INSULINE & GLYCAGON: INSULINE:-Its a harmone that decrease the blood glucoselevel;NatureIts a Poly-peptideharmone of 51-Amino-AcidChain;STRUCTUREIts Composed of 2chain of 51-Amino-Acid;

1. 2. These 2-Chains are joined by disulphide-Bond; A. SYNTHESIS-OF-INSULINE:Its produced by the -cell of Islets Of Langerhans which present in Pancreas;

The following products are Obtain during Insuline production; 1. In Endo-Plasmic-reticiumPrepro-Insuline break intoNH3 + ProInsuline; 2. In Golgiappratus Pro-Insuline break into insuline+C-Peptide; The initial 2-reaction occurs in EndoPlasmic-reticium; The last reaction occurs in Golgiappratus;

 REGULATION-OF-INSULINESECREATION: STIMULATION: 1. Folling stimuli, cause to increase( ) the secreation of insulin in blood;

a) b)

Glucose; Amino-Acid;

when Glucose & Amino-Acid increase( ) in blood it cause to secreate insulin in blood; c) GIT-HARMONES(SECREATION):Its sence the glucose & Amino-Acid in the GIT which cause to Activated the secreation of insuline in blood;

 INHIBITION-OF-INSULINE: Decreased( ) of glucose & Amino-Acid in blood, causes to unactivated the secreation of the Insuline in blood by -cell in pancrease;

EPI-NEPHRINE(HARMONE): 1. When the glucose & Amino-Acid become decrease( ) in blood; 2. Then, the Supera-renal gland cause to release the activated form of Epi-nephrine-harmone into the blood; 3. Then, it cause to un-activated the secreation of insuline from to blood; METABOLIC-EFFECT-OF-INSULINE: a) EFFECT-OF-INSULINE-ONCARBOHYDRATE: -cell

A1) EFFECT-OF-INSULINE-ON-LIVER: The insuline promotes glycogen synthesis in liver; A2) EFFECT-OF-INSULINE-ON-MUSCLE: Its increase( ) Glycogen synthesis in muscle; b) EFFECT-OF-INSULINE-ON-ADIPUSETISSUES(FAT-TISSUE): Its decrease( ) the Lipolysis-process & promotes Fat storage;(OR)Its decrease( ) the uses of fat & its promotes fat storages; c) EFFECT-OF-INSULINE-ON-PROTEINE:Its increase( ) the entry of Amino-acid into the cell for synthesis of Proteinemolecule,

e). EFFECT-OF-INSULINE-ON-LIPIDMETABOLISM: Its decrease( ), the storages; INSULINE-ACTION-ON-CELL: A). MECHANISM-OF-INSULINE-ACTIONON-CELL: a) INSULINE-RECEPTORS:Its a polypeptide, having 2molecules; b) SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION:-Binding of insuline on 2which cause in unit at insuline-receptor conformational-changes occurs & 2units, the 2Units contain binding site for a Insulinefat uses (Lypolysis-process) & its increase( ) fat

-sub-units, which activates, the

Tyrosine-kinase-enzyme;then Tyrosine-

kinase-enzyme activates, Insulinereceptors-substrate-protein(IRS); MEMBRANE-EFFECT-BY-INSULINE: Insuline produces insuline-sensitiveglucose-transpotors(GLUT-4)-Channel on cell-membrane; RECEPTOR-REGULATION:- a) Insuline bind with insulinereceptor on cell-membrane,then insuline-receptors takes insuline & move inside the cell-membrane in cytoplasm; b) when its reaches to Lysosomes,then insuline separated from its receptor & then these receptor again bind with cellmembrane;

c)Increase( ) insuline in blooddecrease( ) of its receptors on cell-membrane; & vice-verca; SHORT-TERM(SHORT-TIME)-ACTION: Its increased the transportation of glucose & Amino-acid inside the fat-cell & muscle-cell in short-interval(as in few seconds) its takes only few seconds; INTER-MEDIATED-ACTION: Activation of Tyrosine-kinase-enzyme which cause to Activate the Insulinereceptor-substrate-protein(IRS),Its takes several hours;

LONG-TERM-ACTION-OF-INSULINE: Its the increased amount of following enzyme production;

a) b) c)

Gluco-kinase; Phospho-fructo-kinase; Pyruvate-kinase;