Dilbilgisi Aklamalar

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE TIME CLAUSE 1. TANIM Time Clause yaplarda zaman uyumu kuralna dikkat etmek gerekir. Bu tmcelerde, ana tmce ile yan tmcede kullanlan tense uyumlu olmaldr. Yani, PRESENT PRESENT I never forget to pray before I go to bed. PRESENTFUTURE She will be there when I arrive at the airport. PASTPAST When we got there, the film was over. Time Clause yaplarda zaman uyumu kuralna bir tek since uymamaktadr. PRESENT PAST I have known him since I left school. 2. TIME BEFORE 2.1. Until/Till KULLANIMI until/till + ad / tmce / Ving EVRS yklem + -EnE / -IncEyE kadar [1] ad + -E kadar [2] He worked patiently until he completed polishing. [1]

Cilalamay tamamlayana kadar sabrla alt. Until the war, they didn't know any poverty. [2]
Until ve by szcklerinden hangisinin kullanlaca konusu eviri ya da ngilizce yazma/konuma esnasnda bir tereddt konusu olabilmektedir. Until belirli bir zamana kadar sren bir olay ya da durum iin kullanlr. I have to keep writing until the end of next year. By belirli bir zamanda ya da o zamandan nce oluan bir olay iin kullanlr. My book will be finished by the end of next year. Burada belirtilmesi gereken nemli bir nokta da, by szcnn zaman yaplarnda bu tr kullanmnda hibir zaman bir conjunction olarak kullanlamamas, yani, ardndan bir S+V+(O) yapsnn gelememesidir. I hadn't liked Spielberg's films ..... I watched his masterpiece "ET". A. after B. by the time C. in case D. until E. while The sailors decided that it was better to wait ..... . A. as they have heard the weather forecast. B. by the time the mist settles C. since the time the weather conditions changed D. until the sea was calmer E. whether their boat is thoroughly ready for sail 2.2. Before

KULLANIMI before + ad / tmce / Ving EVRS yklem + -mEdEn nce yklem + -DEn nce They left before the door was opened. Before the geological age of a fossil can be established, ...... A. theory of evolution was not fully understood B. movements within the earth's crust have been measured C. the necessary equipment has been provided D. the measurements were not sufficiently accurate E. the evolutionary significance of the remains must be fully understood 2.3. By the time KULLANIMI by the time + tmce EVRS yklem + -EnE kadar They will have gone by the time we arrive. Kullanm zellii: by the time + present tense, future perfect (continuous) by the time + simple past, past perfect (continuous) By the time something ..... to save them, whales ..... extinct before it is too late. A. had done/would have gone B. has been done/will go C. is done/will have gone D. was done/had gone E. will be done/have gone By ile by the time fark:

by + tmce

3. SAME TIME 3.1. As KULLANIMI (just) as + tmce EVRS (tam) ... -(i)ken As she was walking down the road, she was hit by a lorry. 3.2. As long as / So long as

KULLANIMI as long as/so long as + tmce EVRS yklem + -DII srece/mddete I'll love you as long as I live.

3.3. While/Whilst Bu szcklerden whilst ok resmi yaplarda kullanlabilir. KULLANIMI while / whilst + tmce [1] / Ving [2] EVRS yklem + -(i)ken They came while I was sunbathing. [1] While walking, he stumbled and fell. [2]

The secretary took notes ..... I explained her how to use the new software. A. before B. by the time C. in case D. though E. while 3.4. When / Whenever KULLANIMI when + tmce [1] / sfat [2] / Ving [3]; whenever + tmce [4] / sfat [5] EVRS (her ne) zaman ... -sE yklem + - DII zaman/-E/Ir(i)ken/-DII(n)dE/-IncE/ -DIkE When I sleep I always snore. [1] Please do your exercise when(ever) possible. [2] Be careful when lifting this bag. [3] She visits her parents whenever she finds time. [4]

When I last ..... Peter he ..... to be transfered to the firm's new factory. A. was seeing/had hoped B. have seen/hoped C. saw/would hope D. saw/was hoping E. see/will hope Dikkat:

Yan tmcede present perfect tense mmkndr. When I ..... my last exam I ..... for, I plan to have a long holiday. A. had taken/studied B. have taken/have been studying C. take/study D. took/had been studying E. will take/am studying

3.5. Now that KULLANIMI now that + tmce EVRS -DII iin (Hazr) ... yklem -DII [(n)E] gre Now that everybody is here, we can start the meeting. 3.6. Ving He came in shouting. Bu yapya benzer bir yapda hi yklem kullanlmamaktadr: He came in drunk. (= When he came in he was drunk.) 3.7. During KULLANIMI during + ad EVRS esnasnda During the storm, a lot of people hid in the cinema. 4. TIME AFTER 4.1. After KULLANIMI after + tmce [1] / Ving [2] / ad [3] EVRS yklem/ad + -DEn/(mEsIn)In ardndan/sonra After he had seen the murder, he couldn't sleep whole night. [1] After finishing his meal, Peter went to bed. [2] After the riot, everything is calm and quiet. [3]

You will be responsible for the whole project ..... I've left, so now listen carefully! A. after B. during C. for

D. since E. while 4.2. As soon as KULLANIMI as soon as + tmce [1] / Ving [2] EVRS yklem + -Er yklem + -mEz As soon as she saw the poster, she burst out a laughter. [1] As soon as leaving work, he rushes to the bar. [2] Bir e anlam: as soon as = the minute

4.3. Directly/Immediately Bu iki yap da sk kullanlmaz. KULLANIMI directly / immediately + tmce EVRS yklem + -Er yklem + -mEz She smiled immediately she heard the news. ki e anlam: directly / immediately = the moment / the minute

4.4. Once KULLANIMI once + tmce [1] / Ving [2] EVRS Bir kez .. yklem + -DI mI/-mEyE grOnce I make up my mind, nothing can stop me. [1] Once signing this contract, you will have to obey the rules. [2] 4.5. Since KULLANIMI since + tmce [1] / Ving [2] / ad [3] EVRS yklem + -Den beri/bu yana He feels much better since he completed his exams. [1] We haven't gone out since visiting you. [2] I've been typing since 12. [3]

I haven't had a single accident ..... I got my driving license almost ten years ago. A. after B. as C. before D. for E. since Present perfect konusunda da belirtildii gibi ... since + simple past

4.6. When / Whenever Kullanm ve eviri asndan yukarda Same time bal altnda ele alnan when / whenever ile ayndr. 4.7. Now that Kullanm ve eviri asndan yukarda Same time bal altnda ele alnan now that ile ayndr. 4.8. No sooner ... than KULLANIM No sooner + had + Subject + V3 + than ..+ Simple Past EVR Daha yeni/Henz ... yklem + -mItI ki ... No sooner had he left than he heard the explosion. ok nemli zellikler: No sooner + had + zne + V3 + than ..+ simple past No sooner ... yapsnda mutlaka than kullanlr. No sooner ... yapsnn tmce banda yer almas durumunda, mutlaka devrik yap kullanlr. 4.9. Hardly / Scarcely ... when Kullanm ve eviri asndan No sooner ... than yaps ile ayndr. ok nemli zellikler:

Hardly/Scarcely + had + zne + V3 + when ..+ simple past

Hardly/scarcely yapsnda mutlaka when kullanlr. Hardly/Scarcely yapsnn tmce banda yer almas durumunda, mutlaka devrik yap kullanlr. 4.10. On, upon Ving bal altnda (aada 5 numaral balk) ele alnmaktadr. 4.11. (only) to ... Geici bir durumu gstermek ve durumun ortaya kard sonucu ifade etmek iin kullanlr. I rushed to the door to discover it was locked tmcesinde to discover yaps in order to discover anlam tamamaktadr, zira bu anlam tayor olsa kapnn kilitli olduunu bile bile kapya gitme sz konusu olacaktr. * Kapnn kilitli olduunu kefetmek iin kapya kotum. Bu yapnn gerek karl ... to discover = and I discovered yaklam ile Kapya kotum ve kilitli olduunu farkettim eklinde olacaktr. I woke up one morning to find myself on the floor. She turned the corner, to find the car gone.

The curtain parted, to reveal a market scene. 4.12. yklem + to + yklem Aslnda yklem + and + yklem eklinde kullanlabilecek bir yapdr ve uzunca bir sreye bal bir sonucu ifade eder. She lived to be 100. (= and she became 100.) The show went on to become a great success. 5. Ving 5.1. Same time (= When) Returning to the village, I met an old friend. (On/Upon) receiving the letter, you should reply immediately. Dikkat:

Ving yaps ile time ve reason anlatld zaman, ana tmcenin ve yan tmcenin znesinin ayn olmas gerekir. When I returned to the village, I met an old friend. (= Returning to the village, I met an old friend.) ..... us that the flat was in perfect condition, the estate agent asked us if we would like to see the flat. A. Tell B. Telling C. To be told D. To tell E. Told The applicants, ..... for the interview all morning, looked very bored when they were finally allowed in. A. being waited B. having waited C. to have waited D. waited E. waiting

5.2. Time after (= When / After) Having + V3 ya da -ing yaps ile oluturulur. Having completed his study he submitted it to the committee. (= After he had completed ...) 5.3. (By) + Ving Bu yap zaman belirtmesinin yansra neden de (= reason) belirtebilir. By taking advantage of the darkness, he escaped. 5.4. ..., Ving He rose to his feet, spilling coffee on his pants. (= When he was rising to his feet, he spilt coffee on his pants.) 6. PAST PARTICIPLE (= V3) ok nemli zellikler:

Edilgen zellik tar. Past Participle ile time ve reason anlatld zaman, ana tmcenin ve yan tmcenin znesinin ayn olmas gerekir.

(When it is) taken as it is, the sentence will mean nothing. CONDITION CLAUSE 1. IF 1.1. First condition u an ya da gelecee ait gereklemesi mmkn olaslk anlatr. KULLANIMI If + Present, Future / Present tense EVRS (Eer) ... -I/Er ise, -EcEk / -I/Er If nothing is done about high rate of population growth, world population will have doubled by the year 2005. DEVRK YAPI Should you see her, give her the message.

If you ..... to a doctor straight away as I advise, you ..... a great deal of discomfort. A. would go/would have been spared B. have gone/were spared C. had gone/would have been spared D. were going/have been spared E. go/will have been spared If ile balayan blm (= yan tmce) ile ilgili nemli bir not:

If + will / may / might ... , ....

1.2. Second Condition u an ya da gelecee ait gereklemesi pek mmkn olmayan olaslk anlatr. KULLANIMI If + Simple past, could / would (be able to) / might EVRS (Eer) ... -sE(ydI), ... -I/ErdI If you were a man, I'd slap you here and now. DEVRK YAPI Were you a man, I'd slap you here and now. Would you accept the offer if you ..... in my shoes. A. are B. can be C. were D. had been E. should be Was yerine were kullanm nem tar:

If I / she / you / it / they / ... WERE ....

Ayrca u yaplara dikkat: Would you mind ...? Do you mind ... ? Kim: I urgently need an envelope for this card. Tom: Do you mind if I go and buy you one? Kim: ..... Tom: I'll be back in a minute. A. Yes, and buy a pen as well, please. B. Yes, this would be lovely. C. No, not at all; most appreciated. D. I'd better have an envelope immediately. E. Actually, what I need is that one. Progressive / Continuous kullanma dikkat:

Would be + VingSecond Condition She must be earning a lot. Otherwise, she ..... such a luxurious life. A. couldn't have led B. hasn't been leading C. isn't leading D. wasn't leading E. wouldn't be leading

1.3. Third Condition Gemie ait ve gereklemesi artk mmkn olmayan olaslk anlatr. KULLANIMI A. If + Past Perfect, would /could / might + have + V3 [1] B. If + Past Perfect, would / could / might + V1 + (now) [2] C. If + would / could + have + V3, would / could / might + have + V3 [3] EVRS A. (Eer) -sEydi /-mI olsayd, ... -I/ErdI If he had known the result he wouldn't have been so happy. [1] B. (Eer) -sEydi /-mI olsayd, (imdi) ... -I/ErdI If you had been more careful, you'd be earning more. [2] C. (Eer) -sEydi /-mI olsayd, ... -EbIlIrdI I could have helped him if I could have swum. [3]

DEVRK YAPI Had he been more careful, he could have won.

If I ..... you were coming I ..... you a lift.

A. knew/can give B. know/have given C. had known/could have given D. have known/gave E. will know/would give 1.4. If + should Az gerekleme olasl gsterir. If you should see him, let me know. 1.5. If + happen to If + should yaps ile ayn anlamdadr. 1.6. If + were to Were to yaps gelecekte gerekleme olasl az bir olay anlatmada kullanlabilir. What would you do if a war were to break out ? Were to yaps zorlayc bir neri ifade edebilir. If you were to move your chair a bit, we could all sit down comfortably.

If Turkey ..... to withdraw from the NATO alliance, certainly it ..... a global crisis. A. had/will cause B. was/would have caused C. will have/causes D. were/would cause E. would have/had caused 1.7. If it weren't for Bu yap olayn bir baka olay deitirdiini / etkilediini gstermede "olmasa" anlamnda kullanlr. If it weren't for his wife's money, he'd never be a boss. 1.8. If it hadn't been for If it weren't for yapsnn gemi zaman halidir. If it hadn't been for your help, she could have gone to prison. 1.9. But for If it hadn't been for yaps ile ayn anlam tar. But for you, I could have given up long ago. 1.10. If only (= I wish ...) A) If only + Past tense If only I had more money, I could buy a drink. If only you hadn't told Jackie the truth, everything would have been all right. B) If only + would / could Bu yap istek / ama belirtir. If only she wouldn't speak all the time, she'd make a perfect guest. If only he wouldn't snore !

If only we ..... more money on us, we wouldn't have got so embarrassed at the supermarket. A. had taken B. have taken

C. took D. would have taken E. would take If only you ..... in my affairs that much! I really don't want to offend you. A. don't interfere B. hadn't interfered C. haven't interfered D. won't interfere E. wouldn't interfere 2. AS LONG AS, SO LONG AS KULLANIMI as long as, so long as + tmce EVRS - DII srece/takdirde She can come in as long as she promises to keep silent.

You can leave the room ..... you promise to tidy your things. A. unless B. as long as C. although D. however E. before 3. ASSUMING, PROVIDED, PROVIDING, SUPPOSING KULLANIMI assuming/provided/providing/supposing + (that) + tmce EVRS Assuming/supposing -DIInI varsayarsak/varsaynca Provided/providing -mEsI koulu ile/-DII takdirde Assuming that the journey is likely to take a full day, we may except him any minute. You can borrow the car provided that you promise to drive carefully.

You can use my computer ..... you are careful with it. A. as much as B. even if C. expecting D. in case E. providing 4. IN CASE KULLANIMI in case + tmce EVRS -sE diye Buy another bottle of vodka in case more people come.

We should have the car checked before we set out for our holiday ..... something goes wrong. A. although B. before C. by the time D. in case E. while Bu yap in (the) case of + ad/Ving ( ... "durumunda") eklinde de kullanlabilir. In case of a fire, use the side doors. In case of meeting him, do not offer to shake hands. Just in case kullanm ise "ne olur ne olmaz" anlamn yanstr. "Why do you always carry that umbrella ?" "Just in case." 5. IN THE EVENT THAT, JUST SO (THAT), ON CONDITION (THAT) KULLANIMI in the event that + tmce just so (that) + tmce on condition (that) + tmce EVRS -mEsI durumunda/-DII takdirde In the event that the police ask you your address, you are not legally bound to give it. 6. UNLESS KULLANIMI unless + tmce EVRS -mEz ise/-mEmEsI durumunda I'll quit unless I'm given a pay rise.

This boy of yours will be very spoilt ..... you stop treating him as if he were a baby. A. as though B. if C. in case D. unless E. when 7. GIVEN KULLANIMI given (that) + tmce EVRS olsa, -mEsI durumunda Given that x = y, then n(x+a) = n(y+a) must also be true. Given yaps "ramen" anlamn tayan tmce (Concession Clause) olarak da kullanlabilir. 8. WISH Dilek belirten bir yap olarak I wish / He wishes / .. eitli zamanlarla birlikte kullanlabilir. Bu zamann seimi elbette tmcenin oluturulduu duruma baldr.

(Simple Present) I'm not rich. I wish I was/were rich. I don't earn a lot. I wish I earned a lot. She talks a lot. I wish she didn't talk a lot. (Present Continuous) It's raining. I wish it wasn't/weren't rainining. She is studying. I wish she wasn't/weren't studying. (Simple Past) She didn't come. I wish she had come. (Present Perfect) He has lost it. He wishes he hadn't lost it. (Will) You will always complain! I wish you wouldn't complain. He will sing all the time! I wish he wouldn't sing. wish + simple past / past continuous / would / could = Second condition wish + past perfect = Third condition

I wish they ..... to the party with us tomorrow. A. can come B. com C. could come D. had come E. would have come I wish nobody ..... of hunger in our present day. A. is dying B. died C. dies D. had died E. has died Bu yaplar Trkeye "keke" olarak aktarlabilir. PLACE CLAUSE 1. WHERE KULLANIMI where + tmce EVRS yklem + -DII yerde Where I come from, this is called injustice. 2. WHEREVER KULLANIMI wherever + tmce EVRS (neresi olursa orada) yklem + -DII her yer(d)e/yerin They went wherever they expected to find work. CONCESSION CLAUSE 1. TMCE LE KULLANILANLAR 1.1. Although / Though yklem + -mEsInE ramen / karn; -DII halde Although he is young, he is not inexperienced.

Devrik yap ile de kullanlabilir. Careful though/as she was, she couldn't prevent the accident. (=Although she was ...) Although ve though fark: Though, tmce iinde ve sonunda however anlamnda kullanlabilir. 1.2. Even if / Even though Trkeye evirisi although ile ayndr. Even if "-sE bile" olarak aktarlabilir. He borrowed my jacket even though I'd told him not to.

You have to be on time even if the lesson starts very early. 1.3. Whereas Trkeye although gibi ya da "... ise de", "... iken" ile aktarlr. Whereas he has plenty of money, he has no-one to trust. 1.4. While / Whilst Trkeye although gibi aktarlr. While he is quite nice, sometimes he is a menace. 1.5. Despite / In spite of / Regardless of / Notwithstanding / Irrespective of + the fact that Trkeye "...( gerein)e karn / ramen" ile aktarlrlar. Despite the fact that he is rather nice, sometimes he is a menace. (=Although he is ...) 1.6. As Devrik yap durumunda "ramen" anlam tayabilir. Tired as I was, I went on walking. (=Although I was tired ...) Change your mind as you will, you will gain no support. (=Although you may change ...) Bu yap Reason veya Similarity Clause olarak da kullanlabilir. As szc yerine that kullanld da grlr. Fool that he was, he made no mistakes. 1.7. As ... as Bu yap ender olarak kullanlr. As widespread as his fame may be, he is not well-known in this part of the country. (=Although his fame may be widespread, ...) 2. TMCE LE KULLANILMAYANLAR 2.1. Despite/In spite of KULLANIMI despite/in spite of + ad [1] / Ving [2] EVRS yklem + -mEsInE ramen / karn ad + -E ramen / karn He came in spite of his illness. [1] / being ill. [2]

He still chooses to play with his plastic toy gun despite the many electric toys he has.

A. Although he has many electric toys, he prefers to play with his plactic toy gun. B. Due to the number of his toys, he's having difficulty in choosing between his plastic toy and electric toys. C. He has electric toys as well, but today he is playing with his plastic toy gun. D. He may choose to play with his plastic toy gun, but his favourite is his electric toy. E. In spite of playing with his plastic toy gun, he still has some electric toys as well. 2.2. Irrespective of, Regardless of, Notwithstanding KULLANIMI irrespective of / regardless of / notwithstanding + ad / WH EVRS ad + -E ramen / karn yklem + -mEsInE ramen / karn gz nne almakszn Regardless of whatever he may say, do it as you please. 2.3. ..., still / yet KULLANIMI ..., still/yet + Ving [1] / tmce [2] EVRS yine de, ancak, fakat, bun(lar)a karn He suffered a lot, yet never giving in. [1] / he never gave in. [2] 3. Given (that) Yerine gre koul anlam da verebilen bu yap pek sk kullanlmamaktadr. Given her charm, she is alone. / Given that she has charm, she is alone. 4. For all For all his efforts, he failed. Aadaki farkl kullanma dikkat: For all + tmce = as far as

CONTRAST CLAUSE Dilbilgisi kitaplarnda ayr bir balk altnda yer alsa da yap olarak Concession Clause ile ayndr. Whereas, while, whilst ile oluturulur ve Trkeye en basit olarak "oysa" szc ile aktarlr. REASON CLAUSE 1. TMCE LE KULLANILANLAR 1.1. Because, As, For, Since Trkeye "yklem + -I iin / -IndEn tr / dolay", "yklem + -mEsI nedeniyle / sebebiyle" eklinde aktarlrlar. Because he worked so hard, he deserved a holiday. As szc devrik yapda kullanlarak da Reason Clause oluturabilir. Ayn yap Concession Clause iin de geerli olduu iin hangi anlamn karlmas gerektiine dikkat edilmesi gerekir. Tired as she was, she went on walking. [Concession] Tired as she was, she stopped walking. [Reason]

..... the prices are very high, I have to find a second job to make ends meet. A. Even though B. In spite of C. Unless D. Because E. Even if I reckon he'll be a great asset to the firm, ..... he really does have a good eye for business. A. although B. for C. therefore D. lest E. thus 1.2. Because of / Due to / Owing to / On account of + the fact that Trkeye "[gerei(nden)] tr / yznden / sayesinde" eklinde aktarlrlar. Owing to the fact that Tom didn't know any French, they were able to speak comfortably in his presence.

..... a heavy rain, the game had to be stopped. A. Because B. Owing to C. Regardless of D. In spite of E. Provided 1.3. As long as KULLANIMI as long as + tmce EVRS - DII srece / mddete As long as he doesn't disturb me, it is okay. 1.4. Inasmuch as, Insomuch as Because anlam tayan bu yaplar resmi durumlarda kullanlr. Thomas is also guilty, insomuch as he knew what they were going to do.( ..., because he knew ...) 1.5. In that KULLANIMI in that + tmce EVRS -mEsI asndan/yznden, -DII iin The evidence is invalid in that it was obtained through illegal ways. 1.6. Now that Time Clause yaplarda ele alnan Now that ile ayn anlam tar. 1.7. (The reason) why

KULLANIMI (The reason) why + tmce + be + because/that ... EVRS -mE("kii eki")In(In) nedeni/sebebi ... (-dIr) The reason (why) they lost is that/because they did not know the rules.

She won't tell me the reason ..... she is leaving me! A. how B. when C. which D. whom E. why 1.8. While KULLANIMI while + tmce EVRS hazr ... olduuna gre/-mI iken While you are in the kitchen, can you bring me a knife ? 2. TMCE LE KULLANILMAYANLAR 2.1. Because of, Due to, Owing to, On account of KULLANIMI because of / due to + owing to + on account of + ad + (Ving) [1] / + my / his /.. + Ving [2] EVRS Trkeye because ile ayn ekilde aktarlrlar. Because of rain the rescue operation had to be stopped. [1] Owing to his trying to save the situation, a scandal was prevented. [2] 2.2. Ving ..., nemli bir zellik: Ving ile time ve reason anlatld zaman, ana tmcenin ve yan tmcenin znesinin ayn olmas gerekir.

In any election campaign, we see that all the candidates promise to bring all essential facilities to the area, ...... A. bearing in mind the fact that it has a potential vote population B. in that they were quite successful in bringing service C. that has always been neglected by local politicians D. which actually needed almost nothing other than a sewage system E. whose political career depends on the leading party's policies Seeing that it was likely to rain, he stayed in. (=Because / When he saw ...) Knowing their tastes, she was able to bring a good gift. (=Because she knew ...)

Having completed the task, they had a break. (=Because / After they had completed ...) 2.3. Past participle (= V3) nemli zellikler: Bu yap edilgen zellik tar.

Past Participle ile time ve reason anlatld zaman, ana tmcenin ve yan tmcenin znesinin ayn olmas gerekir. Constructed according to my specifications, the building was able to withstand the earthquake. (=Because it was constructed ...) 2.4. With KULLANIMI with + ad + Ving [1] with + ad + to + yklem [2] EVRS "var iken", -mekte iken, -DII iin, -DIIndEn tr With the exams coming, we have no time for a social life. [1] With so many children to support, they both have to work. [2] 2.5. What with Yukarda ele alnan With yaps ile ayndr. PURPOSE CLAUSE 1. (In order) to, so as to KULLANIMI in order (not) to / so as (not) to + yklem EVRS yklem + -mEk iin To open the lid, turn it left. They left the door open in order for me to hear what they were talking about. She has to hurry in order not to be late. So as to yapsnn aadaki rnekte grlen kullanmna sk rastlanmaktadr. He never stayed in one place so long as to be recognised.

He has been studying ..... fail again. A. to B. because of C. in order not to D. in spite of E. even if 2. In order that

KULLANIMI in order that + tmce EVRS yklem + -sIn diye / -mEk iin The school closes early in order that the children can get home before dark. 3. For fear that KULLANIMI for fear that + tmce EVRS yklem + -mEk /... olur + korkusu ile They left early for fear that they'd miss the train. 4. Lest Resmi (= formal) nitelik tayan tmcelerde kullanlr. KULLANIMI lest + tmce EVRS yklem + -mEmEk iin / -mEsIn diye They checked the list again lest they should leave something behind. RESULT CLAUSE 1. So (that), Such that KULLANIMI so (that), such that + tmce EVRS bylece, bu yolla, yle ki, -sIn diye We announced the test results immediately so that those who failed wouldn't have to wait. They had considered all the possibilities in preparing the leaflet, such that even the most inexperienced would be able to inform the candidates of the requirements for application. ok nemli bir zellik: So that ile oluturulan yan tmcede hemen her zaman bir yardmc yklem olur. 2. Thereby

KULLANIMI thereby + Ving EVRS bylece, bu yzden, bu yolla, sonuta

Because he was so young and fiery, he drove the sport car at top speed, thereby deserving three different traffic tickets. SIMILARITY CLAUSE 1. (Just) as KULLANIMI (just) as + tmce [1] / it is/was/.. [2] Kimi zaman as yerine the way kullanlabilir. EVRS gibi She is a fine singer, just as her father used to be. [1] In autumn, as (it was) in spring, there were floods. [2] Bu yap resmi (= formal) nitelik tayan anlatmlarda devrik yap (= inversion) kullanlarak oluturulabilir. He was Catholic, as were most of his friends. He believed, as did all his colleagues, in the supremacy of the institution he worked for.

..... it was expected, Peter won the game. A. The same B. As C. Likewise D. Similar E. Contrary Dikkat edilmesi gereken kullanmlar:

be that as it may = yle oldu ki such ... as I had never had ..... terrible time ..... I had in that seaside hotel. A. as / than B. so / that C. more / that D. such / as E. the most / as

2. Like KULLANIMI like + ad / him/her/... ; like + tmce ( AmE) EVRS gibi, benzer My sister isn't much like me.

Many tropical climate animals are facing the danger of extinction, ..... the panda. A. as B. as if C. even if

D. like E. similar As ve like fark: as =olarak

like = gibi I gave her a ring ..... a birthday present. A. like B. as C. as if D. such as E. that 3. As if, as though KULLANIMI as if, as though + tmce EVRS (sanki) ... (-mI) gibi You look as if you are about to cry.

We know that it may be wrong to treat a child as if he ..... an adult. A. had been B. has been C. is D. were E. will be As soon as I entered the room, I noticed that it looked ..... it hadn't been lived in for a very long time. A. although B. though C. because D. even if E. in case EXCEPTION CLAUSE 1. But (that) Resmi (= formal) nitelik tayan anlatmlarda kullanlr. KULLANIM but that + tmce [1] but for me/him/.. to + yklem [2] EVRS dnda, haricinde Nothing would stop them but that the President (should) make a speech. [1] Nothing would stop them but for the President to make a speech. [2] 2. Except (that), excepting (that)

KULLANIMI except/excepting (that) + tmce EVRS ama, fakat, ancak, haricinde, dnda We would most happily help you, except we are in need of cash. 3. Save that KULLANIMI save that + tmce EVRS dnda, haricinde The company has lost almost all its possessions, save that they still hold a small share in a vast piece of land. 4. Only Gnlk konuma dilinde kullanlr. KULLANIMI only + tmce

EVRS fakat, ancak, ama I'd love to come, only I have no time. COMMENT CLAUSE 1. Tanm Tmce iinde paranteze alnm bir fikir, yorum, yarg grevi stlenen ifadelerdir. Tmce iinde alt deiik yapda kullanlabilirler. 2. Tmce olarak There were no applicants, I believe, for that job. En sk kullanlan yaplar unlardr. God knows Tanr bilir (ya) Heaven knows it grieves me to tell you it has been claimed it is reported it is rumoured it is said it is true it may interest you to know it pains me to tell you it seems it transpires I admit Tanr bilir (ya) zlerek sylyorum iddiaya gre bildirildiine gre sylentiye gre denildiine gre/ denir ki uras da doru ki/ doru olan u ki renmek ilgini(zi) ekebilir zlerek sylyorum grne gre, grne baklrsa sylenildiine gre bence de/ kabul ediyorum

I agree I ask myself I assume I believe I can see I claim I consider I daresay I don't deny I doubt I expect I fear I feel I guess I hear I have heard I have heard tell I have no doubt I have read I have to say I hope I imagine I know I may assume I'm afraid I'm convinced I'm delighted to say I'm glad to say I'm happy to say I'm pleased to say I'm sorry to say I'm sure I'm told I must admit I must say I must tell you I presume I regret I regret to say

bence de/ kabul ediyorum diye sormaktaym sanrm bence/ sanrm grdm kadar ile bence bence sanrm kabul hisanmam ama/ pek sanmasam da/ korkarm umarm korkarm bence sanrm duyduuma gre duyduuma gre sylenenlere gre hi kukum yok okuduuma gre belirtmeliyim ki umarm sanrm bildiime gre/ biliyorum sanrm korkarm eminim/ inanyorum ki sevinerek sylyorum (ki) sevinerek sylyorum (ki) sevinerek sylyorum (ki) sevinerek sylyorum (ki) zlerek sylyorum (ki) eminim bana anlatlana gre/ duydum ki kabul/ itiraf etmeliyim ki sylemem gerekir ki anlatmam gerekir ki sanrm korkarm/ ne yazk ki zlerek sylyorum (ki)

I remember I see I suppose I think I understand I venture to say I wish I wonder mind you one hears they allege they claim there is on doubt they say you can see you know you may have heard you may know you must admit you realise you see

hatrlyorum (da) bence sanrm bence anlyorum ki/ bence diyebilirim ki umarm acaba hatrlarsan(z) sylenenlere gre iddiaya gre iddiaya gre kukusuz dediklerinegre grdn(z) gibi biliyorsun(uz) duymu olabilecein(iz) gibi belki biliyorsun(uz) kabul etmelisin(iz) ki anlayacan(z) gibi grdn(z) gibi

3. As + tmce Trkeye "yklem + -DII gibi/kadar ile" eklinde aktarlabilir. I'm working overtime, as you know. En sk kullanlan yaplar unlardr: as everybody k