact with well-organized defenses of the Tawakalna Division. At the same time the Third and First squadrons in the center and south moved to clear their zones, encountering T72s in Third Squadrons north and T62 and T55 tanks of the Iraqi 12th Armored Division further south.[6]

Battle of 73 Easting Fourth Squadrons air scouts rejoined the operation as the weather cleared around 3 p.m. Air scouts identified enemy defenses to the front of Second and Third Squadrons and attack helicopters struck several of the security outposts. By 16:10, further south near the east-west UTM coordinate line 00 Northing, 2nd ACR's E- (Eagle) Troop received fire from an Iraqi dismounted outpost, a dug-in Iraqi ZSU-23-4 and several occupied buildings in an Iraqi village. The American scouts returned fire with their tanks and Bradleys, silenced the Iraqi guns, took prisoners, and continued east. They advanced three more kilometers east to the 70 Easting line. More enemy fire came in and was immediately returned.

77

73 Easting
The Battle of 73 Easting refers narrowly to the violent armored combat action that took place in the final hours of 2nd ACRs covering force operation in the zone of Second Squadron and in the northern third of the Third Squadron zone. In the battle, four of the 2nd ACRs armored cavalry troops, Troops E, G, and I with Troop K contributing to I Troops fight (totaling about 36 M1A1 tanks), defeated two enemy brigades, the Tawakalna Divisions 18th Brigade and, later in the day, the 9th Armored Brigade. The defending Iraqi forces, elements of Tawakalnas 18th Mechanized Brigade and the 12th Armored Divisions 9th Armored Brigade, had arrived in their positions on the evening of 24 February and had oriented to the west to protect the main supply route, the IPSA pipeline Road, just to their rear.[8] The Iraqi resistance that 2ACR met on the previous day had been from the 50th Armored Brigade whose mission had been to cover the preparation of that defense.
Iraqi Tank knocked out by 3rd Armored Division fire.

The Battle was part of the larger operation and, as it went on, the Third and First Squadron troops in the southern part of the zone continued to fight through the security area of the Republican Guard and fix enemy units of the 12th Armored Division. First Squadron, the Regiments southernmost squadron cleared its zone of remnants of the 50th Armored Brigade before making contact with the 37th Brigade of the 12th Iraqi Armored Division, fighting to the south of the Tawakalna Division.[9] Scout and attack helicopters of Fourth Squadron and 2-1 Aviation Battalion (AH 64 Apache) supported the fight as weather allowed. The Regiment moved from the 60 Easting with eight of its nine cavalry troops generally abreast of each other. (Lt Colonel Kobbe had pulled his Troop F out of the Second Squadrons leading echelon when his zone narrowed.) The operation escalated into a full-out battle as E Troop (call sign Eagle) maneuvered to the 70 Easting around 3:45 p.m. Heavy combat then spread to the south as I Troop of the Third Squadron closed the gap between the two squadrons and joined the fight. G Troops attack to the north of Captain HR McMasters E Troop made contact with defending units farther east and combat there became intense around 4:45 p.m. Fighting continued into darkness as the Iraqi division commander reinforced the 18th Brigade with his 9th Armored Brigade in the G Troop zone. At 4:10 p.m. Eagle Troop received fire from an Iraqi infantry position in a cluster of buildings at UTM PU 6801.[10][11] The troop returned fire with its tanks and Bradleys, silenced the Iraqi guns, took prisoners, and continued east with the two tank platoons leading. The 12 M1A1 tanks of Eagle Troop destroyed 28 Iraqi tanks, 16 personnel carriers and 30 trucks in 23 minutes with no American losses.[12]

Battle of 73 Easting At about 4:20 Eagle crested a low rise and surprised an Iraqi tank company set up in a reverse slope defense on the 70 Easting. Captain McMaster, leading the attack, immediately engaged that position, destroying the first of the eight enemy tanks to his front. His two tank platoons finished the rest. Three kilometers to the east McMaster could see T-72s in prepared positions. Continuing his attack past the 70 limit of advance, he fought his way through an infantry defensive position and on to high ground along the 74 Easting. There he encountered and destroyed another enemy tank unit of eighteen T72s. In that action the Iraqis stood their ground and attempted to maneuver against the troop. This was the first determined defense the Regiment had encountered in its three days of operations. Still, the Iraqi troops had been surprised because of the inclement weather and were quickly destroyed by the better trained American troops. After defeating that force, McMaster sent a scout platoon north to regain contact with Troop G. In doing that the scout platoon encountered another Iraqi tank position of thirteen T72s which they destroyed with TOW missiles.[13] Other 2nd ACR Troops I (call sign Iron), K (Killer), and G (Ghost) joined the fight minutes later. Iron Troop of Third Squadron had halted around the 67 Easting to control the limit of advance with its tank cannons. As the troop moved north to secure its northern boundary around 4:45, it came under fire from the same group of buildings E Troop had fought through an hour earlier. Captain Dan Miller, commanding I Troop, silenced the resistance with return fire then attacked to the 70 Easting. There, he confronted T72s in defensive positions south of those E Troop had just obliterated. With initial support from Captain Mac Haszards K Troop, Millers tanks destroyed sixteen enemy tanks on that position and then attacked through it. Just beyond the defenses I Troop observed another formation of enemy tanks moving in its direction and attacked it with tank and TOW fires. During that engagement, TOW missile fire from a K Troop Bradley struck and destroyed an I Troop Bradley wounding all three crewmen.[14] Before returning to positions along the 70 Easting, I Troop located the defending battalions command post and destroyed its command bunker and security forces.[15] By 4:40, Captain Joe Sartianos G Troop had gained a position on a ridge overlooking a wadi at and parallel to the 73 Easting, north of E Troop. As the Regiments northernmost unit, G Troop secured an open flank until the 3rd Armored Divisions cavalry squadron arrived to occupy its own positions along the 70 Easting. Sartianos men engaged Iraqi 18th Brigade tanks in defensive positions initially. Very quickly, however, G Troop found itself facing counterattacks by tank units of both the Tawakalna Division and the Iraqi 12th Armored Division. Additionally other Iraqi units attempted to retreat to the north along the wadi and that led them directly into G Troops position. By 6:30, the first of several waves of Iraqi T-72 and T-55 tanks advanced into the wadi. Fierce fighting ensued as wave after wave of tanks and infantry charged the troop. Combat became so intense at times that only massed artillery and mortar fires, attack helicopters and Air Force close air support prevented the enemy from closing with G Troop. At one point a Military Intelligence (MI) Platoon from the 2nd ACR's 502nd MI Company had to suspend its signal intelligence operation and return the fire of Iraqi soldiers who exited a burning BMP and continued to attack. During the six-hour battle, the G Troop fire support team called in 720 howitzer and MLRS rounds while using its own mortars continually to turn back attackers at close range. By 9 p.m., G Troop had expended all its TOW missiles and was becoming desperately short on 25mm and 120mm cannon ammunition. To remedy the emergency, Lt Colonel Kobbe sent his tank company, Captain Bruce Tylers Company H (Hawk), to relieve the troop. By then, G Troop had destroyed at least two companies of Iraqi armor. Hundreds of Iraqi infantrymen and their lightly armored transporters lay scattered on the wadi floor.[9] G Troop lost one M3 Bradley to Iraqi IFV fire and one soldier, Sergeant Nels A. Moller, the gunner of the Bradley, was killed. The Bradley's TOW launcher was inoperative, and the 25mm Bushmaster Cannon had jammed. While the crew was attempting to get the cannon back in action, an Iraqi BMP-1 hit the vehicles turret with 73 mm cannon fire. Moller died instantly and the remainder of the crew evacuated the damaged vehicle.[16]

78

Battle of 73 Easting Artillery fire and air strikes played a large role in the battle, especially in the far north. Colonel Gary Bournes 210th FA Brigade in direct support of 2nd ACR fired missions out to the 78 Easting. Close air support missions struck targets in greater depth preventing some Iraqi units from closing with G Troop or escaping the battle area. Attack helicopters flew in support of air scouts at key intervals during the day and the 2-1 Aviation Battalions Apache helicopters, led by Lt Colonel Jon Ward, destroyed two batteries of enemy artillery and struck march units along the IPSA Pipeline Road at 4:30 p.m. just as the battle began in earnest.[17][18] In total, the Regimental Fire Support Officer reported employing 1,382 rounds of 155mm howitzer ammunition (high explosive, dual-purpose improved munitions and rocket assisted HE projectiles) and 147 MLRS rockets on February 26.[19] The 210th FA Brigade Commander estimated that his two FA battalions and single MLRS battery destroyed 17 tanks, seven APCs, six artillery pieces and around 70 other vehicles. The number of vehicles damaged by artillery was greater. The number of enemy infantry casualties caused by indirect fire proved impossible to determine but almost certainly exceeded the thirty infantrymen claimed.[20] Sporadic fire continued throughout the night but no major fights occurred after 10 p.m. The Regiment used artillery fire and some close air support between the end of active fighting and the arrival of the 1st Infantry Division at the line of contact. Based on the intelligence gained during the battle, Colonel Holder advised the Corps Commander that the 1st Infantry Division should pass through the southern units of the Regiment. Committing the Division in that area would keep it clear of the chaotic post-battle conditions to the north and, more importantly, would steer the main attack around now known positions of the Republican Guard divisions. Lt General Franks accepted that recommendation and, beginning around 2 a.m. two brigades of the 1st Infantry Division passed through the Regiments positions along the 70 Easting. When the Division had completed passage of all its combat units around 6 a.m. the Second Cavalry Regiment became part of VII Corps reserve.

79

74 Easting and beyond

By 22:30, the battle at 2nd ACR's front, at 74 Easting, was ending with most of the engaged Iraqi elements burning or destroyed as the 1st Infantry Division began its forward passage of lines. The 1st Infantry Division passed through the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment's line in total darkness and continued to advance on Objective Norfolk, an area encompassing the intersection of the IPSA Pipeline Road, several desert trails, and a large Iraqi supply depot. Now, instead of three armored cavalry squadrons, the Iraqi 18th and 37th Armored Brigades faced six heavy battalions of American tanks and infantry fighting vehicles and another six battalions of 155 mm field artillery.

Iraqi Type 69 tanks after an attack by the 1st United Kingdom Armoured Division during Operation Desert Storm.

Again, the Iraqis did not run or surrender, but manned their vehicles and weapons to face the advancing Americans. In the ensuing battle, many American units advanced past Iraqi tanks and crews, who were in shelters or had not yet turned on their engines and so did not appear to be threats in the American crew's

Battle of 73 Easting

80

thermal sights. Some confusion resulted, with enemy tanks and anti-tank infantry crews operating in the rear of the American lead units, and several friendly fire incidents occurred. The brigade commander, Colonel David Weisman, decided to pull the battalions back, consolidate, and use his artillery to destroy the aggressive Iraqi infantry.

Battle of Norfolk
The Iraqis had halted the 1st Infantry Division's initial push into their sector only temporarily. By 00:30, 27 February, the two attacking brigades of the 1st Infantry Division were positioned along the 75 Easting, 2,000 meters east of 73 Easting. In what has since been Wrecked Bradley IFV K-12 burns after being hit by Iraqi tank fire during the first stages of the battle dubbed the Battle of Norfolk, they crossed the remaining ten kilometers to their objective, Objective Norfolk, over the next three hours. By dawn, the 1st ID had taken Objective Norfolk and the fight shifted away from the 73 Easting area to 1st Armored Division's attack to the north, started at 20:00 on 26 February, and the 3rd Armored Division attack just to the south of the 1st Division. After midnight, the British 1st Armoured Divisions 2nd Brigade engaged a brigade of the Iraqi Adnan Infantry Division a light infantry Republican Guard unit which was moving into its sector. Farther east, two brigades of the Iraqi Medina Division were trying to set up a defense line around what had been designated Phase Line Lime. The 3rd Brigade, 1st Armored Division engaged the Tawakalna Division, while the rest of 1st Armored Division continued after the Adnan Infantry Division in conjunction with continuous artillery and helicopter attacks. There was some ground contact, but most of the destruction was visited upon the Adnan ID by artillery and Apaches. Objective Bonn, containing the Medina Division and a major Republican Guard logistics base, was attacked by helicopter and air force strikes. Pilots reported large massings of enemy forces there: Medina was reinforced by elements of the 17th, 12th, 10th and 52nd Armored Divisions, which had been retreating north. The Medina Division retained about three quarters of its tanks and was attempting to maneuver against 1st Armoured Division. The British responded decisively with MLRS fire, cannon artillery, and air strikes. This was the start of nearly two days of continuous combat for the British, some of the toughest fighting of the war. In the largest of this series of running battles, the British destroyed 40 enemy tanks and captured an Iraqi division commander.

Significance of the battle

The Battle of 73 Easting and the movement to contact south of the battle brought the Regiment's covering force mission for VII Corps to its conclusion. During the operation the Regiment covered the advance of three different U.S. divisions in turn, moved 120 miles in eighty-two hours and fought elements of five Iraqi Divisions.[21] The violent battle at 73 Easting fixed the southern forces of the Iraqi Republican Guard Corps and permitted the Corps Commander to launch First Infantry Division into the depths of the Iraqi defenses and on into Kuwait. The 2nd ACR, which advanced between the Iraqi 12th Armored Division and the Tawakalna Division, was the only American ground unit to find itself significantly outnumbered and out-gunned. Nonetheless, the 2nd ACR's three squadrons, along with the 1st Infantry Division's two leading brigades, destroyed two Iraqi brigades (18th Mechanized Brigade and 37th Armored Brigade) of the Tawakalna Division. In moving to and through the Battle of 73 Easting, 2nd ACR destroyed 160 tanks, 180 personnel carriers, 12 artillery pieces and more than 80 wheeled [22] vehicles, along with several anti-aircraft artillery systems during the battle.

Battle of 73 Easting The equivalent of an Iraqi brigade was destroyed at 73 Easting; it was the first ground defeat of the Republican Guard. Within 24 hours, most of the other Iraqi brigades were gone.

81

Notes
[1] "Briefing, Battle of 73 Easting" (http:/ / www. scribd. com/ doc/ 9703733/ 73-Easting-Info). The Middle East Institute. . [2] Stephen A. Bourque (Autumn 1997). "The last battle of division Tawakalna, jewel of the Republican Guard" (http:/ / www. militaryphotos. net/ forums/ showthread. php?16927-The-Last-Stand-Of-The-Tawakalna-Gulf-War-I). The Middle East Journal 51 (4). . Retrieved January 5, 2011. [3] Atkinson, Rick (1993). Crusade, The untold story of the Persian Gulf War. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-0-395-60290-4 [4] http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ iraq/ tawakalna. htm [5] Michael D. Krause, The Battle of 73 Easting, 26 February 1991, A Joint Center of Military History and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Project, 24 May 1991 [6] Extract of the Second Armored Cavalry Regiments Operations Log, Second Armored Cavalry, ca. April 1991 [7] Houlahan, Thomas (1999). Gulf War: the complete history. Schrenker Military Publishing, p 325. ISBN 0-9668456-0-9 [8] Bourque. Jayhawk!. pp.310. [9] Bourque. Jayhawk!. pp.330. [10] Atkinson, p. 443 [11] Regimental Operations Log Summary, p. 11 [12] Battle of 73 Easting (http:/ / wn. com/ Battle_of_73_Easting) (video). . [13] Houlahan, p. 328 [14] Rick Atkinson, p. 444 [15] Lt Colonel Scott Marcy, Memorandum for Record, Operation DESERT STORM, Headquarters 3d Squadron, 2d ACR, 8 March 1991 [16] Atkinson. Crusade. pp.446. [17] Houlahan. pp.3289. [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] Bourque. Jayhawk!. pp.331. Major John Klemencic, Regimental Fire Support Officer, Fire Support Mission Summary 210 FA Brigade, Battle Damage Assessment, Operation Desert Storm, undated, ca. March 1991. Lute, The Regiment's Perspective, IDA Conference papers, p. I-115. Houlahan, Gulf War, p. 332.

References
"Ghost Troop, Battle at 73 Easting." Crawley, Vince, Armor, May-June 1991, VOL C, #3. "The 2nd ACR at the Battle of 73 Easting." Davis, 1LT Daniel L., Field Artillery Journal, PB 6-92-2, Apr 92, Pg 48. "A Swift Kick, 2nd ACR's Taming of the Guard." Army Times, 5 Aug 1991. "Dragon's Roar: 1-37 Armor in the Battle of 73 Easting." Armor, May-June 1992, VOL CI, #3. Draft Report The Battle of 73 Easting, 26 February 1991, a historical introduction to a simulation. Krause, Col Michael, US Army Center of Military History, 2 May 1991. Warrior's Rage: The Great Tank Battle of 73 Easting (ISBN 1591145058), retired Colonel Douglas A. MacGregor Naval Institute Press, Fall 2009. Crusade: The Untold Story of the Gulf War, Rick Atkinson, HarperCollins, London 1994 Jayhawk! The VII Corps in the Persian Gulf War, Stephen A. Borque, Center of Military History Publication 70-73-1, Washington, DC, 2002. Second Armored Cavalry Regiment: Operation Desert Storm, Major Steve Gravlin, Troop Information Paper, Headquarters 2d ACR, April 1991 Gulf War, The Complete History, Thomas Houlahan, Schrenker Military Publishing, New London, NH, 1999 Summary of Fire Missions, 25 and 26 February 1991, Major John Klemencic, Second Armored Cavalry Regiment, February 1991 Memorandum for Record, Operation DESERT STORM, Lt Colonel Scott Marcy, Headquarters 3d Squadron, 2d ACR, 8 March 1991

Battle of 73 Easting Conference Papers from 73 Easting: Lessons Learned from Desert Storm via Advanced Distributed Simulation Technology, 27-29 August 1991,J. Orlansky and J Thorpe, editors, IDA Doc D-1110, IDA, Alexandria VA, April 1992. (Including presentations by Major General Paul Funk, 3rd Armored Division, Keynote Address; Colonel Mike Krause, Center for Military History, Presentation of the 73 Easting Battle; Colonel (ret.) Gary Bloedorn, Institute for Defense Analysis, Data Collection Methodology; Major Douglas Lute, Headquarters Department of the Army, The Battle of 73 Easting: The Regiments Perspective) Extract of the Second Armored Cavalry Regiments Operations Log, Headquarters Second Armored Cavalry, ca. April 1991

82

External links
Victory Misunderstood: (http://www.comw.org/rma/fulltext/victory.html) What the Gulf War Tells Us About the Future of Conflict, by Stephen Biddle. From International Security, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Fall 1996) An account of Ghost Troop's fight (http://www.stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=15295& archive=true), by Stars and Stripes The Battle of 73 Easting and the Road to the Synthetic Battlefield (http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/ stories/gulf-war-20th-the-battle-of-73-easting-and-the-road-to-the-synthetic-battlefield/)

Article Sources and Contributors

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Article Sources and Contributors

2d Stryker Cavalry Regiment Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=496684379 Contributors: AdjustShift, Aldis90, Andrew Gray, Asiaticus, Atfyfe, Awiseman, BJOkarma, Benfergy, Bluemask, BookishAcolyte, Born2flie, Branxton, Buckboard, Buckshot06, CORNELIUSSEON, Carnefice, Cav trooper42, Ched Davis, Cletushenry, Coasterlover1994, Coffeyr, Cohesion, Cornellrockey, Crispyinstilly, Cyane, Danpanic77, Darklilac, DarthBinky, Dcfowler1, Dimadick, Dobradavid, DocYako, EagleWSO, Ecjmartin, Ed!, Ejosse1, Engineer Bob, Eurocopter, Explendido Rocha, Gaia Octavia Agrippa, Gaius Cornelius, Gracenotes, Hammersfan, HenryLarsen, Hmains, Hottentot, Intothatdarkness, Iranon1661, Jigen III, JohnClay, Joseph Dwayne, Joshuashearn, Jumpinbean, JustSomePics, Ketiltrout, Kintetsubuffalo, Kross, MarkPuchala, MrDolomite, Mwanner, Mzajac, Nobunaga24, Noclador, Ospalh, PPGMD, Philip Baird Shearer, PigFlu Oink, Puddhe, Red Slash, Rejectwater, Rel121792, Rich Farmbrough, Rogerd, Rpm698, Sadads, Sam Hocevar, Sam67fr, Scott Mingus, ScreaminEagle, Searcher 1990, Selfmademob, Shadowcat502, Shovonma17, Signaleer, Sky2625, Slats319, Sophus Bie, Stantonl, Strikehold, Syrthiss, TabooTikiGod, Tamfang, Terp tj, Tim!, Tonster, Tourbillon, Vegaswikian, VilePig, Virgil61, Wbfergus, WereSpielChequers, Wild Wolf, WilliamK99, 194 anonymous edits Battle of Lundy's Lane Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=496443581 Contributors: 5 albert square, Adam Bishop, Albrecht, Aointhepiehole, Arvand, Atticus Queeg, B, Balcer, BarretB, Bearcat, Bento00, Billy Hathorn, Bowlhover, Bryan Derksen, CART fan, Carom, Civil Engineer III, CommonsDelinker, Cortomaltais, Danwild6, Deconstructhis, Deekatherine, Discospinster, E2eamon, Ear123, Elkman, Fawcett5, Flonto, Frietjes, Fruitycake09, GABaker, Gaius Cornelius, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Gdr, George Dance, Grey Furb, HLGallon, Inkerius, Ironholds, JForget, Jeremy Bentham, Jesiahingram1999, Jmleak, Jmundo, KI, Kbdank71, Kelapstick, Kevin Myers, Kevindh71, Kieran4, Krenair, L Kensington, LaLa, Langmann, Loopy, Lord Bob, LtNOWIS, LuK3, Madmagic, Malcolmxl5, Martinp23, Maxim, Mcgarry90, Mejor Los Indios, Mike McGregor (Can), MilesVorkosigan, Mmcmartin35, N00BFARTZ, Natty10000, Notorious4life, Oreo Priest, PedanticallySpeaking, Phantompiper, Porterjoh, PurpleHz, Red4tribe, Refhead, Rjwilmsi, Rms125a@hotmail.com, Ryuhaku, Scoop100, Sfan00 IMG, Skeezix1000, Smartpokemon, Snickerdo, StAnselm, Tim!, Trfasulo, Trip Johnson, Triviaa, Valenciano, Varlaam, Viskonsas, Voyaging, Whpq, Wik, Wikipelli, Wwoods, 155 anonymous edits Siege of Fort Meigs Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=492103690 Contributors: 1812Soldier, 2over0, Albrecht, Americasroof, Az81964444, Badger Drink, Bkonrad, Boothy443, Bryan Derksen, Choess, Civil Engineer III, DagosNavy, Danwild6, Dougweller, Dvyost, Emersoni, Flonto, Gaius Cornelius, Gdr, GoingBatty, HLGallon, HPSCHD, Hemlock Martinis, Hfarmer, InternetHero, Iridescent, Jaraalbe, Jeremy Bentham, Joshua Issac, Kbdank71, Kevin Myers, Kungfuadam, LeRoi, Lightmouse, MangYang, Mike McGregor (Can), Mmcmartin35, Notorious4life, Nyttend, Red4tribe, Rjwilmsi, Sarcasmboy, Scoop100, Sietse Snel, SuperSmashBros.Brawl777, Tassedethe, WikiDon, Wwoods, Zoicon5, 72 anonymous edits Battle of Gettysburg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=493201906 Contributors: 0209fire, 0dd1, 10.26, 11cwest, 123Hedgehog456, 156.99.108.xxx, 15dylanh, 207.171.93.xxx, 21655, 62.253.64.xxx, 8th Ohio Volunteers, ABShippee, AI, Aarktica, AaronCBurke, Abeg92, Abnormalkorean, Abrfreek777, Adam Bishop, Adashiel, Addihockey10, Aded, Admiral Obvious, Ahoerstemeier, Ajraddatz, Aksi great, Al Silonov, Al Zeimer, Alansohn, Alarbus, Aldis90, AlexTiefling, Alexandria, AlexiusHoratius, Alexmwolfe, AlistairMcMillan, Allen Info, Allmightyduck, Alphachimp, Alvaro, AndyZ, Antandrus, Apostlemep12, Arapaima, Arcimpulse, Areaseven, Arjun01, ArmageddonMan, Arnon Chaffin, Artyom, Asdf4242, Asfjbvsdjvn, Avetian, Avoided, BSveen, 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Anderson, Storm Rider, Stretchguard, SubwayEater, Suffusion of Yellow, Sunshine4921, Suntag, Supasheep, SuperAnth, SuperJumbo, Swerdnaneb, Syd1435, Syrthiss, Szopen, TBloemink, TCarapet, TFOWR, Tail, Takoyuki, Tallkennj, Tango, Tangotango, Target for Today, Tbhotch, Tbone762, Tckma, Tdjewell, Tedickey, TeleComNasSprVen, Teles, Terra Xin, Texture, Tfskater, Tgeairn, That Guy, From That Show!, The Dark, The Rambling Man, The Random Editor, The pimper pimp master, TheCheeseManCan, TheGrappler, TheKurgan, TheNitwit, ThePlaz, TheRanger, Thecheesykid, Thespans, Thisischris, Thomas81, Thomas888b, Thomaskorp, Thomaswh, Thparkth, Thuresson, TigerShark, Tim!, Time3000, Tins128, Tinss, Tnnn, Tobby72, Tony1, Trainik, Travelbird, Trip Johnson, Trumpet marietta 45750, Trusilver, Tseno Maximov, TyArnberg, Tyar, UberCryxic, Ugen64, UnicornTapestry, UpstateNYer, UserDoe, Ushofunny, Vald, Valkyrie Red, Valkyryn, Vanished user 90345uifj983j4toi234k, Vermontcivilwar, Vidiviniwiki, Vikiizer, Vipinhari, Viridian, Volga2, Vrenator, WJBscribe, WW1woman, Wanboredlatino, Warrado, Waycool27, Wayward, Weaponbb7, Weather1015, Wenli, Weyes, Wfergus57, Whiskey in the Jar, Whoop whoop pull up, Why Not A Duck, Wigren, Wiki alf, Wiki13, Wikipelli, Wild Wolf, Wildthing61476, Will Beback, WilliamKF, Wizardman, Wknight94, WolfmanSF, Wombatcat, WookieInHeat, Wrightchr, Writelabor, Wwoods, Xandrodas4, Xiahou, Xiner, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yanksox, Yassie, Yekrats, YellowMonkey, Yoman518, Yonatan, YourEyesOnly, Yousou, Zap Rowsdower, Zappy44, Zdfniosdbnvjudi, ZimZalaBim, , 2192 anonymous edits Battle of the Hundred Slain Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=495330556 Contributors: AtwaterAdam86, H-stt, Hebrides, Jacksonriley0706, Scopecreep, Sensei48, SwisterTwister, 2 anonymous edits Kidder massacre Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=494853498 Contributors: Bakasuprman, Burroughsks88, Charliecow7, DanArmiger, Deon Steyn, Dimadick, HanzoHattori, Hmains, Intothatdarkness, Jestephens, KConWiki, Parkwells, Pmann79, Shaliya waya, Singularity, Studerby, The Utahraptor, Tony1, 7 anonymous edits Marias Massacre Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=477379072 Contributors: Andrew.baggott, Asarelah, Bakasuprman, Betacommand, Bryan Derksen, David Kernow, Delirium, Dimadick, Egpetersen, Engr105th, Guguwich, HanzoHattori, Herwillut3, Hmains, Howcheng, Intothatdarkness, Ish ishwar, Jengod, Jennings, Kanatonian, Kevin Myers, Lapsed Pacifist, Lokifer, Malcolmxl5, Miskwito, Monida55, Monty845, Mwanner, Pbappleton, Postdlf, PumpkinSky, RJFJR, Rayisthechosenone, Rich Farmbrough, Rmhermen, Shaliya waya, StAnselm, The wub, Tim!, Valenciano, Viajero, 22 anonymous edits

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Battle of Powder River Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=490583655 Contributors: $1LENCE D00600D, Airlineboy, Andrwsc, Betacommand, CommonsDelinker, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DeadEyeArrow, Einbierbitte, Ephriam3, Ethansmith, Fred Bauder, Hmains, Jengod, Ltvine, Meaghan, Pharaoh of the Wizards, PhnomPencil, Porsche997SBS, Scott Mingus, Spinningspark, Tabletop, 30 anonymous edits Battle of the Rosebud Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=490583662 Contributors: $1LENCE D00600D, AdjustShift, Aj4444, Andrwsc, Asarelah, Astoni1950, Backslash Forwardslash, Barry9p, Bart133, Buckboard, Calbeck, Caltas, Clarityfiend, CommonsDelinker, Doncram, Drbreznjev, Ephriam3, Ethansmith, Everyking, Finetooth, Fred Bauder, Gamaliel, Halfbackdog, Hmains, Hu12, Icatie, Ike9898, J.delanoy, Jengod, Jeremy Bentham, John Foxe, Kevin Murray, Kirill Lokshin, Ltvine, Mailer diablo, Manowar3745, Mike Cline, NativeForeigner, NekoDaemon, Neutrality, Oxymoron83, Parkwells, Pb30, Philkon, Pinethicket, Porsche997SBS, Possum, Quebec99, Red Heathen, Rich Farmbrough, Rklear, Sam Hocevar, Scott Mingus, Sdgjake, Sjscher, Spiesr, Tedernst, The Rambling Man, TheGerm, Theblackbear, Thmy, Twang, Vgranucci, Victim115, Xerxestron, Zardiw, 116 anonymous edits Cavite Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=495484020 Contributors: Adamsonian, Ahoerstemeier, Aldrie M, Alensha, Aqua5566, Auntof6, Axeman89, Balthier54, Balubz, Balubz123, Bender235, BentandBurnt, Bentnburnt, Bentong Isles, Blakegripling ph, Blaxq, Bluemask, Bob Burkhardt, Bojoyk, Bongsalazar26, Bramlet Abercrombie, Brianga, Briarfallen, C45207, CHCK4190, Carmonadabest, Cavite, Chanheigeorge, Chicbicyclist, Chris j wood, ChrisGualtieri, Christopher Sundita, Cntras, CommonsDelinker, Crystallina, Dakilang Isagani, Darth Mike, Deathlaser, Dinispachadoro, Dysprosia, Edpicc, El C, Entoaggie09, Ermanon, Favonian, Fratrep, G Clark, GDonato, Gaius Cornelius, Galingko, Giraffedata, Good Olfactory, Gubernatoria, HeatherRoseF, Hmains, Howard the Duck, Howcheng, Hu12, Huang Nuo Rong, Ian Fortuno, Ianlopez1115, IronGargoyle, JL 09, Jac16888, Jackfork, Janjanr, Jap2k11, Jayaqt, Jelboylacson, Jeremypv, Jhesse16, Jim1138, Jjpa 77, John of Reading, Jojit fb, Jondel, Joseph Solis in Australia, Juarot2008, Justox dizaola, Karaski, Kenz1027, Khazert, Lagalag, Lance doyle, Lee Flailmarch, Lhb1239, LoveAce, Ltlmstwntysx, Luna Santin, MER-C, Mananaliksik, Mangingisda, Maralia, Martinwilke1980, Mc visualkei, Mcduane bgk, Miguel raul, MinHoAhn, Mintleaf, Mk32, Montchav, Mrbalubz, Munsangchol, Namayan, Nick-D, Nicke L, Nickrds09, Nigel417, Nivrex, Novie, Nuttycoconut, Object404, Open2universe, Othanwiki2009, P199, PBS-AWB, PamD, Pepe alas, Peripitus, Philip Trueman, Pilipinaskabite, Plastikspork, Prolog, Queenmomcat, Raso mk, Reyrefran, Rjwilmsi, Ryuharu03, San Fernando Valley, Schlacks, SchuminWeb, Sdfisher, Seav, Secaundis, Septembermorgen, Sergeant Cribb, Shinobug 0812, Skier Dude, Sky Harbor, Sophus Bie, Stan Shebs, Stephenb, Stevey7788, Supergabbyshoe, Tabletop, Tassedethe, Tbhotch, Teringgay, TerraHikaru, TheCoffee, Theodoranian, Tide rolls, Titantron91, Tolukian, Turings artz, Upd bacw1, Vanished user 4ii389ddjjf3, Wagino 20100516, Wartoon, WayKurat, WereSpielChequers, Wickedwitch, William Avery, Wing, Woody, Zollerriia, , 795 anonymous edits Battle of 73 Easting Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=493166899 Contributors: $1LENCE D00600D, 2ACRMI, Adam850, Alanlemagne, Alikaalex, Andre Toulon, Auric, Awiseman, Bbpen, Blakkandekka, Bob371, BohicaTwentyTwo, Btphelps, Bukvoed, BusterD public, Captain Obvious and his crime-fighting dog, Catzdan, Chris the speller, Citronym, Cjmewett, Clarityfiend, Comeau, CommonsDelinker, DO'Neil, DagosNavy, Darklilac, Daysleeper47, Dctoedt, Desertsky85451, DuctTapeGeek, EH101, Eagleamn, EdBever, EnigmaMcmxc, Evans1982, FeloniousMonk, FishingKing, Fvasconcellos, Fvw, GCW50, GraemeLeggett, Groundsquirrel13, Gwen-chan, Haymouse, Jabberwalky123, Jeff Dahl, Jikaku, Joe N, JoelleJ, John Sheridan 1234, John Smith's, Joshuashearn, Jwillbur, JzG, Kirill Lokshin, KrakatoaKatie, Lightmouse, Lokifer, MER-C, Manxruler, MarkAllanPuchala, Marlow10, MeltBanana, Metalhead94, Mortense, Niceguyedc, Nobunaga24, Noclador, Publicus, Quebec99, R'n'B, Rdfox 76, Red1, Reenem, Rich Farmbrough, Rosiestep, Russiatoday1, Sandstig, Seraphimblade, Simbagraphix, Skuzbucket, Slats319, Socrates2008, Steelgunner1977, Stepheng3, Sugar-Baby-Love, The Anome, Tktktk, Tony1, Trumpet marietta 45750, USMA, Ulric1313, WAS 4.250, William M. Connolley, Woohookitty, Xdamr, Zzyzx11, 121 anonymous edits

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Image:002-Cavalry-Regiment-COA.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:002-Cavalry-Regiment-COA.png License: Public Domain Contributors: US Army Image:2CRDUI.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2CRDUI.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was CORNELIUSSEON at en.wikipedia Image:US 2nd Cavalry Regiment SSI.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_2nd_Cavalry_Regiment_SSI.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Avron, CORNELIUSSEON, Darz Mol, Monkeybait, Razorbliss, Sportsfan92 File:Photograph of Bezaleel W. Armstrong, ca. 1846 - NARA - 530873.tif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Photograph_of_Bezaleel_W._Armstrong,_ca._1846_-_NARA_-_530873.tif License: Public Domain Contributors: Dominic, JustSomePics File:Stryker IFV Novo selo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stryker_IFV_Novo_selo.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: MSgt Cecilio Ricardo Image:2nd US Cavalry Rgt.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2nd_US_Cavalry_Rgt.png License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Noclador File:Flag of Australia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, Mifter File:Flag of Germany.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Germany.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie File:Map of the Niagara Frontier, 1869.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Map_of_the_Niagara_Frontier,_1869.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Benson J. Lossing File:Battle of Niagara Falls map.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Battle_of_Niagara_Falls_map.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: HLGallon File:Lundy's Lane Historical Museum.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lundy's_Lane_Historical_Museum.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Natty10000 File:MeigsBattle.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MeigsBattle.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Benson J. Lossing Image:Speakerlink.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speakerlink.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Woodstone. Original uploader was Woodstone at en.wikipedia File:Gettysburg Campaign.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gettysburg_Campaign.png License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Hlj, Ipankonin, LERK, Shyam File:FieldOfGettysburg1863.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:FieldOfGettysburg1863.PNG License: Public Domain Contributors: Theodore Ditterline. Original uploader was Suntag at en.wikipedia. Later version(s) were uploaded by Pedentic at en.wikipedia. 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